Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Basic concepts of economic informatics

Plan

4. Information technology
Conclusion

1. Basic concepts of economic informatics

Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics

The intensive introduction of information technologies into the economy has led to the emergence of one of the areas in informatics - economic informatics, which is an integrated applied discipline based on interdisciplinary connections between informatics, economics and mathematics.

The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is informatics. The word "informatics" (informatique) comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automatic), introduced in France to define the field of activity involved in automated information processing.

There are many definitions of computer science. Informatics is the science of information, how it is collected, stored, processed and provided using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Informatics consists of three interrelated components: informatics as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline and as a branch of production.

The main objects of informatics are:

information;

computers;

Information Systems.

General theoretical foundations of computer science:

information;

number systems;

coding;

algorithms.

The structure of modern informatics:

1. Theoretical computer science.

2. Computer technology.

3. Programming.

4. Information systems.

5. Artificial intelligence.

Economic informatics is the science of information systems ah used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.

The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide solutions to entrepreneurial and organizational tasks arising in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.

An information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that collect, store, process and issue information to ensure the preparation and decision-making. The main components of information systems used in the economy include: software and hardware, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management.

The subject of economic informatics is technologies, ways of automating information processes using economic data.

The task of economic informatics is the study of the theoretical foundations of informatics and the acquisition of skills in the use of applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks.

2. Data, information and knowledge

Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge

The basic concepts that are used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used interchangeably, but there are differences between these concepts. fundamental differences.

The term data comes from the word data - fact, and information (informatio) means clarification, presentation, i.e. information or message.

Data is a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transforming and processing data allows you to get information.

Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that are stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing when solving specific problems. For example, databases store various data, and upon a certain request, the database management system issues the required information.

There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and phenomena environment, their parameters, properties and state, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge about them.

Knowledge is the processed information recorded and verified by practice, which has been used and can be reused for decision-making.

economic informatics software information

Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and reflects the knowledge of a specialist in a particular subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital.

Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations) that regulate decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing how to solve problems. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a particular subject area.

It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted in different ways. Decisions are made on the basis of the information received and the available knowledge.

Decision making is the choice of the best solution in some sense from the set of feasible solutions based on the available information.

To solve the problem, fixed data are processed on the basis of existing knowledge, then the information obtained is analyzed using existing knowledge. Based on the analysis, all feasible solutions are proposed, and as a result of the choice, one decision is the best in some sense. The results of the decision replenish knowledge.

Depending on the scope of use, information can be different: scientific, technical, managerial, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest.

3. Economic Information and information technology

Economic information is a transformed and processed set of information that reflects the state and course of economic processes. Economic information circulates in economic system and accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic information should be considered as one of the varieties of management information.

Economic information can be:

manager (in the form of direct orders, planned targets, etc.);

informing (in reporting indicators, it performs the function of feedback in the economic system).

Information can be viewed as a resource similar to material, labor and monetary resources. Information resources - a set of accumulated information recorded on material media in any form that ensures its transmission in time and space for solving scientific, industrial, managerial and other problems.

4. Information technology

Collection, storage, processing, transmission of information in numerical form is carried out with the help of information technology. A feature of information technologies is that in them both the subject and product of labor is information, and the tools of labor are computer technology and communications. The main goal of information technology is the production of information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions for its processing.

It is known that information technology is a set of methods, production and software and technological means, combined in a technological chain that provides the collection, storage, processing, output and dissemination of information.

From an information technology point of view, information needs material carrier as a source of information, transmitter, communication channel, receiver and recipient of information.

The message from the source to the recipient is transmitted through communication channels or through the medium.

Information is a form of communication between managed and control objects in any management system. In accordance with the general theory of management, the management process can be represented as the interaction of two systems - managing and managed.

The enterprise management system operates on the basis of information about the state of the object, its inputs (material, labor, financial resources) and outputs ( finished products, economic and financial results) in accordance with the goal (to ensure the release of the necessary products).

Management is carried out by submitting a managerial impact (production plan) taking into account feedback - current state controlled system (production) and external environment- market, higher authorities.

The purpose of the control system is to form such influences on the controlled system that would encourage the latter to accept the state determined by the control goal.

In relation to an industrial enterprise, with a certain degree of conventionality, we can assume that the goal of management is the implementation of a production program within the framework of technical and economic restrictions; control actions are the work plans of the department, feedback data on the progress of production: the release and movement of the product, the state of the equipment, stocks in the warehouse, etc.

It is obvious that the plans and content of the feedback are nothing but information. Therefore, the processes of formation of control actions are precisely the processes of transformation of economic information. The implementation of these processes is the main content of management services, including economic ones. The following requirements are imposed on economic information: accuracy, reliability, efficiency.

The accuracy of information ensures its unambiguous perception by all consumers. Reliability determines the acceptable level of distortion of both incoming and output information, which maintains the efficiency of the system. Efficiency reflects the relevance of information for the necessary calculations and decision-making in changing conditions.

Computer science and information systems

The word "system" comes from the Greek systema, which means a whole made up of parts or a plurality of elements. A system is a collection of interrelated elements that function to achieve a specific goal.

The main characteristics of systems: purpose, inputs, outputs, feedback and external environment. Systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in main goals. Systems include computer hardware and software, telecommunications, life support systems, education systems, etc.

Economic systems include: industrial enterprises, trade organizations, commercial banks, government agencies, etc.

So, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system. Thus, the main purpose of the information system is the creation of a modern infrastructure for managing an enterprise, organization, institution.

The variety of tasks solved with the help of IS has led to the emergence of many different types of systems that differ in the principles of construction and the rules of information processing embedded in them. Information systems can be classified according to a number of different features.

Classification of information systems on the basis of structured tasks.

There are three types of tasks for which information systems are created:

structured (formalizable);

unstructured (non-formalizable);

partially structured.

A structured (formalizable) task is a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known.

An unstructured (non-formalizable) task is a task in which it is impossible to single out elements and establish links between them.

Information systems for partially structured tasks. Information systems used to solve partially structured tasks are divided into two types, creating management reports and focused mainly on data processing; developing possible alternative solutions.

Classification of the information systems market according to the scale of the system:

Local systems (1C, BEST, Info - Accountant, etc.)

Small integrated systems (Skala, Parus, Galaxy and others)

Medium integrated systems (MFG-PRO and others)

Large integrated systems (SAP/R3 others)

Classification of systems, which is based on the classification of business tasks.

Principles of classification of management information systems:

1. Level of strategic management (3 - 5 years)

2. Level of medium-term management (1 - 1.5 years)

3. Level of operational management (month - quarter - half a year)

4. Level of operational management (day - week)

5. Real time control level

There are other types of classification of information systems. Special programs have been developed abroad

Standards of information systems for enterprise management systems MRP, MRP-II, ERP, ERPII.

MRP is a system for planning the requirements for material resources (provides the necessary amount of material leftovers in the warehouse).

RP-II - designed for planning production resources, i.e. resources used to produce products.

ERP - designed for planning and managing material, production and human resources. SAP R/3 is an ERP (Enterprise Resourse Planning) system for enterprise resource management or SAP ER. ERP II - designed to manage resources and external relations of enterprises.

Information systems used to plan and manage various resources are called integrated management systems or corporate information systems.

The main components of information systems used in the economy include: software and hardware, business applications and information systems management.

1. Software and hardware information systems:

technical means of information processing (computers and peripheral devices);

system and service software (operating systems and utilities)

Application software for office purposes (MS Office);

computer networks (communication equipment, network software and network applications);

databases and databases.

2. Business applications (application programs):

local information systems (1C: Accounting, Infin, Parus, etc.);

small information systems (1C: Enterprise, Parus, Galaxy, etc.);

medium information systems (PEOPLE SOFT, BAAN, SCALA, etc.);

integrated management systems (ERP).

3. Information systems management is designed to manage and support enterprise information processes (personnel management, development, quality, security, operational management, etc.)

Thus, information systems, which are considered in economic informatics, consist of three main components:

information technologies (hardware and software of computers, telecommunications, data);

functional subsystems (production, accounting and finance, sales, marketing, personnel) and business applications (application programs for solving business problems);

information systems management (personnel, users, IS development, finance)

At present, the most appropriate way to build an economic information system is to use ready-made solutions, which are implemented in the form of ready-made application programs.

Conclusion

Informatics plays an important role in modern economic science, which led to the allocation of a separate direction in the development of science - economic informatics. This new direction combines economics, mathematics and computer science, and helps economists solve problems of optimizing the activities of enterprises, make strategic decisions about the development of industry and manage the production process.

The developed software base is based on mathematical models of economic processes and provides a flexible and reliable mechanism for predicting the economic effect of management decisions. With the help of a computer, analytical problems are quickly solved, the solution of which is beyond the power of a person. IN Lately The computer has become an integral part of the manager's and economist's workplace.

Bibliography

1. Information systems in the economy. Karminsky A.M., Chernikov B.V. Moscow: Finance and Statistics 2006. 320p.

2. Economic informatics: Textbook for universities. Konyukhovsky P.V. SPb.: Peter 2001, 560s.

3. Economic informatics. Kosareva V.P., Eremina L.V. - Moscow: Finance and statistics, 2002, 592s.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

transcript

1 Lecture 1 1 Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics The intensive introduction of information technologies in the economy has led to the emergence of one of the directions in the informatics of economic informatics, which is an integrated applied discipline based on intersubject communications of informatics, economics and mathematics. The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is informatics. The word "informatics" (informatique) comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automatic), introduced in France to define the field of activity involved in automated information processing. There are many definitions of computer science. Informatics is the science of information, how it is collected, stored, processed and provided using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Informatics consists of three interrelated components: informatics as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline and as a branch of production. Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business. The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide the solution of entrepreneurial and organizational problems that arise in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system. An information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that collect, store, process and issue information to ensure the preparation and decision-making. The main components of information systems used in the economy include: software and hardware, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management. The subject of the discipline "Economic Informatics" - technologies, ways of automating information processes using economic data. The task of the discipline "Economic Informatics" is the study of the theoretical foundations of informatics and the acquisition of skills in the use of applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks. 2. Data, information and knowledge The basic concepts used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used as synonyms, but there are fundamental differences between these concepts. The term data comes from the word data - fact, and information (informatio) means clarification, presentation, i.e. information or message.

2 Data is a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transforming and processing data allows you to get information. Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that are stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing when solving specific problems. For example, databases store various data, and upon a certain request, the database management system issues the required information. There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and phenomena of the environment, their parameters, properties and state, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge about them. Knowledge is the processed information recorded and verified by practice, which has been used and can be reused for decision-making. Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and reflects the knowledge of a specialist in a particular subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital. Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations) that regulate decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing how to solve problems. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a particular subject area. It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted in different ways. But decision-making is carried out on the basis of the information received and the available knowledge. Decision making is the choice of the best solution in some sense from the set of feasible solutions based on the available information. The relationship of data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is shown in Figure 1. 2 Fig.1. To solve the problem, fixed data are processed on the basis of existing knowledge, then the information obtained is analyzed using existing knowledge. Based on the analysis, all feasible solutions are proposed, and as a result

3 choices, one decision is the best in some sense. The results of the decision replenish knowledge. Depending on the scope of use, information can be different: scientific, technical, managerial, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest. 3. Economic information and information technology Economic information is a transformed and processed set of information that reflects the state and course of economic processes. Economic information circulates in the economic system and accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic information can be: control (in the form of direct orders, targets, etc.); informing (in reporting indicators, it performs the function of feedback in the economic system). Information can be viewed as a resource similar to material, labor and monetary resources. Information resources are a set of accumulated information recorded on material media in any form that ensures its transmission in time and space for solving scientific, industrial, managerial and other problems. Information technologies The collection, storage, processing, transmission of information in numerical form is carried out with the help of information technologies. A feature of information technologies is that in them both the subject and product of labor is information, and the tools of labor are means of computer technology and communications. The main goal of information technology is the production of the information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions for its processing (Fig. 2). 3 Fig.2. It is known that information technology (IT) is a set of methods, production and software and technological means, combined in a technological chain that provides the collection, storage, processing, output and dissemination of information. From the point of view of information technology, information requires a material carrier as a source of information, a transmitter, a communication channel, a receiver and recipient of information. The message from the source to the recipient is transmitted through communication channels or through the medium (Fig. 3). Fig.3.

4 4 The generalized structure of the technological process is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. The scheme describes the processes taking place in the general scientific, humanitarian fields of knowledge, including in education. In the natural sciences, feedback that provides an impact on the source of information (object, process, phenomenon) is usually more rigid. Information technology has different levels of representation: conceptual representation. At this level, the habitat of the object, targets, basic principles and means of implementing IT. It also defines the type of structural organization of management: decentralized, centralized or hierarchical; description of information flows. The volumes, frequency of receipt, the need for accumulation, ways of moving, places of processing, storage and accumulation of information are determined; description of methods for obtaining, processing and disseminating information; description of tools (universal and special). The purpose of the creation and wide dissemination of IT is to solve the problem of the development of informatization of society and all life in the country. Informatization of society - the widespread introduction of a set of measures aimed at ensuring the full and timely use of reliable information, generalized knowledge in all socially significant types of human activity. There are other definitions (for example, informatization of society - an organized socio-economic and scientific-technical process of creating optimal conditions for meeting information needs and realizing the rights of citizens, public authorities, local governments, organizations, public associations based on the formation and use information resources), but the essence remains the same. Information and control Information is a form of communication between managed and control objects in any management system. In accordance with the general theory of management, the management process can be represented as the interaction of two systems - managing and managed. The structure of the control system is shown in Figure 5.

5 5 Fig.5. The enterprise management system operates on the basis of information about the state of the object, its inputs X (material, labor, financial resources) and outputs Y (finished products, economic and financial results) in accordance with the goal (to ensure the release of the necessary products). Management is carried out by submitting management impact 1 (production plan) taking into account feedback - the current state of the controlled system (production) and the external environment (2, 3) - the market, higher management bodies. The purpose of the control system is to form such influences on the controlled system that would encourage the latter to accept the state determined by the control goal. In relation to an industrial enterprise, with a certain degree of conventionality, we can assume that the goal of management is the implementation of a production program within the framework of technical and economic restrictions; control actions are the work plans of the unit, feedback is data on the progress of production: the release and movement of the product, the state of the equipment, stocks in the warehouse, etc. It is obvious that the plans and content of the feedback are nothing but information. Therefore, the processes of formation of control actions are precisely the processes of transformation of economic information. The implementation of these processes is the main content of management services, including economic ones. The following requirements are imposed on economic information: accuracy, reliability, efficiency. The accuracy of information ensures its unambiguous perception by all consumers. Reliability determines the acceptable level of distortion of both incoming and output information, which maintains the efficiency of the system. Efficiency reflects the relevance of information for the necessary calculations and decision-making in changing conditions. Information processes - the processes of collecting, transmitting, accumulating, storing, processing, searching, issuing and communicating information to the user (in the Law On Informatization, this concept is disclosed in approximately the same way: information processes - the processes of collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, updating the presentation of documented information to the user ).

6 Therefore, management (in terms of information processes) can be decomposed into the following components: development by the governing body of management information that corresponds to the goal (program) of management; transfer of control information to the control object; obtaining and analyzing the reaction of the object (informative information about the control object and its actual behavior); adjustment or development of new control information in order to optimize the functioning of the control object. The modern system for managing an economic object is a human-machine complex based on a decision maker with the following seven main support subsystems. 1. Information support (informational support) - a system for classifying and coding information, technology system data processing, reference information, document management system. 2. Organizational support (organizational support) - a set of measures and activities that regulate the functioning of the control system, its description, instructions and regulations for maintenance personnel 3. Hardware (hardware) - a complex of technical means used in the control system, including a computer and communications equipment. 4. Mathematical support - a set of methods, rules, mathematical models and algorithms for solving problems. 5. Linguistic support - a set of terms and artificial languages, rules for formalizing a natural language. 6. Software (software) is a set of programs for data processing systems and documents necessary for the operation of these programs. 7. Legal support - a set of legal norms that determine the creation, legal status and functioning of the system. The management of an economic object is usually a part (although the main one, but still a part) of information technology for solving an economic problem. The most important procedures of this technology are conventionally divided into functional-temporal stages, the key ones, apart from transmission, are: collection, transformation and registration of information; processing and storage; transformation, replication and use (including decision making and development of control actions). Economic information is subject, as a rule, to all procedures, but in some cases some of them may be missing. The sequence of these procedures may also be different, and some may be repeated. Their composition and implementation features largely depend on the economic object that conducts automated information processing, and the processes that take place in its habitat. The diversity of the content of these processes can be seen on the example of information processes in business - infobusiness (infbbusiness): obtaining information about the market and its analysis; optimization of the company's work planning and management of its activities; performance of basic business operations; 6

7 collection and preparation of information for making managerial decisions; control and coordination of work structural divisions firms and employees; communication with partners and other organizations. It is intuitively clear that the implementation of some of these processes can be entrusted to a computer. IN last years information technology has gone from automating individual processes to creating systems that have a direct impact on business. The role of computer technology is currently invaluable. However, Norbert Wiener's statement is still relevant: "A computer is only as valuable as the person using it." The value of the user is determined by the following: the user's readiness (in terms of knowledge and psychologically) to apply modern information technologies; the readiness of a particular organization to introduce modern information technologies; presence of a developed sphere of information services in the habitat of this particular organization. 7

8 Lecture 2 Properties of information. measures of information. When working with information, there is always its source and consumer (recipient). Ways and processes that ensure the transmission of messages from the source of information to its consumer are called information communications. Any communication process is, as a rule, the transfer of information about the model, i.e., the goal of communication is for the receiver to become the owner of the same model that the source of information has. The communication diagram is shown below. 8 was information; Coding Model Subject Source area A Decoding Receiver Model Subject area B Fig.2. Generalized Communication Scheme In order for the transmitted message to be understandable, the following conditions must be met: the subject area A must be contained in the subject area B of the receiver; encoding and decoding must be mutually inverse operations. the model assumptions held by the source and the receiver must match and cannot change during the transmission of information. The fulfillment of the latter requirement is achieved, as a rule, by the formalization of the language, that is, by the transition from a natural language to a language with a rigid fixation of the meaning of the words used (for example, to a mathematical language). A language in which each word has only one meaning is called formalized. Any information process can be carried out only if there is a language that describes objects and the relationships between them. In the future, we will be interested in collections of objects, each of which has a name, and well-defined connections between objects. We call this set the subject area. The subject area reflects the level of a person's knowledge of the world around him and himself. Therefore, it is constantly changing. Adequacy of information The use of the word "information" leads to many misunderstandings. This is because it has many different meanings. In ordinary language, this word is used in the sense of "message" or "reduction", the concepts of knowledge are identified,

9 data, information. Obviously, the "everyday" use of the term "information" is completely inappropriate when it comes to information theory or theories. Often, in these theoretical constructions, the term "information" is filled with different meanings, and therefore, the theories themselves highlight only part of the facets of a certain system of knowledge, which can be called general information theory or "informology" - the science of the processes and tasks of transferring, distributing, processing and transforming information. For the consumer of information, a very important characteristic is its adequacy, a certain level of correspondence of the image created with the help of the received information to a real object, process, phenomenon, etc. The correctness of decision-making by a person depends on the degree of adequacy of information to the real state of an object or process. The adequacy of information can be expressed in three forms: semantic, syntactic, pragmatic. It is with these three forms that the evolution of informology is connected. syntactic adequacy. It reflects the formal structural characteristics of information and does not affect its semantic content. At the syntactic level, the type of media and the method of representing information, the speed of transmission and processing, the sizes of information representation codes, the reliability and accuracy of the conversion of these codes, etc. are taken into account. Information considered only from syntactic positions is usually called data, since the semantic side does not matter. This form contributes to the perception of external structural characteristics, i.e. syntactic aspect of information. Semantic (semantic) adequacy. This form determines the degree of correspondence between the image of the object and the object itself. The semantic aspect involves taking into account the semantic content of information. At this level, the information that reflects the information is analyzed, semantic relationships are considered. In computer science, semantic links are established between codes for representing information. This form serves to form concepts and ideas, reveal the meaning, content of information and generalize it. Pragmatic (consumer) adequacy. It reflects the relationship between information and its consumer, the correspondence of information to the management goal, which is realized on its basis. Pragmatic properties of information appear only if there is a unity of information (object), user and management goal. The pragmatic aspect of consideration is related to the value, usefulness of using information in the development of a decision by the consumer to achieve his goal. From this point of view, consumer properties of information are analyzed. This form of adequacy is directly related to the practical use of information, with its compliance with the target function of the system. Measures of information Classification of measures 9

10 To measure information, two parameters are introduced: the amount of information I and the amount of data V D. These parameters have different expressions and interpretations depending on the considered form of adequacy. Each form of adequacy 10 Measures of information Syntactic Semantic Pragmatic Volume of data Vd Amount of information I () H() H(), where H () entropy Amount of information I C CV D where C is the content factor Fig.3. Measures of information The usefulness (value) of information in units of the objective function corresponds to its own measure of the amount of information and the amount of data. Syntactic measure of information The emergence of informology as a science can be attributed to the end of the 50s of our century, when the American engineer R. Hartley made an attempt to introduce a quantitative measure of information transmitted through communication channels. Consider a simple game situation. Before receiving a message about the result of tossing a coin, a person is in a state of uncertainty about the outcome of the next toss. The partner's message provides information that removes this uncertainty. Note that the number of possible outcomes in the described situation is equal to 2, they are equal in rights (equiprobable) and each time the transmitted information completely removed the arising uncertainty. Hartley took the “amount of information” transmitted over a communication channel regarding two equal outcomes and removing uncertainty by providing one of them as a unit of information, called a “bit”. The creator of the statistical information theory K. Shannon generalized the result of Hartley and his predecessors. His works were a response to the rapid development in the middle of the century of communications: radio, telephone, telegraph, television. Shannon's information theory made it possible to set and solve problems of optimal coding of transmitted signals in order to increase the throughput of communication channels, suggested ways to combat interference on lines, etc. In the works of Hartley and Shannon, information appears before us only in its outer shell, which is represented by the relations of signals, signs, messages to each other by syntactic relations. The Hartley-Shannon quantitative measure does not pretend to evaluate the content (semantic) or value, useful (pragmatic) sides of the transmitted message. This measure of the amount of information operates with impersonal information that does not express a semantic relationship to the object.

11 The amount of data V D in a message is measured by the number of characters (digits) in this message. IN various systems one digit has a different weight and the data unit changes accordingly: in the binary number system, the unit of measure is bit (bit binary digit); in decimal notation, the unit of measure is dit (decimal place). The amount of information I at the syntactic level cannot be determined without considering the concept of system state uncertainty (system entropy). Indeed, obtaining information about a system is always associated with a change in the degree of ignorance of the recipient about the state of this system. Let the consumer have some preliminary (a priori) information about the system before receiving information. The measure of his ignorance about the system is the function H(), which at the same time serves as a measure of the uncertainty of the state of the system. Let's consider a simple example. Let there be R 0 different possible events (“realizations”) that are a priori equally probable. For example, when tossing a coin, we must have events 1 and 0 and R 0 = 2. In the case of a dice, the number of possible outcomes is 6, and therefore R 0 = 6. Thus, the outcome of tossing a coin or dice is interpreted as a recipe for receiving a message, and one of the possible outcomes R 0 is realized. It is clear that the larger R 0, the higher the uncertainty before receiving the message and the more information is acquired after receiving the message. Consequently, the whole procedure can be considered as follows: at the very beginning, we did not have any information I 0, i.e. for R 0 equally probable outcomes I 0 = 0. At the very end we have non-zero information I 1 for R 1 = 1, i.e. with one outcome. Suppose we want to introduce a measure of the amount of information I that should be associated with R 0. To get an idea of what the relationship should be between R 0 and I, we require the additivity of I for independent events. Thus, if we have two independent sets R 01 and R 02, then the total number of outcomes is R 0 = R 01 * R 02, and we require that I (R 01 * R 02) = I (R 01) + I (R02). This requirement can be satisfied if we choose I K ln R 0, where K is a constant. The constant K is arbitrary and can be fixed by any requirement. The following is commonly used. Consider the so-called binary system. Having built all possible words of length n, we get R = 2n realizations. We want to equate the amount of information I with the number n in such a system. n I K ln R 0 K ln 2 Kn ln 2 n, K 1. ln 2 Information with this definition is measured directly in bits. After receiving a certain message, the recipient acquired some additional information I (), which reduced his a priori ignorance so that the a posteriori (after receiving the message) uncertainty of the state of the system became H (). Then the amount of information I () about the system received in the message is defined as I () = H () H (), i.e. the amount of information is measured by the change (decrease) in the uncertainty of the state of the system. eleven

12 If the final uncertainty H () becomes zero, then the initial incomplete knowledge will be replaced by complete knowledge and the amount of information I () = H (). In other words, the system entropy H() can be considered as a measure of missing information. The entropy of the system H(), which has N possible states, according to the Shannon formula, is equal to: N H() P i log P i, i 1 where Р i is the probability that the system is in i-th state. For the case when all states of the system are equally probable, i.e. their probabilities are equal to P i = 1/N, its entropy is determined by the relation H() N i log N N Often information is encoded by numerical codes in one or another number system, this is especially true when presenting information in a computer. Naturally, the same number of digits in different systems calculus can convey a different number of states of the displayed object, which can be represented as a ratio n N m, where N is the number of possible displayed states; m is the base of the number system (a variety of symbols used in the alphabet), n is the number of digits (characters) in the message. The most commonly used are binary and decimal logarithms. The units of measurement in these cases will be respectively bit and dit. The coefficient (degree) of informativeness (conciseness) of the message is determined by the ratio of the amount of information to the amount of data, i.e. Y \u003d I / V D and 0< Y < С увеличением Y уменьшаются объемы работы по преобразованию информации (данных) в системе. Поэтому стремятся к повышению информативности, для чего разрабатываются специальные методы оптимального кодирования информации. Семантическая мера информации Новый этап теоретического расширения понятия информации связан с кибернетикой наукой об управлении и связи в живых организмах, обществе и машинах. Оставаясь на позициях шенноновского подхода, кибернетика формулирует принцип единства информации и управления, который особенно важен для анализа сути процессов, протекающих в самоуправляющихся, самоорганизующихся биологических и социальных системах. Развитая в работах Н. Винера концепция предполагает, что процесс управления в упомянутых системах является процессом переработки (преобразования) некоторым центральным устройством информации, получаемой от источников первичной информации (сенсорных рецепторов) и передачи ее в те участки системы, где она воспринимается ее элементами как приказ для выполнения того или иного действия. По совершении самого действия сенсорные рецепторы готовы к передаче информации об изменившейся ситуации для выполнения нового цикла управления. Так организуется циклический алгоритм (последовательность действий) управления и циркуляции

13 information in the system. It is important that the content of the information transmitted by the receptors and the central device plays the main role here. Information, according to Wiener, is "the designation of the content received from the external world in the process of our adaptation to it and the adaptation of our feelings to it." Thus, the cybernetic concept leads to the need to evaluate information as some kind of knowledge that has one value measure in relation to the outside world (semantic aspect) and another in relation to the recipient, his accumulated knowledge, cognitive goals and objectives (pragmatic aspect). Attempts to build models of the concept of information, covering the semantic aspect of knowledge contained in a certain statement regarding the designated object, led to the creation of a number of so-called logical-semantic theories (R. Carnap, I. Bar-Hillel, J. G. Kemeny, E.K. Voishvillo and others). In them, information is seen as the reduction or elimination of uncertainty. It is natural to assume that by means of any language, with the help of statements created in it, it is possible to describe a certain set of possible situations, states, alternatives. The semantic information contained in any statement excludes some alternatives. The more alternatives a statement excludes, the more semantic information it carries. So, for example, one of the possible sets of situations can be described as follows: "all bodies expand when heated." The statement "metals expand when heated" excludes all alternatives in which we can talk about non-metals. The semantic power of an utterance can be estimated by the relation all bodies (all metals). Even more informative would be the statement "iron expands when heated", since it excludes all alternatives except one. With all the variety of logical-semantic theories, they are characterized by common features, they indicate the way to solve three related problems: determining the set of possible alternatives by means of the chosen language, quantifying alternatives, their relative comparison (weighing), introducing a measure of semantic information. In the considered theoretical constructions - statistical and semantic information, it was about the potential possibility to extract any information from the transmitted message. However, in the processes information exchange very often there are situations in which the power or quality of information perceived by the receiver depends on how prepared he is for its perception. The concept of thesaurus is fundamental in the theoretical model of semantic information theory proposed by Yu.A. Schrader and explicitly taking into account the role of the receiver. According to this model, the thesaurus is the receiver's knowledge of information about outside world, its ability to perceive certain messages, and information is the difference between thesauri. Imagine that before receiving the telegram “Meet flight SU172 tomorrow”, we already knew from yesterday’s long-distance telephone conversation about the upcoming arrival of our relative or friend, and after making inquiries, we also found out the flight number with which he could arrive in the city. Our thesaurus already contained the information contained in the telegram. Therefore, it did not change with its receipt, and the semantic value of this information turned out to be zero. Obviously, such an assessment of the semantic content of information is mixed with a semantic aspect, hidden in the initial "installation" of the thesaurus to comprehend the received message. To measure the semantic content of information, i.e. its quantity at the semantic level, the thesaurus measure, which 13

14 relates the semantic properties of the information to the user's ability to receive an incoming message. For this, the concept of the user's thesaurus is used - a set of information that a user or system has. Depending on the relationship between the semantic content of information S and the user's thesaurus S p, the amount of semantic information I c, perceived by the user and included by him in the future in his thesaurus, changes. The nature of this dependence is shown in Fig. 4. Consider two limiting cases, when the amount of semantic information I c is equal to 0: when S p 0, the user does not perceive, does not understand the incoming information; for S p the user knows everything and does not need the incoming information. 14 I c S p opt S p The consumer acquires the maximum amount of semantic information I c when coordinating its semantic content S with his thesaurus Sp (Sp = Sp opt), when the incoming information is understandable to the user and carries him previously unknown (missing in his thesaurus) intelligence. Therefore, the amount of semantic information in the message, the amount of new knowledge received by the user, is a relative value. The same message can have semantic content for a competent user and be meaningless (semantic noise) for an incompetent user. When evaluating the semantic (meaningful) aspect of information, it is necessary to strive to harmonize the values of S and S р. A relative measure of the amount of semantic information can be the content factor C, which is defined as the ratio of the amount of semantic information to its volume: C = I c / V e. Fig.4. Dependence of the amount of semantic information perceived by the consumer on his thesaurus I с = f(s р) those of its qualities that decisively influence the behavior of self-organizing, self-governing, purposeful cybernetic systems (biological, social, man-machine). One of the brightest representatives of pragmatic theories of information is the behavioral model of communication, the behavioral model of Ackoff-Miles. The starting point in this model is the target aspiration of the recipient of information to solve a specific problem. The recipient is in a “goal-oriented state” if he is aiming for something and has alternative paths of unequal

15 efficiency to achieve the goal. A message sent to a recipient is informative if it changes its "purposeful state". Since the “purposeful state” is characterized by a sequence of possible actions (alternatives), the effectiveness of the action and the significance of the result, the message transmitted to the recipient can affect all three components to varying degrees. In accordance with this, the transmitted information differs in types into “informing”, “instructing” and “motivating”. Thus, for the recipient, the pragmatic value of the message lies in the fact that it allows him to outline a strategy of behavior in achieving the goal by constructing answers to the questions: what, how and why to do at each next step? For each type of information, the behavioral model offers its own measure, and the overall pragmatic value of information is defined as a function of the difference between these quantities in the "purposeful state" before and after its change to a new "purposeful state". The next stage in the development of pragmatic theories of information was the work of the American logician D. Harrach, who built a logical-pragmatic model of communication. One of the weaknesses of the behavioral model is its unpreparedness to evaluate false messages. Harrach's model takes into account the social nature of human communication. In accordance with it, the received messages must first be processed, after which the messages "usable" are selected. It is from the totality of usable messages that the criteria of pragmatic value must be applied. 15 This measure determines the usefulness of the information (value) to achieve the user's goal. This measure is also a relative value, due to the peculiarities of using this information in a particular system. It is advisable to measure the value of information in the same units (or close to them) in which the objective function is measured. I n () = P(/) P(), where I n () is the value of the information message for the control system, P() is the a priori expected economic effect of the control system functioning, P(/) is the expected effect of the system functioning, provided that for control the information contained in the message will be used. Information theory "in the sense of Shannon" arose as a means of solving specific applied problems in the field of signal transmission over communication channels. Therefore, in essence, it was and is an applied information science. The family of such sciences, specifically studying information processes in one or another of their specific content and form, is growing quite rapidly in the second half of our century. These are cybernetics, systems theory, documentaries, linguistics, symbolic logic, etc. The core that unites all these studies is general theory information "informology", which is based on the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic concepts of information. Quality of information The possibility and efficiency of using information is determined by its main consumer quality indicators, such as representativeness,

16 pithiness, sufficiency, accessibility, relevance, timeliness, accuracy, reliability, stability. The representativeness of information is related to the correctness of its selection and formation in order to adequately reflect the properties of the object. Critical importance here they have: the correctness of the concept on the basis of which the original concept is formulated; the validity of the selection of essential features and relationships of the displayed phenomenon. Violation of the representativeness of information often leads to its significant errors. The meaningfulness of information reflects the semantic capacity, which is equal to the ratio of the amount of semantic information in the message to the amount of data being processed, i.e. C \u003d I c / V e. With an increase in the content of information, the semantic throughput of the information system increases, since in order to obtain the same information, it is necessary to convert a smaller amount of data. Along with the richness coefficient C, which reflects the semantic aspect, one can also use the information content coefficient, which is characterized by the ratio of the amount of syntactic information (according to Shannon) to the amount of data Y = I / V e. Sufficiency (completeness) of information means that it contains a minimum, but sufficient for making the right decision set of indicators. The concept of completeness of information is connected with its semantic content (semantics) and pragmatics. As incomplete, i.e. insufficient for making the right decision, and redundant information reduces the effectiveness of decisions made by the user. The availability of information to the perception of the user is ensured by the implementation of the appropriate procedures for its receipt and transformation. For example, in an information system, information is converted to an accessible and user-friendly form. This is achieved, in particular, by coordinating its semantic form with the user's thesaurus. The relevance of information is determined by the degree of preservation of the value of information for management at the time of its use and depends on the dynamics of changes in its characteristics and on the time interval that has elapsed since the occurrence of this information. The timeliness of information means its receipt no later than a predetermined point in time, consistent with the time of solving the task. The accuracy of information is determined by the degree of closeness of the received information to the real state of the object, process, phenomenon, etc. For information displayed digital code, four classification concepts of accuracy are known: formal accuracy, measured by the value of the unit of the least significant digit of a number; real precision, determined by the value of the unit of the last digit of the number, the correctness of which is guaranteed; maximum accuracy that can be obtained in specific conditions of the system operation; required accuracy, determined functional purpose indicator. The reliability of information is determined by its ability to reflect real-life objects with the required accuracy. The reliability of information is measured by the confidence level of the required accuracy, i.e. the probability that the parameter value displayed by the information differs from the true value of this parameter within the required accuracy. 16

17 The stability of information reflects its ability to respond to changes in the source data without compromising the necessary accuracy. The stability of information, as well as representativeness, is due to the chosen method of its selection and formation. Such information quality parameters as representativeness, richness, sufficiency, accessibility, sustainability are entirely determined at the methodological level of information systems development. The parameters of relevance, timeliness, accuracy and reliability are determined to a greater extent also at the methodological level, however, their value is also significantly affected by the nature of the functioning of the system, primarily its reliability. At the same time, the parameters of relevance and accuracy are strictly related to the parameters of timeliness and reliability, respectively. The structure of economic information. Classification Economic information is characterized by some features arising from its essence (we will not list everything, we will focus on one). An important characteristic of economic information is its structure. The structure of economic information plays the same role as the syntax of any language. Speaking about the structure of information, two interrelated aspects are distinguished: the composition of the elements that form the structure of economic information; the relationship between the elements of this structure. Considering from these positions the structure of economic information, single out simple and composite units of information. A composite unit of information (CUI) is a unit of information, consisting of a set of other units of information, associatively linked to each other, i.e. related in meaning. A simple, elementary constituent unit of economic information is props. Requisites are elementary indivisible units of economic information expressing certain properties of an object. Details have two properties that are important from the point of view of their processing: a single attribute cannot fully characterize an economic process or object; individual props may be part of various economic indicators. Each attribute is characterized by a name (name), type and value. The name of the attribute is its symbol in the transformation processes. The value of an attribute is a value that characterizes some properties of an object, phenomenon, process in specific circumstances. All valid attribute values form a set called the attribute domain. Depending on the nature of the property displayed by them, the attributes are divided into attribute attributes and base attributes. Details-attributes reflect the qualitative properties of an economic object, process or phenomenon (time and place of action, last name, first name, patronymic of the performer, name of the work, etc.). They can be expressed in alphabetical, numeric, or alphanumeric form. Attributes-attributes are used for logical processing of composite units, i.e. for searching, sorting, grouping, selecting, etc. Details-bases characterize the quantitative side of the process or object. expressed in certain units of measurement (the amount of the deposit in rubles, the tax rate as a percentage, etc.). They are most often expressed in digital form. Logical and arithmetic operations can be performed on them. For a comprehensive description economic process, object or phenomenon requires a certain set of details that describe the qualitative 17

18 and quantitative properties of the displayed object. The main structural unit, consisting of a certain set of details that characterizes any specific object, fact, process, etc. from the quantitative and qualitative side, is an indicator. An indicator is a set of logically related attributes-attributes and attributes-grounds, which has economic sense. An indicator is a logical statement containing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the displayed phenomenon. An economic indicator as a composite unit of information includes one base attribute and a group of attributes-attributes interconnected with it and among themselves in terms of the meaning of attribute attributes. An economic indicator is the basic unit of economic information. For example, the indicator "output of 120 thousand cans of canned food" carries a quantitative value and qualitative features of this value. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that in this indicator the phrase "issuance of cans of canned food" is a prop-sign, and "120 thousand" is a prop-base. The indicator is the minimum information set in terms of composition for the formation of an independent document. (i.e., documents are built on the basis of indicators) In documents, each indicator is given a name. By the number and composition of indicators, the level of its information content is determined and the amount of information in the document is calculated. In addition, on the basis of an indicator or its details, databases are created that are used in solving economic problems. An economic document is a set of interrelated economic indicators organized in a certain way. An economic document is the main and most convenient form of presenting information from the point of view of management, since along with the visibility of the presentation of information necessary for solving a problem or resulting from solving a problem, it contains attributes that give it a legal status. The most common form of presentation of economic documents is a tabular form, which in itself general view includes a general (heading), subject (content) and design part. a common part contains the name of the document and a list of details common in composition and value for all indicators presented in the document. The presence of a common part of the document makes it possible to avoid duplication of information when characterizing all the indicators that are part of a multi-page document. The subject part includes details that characterize the features of the economic indicators of a multi-page document. (variable attributes-signs and quantitative-sum details-bases are placed: name, item number, quantity, production cost code, etc.) The design part contains attributes that, as a rule, are not directly involved in the information processing process, but they give the document legal force, as they include the signatures of the persons involved in the preparation of the document. In addition to the tabular form of presentation of documents in the practice of organizational and economic management, documents of a simplified tabular form can also be used, in which the names of the details are given not in the header of the document, but in the sidebar, next to which specific values \u200b\u200bof the relevant details are affixed. Finally, economic documents can contain both a header and a sidebar. Documents of this form are widely used in the preparation of various 18

19 reporting (statistical, financial, accounting, tax, etc.). As an information carrier for displaying the contents of documents, the most common are: paper, electronic (screen) and magnetic media. In order to simplify the organization of processing, transmission and storage of information contained in documents, it can be combined in the form of information arrays (files). From the standpoint of the logical structure, an information array is a set of data (documents) of the same form (one name) with all values, or a combination of such data sets related to one task. In the second case, the array is called enlarged. The essence of an array is expressed through the logical meaning and natural expediency of its structure. In information processing systems, an array is the main structural unit for storing, transmitting and processing information. Arrays can be combined into larger structural units. The largest is the information base, and the simplest form of associations is the information flow. The information flow is a set of information arrays, including documents, regarding a specific management activity, which is dynamic in nature (Information flow is a group or a set of moving data related to a specific area of economic calculations). The information base is the totality of information of a real economic object. Types of economic information The meaningful classification of information circulating in different objects depends on the sectoral affiliation and the level of management. However, in the process of processing, information goes through similar stages, common in the management of various economic objects. On fig. 1.2 a simplified processing scheme is proposed, which reflects the purpose of information and the sources of its occurrence. The specified types of information differ: in the form of presentation; organization of storage; the nature of the processing. 19 Fig. Classification of economic information according to the nature of its use in management

20 Of course, the scheme presented in fig. 1.2 is of an extremely generalized nature, however, it covers almost all the specific numerical information extracted from the control system during its operation. General scheme the cycle of the information process, which should be covered by the appropriate technologies, is shown in fig. 20 Input information enters the control body from the outside. Part of it, the primary information, comes from the control object and is obtained as a result of direct measurement or calculation. Suppose, for firms engaged in industrial production, this is the volume of output, the number of defects, the number of workers, downtime, stocks in the warehouse, etc., for banks and financial companies- the refinancing rate, the volume of assets and liabilities, loans and deposits, the current payment rates for them, etc. Primary information is most closely related to a specific aspect of the activities of managed economic objects, and includes both slowly changing (conditionally constant) and operational data. A feature of primary information is that it very often contains volumetric characteristics of the operation of the object. Based on these three-dimensional characteristics, using reference data, a detailed assessment of the actual state and dynamics of the controlled object is subsequently obtained. From the point of view of the management process, the primary information plays the role of feedback coming from the managed object and showing the results achieved, as well as deviations from the normative functioning of the object. The rest of the input information - it is sometimes called external and conventionally divided into informing and directive - comes from external bodies in relation to the control system. Guidance comes from higher authorities and, depending on the nature of subordination, it may include parameters and conditions for the formation of mandatory (tax) payments, planned targets and their adjustments, allocated limits. Informing information comes from higher authorities, as well as from firms, enterprises and organizations associated with the control object. These are suppliers, contractors, transport organizations financial institutions (banks, pension funds, Insurance companies), territorial bodies of state power. If

Topic 3. The concept of information. measure of information. 1. Definition of information and its types. 1.1. Definition of information. The term information comes from the Latin informatio, which means clarification, awareness,

1 Topic 1. Economic information and information processes in the organizational - economic sphere. 1.1. Information processes in the economy. Basic concepts of informatics and informatization. Concept and economic.

THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROCESSES OF COLLECTING, TRANSFERING, PROCESSING AND ACCUMULATION OF INFORMATION lecturer Ph.D. Associate Professor AZARCHENKOV Andrey Anatolyevich CONTENTS OF THE SECTION The subject and structure of informatics

VII. Materials on the system of intermediate and final testing 1. Information about the objects and phenomena of the environment, their parameters, properties and state, perceived by information systems in the process

INFORMATION AND ITS PROPERTIES INFORMATION AND DATA The term information comes from the Latin informatio, which means clarification, awareness, presentation. From the standpoint of materialistic philosophy, information

1.1. The concept of information. General characteristics of the processes of collecting, transmitting, processing and accumulating information All systems, both socio-economic and systems of animate and inanimate nature, operate in constant

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE DISCIPLINE The word informatics comes from the French word Informatique, formed as a result of combining the terms Information (information) and Automatique (automatics). This reflects

Informatics Lecture 1 Assoc. Ignatieva Inga Anatolyevna Department of Information Technologies in Lifelong Education Volume of discipline and types of study work Type of study work Total hours Classroom lessons

Lectures Informatics. Basic course: Textbook for universities. / Ed. S.V. Simonovich. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2011. V.B. Volkov, N.V. Makarov. Computer science. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2011. A.A. Vasiliev, Yu.A. Stotsky, I.S. Thelin. office

Introduction to Informatics E. A. Yarevsky Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University 2017 www.spbu.ru www.phys.spbu.ru www.cph.phys.spbu.ru (Department of Computational Physics)

Introduction to Informatics Information The word information comes from the Latin informatio explanation, exposition, information. In philosophy, information is a reflection of the real world with the help of information (messages).

Chapter 1-3. Properties of information Qualitative assessment of information A person tends to subjectively perceive information through a certain set of its properties: importance, reliability, timeliness, accessibility

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION educational institution higher education "NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY" Section

Plan: COMPUTER SCIENCE (semester 1) Topic 1. Basic concepts of computer science 1.1. The concept of computer science as a science and academic discipline. 1.2. The main directions of informatics. 1.3. The concept of information. Main types

Computer Science Contents What is computer science? Basic concepts of informatics 2009 M.L. Tsymbler, G.I. Radchenko Informatics 2 INFORMATICS History, definition 2009 M.L. Tsymbler, G.I. Radchenko Informatics 3

Structure of information When considering the structure of information, its individual elements are distinguished, which can be both simple and complex. Simple elements are not amenable to further subdivision; complex are formed

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION URAL STATE FOREST ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND MODELING Anyanova Ye.V. Information and Coding Theory LECTURE COURSE for

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION URAL STATE FOREST ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND MODELING Anyanova Ye.V. Theoretical Foundations of Informatics LECTURE COURSE for

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE TOPIC: INFORMATION THEORY Senior Lecturer Safonova M.S. 1 Moscow 2016 LECTURE PLAN Information Data Informatics Properties of information Amount of information. Hartley formula

Introduction to Informatics Vagin Evgeniy Sergeevich, Assistant Institute of Cybernetics Subject of Informatics Informatics is a science that studies the patterns of obtaining, storing, transmitting and processing information in nature

FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION "URAL "URAL STATE LAW UNIVERSITY" Evening faculty Department information law Informational

Input control Registration Basic transformation procedures in information technology The basic information technology conceptual model contains the processes, procedures and operations of information

1. MEASUREMENT AND PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION 1.1. INFORMATION AND ITS PROPERTIES 1.2. CLASSIFICATION AND CODING OF INFORMATION The existence of the field and subject of informatics is unthinkable without its main resource - information.

Informatics Informatics establishes the laws of information transformation in the conditions of functioning of automated systems, develops methods for its algorithmization, formation of language means of communication

Lectures 1, 2 September 2, 2016 I Theoretical foundations of computer science Practicum on a computer Algorithms and programs Theoretical foundations of computer science Python language Introduction to assembler II Programming methods Practicum

Lecture 1. Introduction to information technology Topics for consideration: 1. Informatics as a science and as a type of practical activity. 2. Information. Basic concepts and definitions. 3. Information process.

Korolkova A. V., Kulyabov D. S. Modeling of information processes 3 Chapter 1. Information technologies and information processes This section studies the concept of technology (in particular, information

Lectures 1, 2 September 5, 12, 2017 Lectures Theoretical Foundations of Informatics Practices Word Excel PowerPoint http://prog.tversu.ru Def. 1: Informatics (from BDT) is the science of methods and processes for collecting, storing,

Lecture 3 Topic: Classification of information systems. Plan 1. Separation of information systems by technical level 2. Separation of information systems by the nature of the information being processed Key words

Lecture 4 The amount of information, entropy and redundancy of the message Educational questions: The first educational question - The amount of information The second educational question - Entropy. The third training question is Message redundancy.

Lecture 7 Fundamentals of organizational and technical management Plan: 1. Tasks of organizational and technical management. Axioms of control theory 3. Ashby's principle of necessary diversity In control theory, it is accepted

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface .................................................. 3 Chapter 1. The concept of information. General characteristics of the processes of collection, transmission, processing and accumulation of information 1.1. The main tasks of informatics ...............................

Lecture 2. Information in computer science. Information society. Topics for consideration: 1. Classification of information; 2. Forms of presentation of information; 3. Knowledge and types of knowledge; 4. Measures and units of quantity and

1 Modeling systems Classification of types of modeling systems. Modeling is based on the theory of similarity, which states that absolute similarity can only take place when an object is replaced by another exactly

Section 1. Information and electronic means of its processing Topic 1.1. Types and properties of information. Representation of information in the computer OP.04. Technical means of informatization Lecture plan: 1. The concept of information

Measurement of information Neznaykin V.A., student Supervisor Rudenko A.Yu., Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor FSBEI HE Volgograd State Agrarian University, Volgograd, Russia

The final control in the discipline "Managerial decisions" is carried out on the basis of testing. Test has three difficulty levels. To successfully pass the final control, you must complete

MAIN ASPECTS OF THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION AND THEIR CONTENT DESCRIPTION IN INFORMATION ANTHROPOLOGY Toykin, V.V. Krasilnikov, Stavropol In the general scientific aspect, the following approaches to the definition

1. Task (( 92 )) TK 1 select one answer The information presented in a form suitable for processing by automated or automatic means is signals thesaurus data information

Lecture topic: "Goals and objectives of Information Systems" Plan Introduction I. Main part 1. Basic definitions of information and information process 2. Goals of information systems 3. Tasks of information

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Tolstolutsky V.Yu. Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics, Faculty of Law, Lomonosov Nizhny Novgorod State University N.I. Lobachevsky Methodological basis of the concept of "forensically significant information"

2nd semester 8 lectures 16 labs 1 E-mail: [email protected] 2 to master the skills of working with a computer as a means of obtaining, processing, managing and creating new information

Annex 2.2.4. educational material. Topic 1. Lecture material. Definition, purpose, purpose By definition, CAD is an organizational and technical system consisting of a set of tools

Grade 8a Grade 8a Grade 8a Planned results of mastering the subject "Informatics" in grade 8a Personal results The student will have: an understanding of the role of information processes in modern

Lesson 3. MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF MODELING INFORMATION PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS The main stages of building a mathematical model: 1. a description of the functioning of the system as a whole; 2. compiled

Department of General Medical Practice and Polyclinic Therapy Factors of the external and internal environment influencing the formation of reporting forms Analysis of statistical information is the main stage of managerial

1. Informatics Informatics is the science of methods and means of collecting, storing, processing and transmitting information using computer technology. IN different countries Informatics is called by different names. In English

Section 1. Entrepreneurship and information systems for managing its activities Topic1. Entrepreneurship as a purposeful system. Information systems and their role in business management

AUTONOMOUS NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION INSTITUTE OF LIFELONG EDUCATION "PROFESSIONAL" January 15, 2018

Economic informatics(computer science from the French. information- information and automation- automatic; literally “the science of automating information processing”) is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business, as well as the economics of these systems.

Economic informatics is a new discipline that emerged in the second half of the 20th century in connection with the rapid development of computer technology and the growth of its application in the economy. In Anglo-Saxon countries, computer science is called computer science (literally, “the science of computers”), and economic informatics is called information systems (literally, “information systems”). Modern economic informatics is, first of all, an applied discipline that systematizes the principles of development and operation of information systems (hereinafter referred to as IS) designed to solve various economic problems. Thus, it is located at the intersection of computer science itself (computer science) and the subject area of organization management, for which the created specialized systems were intended. Even in the Anglo-Saxon countries, such specialized applied knowledge is in some cases called "informatics", in particular, there are bioinformatics and military informatics.

Economic informatics also has a common area with economic theory. This general field is the economics of information, the discipline that studies the economic patterns of information creation and dissemination in markets and organizations. In economic informatics, it allows one to describe the value of information and the impact of markets for information goods on the value of IP.

Object and subject of economic informatics

The core of economic informatics includes, first of all, the applied knowledge necessary for building an IS in the economy and managing organizations in any field - business, non-profit structures and government bodies. IS in economic informatics is understood as a system designed to collect, transmit, process, store and issue information to consumers using computing and communication equipment, means software and service personnel.

Influence information systems on the economy of organizations that implement and use them is described in terms of business processes. Implementation information systems creates new IT services, which, in turn, change parameters business processes organizations, their performance, quality and sustainability. As a result, if the implementation is successful, the current profitability and / or long-term competitiveness of the organization increases. Therefore, the study business processes commercial and non-profit organizations is one of the main areas of study of economic informatics. These studies include the study of the components business process , its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, IT services used by it, the relationship of the business process and its results with the structure of the organization, etc. As a result of these studies, several problems are solved at once:

Along with business processes, economic informatics explores the components of IS itself: information technology, applications, and management. Information technology - technological infrastructure that ensures the implementation information processes. It includes all types of computer and telecommunications equipment, system software that controls the operation of the latter, and tool environments that support applications. Information technologies are considered in economic informatics as a means of improving business processes and overcoming their limitations. At the same time, the introduction of information technology does not automatically lead to the improvement of business processes; for this, it must be combined with the introduction of applications, changing the business processes themselves, improving the skills of employees of the enterprise and improving management. information systems. An important part of information technology is platforms - software systems that allow you to develop applications.

Applications are specialized programs that directly support certain IT services as part of business processes. Applications can be separate products (business applications) or be part of certain integrated management systems (functional subsystems). At present, applications have been developed for all areas of the enterprise's operations and management - for procurement, production, marketing and sales, maintenance, personnel management, technological development, finance, accounting etc. The diversity and complexity of today's applications has made it difficult for them to work together in the same enterprise.

For a long time, this problem was solved by creating large monolithic application packages that include the above applications as functional subsystems. In modern times, the development of integration tools based primarily on the SOA architecture has led to the opposite trend, the development of more narrowly focused applications focused on specific subject areas.

For example, SAP, the world's largest business software maker, is currently releasing a suite of applications SAP Business Suite, which includes SAP ERP ERP system, SAP CRM CRM system, SAP PLM product lifecycle management system, SAP supply chain management system SCM and SAP SRM supplier relationship management system. It should be emphasized that all of the above are different applications integrated through SOA services. To support SOA services, SAP has created its own SAP NetWeaver integration platform. Integration platforms similar in purpose are available from other market leaders - Oracle Fusion Middleware from Oracle, IBM WebSphere from IBM, etc. Each of these platforms can work not only with the manufacturer's applications, but also with applications from other companies, which increases the flexibility of the created systems.

Finally, information systems management ensures that all other IS components are coordinated with each other, as well as the development of information systems is coordinated with business requirements. Management of corporate information systems includes the management of personnel, users, quality, finance and security, as well as operational management and management of the development of IS. Thus, management turns out to be an extremely important component of IS, and its improvement, corresponding to the improvement of applications and their technological foundation, is a condition for the balanced development of the system as a whole. According to modern concepts, IP management is, first of all, IT service management.

A separate task is the analysis and design of the architecture of enterprise information systems. Here, the model apparatus is somewhat wider, along with the modeling of functions and data, it includes engineering methods for analyzing and predicting the performance of IS, statistical tools, economic analysis, etc. A particular problem is the integration of the IS architecture with the architecture of the business and the architecture of the organization, which is solved by the methods of management theory.

The task of improving the management of IS is solved by methods of management theory, including methods of operations research, organization theory, logistics, etc. Methods and models of project management are of great importance. Recently, the role of project control methods has been growing, ensuring the achievement of the planned economic effect during the implementation of IP.

To solve the problem of analysis and increase the economic efficiency of IP, various methods of economic analysis are used. Currently, we are talking about neoclassical tools, new institutional economics and management theory. Each of the approaches uses a variety of methods described in the category Economic theory. The same classes of methods are used in the economic analysis of information and markets for information goods.

Short story

Although the prehistory of computer science dates back at least to the 19th century, the history of the use of computers in the economy did not begin until the 1950s. 20th century. From now on, we will count the history of economic informatics.

In the initial period, in the 50s - 60s, the computer was a rare and expensive resource. Therefore, the first task of economic informatics was to increase the efficiency of computer use. The first steps along this path were the creation of an operating system - a software package that organizes and maintains the computing process on a computer, and programming languages high level, as well as compilers from these languages. Already at this stage it became clear that economic tasks, unlike, for example, scientific tasks require much simpler computational algorithms, but it needs means for processing large amounts of data with a complex structure. As a result, the COBOL language was developed, which supports complex hierarchical data structures. A further development of this approach was the development of specialized platforms that made it possible to create and maintain increasingly complex databases. These platforms are called database management systems (DBMS).

In the 70s - 80s, the next period in the history of economic informatics began, characterized by the growing penetration of computers into business. In parallel, the computers themselves and their infrastructure became more complex and more diverse. New classes of computers have appeared - minicomputers and personal computers (PCs), local and global computer networks, new classes of software. As a result, computers no longer automate individual labor-intensive tasks, but entire functions of the enterprise, including such important ones as production and procurement planning, accounting and management accounting, design work and others. For these purposes, new classes of applications were developed - MRP systems and, later, MRP II, the first integrated production management systems, project management systems, etc. This, in turn, required a means of documenting the relevant business functions and describing the data used in them. The result was the first IDEF family of standards, including the IDEF 0 Function Description Standard, the IDEF 1X Data Modeling Standard, and a number of others.

In the same years, economic informatics first encountered the so-called "productivity paradox". It consisted in the fact that with the growing investments of business and government in IT, there were no signs of productivity growth associated with these investments. This problem was expressed in embossed form Nobel Laureate R. Solow: "We see the computer age everywhere, except for performance statistics." Despite the challenge of R. Solow, in the 80s. there was no evidence of a positive impact of IT investment on productivity.

The sharply complicated computing environment of the enterprise, in particular, the explosive growth in the use of personal computers, caused an outpacing increase in the cost of IP. As a result, IT management has increased its focus on cost control. To solve this problem, the Gartner Group developed the TCO model, which made it possible to take into account the total cost of using IP throughout the entire life cycle of the latter. Although this model was a significant advance in IT cost accounting, it had a number of shortcomings, as a result of which its widespread use in some cases led to incorrect conclusions. The largest of these errors was the initiative to develop a network computer specifically designed to reduce the TCO of enterprise ICs. A number of major PC manufacturers have thrown their networked computers onto the market with no success. Interestingly, later, in the 2000s. the ideas of a networked computer were again in demand, and this time with much greater success. However, in the 80s. the project was premature.

90s were marked by two major technical innovations - the transition to the so-called. client-server architecture and the widespread use of the Internet. The new IS architecture meant a transition to distributed applications, one part of which performed data processing as such and was located on computers (servers) specially allocated for this, while the other part ensured the transmission of requests to servers, receiving responses from the latter and presenting the results of requests to the end user (client). It was according to this scheme that e-mail, work with databases, and also the provision of Internet access were organized.

The Internet became another, even more significant revolution of the 90s. It should be noted that the Internet infrastructure in the form of data transmission networks and global computer networks was created much earlier (the first segments of the ARPAnet network, the predecessor of the Internet, were created back in 1969), the mass use of the Internet by individual users and corporations fell on the 90s. gg. This was due to the emergence of the "World Wide Web" WWW - a network of hyperlinks that linked arrays of information ("pages") located both on the same server and on different servers. At the same time, search engines appeared that allowed Internet users to quickly find necessary information. The new technology was quickly commercialized, first for advertising, then for direct transactions. Already in 1994, the Amazon .com bookselling site appeared, and in 1995, the Ebay online auction. At the same time, in the 1990s, the payment and logistics infrastructure of Internet transactions took shape. As a result, a large number of businesses have emerged that exist exclusively on the Internet - the so-called. dot-com. Exaggerated expectations for such businesses have given rise to the so-called "dot-com bubble" - an unjustified increase in share prices of Internet companies. This "bubble" ended in the crash of 2000.

The rapid development of technology has posed new challenges for economic informatics. First, the pervasive nature of IT has created a need for an integrated description of the role of IT in business. The basis of this description was the concept of a business process and value chain. This provided a holistic view of the business process, especially important when changing the latter.

Secondly, a number of new classes of applications have emerged that solve newly emerging business management problems. These were, first of all, ERP systems that became further development MRP II systems. In addition to these, systems for customer relationship management (CRM), supplier relationship management (SRM) and supply chain management as a whole (SCM) were created.

Increased computing power, as well as data storage capacity, made it possible to create specialized analytical systems that process data in real time (OLAP). Finally, the emergence of electronic business has given rise to a new extensive class of systems that mediate electronic transactions - B 2B, B 2C, etc.

Thirdly, there has been a further complication of the tasks of IT services in enterprises. Important help in these conditions could be provided by a typical model of business processes of an IT service, containing the main tasks of the latter and well-proven approaches to their solution. This model was the ITIL model, the first version of which appeared at the turn of the 80s - 90s. The wide recognition of the model in business and government structures led to the rapid improvement of the library, and at the turn of the 90s - 2000s. its second version was released, and in 2007 - the third. ITIL has now become the de facto standard for IP management in Europe. Another response to the complication of the tasks of the IT service was the outsourcing of IS - the transfer of all or part of the IS maintenance functions to be performed by an external provider. Outsourcing became a popular solution to the problems of the IT service in the 90s.

Finally, in the 90s. IT performance paradox resolved. A number of researchers have shown that in the presence of complementary changes in business processes firms investing in IS has a significant positive impact on productivity. At the same time, a significant contribution of investments in IP to the capitalization of the company in the stock market was discovered.

The current stage of development of IP has brought new achievements. One of the most important was the technology of integrating SOA business applications, which for the first time made it possible to ensure a sustainable and effective interaction applications from various vendors. Perhaps an even more important advance was the so-called. "cloud computing", which is the provision of IT services over the Internet, in which the details of the IT infrastructure are hidden from the end users of the service. This eliminates most application compatibility and integration issues. Cloud computing eliminates the specific requirements that a range of IT services place on a customer's IT infrastructure, making it as easy to receive IT services as power from an electrical outlet. An important factor The development of IT has also been the widespread use of open source software, which is not so much a technical innovation as an alternative model of copyright.

In parallel with the development of technology, the management of IP and the economic analysis of the latter have developed. In management, the main direction of development was the deepening of outsourcing, the transition from outsourcing of individual functions of IS maintenance to outsourcing of business processes as a whole. Outsourcing also influenced the development of the ITIL model, which in its third version is focused not so much on enterprise IT services as before, but on outsourcing service providers.

In the economics of IP, one of the most important areas has become the economics of copyright. The development of the information goods market, on the one hand, has sharply expanded the volume of consumption of the latter, on the other hand, it has limited the rights of users to consume the latter. Severe restrictions on the users of information goods have given rise to much discussion of the economics of copyright in terms of the balance between incentives for innovation and the monopoly rights of producers. This has deepened the understanding of the institution of copyright, but has not yet led to practical recommendations in this area.

Open source software has become a real alternative to the institution of copyright in the field of software. The GPL license grants the user four freedoms: the freedom to use the software, the freedom to study the software and change the source code, the freedom to distribute copies of the software, and the freedom to distribute modified software. The main restriction imposed by the GPL is that software obtained under the GPL must continue to be distributed under the terms of the GPL.

Economic informatics in the USSR developed along a special path. The planned economy, on the one hand, created a number of incentives for the introduction of information technologies and systems in the national economy, on the other hand, imposed extremely severe restrictions on their use. As a result, the introduction of information technologies and systems into the national economy of the USSR was limited and inconsistent, although it led to a number of major successes.

The first success was the very creation of the computer technology industry in the USSR, which for several decades remained at the level of the advanced Western countries. Among the creators of Soviet computer technology, we should first of all mention S.A. Lebedev, I.S. Bruk, B.I. Rameeva, V.M. Glushkov and G.P. Lopato, who created independent design schools for the development of computers and set up their mass production.

The development of computer production raised the question of their use in the national economy. Already in 1959 A.I. Berg, A.I. Kitov and A.A. Lyapunov in his report "On the possibilities of automating the management of the national economy" raised the question of the use of computers in the management of the national economy. However, the technical capabilities of computers of that time did not allow the large-scale use of computers in planning - the main function of managing the national economy at that time. Serious attempts at such automation were made only in the 1970s. in the form of an attempt to create an ACS system (automated control systems) with OGAS (National Automated system collection, storage and processing of information) at the top level.

Large-scale investment in automated control systems has not brought the expected return. The use of automated control systems ran into problems of information quality and turned out to be incompatible with the real economic mechanisms functioning in the socialist economy. In conditions of shock economic reforms 1990s the developers of automated control systems were unable to adapt them to the new economic conditions, as a result of which automated control systems quickly disappeared. IN modern Russia economic informatics has not received significant development, and the available work is fragmentary.

Structure of economic informatics

In modern economic informatics, the following main areas can be distinguished.

First of all, it is the analysis and modeling of business processes. This is a complex and large-scale activity, taking into account the specifics of industries and countries. An important part of it is the description and analysis of newly emerged business processes and business models. Today, such models are based on the increasing use of IT. End-to-end business processes have become a feature of the last decades, covering a number of interconnected enterprises, united primarily through IS.

The complexity and, at the same time, the dynamism of modern IS require special attention to the problems of IS architecture. It is the timely and accurate solution of architectural problems that allows you to provide high quality IT services even in the face of large-scale changes. Economic informatics creates a theoretical and methodological basis for such decisions. There are several trends in IS architecture today:

Ensuring the integration of IT architecture and business and organization architecture;

Building the organization's IT architecture based on a network of interconnected service providers that outsource business processes;

Corporate data is at the center of modern IT architecture, especially in the context of advanced outsourcing;

Increasing the flexibility of IT services and ease of access to them by end users, primarily based on cloud computing.

A separate area of economic informatics is the development of IP management. Today, this area is dominated by the ITIL model, but the question of the boundaries of its application remains unresolved. An important area of research is also the study of outsourcing, the criteria for its success and ways to achieve it. Finally, in modern conditions, the measurement and ensuring the economic efficiency of IP is of particular importance, which we will consider in more detail below.

Although the "productivity paradox" has long been resolved, research on the cost-effectiveness of ICs still forms an important part of economic informatics. Today, the main directions for improving the efficiency of IS have already been outlined, this is the solution of real business problems using IT, changing business processes aimed at unlocking the potential of IT, and improving the skills of personnel. Along with this, IP allows you to change the portfolio of products and services of the company, make it more flexible and diversified.

Finally, the increasing focus on purchasable IP components and purchasable services increases the importance of the information goods market. The study of this market by the methods of economic informatics is of increasing importance for this science.

Unresolved issues and priority areas

Despite a number of successes, a number of unresolved problems remain in economic informatics today. Here are the most important ones:

What determines the success of IS in an organization? Despite the developed recommendations for the development and implementation of IS, projects for the development and implementation of IS fail in 30-50% of cases, according to various estimates.
How to evaluate the effectiveness of IP in specific situations? Studies of the effectiveness of IP have not yet led to the development of practically valuable methods to evaluate the effectiveness of specific projects in this area.
Is best practice always best? A number of studies show that the organizations observed today belong to several different types (in the original author's terminology - configurations). Probably different configurations require different ICs and different approaches to their implementation.
How reasonable is today's copyright? The limitations that modern copyright imposes on end users are seen as increasingly onerous, and there are reasonable alternatives.