The traditional economic system is based on traditions passed down from generation to generation. Traditions and customs determine production technologies, types of goods and services produced. IN economic role each member of society is dominated by heredity and caste. Modern technologies and innovations are not used; manual labor is widely used. Currently, traditional economies are found in a small number of developing countries.
What is an economic system? Each state at different times had and still has a certain economic system. The economic system can be characterized by the combination of elements consisting of laws, norms, traditions, values, institutions with the help of which society solves the problems of economic management, and the totality of economic and social relations consumers and producers.
Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of economic systems is made according to the following criteria:
- the predominant form of management – natural or commodity form housekeeping;
- main types of property - communal, cooperative-public, private and mixed;
- ways of making decisions on income distribution. Community-equalization system (income is distributed according to factors of production) and distribution according to the quality and quantity of labor contribution;
- the degree of government intervention - free, economically regulated, administrative-command and mixed economic systems;
- way of coordinating the actions of business entities - traditional, market and planned economic systems;
- degree of openness to international relations– closed and open systems;
- degree of maturity – emerging, developed and degrading systems.
IN modern economy economic systems are classified into 4 main types with characteristic properties:
- Traditional.
- Administrative command (planning).
- Market.
- Mixed.
The earliest form, formed in antiquity, is considered to be traditional economics, when economic and business activities, interpersonal relationships in society and the system of distribution of material goods are determined by the principles of traditions and customs.
A distinctive feature of the command-administrative (centralized) system is the predominant role of the state in the economy and the minimum of market relations. The state regulates the main economic processes:
- location of production;
- supply and sales channels;
- fixing wages and allowances;
- establishment .
The main features of a market economic system are considered to be developed social institutions and citizen participation in governance. At market economy material goods must be distributed by self-regulating mechanisms of supply and demand. Consequently, the best material goods will be acquired by citizens who have required capital. On the other hand, other people are not prohibited from founding their own business, investing labor, developing as a subject of the economy and acquiring the status of a person with capital.
Distinctive features of traditional economics
Main features of traditional society:
Non-market economy originated in the deep past, and is based on subsistence production, that is, the manufacture of products for one’s own consumption. Economic entities at that time were family, clan, tribe, community.
In traditional economic system characterized by the predominance of peasant and craft farms, where descendants inherit the occupations of their ancestors. The main feature of this economy is that property belongs to individual farms, and each owner has the right to manage his own resources.
The signs of a traditional economy are:
- slow introduction and development of modern technologies;
- power is built on traditional tribal relations;
- semi-feudal socio-economic system;
- characterized by widespread use of manual labor;
- farms make up the bulk of the economy;
- there is no or underdeveloped mining industry;
- exploitation of the lower classes and restriction of their rights and freedoms;
- science is not developing;
- only a small stratum of society, which is the ruling elite, can receive education;
- religious or military pressure is exerted on the political views of the people.
The main characteristic of the traditional economic system is considered to be the low degree of development of production technologies, which causes low labor productivity. The traditional economy characteristic of this type of economy is subsistence farming (farming, hunting, gathering predominate). The introduction of modern technologies causes the destruction of the foundations of such an economy.
The traditional system is characterized by a weak economic connection between populated areas. This hinders the stable development of the economy and forces people to take on hard physical labor. The signs also include traditional communities themselves, which are a condition for the survival of a large group of people, but hinder progress.
Poorly developed trade can characterize the traditional economic system. Due to low labor productivity, there is no surplus left in the community that can be sold. Trade ties even with nearby villages are very weak. This helps to consolidate established practices and hinders the introduction of new technologies.
A distinctive feature of the traditional economy is social and economic stagnation. The development of society is very slow or does not develop at all. The community has maintained its way of life since ancient times. An example from history where this happened and led to disaster is the indigenous people of America and Africa.
Economic reasons first cause stagnation, then it is consolidated by a system of informal institutions that make up the total traditions and customs of the country. Traditions are involved in regulating the distribution of political power and economic resources. Traditional economics has the following characteristics:
- Dogmatic.
- Inability to adapt to changing conditions.
- Strict execution.
With this structure of society, there is a predominance of the agricultural sector in production. The main value for such communities is food products, since low labor productivity barely allows farmers to feed themselves, and imperfect technology coupled with a high birth rate causes the problem of starvation.
Influence of state and religion
In a traditional economic system, primitive power structures are typical. In most cases, the form of government in such communities is an absolute monarchy, supported by a large military class. The upper classes own the main resources and material goods.
Political power in such a society does not provide social guarantees and development, but collects rent for the upper classes. The state has no social orientation and forcibly preserves the existing order.
The traditional economy is based on caste and class divisions of society and is supported by state violence. The main systemic principle of such a society is the desire of the ruling class to continue to regularly extract rent and maintain the usual way of life of society, and not to introduce modern technologies and innovation.
The state is not the only institution regulating the economy in traditional societies. Religion plays a significant role in such a society. Religious institutions are being introduced into power structures and are formed into a privileged class, which is also interested in collecting and receiving rent. Religious institutions consolidate and justify the practice of state violence against those who try to change the existing social structure.
Pros and cons of the traditional economic system
Table of advantages and disadvantages:
| Advantages | Flaws |
|---|---|
| Relative stability | Slow or absent social and technological progress, low labor productivity |
| Predictability. The current order has been preserved for centuries, there are no significant social upheavals | Society adapts poorly to external influences, has poor resistance to conquerors and natural disasters |
| High quality and good quality material goods. Craftsmen produce goods using technologies that are inherited by their ancestors and maintain quality | Private property under such a system is a very shaky institution. In a society where property rights are secured through violence, private entrepreneurship is hindered not only low level technologies, but also low safety guarantees from manufacturers |
| The problems of society are aggravated by religious institutions and the monarchical structure. The state does not promote modernization and progress, but hinders them |
what type of economic system exists in country A? 1. mixed 2. market 3. centralized 4. traditional
Thank you!
1. In which phrase is the word “society” used in a broad sense?1) The joint stock company held an annual meeting of shareholders.
2) The Society of Book Lovers organized a charity auction.
3) Society unites the past, present and future of humanity.
4) The city community protests against the construction of the expressway
highways.
2. Vera found out that Nadezhda told her classmates her secret. She did not find out the reasons for this act, but simply stopped talking
with hope. What is the best way to deal with interpersonal conflict?
illustrates this example?
1)mediation
2) care
3)arbitration
4) cooperation
3.During a special event, funds were raised for the orphanage.
The interconnection of which spheres of social life is primarily illustrated by
This fact?
1)social and economic
2) political and spiritual
3)economic and political
4)spiritual and economic
4. Are the following judgments true about global problems Oh?
A. Global problems are a consequence of economic
activities of mankind.
B. Solving global problems requires joint efforts from all
humanity.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
5. Purposeful human activity to obtain new knowledge and
skills are called
1) art
2) education
3) creativity
4)morality
6.Are the following judgments about patriotism true?
A. Patriotism presupposes love and respect for historical traditions
of your country.
B. Patriotism presupposes a good knowledge of national history and
culture.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
7. Factors (resources) of production include(s)
1) profit
2)needs
3) labor
4) taxes
8.A certain amount of money that citizens and businesses owe
to pay the state is called
1) tax
2) percent
3) costs
4) dividends
9.During the pre-New Year sales in different cities of the world, consumers
actively purchase clothes and shoes at discounted prices. Buyers
often come to the doors of stores long before opening, line up
in long lines. Which economic phenomenon manifests itself in this
fact?
1) cooperation
2) inflation
3) offer
4)demand
10.Are the following judgments about money true?
A. Money is a measure of the value of goods and services produced.
B.B modern world the only form of payment is
use of cash.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
11.Expected behavior of an individual related to his position in society and
typical for a given social group is called
1)social status
2)social mobility
3)social prestige
4) social role
12. There is a good tradition in S.’s family: every Sunday parents and their
children visit a museum or theater. What role of the family does this illustrate?
example?
1) joint housekeeping
2) distribution of household duties
3) ensuring material wealth
4)spiritual development of children
13.Are the following judgments about social groups true?
A. Each individual can belong to several social groups.
B. In large social groups, personal contacts between everyone are possible
members.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
“The modern scientific and technological revolution (STR) is characterized by deep integration of science and production, which is expressed in the replacement of traditional technologies and equipment with fundamentally new ones, accompanied by a radical restructuring of the organization of labor and production.<...>
The beginning of modern scientific and technological revolution dates back to the 50s. XX century. Since that time, scientific activity has become an integral and important part of social production. Science is isolated into an independent sphere with a specific material and technical base, highly qualified workers and a special type of final product and occupies a leading place in production as a direct productive force.<...>
The beginning of a new stage of scientific and technological progress in the development of productive forces is characterized by: features of the dynamics of labor productivity; volumes of production using fundamentally new scientific achievements; the scale of resource conservation of the most important types of raw materials, materials, energy; transition of most sectors of the economy to a labor-saving type economic development; increasing the growth rate of funding and economic productivity of scientific research and development.<...>
Scientific and technological revolution decisively changes the position of man... in the production system: he is taken beyond the process of creating a finished product, becomes next to it and acts in relation to it as a controller. Previously, a person handed over to the machine first executive function(impact with the help of a tool on the object of labor), and then motor, energy; Now, along with the reduction of direct human participation in production, there is an expansion of types of labor associated with the performance of control and management functions of an increasingly higher level, with the adoption of responsible decisions.” (Text taken from the book: Social Studies: Tutor Manual / Edited by O.S. Belokrylova, V.I. Filonenko. - Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2008. - P. 426, 427, 431 - and adapted.)
C1
Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
According to the text, to what time does the beginning of modern scientific and technological revolution date? Why? Find two explanations in the text.
C4
Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, list any three areas of modern scientific and technological revolution.
C5
Talking in class about the features of modern scientific and technological revolution, the student noted that its development in the 21st century. makes it possible to provide the technical and technological side of solving global problems of humanity. Not all students in the class agreed with this opinion. Which of these two points of view is reflected in the text? Provide a piece of text that helps answer the question.
C6
Do you agree that the scientific and technological revolution is characterized by positive social consequences, thanks to which the omnipotence of man and his superiority over nature was formed? Based on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) in defense of your position.
family members, as well as the following methods:
Instilling in young children various rules and requirements with the help of lullabies, fun, fairy tales, songs filled with parental love;
Inclusion of children from a very early age in economic and labor activities, communication with elders and peers;
Organizing a council of parents and older family members when children make responsible decisions in life;
Encouraging children to develop self-esteem and such moral qualities as kindness, hard work, diligence, obedience, respect for older family members and other people;
A hint (direct or indirect) is a way of showing children their shortcomings and miscalculations in behavior and activities in an ethical and correct tone;
Reproach is an expression by parents, both in words and in looks, gestures, and facial expressions, of dissatisfaction with the actions and behavior of their children;
The test as a way to test children’s readiness for independent work and family life, to fulfill the moral rules and norms of life of their people;
A blessing is a set of parental instructions, teachings, warnings, instructions and requests to children during the most crucial periods of their life (the transition to independent work, military service, marriage).
Describe these methods in terms of their effectiveness, importance for the future lives of children, and humanity. Which of these methods are used in your family?
1) What role does political knowledge play in political activity? 2) What are the consequences of using incorrect information? 3) As a knowledgeable personturns into a powerful person? 4) What is the importance of correct ideas about reality for making government decisions? PLEASE
Methods of adoption economic decisions(r.t.4). Traditional economics. Command economy. Market economy. In accordance with customs and traditions. Through orders and instructions from top to bottom. With the help of the market.
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“The Subject of Economics” - Many recipes for economic prudence. Economics is life. NGO. Inflation rate. The country can develop sustainably. He had to figure out the essence economic processes. Economics is a wonderful science. Competition must be protected. Functions of money. What is profit? Photo of a student looking up thoughtfully.
“Economic sphere of society” - Production. Man in the world of economic relations. Structure of the economic system. State. Economy. What is the economic sphere. The economic sphere of society. Objective analysis of the economic sphere. Characteristics of economic systems. Who is the smartest? Factors of production. Work in groups.
“Economics and economic science” - Later there is a desire to find a place in life, gain public recognition, etc. Economic science combines the features of exact and descriptive sciences. Payment for the use of labor in production activities is wages. The owner of the capital advanced for production receives an income called interest.
“Main problems of the economy” - Production possibilities curve. Assumptions of the CPV model. Economic efficiency. Quantity. Shift the curve to the right. Increasing opportunity costs. KPV model. Opportunity cost assessment. The main problems of the economy. Rejection of some initial assumptions of the CPV model. Maximum principle.
“Economics” 5th grade” - Motto. Aristotle. Worker. Economic relations. Workbook. Master. Law. What does a person need to live? Economic interests. Types of farming. Examples of natural farming. Economy. Farming.
“Man and Economy” - The golden hands of a worker. Economics as a sphere of human activity. Types and forms of business. Economy and its main participants. Profit. An employee’s skill consists of special knowledge and skills. What will you learn about. Production: costs, revenue, profit. Forms of business. Business (entrepreneurship) is an economic activity.
There are a total of 25 presentations in the topic
Ways to make economic decisions, ways to attract people to economic activity-traditional economy command economy market economy
Market economy—diversity of forms of ownership, limited government intervention, changes in the structure of production and consumption.
Traditional economy - extremely primitive technologies, predominance of manual labor, communal ownership of the means of production.
Command economy - state ownership of almost all economic resources, strong monopolization, the state completely controls the entire economic process.
PLEASE I REALLY NEED AT LEAST SOME OF THIS1. A specific group of people who come together to communicate joint activities- This
2 . Similarities in animal behavior and human activity
1) goal setting 2) expediency 3) creative activity 4) transformation of nature
3 . Are the statements true?
A. Diverse connections that arise between social groups in the process of economic, political, cultural activities are called social relations.
B. A person can independently determine or change the goal of an activity.
4. Are the statements true?
A. Material culture includes scientific theories, works of art, and morality.
B. Social sciences include archaeology, political science, aesthetics, and social psychology.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
5. Sign of society as a system:
1) constant changes in social life 2) the presence of spheres of society 3) degradation of elements of society
6 . A part of the world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification - this is
1) active community 2) scientific association 3) society 4) stage of historical development
7. Differences in animal behavior and human activity
1) goal setting 2) expediency 3) care for offspring 4) self-preservation
8 . Are the statements true?
A. In a broad sense, “culture” is everything created by man.
B. Both animal behavior and human activity are appropriate.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
9 . Are the statements true?
A. Spiritual culture includes household items, railways, enterprise equipment.
B. Social sciences include cultural studies, jurisprudence, economics, and history.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
10 . Sign of society as a dynamic system:
1) the presence of spheres of society 2) constant changes in public life
3) man is a universal element of society 4) the presence of different groups
11 . A holistic idea of nature, society, man, which is expressed in the system of values and ideals of an individual, social group, society is
1) nature-centrism 2) science-centrism 3) worldview 4) sociocentrism
12 . The process of mastering knowledge and skills, ways of behavior is called:
1) education 2) adaptation 3) socialization 4) modernization
13 . The form of interaction with the surrounding world inherent only to humans is
1) need 2) activity 3) goal 4) program
14 . A person’s definition of himself as an individual capable of making independent decisions and entering into certain relationships with other people and nature:
1) socialization 2) education 3) self-realization 4) self-awareness
15. The form of interaction with the surrounding world inherent only to humans is
1) need 2) activity 3) goal 4) program.
16. The term "society" Not includes the concept:
1) A form of unification of people
2) Parts of the material world
3) Natural habitat
4) Ways of interaction between people
17 . The transition from slash-and-burn to arable farming is an example of the relationship:
1) Society and nature
2) Societies and cultures
3) Economics and religion
4) Civilizations and formation
18. All examples, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of “social needs”. Provide additional examples.
Creation of cultural values, work activity, communication, social activity,
participation in the game, sleep.
19. Complete the sentences:
1) According to the need for reproduction of the species, a social
institute -….
2) Man is a product of biological, cultural and social….
3) That which is most dear is sacred both for one person and for all humanity
4) In accordance with social needs, social... have developed.
5) The origin of man is called….
6) Perfection, the highest goal of human aspiration is...
20. Spiritual and physical in man:
1) Precede each other
2) Connected to each other
3) Oppose each other
4) Independent of each other
21. A distinctive feature of a person is
1)Satisfy your needs
2) Adaptation to the environment
3) Understanding the world and oneself
4)Use of tools
22 . Gennady has the knowledge and ability to protect personal rights, respects the rights of others, strictly fulfills his duties, and complies with the laws of the country. What qualities does Gennady have?
1) Citizenship
2) Conscience
3) Patriotism
4) Responsibility
1) - active society
2) - transformation of nature3)a and b-correct
4) only b is true
5) constant changes in social life6) stage of development of society
7) expediency
8)only a is true
9) only b is true
10) presence of spheres
11) worldview
12) adaptation
13)need
14) socialization
13.-2 14.-4 21.-4
Ways to attract people to economic activity:
1) traditional economy
2) command economy
3) market economy
1) The traditional economic system is a way of organizing economic life, in which land and capital are held in common by the tribe and limited resources are distributed according to long-standing traditions.
Questions about what goods and services to produce for whom and how are decided on the basis of traditions passed down from generation to generation.
Advantages: 1) stability of society; 2) sufficiently high quality of the goods produced.
Disadvantages: 1) lack of technical progress; 2) poor adaptability to changes in external conditions; 3) limited number of goods produced.
2) Command (centralized, directive, planned) economic system - a way of organizing economic life in which capital and land are owned by the state, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out according to the instructions of central government bodies and in accordance with plans.
Advantages: 1) the ability to concentrate all the forces and means of society to solve any problem (mobilization capabilities); 2) guarantees people the necessary minimum of life’s goods, providing confidence in the future; 3) avoids unemployment, although universal employment is achieved, as a rule, by artificially restraining the growth of labor productivity.
Disadvantages: 1) the inability to accurately plan all the needs of society and distribute resources accordingly, which leads to overproduction of some goods and shortages of others; 2) lack of incentive to produce quality goods; 3) lack of economic freedom among citizens.
3) Market economic system is a way of organizing economic life in which capital and land are owned by individuals, and limited resources are distributed through markets.
A market economy is an economy in which private ownership predominates, economic activity is carried out by economic entities at their own expense, and all major decisions are made by them at their own peril and risk.
Fundamentals of a market system: 1) private property rights; 2) economic freedom; 3) competition.
Private property is the socially recognized right of individual citizens and their associations to own, use and dispose of a certain volume (part) of any type of economic resources.
Advantages: 1) flexibility, ability to adapt to changing conditions; 2) the presence of incentives to technical progress; 3) rational (?) use of resources.
Disadvantages: 1) inability to ensure income equality, stable high level life; 2) weak interest in fundamentals scientific research; 3) instability of development (crises, inflation); 4) ineffective use of irreplaceable resources; 5) absence full employment and price stability.
C5) In addition, an important condition is the competition between sellers and buyers for the right to the best use of their economic resources, i.e. competition. Thanks to it, commodity producers are forced to find ways to produce goods at minimal cost, at the lowest price and of the best possible quality. Otherwise, they will not be able to sell the product and the buyer will prefer to buy a similar product from a competing company, because buyers also compete with each other for the right to buy the product at the minimum price.
In this text, competition is viewed from a positive perspective.
C6)
I agree with the statement that market economy is the most efficient economy. In order to confirm your words, you need to remember the functions of the economy. For example, a market economy has a stimulating function. It encourages market participants to seek more profitable terms production and purchase of goods. Also, do not forget about the sanitizing function of the market. It is thanks to it that the market gets rid of economically unprofitable enterprises.
Check my homework, just the half term grade for this assignment means a lot!The task itself:
"In Russia, the transition from full and unconditional employment to social production, corresponding to the universality and obligatory nature of labor under socialism, to a system of economic activity that meets the criteria market economy, took place. More than half of the economically active population does not work government agencies, and for themselves, they work in enterprises and organizations of the private-corporate type. At the same time, 15% are employed in small businesses. About 9% are classified according to the ILO methodology as unemployed. ..
The proportions of the distribution of employed people have changed in favor of those industries business activity which increased due to market transformations: trade and public catering, logistics and trade intermediation, lending, finance and insurance. .. According to the share of unemployed in total number Our country has practically caught up with the economically active population of Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden.
The visible metamorphoses of employment reflected changes in the nature and content of “direct social labor.” From collective forced activity for the production of planned products and services of a given quantity and range, labor becomes a way of existence for economically independent commodity producers. Public and collective labor is being replaced by private individual labor.
The revolution in property and the accompanying institutional transformations in the economy led to the fact that millions of people, previously engaged in systematically organized professional work for the state, tested their strengths and abilities in hitherto persecuted entrepreneurship and in small business, where labor, property and management are fused together ( control). Almost 1/4 of those employed in the private sector are self-employed. Their activities combine professional and innovative work in very different proportions and, at the same time, management work with executive work."
1. What are the problems in the social and labor sphere of life? Russian society highlights and considers the author?
2. Name the changes that have occurred in the content and nature of social labor, the position of the employee as a result of market transformations.
3. What does I. Zaslavsky mean when he states: “In Russia there is a transition from full and unconditional employment in social production. .. Towards a system of economic activity that meets the criteria of a market economy, has taken place”? Based on the text, find explanations for this statement.
1. 1) Half of the economically active population does not work for the state.
2) Public and collective labor is being replaced by private individual labor.
2. The command economy has been replaced by a market economy.
3. I. Zaslavsky meant that there would be changes in the system of economic activity, that is, “from full and unconditional employment in social production” (command economy) “to the system of economic activity” (to the market economy).
Did I answer the questions asked correctly?
In 1 - 2) rather not a problem, but an addition to question 2
1) answer from 1 is correct + another problem - unemployment,
correct, but add 2) from question 1
the organization of labor became more complex, private entrepreneurship expanded, business activity increased in such industries as trade, supply, lending, insurance, and the number of unemployed increased
Right
1. Fill out the tableProduction
Distribution
Consumption
Enter the listed types of economic activities in the appropriate column of the table: production of Christmas tree decorations; drawing up a family spending plan for the month; breakfast in the school canteen; visiting a hairdresser; payment of benefits to families for children; use of lighting in everyday life; purchasing equipment for a hiking trip.
2. Is there a connection between the concepts of “economy” and “wealth”? Illustrate your (written) answer with examples.
Write it correctly.
Production and production of Christmas tree decorations, visiting a hairdresser.
distribution - drawing up a family spending plan for the month, paying benefits to families for children.
exchange-use of lighting in everyday life, purchase of equipment for a hiking trip!
consumption - breakfast in the school canteen.
Wealth is money, and economics is the economic activity of society!
Help in the classroom and at home!
1. Can you agree with the following statement: Economy is life itself in all its diversity,
2.-
3. Fill out the table Main sectors of the economy
Production Distribution Exchange Consumption
Enter the listed types of economic activities in the appropriate column of the table.
4. Is there a connection between the concepts of “economy” and “wealth”?
Illustrate your answer with examples.
1) Personally, I would not agree with this statement, because when people have money, then a person can afford almost everything. Even a person can be saved with money. 4) Yes. In economics, wealth is defined as the difference between assets and liabilities by this moment time. The opposite of wealth is poverty. Counting economic laws, techniques a person can get rich, accumulate capital, and capital is wealth. After all, there is a definition: “Economics is the science of wealth”
#1 Progress in the economic sphere leads to:
1)increasing the degree of comfort of living.
2)improving the moral state of society.
4) reducing the density of information connections.
5) the growth of unlimited human freedom.
No. 2 If a country has a mixed rather than a purely market economy, then the state. better meets the needs of society in the areas of:
1) fight crime.
3) regulation of the activities of currency exchanges
4) countering international terrorism
1)transmission of knowledge to subsequent generations.
3) establishment of patterns of development of nature and society
4) satisfaction of biological needs.
5) formation of moral standards.
No. 4 The norms of administrative law regulate legal relations between:
1)The Government of the Russian Federation and the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation
2)a foreign citizen and the migration service.
3) The President of the Russian Federation and the head of the subject of the Russian Federation
5) a policeman and a 15-year-old teenager detained for robbery.
Thank you very much in advance!
3)increasing the quality of goods and services produced.
No. 2 If there is a
2) setting prices for scarce goods.
5) social security of the population.
No. 3 The purpose of human cognitive activity:
2) acquiring true knowledge about the environment. world
No. 4 Norms of administrative law
4) inspector traffic and pedestrian
2. Using the text and social science knowledge, give 2 explanations of the authors’ thoughts “who saves and invests more, produces more in the future.”
3. Give 2 explanations for the need for economic cooperation between people.
4. How the authors explain the essence of the problem economic choice? Why do economic actors, in principle, have to solve the problem of economic choice? What is the cost of choice?
5. Confirm with 3 examples the authors’ idea that “technological progress continues to change our lives today”
FOUR SOURCES OF GROWTH IN POPULATION INCOME:
The goods and services that create our wealth do not fall from the sky. Their production requires labor and intellectual potential, equipment and investment, organization of the labor process and cooperation of firms. There are four main sources of growth in production and income.
Education, training and experience are the main means of achieving higher qualifications. By improving their skills, people increase their main capital - their own abilities.
Workers will produce more products using better equipment. A lumberjack, for example, will cut down more trees if he uses a modern chainsaw instead of a primitive hacksaw or axe. A truck driver can transport more cargo than a cab driver. But equipment and machines are not free. The resources used to produce them could find other uses: in the manufacture of food, clothing, cars and other everyday items.
Economics teaches that those who save and invest more produce more in the future.
The use of human intelligence inventing new products or more efficient production technologies is the most important source economic growth.
Over the past 250 years, technological developments have literally transformed our lives. First the steam engine, then the internal combustion engine, electricity and the nuclear reactor replaced human and animal muscles as the main source of energy. Automobiles, buses, trains, and airplanes have replaced the horse and buggy as the primary modes of transportation. Technological progress continues to change our lives today. Laser players, microcomputers, text editors, microwaves, video cameras, tape recorders, and car air conditioners have significantly changed the nature of our work and leisure activities over the past twenty years.
Historically, changes in legislation have always been an important source of economic progress. In the 18th century The patent system gave investors private ownership of ideas. Around the same time, the corporation's recognition as legal entity facilitated the creation of large firms required for the mass production of industrial goods. These progressive changes in the economic organization of society contributed to the growth of manufacturing in Europe and North America.
Efficient economic organization society promotes economic cooperation between people and directs resources to the production of goods they need. Its main characteristics are discussed in more detail in the next part.
2)Education, training and experience
3)Production of large production workers
4) Using human intelligence to invent new products
5)Technological progress over the last 250 years
6) Historical changes in legislation
7) Effective economic organization of society
2) Thanks to savings and economics, you can develop much more than when a lot of costs go into one investment
3) 1. Economic cooperation is necessary for economic progress to occur.
2. Economic cooperation between people and directs resources to produce the goods they need.
or 3) By improving their skills, people increase their main capital - their own abilities.
4) The authors explain this by saying that expenses can sometimes go towards small needs; Because both products will cost a lot of money; The price of choice is economic progress
5) 1. Thanks to technological progress, we can invent a lot
2. Simplify our daily life
3. Helps us in education
To better understand how the modern How humanity has learned to find answers to its main questions, it is necessary to analyze the thousand-year history of the development of economic systems of civilization.
Depending on the method of solving the main economic problems and the type of ownership of economic resources, four main types of economic systems: 1) traditional; 2) market (capitalism);3) command (socialism); 4) mixed.
Of these, the most ancient is the traditional economic system.
Traditional economic system - a way of organizing economic life in which land and capital are held in common by the tribe, and limited resources are distributed according to long-standing traditions.
As for the ownership of economic resources, in the traditional system it was most often collective, that is, hunting grounds, arable lands and meadows belonged to the tribe or community.
Over time, the basic elements of the traditional economic system ceased to suit humanity. Life has shown that factors of production are used more efficiently if they are owned by individuals or families rather than collectively owned. In none of the richest countries In the world, the basis of social life is not collective property. But in many poorest countries in the world, remnants of such property have been preserved.
For example,The rapid development of Russian agriculture occurred only at the beginning of the 20th century, when the reforms of P. A. Stolypin destroyed collective (community) land ownership, which was replaced by land ownership individual families. Then the communists who came to power in 1917 actually restored communal land ownership, declaring the land “public property.”
Having built its agriculture on collective property, the USSR was unable to do so for 70 years of the 20th century. achieve food abundance. Moreover, by the beginning of the 80s, the food situation became so bad that the CPSU was forced to adopt a special “Food Program”, which, however, was also not implemented, although huge amounts of money were spent on the development of the agricultural sector.
Against, agriculture European countries, USA and Canada, based on private ownership of land and capital, succeeded in solving the problem of creating food abundance. And so successfully that farmers in these countries were able to export a considerable share of their products to other regions of the world.
Practice has shown that markets and firms are better at solving the problem of distributing limited resources and increasing the production of vital goods than councils of elders - the bodies that made fundamental economic decisions in the traditional system.
This is why the traditional economic system has, over time, ceased to be the basis for organizing people's lives in most countries of the world. Its elements faded into the background and were preserved only in fragments in the form of various customs and traditions of secondary importance. In most countries of the world, other ways of organizing economic cooperation between people play a leading role.
The traditional one has replaced market system(capitalism) . The basis of this system is:
1) the right of private property;
2) private economic initiative;
3) market organization distribution of society's limited resources.
Private property rights There is the right of an individual, recognized and protected by law, to own, use and dispose of a specified type and amount of limited resources (for example, a piece of land, a coal mine or a factory), which means and receive income from it. It is the opportunity to own such a view production resources, as capital, and to receive income on this basis determined the second, often used name for this economic system - capitalism.
Private property - recognized by society the right of individual citizens and their associations to own, use and dispose of a certain volume (part) of any type of economic resources.
For your information. At first, the right of private property was protected only by force of arms, and only kings and feudal lords were the owners. But then, having gone through a long path of wars and revolutions, humanity created a civilization in which every citizen could become a private owner if his income allowed him to purchase property.
The right of private property allows owners of economic resources to independently make decisions about how to use them (as long as this does not harm the interests of society). At the same time, this almost unlimited freedom of disposal of economic resources has reverse side: Owners of private property bear full economic responsibility for the options they choose to use it.
Private economic initiative Each owner of productive resources has the right to independently decide how and to what extent to use them to generate income. At the same time, everyone’s well-being is determined by how successfully he can sell on the market the resource he owns: his labor, skills, handicrafts, own land plot, the products of your factory or the ability to organize commercial operations.
And finally, actually markets- organized activity for the exchange of goods in a certain way.
It is the markets:
1) determine the degree of success of a particular economic initiative;
2) form the amount of income that property brings to its owners;
3) dictate the proportions of distribution of limited resources between alternative areas of their use.
The virtue of the market mechanism is that it forces each seller to think about the interests of buyers in order to achieve benefits for himself. If he does not do this, then his product may turn out to be unnecessary or too expensive and instead of benefits he will receive only losses. But the buyer is also forced to take into account the interests of the seller - he can receive the goods only by paying the prevailing market price for it.
Market system(capitalism) - a way of organizing economic life in which capital and land are owned by individuals and scarce resources are allocated through markets.
Markets based on competition have become the most successful way known to mankind for distributing limited productive resources and the benefits created with their help.
Of course, and the market system has its disadvantages. In particular, it generates huge differences in income and wealth levels when some bask in luxury, while others vegetate in poverty.
Such differences in income have long encouraged people to interpret capitalism as an “unfair” economic system and to dream of a better arrangement for their lives. These dreams led to the emergence of XIX century social movement called Marxism in honor of its main ideologist - a German journalist and economist Karl Marx. He and his followers argued that the market system had exhausted the possibilities of its development and became a brake on the further growth of human well-being. Therefore, it was proposed to replace it with a new economic system - a command system, or socialism (from the Latin societas - “society”).
Command economic system (socialism) - a way of organizing economic life in which capital and land are owned by the state, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out according to the instructions of the central government and in accordance with plans.
The birth of the command economic system was a consequence of a series of socialist revolutions , whose ideological banner was Marxism. The specific model of the command system was developed by the leaders of the Russian Communist Party V.I. Lenin and I.V. Stalin.
According to Marxist theory humanity could dramatically accelerate its path to increased prosperity and eliminate differences in the individual well-being of citizens by eliminating private property, eliminating competition and economic activity countries on the basis of a single universally binding (directive) plan, which is developed by the state leadership on a scientific basis. The roots of this theory go back to the Middle Ages, to the so-called social utopias, but its practical implementation occurred precisely in the 20th century, when the socialist camp arose.
If all resources (factors of production) are declared to be the property of the whole people, but in reality they are fully disposed of by state and party officials, then this entails very dangerous economic consequences. The incomes of people and firms no longer depend on how well they use limited resources how much the result of their work is really needed by society. Other criteria become more important:
a) for enterprises - the degree of fulfillment and overfulfillment of planned targets for the production of goods. It was for this that enterprise managers were awarded orders and appointed ministers. It does not matter that these goods could be completely uninteresting to buyers who, if they had freedom of choice, would prefer other goods;
b) for people - the nature of the relationship with the authorities, who distributed the most scarce goods (cars, apartments, furniture, trips abroad, etc.), or holding a position that opens access to “closed distributors”, where such scarce goods can be bought free.
As a result, in command system countries:
1) even the simplest goods people needed turned out to be “scarce.” The usual picture in largest cities became “paratroopers,” that is, residents of small towns and villages who came with large backpacks to buy food, since there was simply nothing in their grocery stores;
2) a lot of enterprises constantly suffered losses, and there was even such an amazing category of them as planned unprofitable enterprises. At the same time, employees of such enterprises still regularly received wages and bonuses;
3) the greatest success for citizens and enterprises was to “get” some imported goods or equipment. People started lining up for Yugoslav women's boots in the evening.
As a result, the end of the 20th century. became an era of deep disappointment in the capabilities of the planned-command system, and the former socialist countries began the difficult task of reviving private property and the market system.
When talking about a planned-command or market economic system, it should be remembered that in their pure form they can only be found on the pages of scientific works. Real economic life, on the contrary, is always a mixture of elements of different economic systems.
Modern Majority Economic System developed countries the world is of a mixed nature. Many national and regional economic problems are solved here by the state.
As a rule, today the state participates in the economic life of society for two reasons:
1) due to their specificity, some needs of society (maintaining an army, developing laws, organizing street traffic, fighting epidemics, etc.) can be satisfied better than is possible on the basis of market mechanisms alone;
2) it can mitigate the negative consequences of the activities of market mechanisms (too large differences in the wealth of citizens, damage to environment from the activities of commercial firms, etc.).
Therefore, for the civilization of the late 20th century. The mixed economic system became predominant.
Mixed economic system - a way of organizing economic life in which land and capital are privately owned, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out both by markets and with significant state participation.
In such an economic system the basis is private ownership of economic resources, although in some countries(France, Germany, Great Britain, etc.) there is a fairly large public sector. It includes enterprises whose capital is fully or partially owned by the state (for example, the German airline Lufthansa), but which: a) do not receive plans from the state; b) work according to market laws; c) are forced to compete on equal terms with private firms.
In these countries major economic issues are largely decided by markets. They also distribute the predominant part of economic resources. At the same time some resources are centralized and distributed by the state using command mechanisms in order to compensate for some weaknesses of market mechanisms (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. The main elements of a mixed economic system (I - the scope of market mechanisms, II - the scope of command mechanisms, i.e. control by the state)
In Fig. Figure 2 shows a scale that roughly represents what economic systems various states belong to today.
Rice. 2. Types of economic systems: 1 - USA; 2 - Japan; 3 - India; 4 - Sweden, England; 5 - Cuba, North Korea; 6 - some countries Latin America and Africa; 7— Russia
Here, the arrangement of numbers symbolizes the degree of proximity of the economic systems of various countries to one type or another. The pure market system is most fully implemented in some countriesLatin America and Africa. Factors of production there are already predominantly privately owned, and state intervention in decisions economic issues minimal.
In countries like USA and Japan, private ownership of factors of production dominates, but the role of the state in economic life is so great that we can talk about a mixed economic system. At the same time, the Japanese economy has retained more elements of the traditional economic system than the United States. This is why the number 2 (Japanese economy) is slightly closer to the top of the triangle, symbolizing the traditional system, than the number 1 (US economy).
In economies Sweden and Great Britain the role of the state in the distribution of limited resources is even greater than in the USA and Japan, and therefore the number 4 symbolizing them is to the left of the numbers 1 and 2.
In its most complete form, the command system has now been preserved in Cuba and North Korea. Here private property is eliminated, and the state distributes all limited resources.
The existence of significant elements of the traditional economic system on the farm India and others like her countries of Asia and Africa(although the market system prevails here too) determines the placement of the corresponding number 3.
Location Russia(number 7) is determined by the fact that:
1) the foundations of the command system in our country have already been destroyed, but the role of the state in the economy is still very large;
2) the mechanisms of the market system are still being formed (and are still less developed than even in India);
3) factors of production have not yet completely passed into private ownership, but such most important factor production, like land, is actually in the collective ownership of members of former collective and state farms, which were only formally transformed into joint-stock companies.
What kind of economic system is Russia's future path towards?