The concept of finished products and their accounting. Theoretical and methodological foundations of accounting for sales of finished products. Shipment of finished products

Accounting and analysis

COURSE PROJECT

ACCOUNTING FOR RELEASE OF FINISHED PRODUCTS

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Tula 2016

INTRODUCTION.. 3

1. CONCEPT AND EVALUATION OF FINISHED PRODUCTS... 5

1.1.Accounting finished products using count 40. 13

1.2. Accounting for finished products without using account 40. 16

3. ACCOUNTING FOR SHIPPED PRODUCTS USING ACCOUNT 45. 19

4. ACCOUNTING FOR FINISHED PRODUCTS IN THE EVENT OF SHORTAGE... 22

5. INVENTORY OF FINISHED PRODUCTS... 24

6.PRACTICAL PART. 28

CONCLUSION.. 55

LIST OF REFERENCES USED... 57

INTRODUCTION

Organizational issues accounting Insufficient attention is paid to finished products in methodological and educational materials. However, the relevance and importance of this topic for the formation, detailing and grouping accounting information the movement of finished products necessary for making management decisions is obvious.

The main objectives of accounting for finished products are:

Correct and timely accounting of the availability and movement of finished products in warehouses, refrigerators and other storage areas;

Monitoring the implementation of plans for volume, range, quality of products and obligations for their supply;

Monitoring the safety of finished products and compliance established limits;

Monitoring the implementation of the product sales plan and timely payment for sold products;

Identification of the profitability of all products and their individual types.

These tasks are solved with the help of proper documentation and ensuring proper organization of accounting for the movement of finished products. To successfully complete these tasks, the rhythmic work of the enterprise, proper organization of warehousing and sales, timely documenting business transactions. Correctly recorded volumes products sold, timely and reliable accounting of shipment and payment of products is the key to correctly generated revenue, and therefore correctly calculated taxes.

The relevance and significance of considering the problem of accounting for finished products and goods lies in the fact that the result of the activities of any manufacturing enterprise or organization is the production and sale of finished products and goods.

In order to correctly and timely record the results production activities the organization must select and consolidate in its accounting policy row fundamental principles and methods for accounting for finished products, the options of which are set out and enshrined in legislative acts and recommendations. Many performance indicators of the enterprise or organization depend on the method chosen by the organization or enterprise for evaluating finished products and recognizing revenue from its sales. This is why it is very important to pay Special attention accounting of finished products at the enterprise, since this is the main link of any enterprise.

The purpose of this work is to deepen, consolidate and generalize knowledge on accounting for the release of finished products for the further application of this knowledge in practice. In accordance with the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Consider the concept and evaluation of finished products;

Acquainted with primary documentation for accounting of finished products;

Study synthetic accounting of finished products;

Describe the procedure for conducting inventory of finished products;

Expand the reflection of the release of finished products by international standards financial statements.

Theoretical basis of the study: legislative and regulations Russian Federation, scientific works of Russian scientists in the field of accounting of finished products, including textbooks and teaching aids, articles from specialized magazines and websites.

CONCEPT AND EVALUATION OF FINISHED PRODUCTS

Finished products are considered to be those that have undergone full processing, assembly and packaging, meet the requirements of standards, the terms of the contract, have been accepted by the technical control department and delivered to the finished products warehouse or transferred to the buyer. According to PBU 5/01 “Accounting for material and inventories“finished products are understood as “a part of an organization’s inventory intended for sale, which is the end result of the production process, completed by processing (assembly), the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents established by law.”

The product includes several components: finished products, goods, work performed and services provided, as well as goods that are shipped to buyers and customers. Products that have not passed all stages of processing and are not accepted by technical control are taken into account as part of work in progress.

Finished products make up the bulk of the enterprise's output. In addition, the products also include semi-finished products of own production, work performed and industrial services provided. Works of an industrial nature are considered to be the services of auxiliary workshops for the supply of steam, water, electricity, compressed air, road transportation and other services to third-party enterprises and organizations, their own non-industrial farms or for their own capital construction.

Finished products, as a rule, must be delivered to the warehouse and reported to the financially responsible person. Large items, bulk and liquid products that cannot be delivered to the warehouse for technical reasons are accepted by the customer's representative at the site of their manufacture, packaging and assembly.

Products by type are divided into:

1) gross - full price completed finished products produced by the organization during the reporting period;

2) gross turnover (gross output) - the cost of all products, semi-finished products, completed and services rendered, including work in progress;

3) realized (sold) - gross output minus the balances of finished products, work in progress, semi-finished products, tools and spare parts of own production;

4) comparable - products that were produced by the organization in the previous reporting period;

5) incomparable - products that were produced for the first time in the reporting period.

Planning and accounting of finished products are carried out in natural, conditionally natural and cost indicators. Conditional natural indicators are used to obtain generalized data about homogeneous products.

In accordance with the regulations on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation, finished products are reflected in balance sheet according to actual or standard (planned) production costs, including costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, supplies, fuel and other costs for production of products in the production process, or according to direct cost items, depending on the established accounting policy accounting option.

Evaluation of finished products is carried out:

1. According to the actual production cost - represents the sum of all costs for its production (collected entirely on account 20 “Main production”). It is used mainly for single and small-scale production, as well as for the production of mass products of a small range.

2. According to the planned (standard) production cost. The method consists in separately taking into account deviations of the actual production cost of finished products for the reporting month from the planned or standard cost (deviations are identified on account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”). It is advisable to use in industries with mass and serial production and a large range of finished products. The positive side of calculating commodity output at the specified cost is the unity of assessment in current accounting, planning and reporting.

3. Based on incomplete (reduced) production costs (direct costing method), calculated based on actual costs without taking into account general business expenses. This method is intended for accounting in mass production. When indirect costs are debited from the account 26 " General running costs» to the debit of account 90 “Sales”.

4. At sales (market) prices and tariffs (excluding value added tax and sales tax) when accounting for goods sold through the retail network. This method has the widest application.

5. At sales prices and tariffs (including VAT). This option is used in conditions of relative stability of prices and tariffs, and it is necessary to separately take into account the amount of value added tax.

6. At accounting prices (contractual, wholesale) – the difference between the actual cost and the accounting price is taken into account separately. Until now, this option for assessing finished products was the most common, but now, due to sudden changes in pricing, it is used less frequently. Its advantage is realized at relatively stable prices and is manifested in the possibility of comparing estimates in current accounting and reporting.

When using accounting prices and planned production costs in accounting for finished products, it becomes necessary to calculate deviations of the commodity output assessed at accounting prices from its actual production cost. This allows, regardless of the type of assessment in current accounting, to ultimately determine the actual cost of products shipped and released in the order of sale, work performed, services rendered, as well as the balance of finished products in warehouses at the end of the month.

The calculation is usually carried out using the weighted average percentage, calculated as the ratio actual cost the balance of products at the beginning of the month and products released from production in a given month, to the cost of the same volume of products at accounting prices. Data on the balances of finished products at the beginning of the month is taken from a similar statement for the previous month or from current accounting registers. The cost of products received from production is determined at accounting prices based on data analytical accounting its posting.

Deviations in the cost of products estimated at accounting prices and planned (standard) costs are found by comparing them. A negative amount of deviations is recorded using the “red reversal” method, a positive amount is recorded using a regular entry.

In accordance with Article 61 of the regulations on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation, shipped products are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual (or standard (planned)) full cost, which includes, along with production cost, costs associated with the sale (sale) of products, work, services reimbursed by a negotiated (contract) price. The difference between the full and production costs is made up of the so-called “non-production costs” (in accounting they are reflected in account 44 “Sales expenses”), which represent costs associated with sales (including costs of promoting finished products to the market). This means that in any case (including the option of accounting for finished products at planned cost), sales expenses cannot be written off to the account for finished products until they are shipped. Another consequence arising from the cited requirements is that the term “full cost” cannot be applied to finished products located in the organization (in the process of pre-sale preparation, awaiting shipment, as part of warranty or insurance stocks, etc.) .

Shipped products are those shipped to the buyer, but the title to which has not passed to the buyer. To account for shipped products, balance sheet account 45 “Goods shipped” is used. .

Jupiter LLC produces lamps. Expenses of the main production for the production of a batch of lamps (costs of purchasing materials, wage workers, including deductions for social insurance, etc.) amounted to 130,000 rubles. The assembly of lamps is carried out by auxiliary production. His expenses for assembling this batch of lamps amounted to 14,000 rubles.

Table 1. Accounting for finished products at the warehouse of Jupiter LLC

The form and content of delivery notes and the order of their execution are influenced by the complexity of the product, its packaging and the frequency of delivery to the warehouse. Most organizations use a cumulative delivery note. It records records over several days and for several products. In some cases, instead of cumulative invoices, one-time invoices are used, which are issued for each production release. If products are manufactured according to one-time orders, then the invoice lists the products included in the order and the number of the contract or letter under which this order is carried out.

To summarize data on product output for reporting period a cumulative sheet is used, into which data on the number of products produced per shift or working day is transferred from delivery notes and reports, indicating the date and document number, and the accounting price (planned (normative) cost or sales price) is entered.

In the journal-order form of accounting, the amount of the actual cost of manufactured products is indicated in journal-order No. 10/1 in the debit of account 43 “Finished products” and the credit of account 20 “Main production”. Account 43 “Finished products” - active, inventory. The account balance shows the actual cost of the balance of finished products in the organization's warehouses; debit turnover - the actual cost of manufactured products of the main production and other products; products and semi-finished products of own production returned by buyers, shipped externally; loan turnover - actual cost of shipped reporting month products.

To determine the actual cost of the balance of finished products in warehouses and shipped products for the reporting month, statement No. 16 “Movement of finished products in value terms” is used. In the first section of statement No. 16, data on the full characteristics of account 43 “Finished products” is formed in two estimates - actual and accounting. This is necessary to determine the share (percentage) of actual costs in the total volume of finished products that the organization had in the reporting month (balance at the beginning of the month plus received from production) to their accounting (planned) cost.

If this percentage is 100%, it means that actual costs matched planned costs. If the percentage is below 100, the organization has achieved a reduction in product costs and, as a result of the sale of these products, it will receive above-plan profit; if the percentage is above 100, the organization has overexpended on costing items and exceeded the planned cost rate.

The same percentage ratio of the actual cost of all products to their accounting (planned) cost can be used by the accounting department to calculate the actual cost of products shipped in the reporting month, returned by customers, and the balance of finished products at the end of the month. The balance at the end of the month at actual cost is necessary for subsequent reconciliation with the general ledger, and the balance at accounting prices is reconciled with the warehouse balance books.

Accounting for finished products in the warehouse is organized according to the operational accounting method, that is, for each item number of products, a materials accounting card is opened (form No. M-17). As finished products are received and released, the storekeeper, based on documents, records the amount of valuables (receipt, expense) on cards and calculates the balance after each entry.

The accountant is obliged to receive documents from the warehouse every day for the past 24 hours (receipt notes, delivery notes, delivery notes, delivery notes). The correctness of warehouse accounting is confirmed by the accountant’s signature on the warehouse accounting card. Based on warehouse accounting cards, materially responsible person monthly fills out the balance sheet of finished products in the context of the range of finished products, units of measurement, quantity and transfers it to the accounting department. Here, a cross-reconciliation of warehouse and accounting indicators is carried out in total terms (balance at accounting prices).

Finished products released from production are delivered to the enterprise warehouse (expedition) and are documented. Documents reflecting the release and delivery of finished products have general purpose, basically the same details, and are written out in two copies under the same number. They indicate the delivery workshop, the receiving warehouse, the name and item number of the product, the date of delivery, the discount price and the quantity of products delivered.

One copy of the document is located in the production workshop, and the second is in the warehouse. For each batch of products delivered, an entry is made in both copies of the acceptance documents. After completion of delivery of all products, in both copies of the acceptance documents for each name, type and grade, count and record the number of pieces or weight in numbers and words. Data on the products being handed over is confirmed by the receipt of the receiver in the copy of the deliverer and, conversely, the receipt of the deliverer in the copy of the receiver.

In order to reflect the products or works, services sold, the accounting department must have documents confirming the execution of the contract and, first of all, the transfer of ownership rights to them. In addition to the previously specified order-invoice, these can be railway, air, freight invoices with marks of the station of departure or destination, bills of lading, certificates of work performed, and more.

Finished products are understood as “a part of an organization’s inventory intended for sale, which is the end result of the production process, completed by processing (assembly), the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents established by law.”

Finished products, like other types of inventories, are valued at actual cost. Of course, when assessing finished products, one should take into account the features characteristic of the economic content of this type of asset. The main source of receipt of materials and goods is purchase for a fee. Finished products cannot be purchased for a fee in principle, since this contradicts their economic content, which follows from the definition - finished products must represent the final result of the production cycle.

The actual cost of inventories during their production by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of relevant types of products. In accordance with paragraph 59 of the Regulations on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation, finished products are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual (planned) production cost, including costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor in the production process resources, and other costs of production or direct cost items. Thus, when forming the accounting policy of an organization for accounting of finished products, it is possible to make a choice from the following assessment options:

- at actual cost;
- at standard or planned cost;
- for direct cost items.

In accordance with Article 61 of the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation, shipped products are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual (or standard (planned)) full cost, which includes, along with production costs, costs associated with the sale (sale) of products, works, services , reimbursed by the agreed (contract) price. The difference between the full and production costs is made up of the so-called “non-production costs” (in accounting they are reflected in account 44 “Sales expenses”), which represent costs associated with sales (including costs of promoting finished products to the market). This means that in any case (including the option of accounting for finished products at planned cost), sales expenses cannot be written off to the account for finished products until they are shipped. Another consequence arising from the requirements is that the term “full cost” cannot be applied to finished products located in the organization (in the process of pre-sale preparation, awaiting shipment, as part of warranty or insurance stocks, etc.).

Products released from production are transferred to the finished goods warehouse. The transfer of products from the workshop to the warehouse is formalized by an acceptance note, which indicates the number of the delivering workshop, the number of the warehouse that received the products, the name of the products, the item number, the number of products delivered to the warehouse, the accounting price and the amount. Most organizations use a cumulative delivery and acceptance invoice. It records records over several days and for several products. In some cases, instead of cumulative invoices, one-time invoices are used, which are issued for each production release. If products are manufactured according to one-time orders, then the invoice lists the products included in the order and the number of the contract or letter under which this order is carried out.

When manufacturing complex and multi-set products, an acceptance certificate is drawn up instead of an invoice. If the company performs work for third party organizations, then in this case a work acceptance certificate is issued. The act, as well as the invoice, is written out in two copies. One copy with the signature of the representative of the performing company is handed over to the customer, and the other copy with confirmation accepted works The customer's representative remains with the contractor and is used in the future for calculations and recording of work in accounting accounts.

Acceptance invoices, after entries in the finished product warehouse cards, are transferred to the accounting department, where, on their basis, data on product release is generated and records are kept. Primary documents for work and services also go to the accounting department. To summarize data on product output for the reporting period, a cumulative sheet is used, into which data on the number of products produced per shift or working day is transferred from delivery notes and reports, indicating the date and document number, and the accounting price (planned (standard) cost or sales price is entered ).

Synthetic accounting of finished products can be carried out in two versions: without using account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” and using account 40.

In the first option, finished products are accounted for in synthetic account 43 “Finished Products” at the actual production cost. However, analytical accounting of certain types of finished products is carried out, as a rule, at accounting prices (planned cost, wholesale prices, etc.), highlighting deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the cost at accounting prices of individual products and taken into account in a separate analytical account.

Synthetic accounting of finished products shipped is maintained on account 45 “Goods shipped”, which is intended to summarize information about the availability and movement of shipped products, revenue from the sale of which for a certain time cannot be recognized in accounting (for example, when exporting products). This account also records finished products transferred to other organizations for sale on a commission basis. Finished products shipped are accounted for on account 45 at a cost consisting of the actual production cost and expenses for shipping the products. The amounts accepted for accounting under account 45 “Goods shipped” are written off to the debit of account 90 “Sales” simultaneously with the recognition of revenue from the sale of products or upon receipt of a notice from the commission agent about the sale of products transferred to him. Count 45 is used in two cases. Firstly, it is used after the goods have been shipped to the buyer, when the proceeds from their sale cannot be recognized for accounting purposes. The second case of using account 45 is the transfer of products to a commission agent for sale. Capitalization of finished products at accounting prices is completed accounting entry on the debit of account 43 “Finished products” and the credit of account 20 “Main production”.

At the end of the month, calculate the actual cost of capitalized finished products from their cost at accounting prices and write off this deviation from the credit of account 20 “Main production” to the debit of account 43 “Finished products” using an additional accounting entry.

If the finished product is fully used in the organization itself, then it can be credited to the debit of account 10 “Materials” and other similar accounts from the credit of account 20 “Main production”.

Finished products shipped or delivered locally, depending on the delivery conditions specified in the contract for the supply of products, are written off at accounting prices from the credit of account 43 “Finished Products” to the debit of accounts 45 “Goods Shipped” or 90 “Sales”. At the end of the month, the deviation of the actual cost of shipped (sold) products from its cost at accounting prices is determined and written off from the credit of account 43 by an additional entry to the debit of accounts 45 or 90.

Finished products transferred to other organizations for sale on a commission basis are written off from the credit of account 43 and the debit of account 45 “Goods shipped”.

When using account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” to account for production costs, synthetic accounting of finished products is carried out on account 43 at standard or planned cost.

The debit of account 40 reflects the actual cost of products (work, services), and the credit reflects the standard or planned cost.

The actual production cost of products (works, services) is written off from the credit of accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 29 " Service industries and farms" to the debit of account 40.

The standard or planned cost of products (work, services) is written off from the credit of account 40 to the debit of accounts 43 “Finished Products”, 90 “Sales” and other accounts (10,11,21,28,41, etc.).

By comparing debit and credit turnover on account 40 on the 1st day of the month, the deviation of the actual cost of production from the standard or planned one is determined and written off from the credit of account 40 to the debit of account 90 “Sales”. In this case, the excess of the actual cost of production over the standard or planned cost is written off by additional posting, and the savings are written off using the “red sides” method. Account 40 is closed monthly and the balance is reporting date he does not have.

When using account 40, there is no need to make separate calculations of deviations of the actual cost of products from their cost at the accounting prices of finished, shipped and sold products, since the identified deviation for finished products is immediately written off to account 90 “Sales”.

In the balance sheet, finished products are reflected:

- at actual production cost (if account 40 is not used);
- according to standard or planned cost (if estimates 40 are used);
- at incomplete (reduced) actual cost (for direct items of expenses), when indirect expenses are written off from account 26 “General expenses” to the debit of account 90 “Sales”;
- at incomplete standard or planned cost (when using account 40 and writing off general business expenses from account 26 to account 90).

In the journal-order form of accounting, the amount of the actual cost of manufactured products is indicated in the journal-order No. 10/1 in the debit of account 43 “Finished products” and the credit of account 20 “Main production”. Account 43 "Finished products" - active, inventory. The account balance shows the actual cost of the balance of finished products in the organization's warehouses; debit turnover - the actual cost of manufactured products of the main production and other products returned by buyers of products and semi-finished products of their own production, shipped externally; turnover, but to the loan - the actual cost of products shipped in the reporting month.

In the first section of statement No. 16, data on the full characteristics of account 43 “Finished products” is formed in two estimates - actual and accounting. This is necessary to determine the share (percentage) of actual costs in the total volume of finished products that the organization had in the reporting month (balance at the beginning of the month plus received from production) to their accounting (planned) cost.

The same percentage ratio of the actual cost of all products to their accounting (planned) cost can be used by the accounting department to calculate the actual cost of products shipped in the reporting month, returned by customers, and the balance of finished products at the end of the month. The balance at the end of the month at actual cost is necessary for subsequent reconciliation with the General Ledger, and the balance at accounting prices is reconciled with the books of accounting for warehouse balances.

Accounting for finished products in the warehouse is organized according to the operational accounting method, i.e., for each item number of products, a materials accounting card is opened (form No. M-17). As finished products are received and released, the storekeeper, based on documents, records the amount of valuables (receipt, expense) on cards and calculates the balance after each entry.

The accountant is obliged to receive documents from the warehouse every day for the past 24 hours (acceptance invoices, orders - invoices, waybills). The correctness of warehouse accounting is confirmed by the accountant’s signature on the warehouse accounting card.

Based on warehouse accounting cards, the financially responsible person monthly fills out a statement of balances of finished products in the context of the range of finished products, units of measurement, quantity and transfers it to the accounting department. Here, a cross-reconciliation of warehouse and accounting indicators is carried out in total terms (balance at accounting prices).

Released finished products move from the sphere of production to the sphere of circulation. This process is recorded in primary documents- acceptance notes, acts, statements, plans, maps, etc.

The release of finished products and their shipment are formalized by an order-invoice, which includes two documents: an order to the warehouse and an invoice for release. The order to the warehouse is issued by the relevant service, based on the terms of the contract with buyers, indicating the name of the buyer, its code, quantity and range of products, and shipment time.

In order to reflect the products or works, services sold, the accounting department must have documents confirming the execution of the contract and, first of all, the transfer of ownership rights to them. In addition to the previously indicated order-invoice, these can be railway, air, freight invoices with marks of the departure or destination station, bills of lading, certificates of work performed, etc.

Chapter I. The concept of finished products

1.1 The concept of finished products, their evaluation

Finished products are products and semi-finished products that are fully processed, comply with current standards or approved technical specifications, accepted into the warehouse or by the customer.

Products that are subject to delivery to the customer on site and are not documented in an acceptance certificate remain as part of work in progress and are not included in the finished product. Industrial production products cannot include industrial waste, even if they are sold externally.

Finished products also include work and services of an industrial nature, performed on the side of capital construction and other non-industrial production and farms, the cost of sales

or intended for the sale of semi-finished products of their production.

Receipt of finished products from production is documented with invoices, specifications, acceptance certificates and other primary documents.

Accounting for finished products by type and storage location is usually carried out similarly to accounting inventories. Many organizations use a cardless method of accounting for finished products: with the help of a computer, daily turnover sheets are compiled to record the release and movement of finished products in relation to warehouses and other storage places. Remains of finished products are periodically inventoried.

In automated warehouses, instead of warehouse accounting cards, operational machine diagrams and videograms of balances and movement of finished products for each type are used.

Based on the finished products, a nomenclature is drawn up - a price tag.

In addition to the price tag, product reference books are being developed that contain information:

About products subject to and exempt from various types of taxes;

About payers and consignees:

About the average quarterly and average annual cost, etc.

The actual production cost of the finished product is the sum of all costs for its production. Other types of assessment may also be used:

According to the planned (standard) production cost, when deviations of the actual production cost of finished products for the reporting month from the planned or standard cost are taken into account separately;

Based on incomplete (reduced) production costs, calculated based on actual costs without taking into account general business expenses;

At sales prices and tariffs (excluding value added tax and sales tax) when accounting for goods sold through the retail network;

At sales prices and tariffs, increased by the amount of tax, added value - when performing single orders and work.

At the end of the month, regardless of the price at which current accounting is carried out, the assessment of finished products is brought to the actual production cost by drawing up special calculations for the distribution of deviations between the actual cost and the accounting price.

Acceptance according to the act of finished products from production to warehouse in accounting is documented by posting:

D 40 - K 20 - production cost of products, where: account 20 “Main production”, account 40 “Finished products”.

Products not accepted according to the act are listed as part of work in progress.

Finished products are the end result of the production cycle. Its implementation completes the turnover of economic assets and determines the efficiency of production: “money - goods - money” (M - T - M *). If D* is greater than D, then profit is obtained. The amount of profit from product sales is calculated by the accounting department of large and medium-sized enterprises monthly, and of small enterprises quarterly.

According to the “Regulations on accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation”, finished products are reflected in the accounting records of the enterprise at actual, standard (planned) production costs or at direct cost items. The production cost of finished products should include material and labor production costs, depreciation of fixed assets and other expenses directly related to production. Other expenses, in particular general business expenses (collected in account 26 “General business expenses”), may or may not be included in production costs.

Accounting for shipped products (works delivered to the customer and services provided to the consumer), in accordance with the above-mentioned Regulations, is carried out at the full actual cost, i.e. In addition to production costs, it must reflect other costs, including those associated with the sale of products. IN market conditions The forms of contractual relations between suppliers and buyers are of great importance. For example, the buyer can bear part of the costs of selling products, as well as part of the risks associated with transportation and storage in intermediate warehouses. Therefore, accounting for shipped products has acquired several additional subtleties associated with the use of account 45 “Goods shipped”. Depending on the terms of the contract at present, the specified account may or may not include certain business expenses. So, if the buyer has agreed to compensate the supplier for transportation costs, then they can be directly included in account 45 “Goods shipped”:

D 45 - K 40 - production cost of production;

D 45 - K 43 - commercial expenses paid by the buyer, where: account 43 “Business expenses”.

One of the important international accounting rules is the going concern principle, which is that a business entity is expected to operate for an indefinite period of time.

In this regard, accounting is obliged to regularly analyze the volume of production of individual product samples, the amount of net profit received from their sale, as well as the amount of net profit per unit of product. This will make it possible to develop recommendations for the discontinuation of obsolete product samples and the transition to new types of products.

1.2 Tasks of accounting and analysis of finished products

Tasks of accounting for finished products:

Control over the correct and timely documentation of items and products released from production and shipped (sold);

Monitoring the safety of finished products in the organization’s warehouses or storage areas;

Obtaining accurate information about the quantity and cost of finished products located in warehouses, and monitoring the compliance of actual inventories of valuables with established standards;

Timely identification of excess and excess balances of finished products to be sold in order to mobilize internal resources;

Systematic control over the level of sales costs;

Monitoring the implementation of supply contracts in terms of volume and range;

Control over the timely receipt of payments for the sale of finished products;

Identification of financial results from the sale of products.

Main tasks of the analysis:

Assessment of the degree of implementation of the plan and the dynamics of production and sales of products;

Determining the influence of factors on changes in the values of these indicators;

Identification of on-farm reserves for increasing production and sales of products;

Development of measures for the development of identified reserves.

The following sources of information for accounting and analysis of finished products are used: “Profit and Loss Statement”, monthly, quarterly and annual reports of the organization on product output, statement 16 “Movement of finished products, their shipment and sale”, purchase book and others.

Chapter II. Finished product accounting

2.1 Documentation and accounting of finished products

The delivery of finished products from production to the organization's warehouse is documented with delivery notes, specifications, acceptance certificates, etc. These documents indicate the number (code) of the workshop delivering the finished product, the number of the receiving warehouse, the name and item number of the product, and quantity. Acceptance invoices are usually issued in two copies: one is intended for the deliverer of finished products, the other is transferred to the warehouse. Products arriving at the warehouse must be measured, counted and weighed (if necessary).

Acceptance invoices are signed by representatives of the delivery workshop, the receiving warehouse and the technical control service. In a market economy and the development of small business organizations important acquires confirmation of the quality of manufactured products. In accordance with the Federal Law “On Certification of Products and Services,” product quality is confirmed by a certificate or other similar documents.

When delivering products to the warehouse multiple times during a shift, it is recommended to replace one-time and single-line documents with multi-line cumulative documents (invoices, statements, reports for a shift, a day). If the delivery invoice is prepared several days in advance, it is signed by the listed persons for each day. The form and content of the invoice depend on the complexity, completeness and frequency of delivery of finished products to the receiving warehouse.

The release of finished products from production to the warehouse can also be documented with a statement of delivery of finished products from the workshop to the warehouse, and when delivering products to the customer (buyer) directly from the workshop (bypassing the warehouse) or when manufacturing complex and multi-set products, it is advisable to draw up an acceptance certificate instead of an invoice. The acceptance certificate has a standard form, which states that the finished products have passed all stages of technological processing, meet the technical specifications (customer requirements) and other natural and cost indicators of the manufactured products.

The shipment (release) of finished products is carried out in accordance with the relevant administrative documents: this is a certificate, an invoice, an order for the release (shipment) of finished products, etc. The shipment (release) of finished products to customers is carried out in accordance with concluded supply contracts, which specify the name and quantity of types of products supplied, method of shipment or pickup, size of batches, price at which individual products are sold. In accordance with the supply agreement, the supplier organization issues an invoice order, which combines two documents: an order to the warehouse for the shipment of products and an invoice for their release from the warehouse. The data on the release order is filled out by managers involved in the sale of finished products, and the actual quantity of products sold is filled out by the financially responsible person who released the products. Selected batches of finished products are handed over to the forwarder against receipt or handed over to the buyer's representative on site (for pick-up). The shipment of cargo is documented by waybills and receipts for them. Based on these documents, an invoice for the release of finished products is drawn up. The railway consignment note (or water transport consignment note) is handed over to the railway station (or pier) along with the cargo. The consignment note accompanies the cargo along the route and is issued with it at the destination to the consignee. A railway receipt issued by a transport organization at the time of acceptance of cargo for transportation and payment of the tariff is issued to the shipper and serves as the basis for issuing an invoice and presenting it to the buyer for payment.

The purpose of studying this topic is to acquire knowledge: about the concept, characteristics and features of accounting for finished products that are the result of common species activities of the organization; on methods for assessing finished products and the conditions of their use; O possible options accounting for released products (works, services) at all stages of their movement, including sales; O in various ways formation of the full actual cost of products sold, work performed and services rendered, including the procedure for the formation and write-off of sales expenses; about the procedure for determining financial result from the sale of finished products, results of work performed and services provided.

As a result of studying the topic, analytical and synthetic accounting operations related to the movement of finished products (work performed, services provided) depending on the methods of its evaluation.

The concept of “finished products” and methods for its evaluation

Finished products represents a part of the organization’s inventories, ready for sale, which are the end result of the production process, fully completed processing, the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents. Products of the sphere material production are also the work performed (scientific and technical, transport, related to advertising, processing of customer-supplied raw materials, etc.) and services provided (communication services, housing and communal services, intermediary, innovation, consulting, marketing, etc.).

Finished products, as a rule, must be delivered to the finished goods warehouse. The organization of accounting for finished products should ensure the generation of information about the availability and movement of finished products to storage locations and financially responsible persons.

Accounting for finished products is carried out in quantitative and cost terms. Quantitative accounting of finished products is carried out in units of measurement accepted in a given organization, based on its physical properties (volume, weight, area, linear units or individually). To organize the accounting of quantitative indicators of homogeneous products, conditionally natural meters can be used (for example, canned food in conventional cans, cast iron in terms of conversion, individual species products, based on their weight or volume of useful substance, etc.). The organization's finished products are accounted for by name, with separate accounting By distinctive features(brands, articles, sizes, models, styles, etc.). In addition, accounting is carried out for enlarged product groups: products of main production, consumer goods, products made from waste, spare parts, etc.

Data from analytical and synthetic accounting of finished products should provide the necessary data for the preparation of financial statements.

Finished products are accounted for at actual costs associated with their production (at actual production costs). In this case, the balances of finished products in the warehouse at the end (beginning) of the reporting period can be assessed in the analytical and synthetic accounting of the organization either at the actual production cost or at the standard cost (including costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel in the production process , energy, labor and other production costs). The standard cost of finished product balances can also be determined by direct cost items.

The valuation method based on actual production costs is used in industries that produce products or perform work on individual orders. The actual cost of each product or type of work is determined as they are completed.

When applying the standard cost valuation method, deviations of the actual cost from the standard cost are identified at the end of the month. This method of assessment is possible when organizing a standard method of cost accounting and calculating product costs, if standard calculations are available. In analytical accounting, accounting prices are allowed to be used in places where finished products are stored. Due to the fact that products can be produced and shipped to customers from the first days of the month, and the cost of products produced in the current period can be determined only at the end of the month, the movement of finished products during the month is reflected using discount prices.

As discount prices can be accepted: actual production cost of the previous period; standard cost; negotiated prices; other types of prices. The choice of a specific accounting price option remains with the organization.

When using accounting prices in current accounting, there is a need to identify and distribute cost deviations (differences) between shipped, sold products and their balance in the warehouse and in shipment.

The method chosen by the organization for valuing finished products in accounting and the method for determining the accounting price must be reflected in the accounting policies of the organization.

The use of the option of assessing finished products at standard cost is advisable in industries with a mass and serial nature of production and with a large range of finished products. The positive aspects of using standard cost as an accounting price are the convenience of operational accounting of the movement of finished products, the stability of accounting prices and the unity of assessment in planning and analytical accounting.

The actual production cost of the previous period as the accounting price of products is used, as a rule, in single and small-scale production, as well as in the production of mass products of a small range.

Contract prices are used as discount prices mainly when such prices are stable.

Products that have not undergone all processing operations or are incomplete, as well as not delivered to the warehouse, are recorded as part of work in progress.