Inventories are the working capital of an organization, the characteristic feature of which is that they completely transfer their value to the product of labor in one production cycle.

In accordance with PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” (Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 No. 44N), the following assets belong to the inventory:

• used as raw materials, materials, in the production of products, works, provision of services;
• intended for sale;
• used for the management needs of the organization.

Unit accounting Inventory is chosen by the organization independently, depending on the nature of the inventive and the order of its acquisition and use. An inventory unit can be a product number, a batch, or a homogeneous group. Inventory and equipment are accepted for accounting according to actual cost. The actual cost of inventories is determined differently, depending on the source of receipt of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of actual acquisition costs excluding VAT. The actual costs of purchasing inventories include:

• amounts paid in accordance with the contract to suppliers;
• amounts paid for information, consulting and intermediary services;
• customs duties;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the purchase of materials;
• costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs, and accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers, if they are involved in the acquisition of these inventories;
• costs of bringing MPZ to a state in which they are suitable for use.

In accordance with the Guidelines for accounting for inventories, costs directly related to the procurement process and delivery of materials to the organization form the so-called transportation and procurement costs. Transportation and procurement costs include:

• costs for loading materials into vehicles and their transportation, subject to payment by the buyer according to the contract in excess of the price of these materials;
• expenses for the maintenance of the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization, including the cost of remuneration of the organization’s employees directly involved in the procurement, acceptance, storage and release of purchased materials, employees of special procurement offices, warehouses and agencies organized in places of procurement (purchase) of materials, employees directly those engaged in the preparation (purchase) of materials and their delivery (accompaniment) to the organization, deductions for the social needs of these employees;
• expenses for the maintenance of special procurement points, warehouses and agencies organized in procurement areas (except for labor costs with deductions for social needs);
• markups (surcharges), commissions (cost of services) paid to supply, foreign trade and other intermediary organizations;
• fees for storage of materials at places of purchase, at railway stations, piers, and ports;
• interest payments for granted loans and borrowings related to the acquisition of materials before they are accepted for accounting;
• travel expenses for direct procurement of materials;
• the cost of losses on delivered materials in transit (shortages, damage) within the amounts provided for by the agreement supplies;
• other expenses.

Costs of bringing materials to a state in which they are suitable for use for the purposes envisaged by the organization, include the organization’s costs for processing, processing, refining and improving the technical characteristics of purchased materials that are not related to the production process. The specified work can be performed both by the purchasing organization’s own resources and by third-party organizations. When performing such work third parties Delivery costs include the cost of the work performed and the costs of transportation to the place of work and back, loading and unloading, performed by third parties.

The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by law. Russian Federation.

Attention should be paid to the fact that the actual cost of materials includes accrued interest on commercial loans and borrowed funds. Moreover, only those accrued before the materials were accepted for accounting can be included in the actual cost. Interest accrued after the materials are accepted for accounting, according to clause 11 of PBU 10/99 “Expenses of the organization,” are included in the other expenses of the organization.

Valuation of materials, the cost of which upon acquisition is expressed in foreign currency, produced in Russian rubles by recalculation at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation valid on the date of acceptance of the values ​​for accounting.

The actual cost of inventories contributed to the contribution to authorized capital, is determined based on their monetary value agreed upon by the founders.

The actual cost of materials manufactured by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with their production.

The actual cost of inventories received under a gift agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting.

The actual cost of inventories received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred.

In current accounting (in a warehouse), material assets are accounted for at a conditional accounting price, which is the purchase price or the standard (planned) cost of purchase.

Material assets used by the enterprise are classified into the following types: raw materials, basic materials, auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, packaging materials, fuel, spare parts and other assets.

To account for materials, account 10 “Materials” is used, an active, balance sheet account, to which the following sub-accounts are opened:

1. "Raw materials and supplies."
2. “Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts.”
3. "Fuel".
4. "Containers and packaging materials."
5. "Spare parts".
6. "Other materials".
7. “Materials transferred for processing to third parties.”
8. "Construction Materials".
9. "Inventory and household supplies."
10. "Special equipment and clothing in the warehouse."
11. “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation.”

Raw materials and basic materials form the material basis of manufactured products, works and services.

Raw materials are usually products Agriculture and extractive industries.

Auxiliary materials help to bring the manufactured products to finished products in accordance with established specifications and standards.

Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts are raw materials and materials that have undergone certain stages of processing, but are not classified as finished products.

Containers and packaging materials are a type of inventory intended for packaging, transportation and storage of products.

Fuel and spare parts are valuables used in generating heat, repairing fixed assets, and consumed by own vehicles.

Construction materials are used directly in the process of construction and installation work, manufacturing of building parts and structures.

Special equipment and special clothing. In accordance with the Guidelines for accounting of special tools, special devices, special equipment and special clothing (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated December 26, 2002 No. 135N), special equipment includes:

• special tools and devices - technical means that have individual properties and are designed to provide conditions for the production of specific types of products and services;
• special equipment - means of labor repeatedly used in production, which provide conditions for performing specific (non-standard) technological operations;
• workwear - personal protective equipment for workers.

The composition of special tools and special devices includes: tools, dies, molds, molds, rolling rolls, pattern equipment, chill molds, flasks, etc.

Special equipment includes:

• special technological equipment (metalworking, forging, thermal, welding, etc.);
• control and testing apparatus and equipment (stands, consoles, mock-ups of finished products, testing facilities) intended for adjustments, tests of specific products and their delivery to the customer;
• reactor equipment;
• decontamination equipment, etc.

The special clothing includes:

Special clothing, special shoes and safety equipment (overalls, suits, jackets, dressing gowns, short fur coats, various shoes, mittens, goggles, helmets, gas masks, etc.).

According to the accounting policy of the organization, the following materials can be taken into account: inventory, tools, household supplies and other means of labor.

Analytical accounting material assets organized by storage locations (warehouses, storerooms) in terms of item numbers, which are assigned to materials according to the nomenclature developed at the enterprise.

Analytical accounting is carried out on materials accounting cards (form No. 17).

11.2. Documentation of the movement of MPZ

Operations for the movement of inventories are documented with a variety of primary documents, the main ones of which are approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a.

The receipt of materials at the enterprise's warehouse is formalized by a receipt order (form M-4), which reflects the name of the material, the quantity received, the conditional price, and the purchase price. It is compiled materially responsible person on the day the valuables are received at the warehouse in one copy, and then transferred to the accounting department along with shipping documents.

If there are discrepancies between the actual quantity and the data specified in the supplier's invoice, a Materials Acceptance Certificate (form M-7) is drawn up. The act is a legal basis for filing claims against the supplier or sender. The act is drawn up in two copies by members of the selection committee with the obligatory participation of the financially responsible person and the supplier’s representative.

In cases of delivery of materials by own vehicles, the basis for their receipt is the consignment note.

The return of material assets from production to the warehouse as unused is issued with an Internal Movement Invoice (forms M-13 and M-14).

The release of material assets for the production of products, works, and services is carried out on the basis of limit cards (Form M-8) and invoice requirements (Form M-11).

Limit cards (form M-8) indicate:

• name of materials subject to release;
• vacation limit;
• actual vacation against the established limit;
• vacation date;
• the balance of the unused limit.

Limit and intake cards are issued in two copies: the first - to the department using the material, the second - to the warehouse. When releasing materials from the warehouse, the department representative signs a copy of the warehouse limit card, and the storekeeper signs a copy of the department limit card.

The sale of material assets is formalized by an invoice for the release of materials to the third party (form M-15). At the end of the month, documents documenting the movement of materials are submitted to the accounting department for accounting verification and processing.

In cases of absence standard documents the enterprise is given the right to independently develop receipt and expenditure documents while maintaining the required details in them.

11.3. Organization of materials accounting in warehouses

Accounting for materials in warehouses is carried out by the warehouse manager (storekeeper), with whom an agreement has been concluded on financial responsibility for the valuables entrusted to him.

A storekeeper is hired in agreement with the chief accountant and is released from his position only after a complete inventory of inventory items and their transfer according to an act approved by the head of the organization.

In warehouses (storerooms), quantitative (varietal) accounting of materials is carried out in the context of types of materials and item numbers. Accounting is carried out on materials accounting cards (form M-17), the main details of which are:

• name of the material;
• its item number;
• location (rack, shelf);
• unit of measurement;
• price (registration price).

On cards, records are kept in natural units of measurement. A feature of maintaining warehouse accounting cards is compliance with the following rule - determining a new balance of material after each operation of their movement.

In warehouses, materials are accounted for using the operational balance method. Its essence is that every 5-10 days an accounting employee checks the entries on the materials accounting cards, confirming the results of the check with his signature. On the 1st day of each month, the storekeeper draws up a balance book and submits it to the accounting department for verification and taxation. In accounting, the balance book data is verified with the material flow statement compiled in the accounting department. If discrepancies are identified, records are double-checked until an inventory is taken.

11.4. Accounting for materials in accounting

Depending on the provisions adopted in the Accounting Policy, accounting of materials in the accounting department can be organized according to one of the following options.

In the first accounting option, account 10 “Materials” generates the actual cost of purchased materials excluding VAT.

Settlements with suppliers for supplied values ​​are recorded in account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.

Based on primary documents ( receipt orders, supplier invoices, invoices, advance reports O travel expenses persons involved in the direct acquisition of material assets, bank account statements) the following accounting entry is drawn up for the cost of materials received:

Dt sch. 10 "Materials"

Dt sch. 19 "VAT"

K-t sch. 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”

K-t sch. 51 "Current account".

Based on the fact that in current accounting materials are taken into account at book prices (standard or planned cost), the accounting department reflects on account 10 “Materials” the cost of materials at book prices and deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at book prices. This necessitates the distribution of deviations of the actual cost from the accounting price between the balances of materials in warehouses and those spent on the production of products, works and services.

The distribution is made according to the average percentage of deviations, the size of which is determined as follows:

Where By- percentage of deviations;

Onm- deviation actual cost materials from their cost at accounting prices at the beginning of the month, thousand rubles;

Ohm- deviation of the actual cost of materials purchased per month from their cost at discount prices, thousand rubles;

Mnm- cost of materials at the beginning of the month at accounting prices, thousand rubles;

Mm- cost of materials at accounting prices received per month, thousand rubles.

The amount of deviations related to the balance of materials in warehouses is determined as the product of the percentage of deviations by the balance of materials at the end of the month at a conditional price, i.e.

Where Co- the amount of deviations for the balance of materials, thousand rubles;

Mkm- cost of materials at the end of the month at accounting prices, thousand rubles.

The amount of deviations related to the amount of materials spent during the reporting month Ср is determined as the product of the percentage of deviations Po by the cost of materials spent during the reporting month at the accounting price, i.e.

Where Wed- the amount of deviations for materials spent per month, thousand rubles;

Mr- materials consumed per month at the accounting price, thousand rubles.

The calculation of the distribution of deviations is carried out in the statement in the context of types and groups of values. The order of distribution of deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices is shown in table. 11.1.

Table 11.1

Calculation of deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices

No.	Indicators	At the discount price, thousand rubles.	Deviation from the book price , thousand rubles	Actual cost , thousand rubles
	Remaining materials at the beginning of the month
	Received during the reporting month
	Total with remainder
	Average percentage of deviations
	Used in a month
	Balance of materials at the end of the month (item 3 - item 4)

The following accounting entry is made for the cost of materials spent on production:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

The assessment of materials spent on the production of products, works and services is carried out in one of the following ways:

• at the cost of each unit;
• By average cost;
• at the cost of the first in time acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);
• at the cost of the most recent acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).

In the second accounting option, all actual costs for the procurement of materials are taken into account on account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials”. The debit of this account reflects the actual costs associated with the purchase of materials, excluding VAT, from the credit of different accounts: 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, 51 “Current account”. The credit of account 15 reflects the standard (planned) cost of purchased and capitalized materials, written off to the debit of account 10 “Materials”. Deviations in the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices are written off to the debit of account 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials.”

The deviations in the cost of materials taken into account on account 16 at the end of the month are subject to distribution between the balances of materials in warehouses and the cost of materials spent on the production of products, works and services in the current month.

The distribution of deviations is carried out similarly to the procedure set out when organizing the accounting of materials according to the first option.

In this case, the following entries are made in the accounts:

1. For the amount of actual costs for the acquisition (procurement) of materials:

Dt sch. 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials”

Dt sch. 19 "VAT"

K-t sch. 60, 71, 50, 51.

2. For the cost of materials capitalized in the assessment at standard (planned) cost according to primary documents:

Dt sch. 10 “Materials” - standard (planned) cost of materials

Dt sch. 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials” - for the amount of deviations in the actual cost

K-t sch. 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials” - for the amount of actual costs for the acquisition of materials.

3. For the cost of materials assessed at standard (planned) cost, spent on the production of products, works and services according to primary documents:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

4. For the amount of deviations related to the cost of materials consumed according to accounting calculations:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials.”

5. For the cost of paid supplier invoices according to the bank statement:

Dt sch. 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”

K-t sch. 51 "Current account".

In cases where the composition material resources special tools, special devices, special equipment (special equipment) and special clothing are taken into account; their accounting is organized as follows.

These funds can be acquired by the organization from other persons, including through purchase, donation, receipt as a contribution to the authorized capital, or produced by the organization itself.

Special equipment and protective clothing that are owned by an organization, as well as under economic control or operational management, can be accepted for accounting at actual cost, i.e. in the amount of actual costs of acquisition or procurement without VAT.

The receipt of these funds is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 10/10 “Special equipment and workwear in the warehouse”

Dt sch. 19 "VAT"

K-t sch. 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”

K-t sch. 75 “Settlements with founders”

K-t sch. 98 “Deferred income”.

The transfer of special equipment into operation is carried out on the basis of requirements and is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 10/11 “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation”

K-t sch. 10/10 “Special equipment and workwear in the warehouse.”

If the deadline beneficial use special equipment exceeds 12 months, then its cost is repaid in one of the following ways:

• in a linear way;
• proportional to the volume of products produced.

An entry is made for the cost of written-off special equipment:

Dt sch. 25, 26

The cost of workwear is paid according to industry standards approved by the Resolution of the Ministry of Labor and social development RF dated December 18, 1998 No. 51. In this case, the following entry is made:

Dt sch. 26 “General business expenses”

K-t sch. 10/11 “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation.”

The under-depreciated cost of special equipment is written off to other expenses of the organization by writing:

K-t sch. 10/11 “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation.”

The costs of repairing special equipment and clothing are included in the costs of common types activities.

Special equipment and protective clothing that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal, are accounted for on off-balance sheet accounts in the valuation provided for in the contract, or in the valuation agreed with their owner.

Accounting for disposal of materials. Disposal of materials occurs in the following cases:

• when released for the production of products, works and services;
• when sold externally;
• when contributing to the authorized capital;
• when transferred under a gift agreement;
• when transferred under a barter agreement.

Let us consider the procedure for recording each case of disposal of materials in the accounts.

Primary documents on the consumption of materials for the production of products, works and services in the accounting department are subject to accounting verification and processing. Based on these primary documents, a development table for the use of materials by cost areas is compiled. This records the following:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

As mentioned earlier, the assessment of materials used for production is made based on the cost reflected in the accounting policy of the organization.

Sales of materials to third parties are formalized by an order, invoice and invoice. In this case, based on the primary documents, the following entries are made:

1. For the actual cost of materials sold:

Dt sch. 91/2 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

2. For the amount of the invoice presented to the buyer:

Dt sch. 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”

K-t sch. 91/1 “Other income and expenses”

3. For the amount of VAT due to the budget:

By comparing credit and debit entries in account 91 “Other income and expenses”, the financial result of the sale of materials is determined, which is reflected in the entry:

D-t.91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses”

The gratuitous transfer of materials is documented in an act. Materials are written off at actual cost. The following entries are made:

For the actual cost of materials donated:

Dt. 91/2 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

Free transfer of material is subject to value added tax in accordance with clause 1 of Art. 146 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, since in this case there is a transfer of ownership of goods, work performed and services provided.

An entry is made for the amount of VAT due to the budget:

Dt. 91/2 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees.”

Result gratuitous transfer materials are written off to the financial result of the organization:

Dt. 99 “Profits and losses”

K-t sch. 91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses.”

Contributions to the authorized capital of another organization are assessed at the value agreed upon by the founders, unless a different assessment procedure is provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Contributions to the authorized capital are considered as financial investments.

The following entries are made:

Dt sch. 58 “Financial investments”

K-t sch. 91 “Other income and expenses”

The disposal of materials in connection with the contribution to the authorized capital is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 91 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

The financial result from investments made is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 99 "Profits and losses."

11.5. Inventory of inventories and reflection of its results on accounting accounts

In order to ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data, enterprises conduct an inventory of material assets at least once a year and no earlier than the first of October.

The inventory is carried out by a commission appointed by order of the head of the organization, in the presence of the financially responsible person, from whom a receipt has been received stating that all valuables have been capitalized and the documents have been submitted to the accounting department. Warehouses are sealed before inventory.

Material assets received at the warehouse and issued from the warehouse during the inventory period are subject to registration in a special statement under the heading “Received (issued) from the warehouse during the inventory period.”

Inventory is carried out by weighing, measuring, measuring material assets for each storage location. Identified values ​​are entered into an inventory list, according to which matching statements are compiled.

As a result of the inventory, the following can be identified:

1. Surplus valuables that are subject to capitalization and assessed at market value. This records the following:

Dt sch. 10 "Materials"

2. Shortage of material assets, which is written off to account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to assets.” The shortage of materials within the limits of natural loss norms is written off as expenses by writing:

Dt sch. 25.26

K-t sch. 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.”

Shortages due to the fault of the financially responsible person are written off from account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” to the debit of account 73/2 “Calculations for compensation of material damage.”

Compensation for the shortage by the financially responsible person is carried out according to market prices. In this case, the difference between the cost of materials at market prices and their actual cost until compensation is taken into account in account 9 8/4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and book value due to shortages of values."

For the amount of the difference to be reimbursed by the financially responsible person, account 73/2 “Calculations for compensation of material damage” is debited and account 9 8/4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables” is credited.

When compensating for the shortfall, the guilty party makes the following entries:

1. Dt sch. 50 "Cashier"

K-t sch. 73/2 “Calculations for compensation for material damage.”

2. Dt sch. 9 8/4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables”

K-t sch. 91/1 “Other income and expenses.”

Typical accounting entries for materials accounting are presented in table. 11.2.

Table 11.2

Typical accounting entries for accounting for materials in organizations

conclusions

Valuable inventories are classified as working capital organizations whose characteristic feature is that they completely transfer their value to the product of labor in one production cycle.

Synthetic inventory accounting is carried out on account 10 “Materials” at actual cost, and analytical accounting is organized on warehouse accounting cards for each type, type, grade of material in natural units of measurement on warehouse accounting cards. An organization can account for materials using accounts 15, 16 and 10 or using only account 10 “Materials”. Accounting policy The organization determines the assessment of inventories spent on production (FIFO, LIFO, weighted average price method). VAT paid to the supplier is not included in the actual cost of materials, but is fully presented to the budget for reimbursement, subject to the following conditions:

• material assets received (capitalized);
• VAT is highlighted in payment documents;
• there is an invoice.

In order to ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data, an inventory of inventories is carried out. Identified surpluses are attributed to the financial results of the organization, and shortages are taken into account in account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.” Shortages are written off taking into account the reasons for their occurrence.

Self-test questions

1. Define the organization's inventory.
2. What values ​​relate to the organization's RPM?
3. What values ​​relate to the organization's special equipment?
4. In what assessment are inventories reflected in the balance sheet and in current accounting?
5. What costs are included in the actual cost of inventory?
6. What methods of assessing inventories are used when determining the cost of materials consumed for the production of products, works and services?
7. How are the deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at the book price distributed?
8. What is the procedure for conducting an inventory of inventories?
9. How are the inventory results of inventories reflected in the accounts?
10. At what cost is the materially responsible person compensated for the shortage of materials?

Bibliography

1. Federal Law “On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ.
2. Regulations on accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 24, 2000 No. 31n.
3. Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU1/98): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 30, 1999 No. 107n.
4. Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Inventories” (PBU5/01): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n.
5. Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” (PBU9/99): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 No. 27n.
6. Accounting Regulations “Organization Expenses” (PBU10/99): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 No. 27n.
7. Accounting Regulations “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency” (PBU3/2006) dated November 27, 2006 No. 154n.
8. Guidelines for accounting of inventories: Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n, taking into account changes and additions dated April 23, 2002 No. 33n.
9. Erofeeva V.A., Klushantseva G.V., Kemter V.B. Accounting with elements of taxation. St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2004.
10. Kondrakov N. P. Accounting. M.: INFRA-M, 2005.

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Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution "St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University"

Cheboksary Institute of Economics and Management (branch)

Department of Accounting, Analysis and Audit

Course work

Course: "Accounting"

on the topic: Inventory of inventories

Completed by a student

Correspondence department

Course 3-080105 school specialty

Finance and credit

Pavlova Nadezhda Anatolevna

Checked by the teacher

Tsapulina F.Kh.

Cheboksary 2011

Plan

Introduction

1. Inventories and the concept of inventory

1.1 The concept of inventories and their assessment

1.2 Regulatory framework

2. Inventory of inventories

2.1 Inventory as a method of primary observation

2.2 Carrying out an inventory of inventories

2.3 Accounting for inventory results

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Inventories are part of working capital, their competent, systematic accounting is a guarantee effective management enterprise. Lack of reliability of data on the availability and movement of inventories can lead to incorrect management accounting and, as a consequence, to losses.

The costs of inventories serve as the basis and are a necessary condition for the implementation of the program for the production and sale of products, reducing its cost. Especially important has the use of inventories and their consumption.

The volume of products and the improvement of their quality largely depend on the provision of the enterprise with material and production reserves and the efficiency of their use. Material and production reserves constitute a significant amount of the enterprise's assets; according to their classification, they represent a large number various types and names.

The amount of value added tax, the cost of production, the financial result, taxable profit, and the amount of income tax depend on the objectivity and reliability of the information generated in the inventory accounting area.

All of the above determines the relevance of the topic of the course work.

The purpose of the study in course work- study of the assessment procedure and documentation movement of inventories.

Object of study - manufacturing enterprise LLC "Istochnik"

Subject of research - sources of educational and scientific literature on the topic of work, regulatory documents, accounting policies, accounting reporting.

1. Inventories and the concept of inventory

inventory inventory

1.1 The concept of material productionwater reserves and their assessment

Typically, inventories make up the majority of an organization's assets. Large volumes of materials, a variety of products, many suppliers and constantly changing prices make this area quite complex.

Regulatory documents regulating the accounting and tax accounting The organization's inventories are:

Guidelines for accounting for inventories, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n;

Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Inventories” PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 N 44n;

Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Chapter 25).

Inventories should be understood as assets: used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services); used for the management needs of the organization or sales.

In PBU 5/01, among the types of inventories, the following are distinguished:

1. Finished products, which are the end result of the production cycle and intended for sale.

2. Goods purchased or received from other legal or individuals and intended for sale.

Inventory does not include assets used in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, or for the management needs of the organization for more than 12 months or the normal operating cycle (if it exceeds 12 months), as well as assets characterized as work in progress.

Depending on their role in the production process, materials can be divided into two groups:

1. Raw materials and basic materials are objects of labor that form the basis (substance) of the product. Raw materials include products from extractive industries and agriculture. The group of basic materials includes semi-finished products received from related enterprises (for example, parts).

2. Auxiliary materials - do not form the material basis of the product; their main task is to impart new qualities to the product, maintain and care for tools, and ensure normal working conditions.

The chart of accounts for accounting of inventories provides the following accounts:

10 "Materials";

15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets";

16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets."

An organization can choose one of two ways to value inventory when acquiring it:

1. at actual cost;

2. at accounting prices (using accounts 15 and 16).

In accordance with the norms of PBU 5/01, inventories must be accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The actual cost of inventories acquired for a fee is recognized as the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by law RF).

The actual costs of purchasing inventories include:

Amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller); -amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

Customs duties;

Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

Fees paid to the intermediary organization through which inventories were purchased;

Costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories; costs of maintaining the organization's procurement and warehouse division; costs for transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); interest on borrowed funds accrued before the inventory was accepted for accounting, if it was raised for the acquisition of these inventories;

Costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes. These costs include the organization’s costs of processing, sorting, packaging and improving the technical characteristics of received stocks, not related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;

Other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The list of costs is open, i.e., it provides for the possibility of including in the actual cost of inventories certain expenses directly related to their acquisition. General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of purchasing inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories during their production by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of relevant types of products.

The actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of inventories received by the organization under a gift agreement or free of charge; as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting. The actual cost of inventories received under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of assets transferred or subject to transfer organization.

The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization in exchange for other property is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.

Transport and other costs associated with the exchange are added to the cost of the received reserves directly or are preliminarily included in the composition of transport and procurement costs, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of inventories, regardless of the methods of their receipt, also includes the actual costs of the organization for their delivery and bringing them into a condition suitable for use.

Organization carrying out trading activities, may include costs for the procurement and delivery of goods to central warehouses (bases), incurred until they are transferred for sale, as part of sales costs.

Goods purchased by an organization for sale are valued at their cost of acquisition. Organizations implementing retail trade, it is allowed to evaluate purchased goods according to sales price With separate accounting markups (discounts).

Inventory and equipment that do not belong to this organization, but are in its use or disposal, are recorded on off-balance sheet accounts in the assessment provided for in the contract, or in the assessment agreed with their owner.

If there is no price for the specified reserves in the contract or a price agreed with the owner, they can be accounted for at a conditional valuation.

Inventory and equipment owned by the organization, but in transit or transferred to the buyer as collateral, are taken into account in accounting in the assessment provided for in the contract, with subsequent clarification of the actual cost.

The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Inventories at the end of the reporting year are reflected in balance sheet at cost determined based on the inventory valuation methods used.

1.2 Regulatory framework

Maintaining accounting records of inventories is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents that have different statuses.

1st level

Legislative acts, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and Government resolutions regulating directly or indirectly the organization and maintenance of accounting and auditing in an organization

2nd level

Standards (provisions) for accounting and reporting

4th level

Working documents on the accounting of the enterprise itself (accounting policy of the organization, working chart of accounts, document flow schedule, etc.)

Main normative act Level 1 is the Federal Law “On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ. This Law defines legal basis accounting, its content, principles, organization, composition of business entities required to maintain accounting records and provide financial statements.

Regulatory documents of level 2 are accounting standards, which are defined as a set of basic rules that establishes the procedure for accounting and evaluating a certain object or a set of them. Accounting standards (provisions) are intended to specify the law “On Accounting”.

The Regulation “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU 1/98) is especially important, since it sets out the basic principles of accounting. In relation to inventories, at least the following information is subject to disclosure in the financial statements, taking into account materiality:

On methods for assessing inventories by their groups (types);

On the consequences of changes in methods of assessing material and industrial inventories;

On the cost of inventories pledged;

On the size and movement of reserves for reducing the value of material assets.

The accounting regulations PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” defines the concept, composition, methods of evaluation and reflection of inventories in the financial statements.

According to clause 5 of PBU 5/01, accounting for inventories during their acquisition and procurement is carried out in one of the following ways:

At the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) - reflected in account 10 “Materials”;

At accounting prices (planned cost of acquisition or procurement). The latter method involves the use of account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” and account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” to account for inventories.

When choosing a method for accounting for the acquisition and procurement of inventories, one should take into account the frequency of receipt of inventories, the conditions for their delivery, the cost of services associated with their acquisition and procurement, etc.

According to PBU 5/01, material and production inventories include the following part of the organization’s property:

Used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services intended for sale;

Intended for sale;

Used for management needs.

Clause 6 of PBU 5/01 states that the actual costs for the acquisition of inventories may be:

Amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);

Amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

Customs duties;

Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the purchase of a unit of inventory.

Determination of the actual cost of inventories written off for production is permitted in accordance with clause 58 of the Regulations on Accounting and Financial Reporting in the Russian Federation and clause 16 of PBU 5/01 using one of the following methods for valuing inventories:

a) at the cost of each unit

Inventories used by the organization in a special manner ( precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or inventories that are not normally interchangeable may be valued at the cost of each unit of such inventories.

According to paragraph 74 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories, when writing off (selling) materials at the cost of each unit of inventory, two options for calculating the cost of a unit of inventory can be used: - including all costs associated with the acquisition of inventory; - including only the cost of the stock at the contract price (simplified version).

The use of a simplified version is allowed if it is not possible to directly attribute transportation, procurement and other costs associated with the acquisition of inventories to their cost (for example, with a centralized supply of materials).

In this case, the amount of deviation (the difference between the actual costs of purchasing the material and its contract price) is distributed in proportion to the cost of written-off (issued) materials, calculated in contract prices;

b) at average cost

Inventories can be assessed by the organization at the average cost, which is determined for each type (group) of inventories as the quotient of dividing the total cost of the type (group) of inventories by their quantity, respectively consisting of the cost and quantity for the balance at the beginning of the month and for incoming inventories this month.

In other words, the assessment of materials when they are written off at cost at the weighted average cost is based on the use of calculations and determination on their basis of the average cost per unit of each type that had movement in reporting month(period) of materials, both remaining unused at the end of the month (period) and released for production construction work and other needs;

c) at the cost of the first acquisitions (FIFO method)

The assessment of inventories can be made at the cost of the first in time acquisition of inventories (FIFO), which is based on the assumption that material resources are used within a month or another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), that is, the resources that arrive first into production, should be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventories listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of material resources in stock (in warehouse) at the end of the month is carried out at the actual cost of the latest acquisition of material resources, and the cost of sales of products (works, services) takes into account the cost of the earlier acquisition of material resources.

As stated in clause 4.14.4 of the Standard Guidelines for planning and accounting for the cost of construction work, the method of writing off materials at the cost of the first purchases of materials involves accounting for their procurement during the month (period) at the actual cost, and when using materials for construction work and for other needs, write-off is made at the cost of materials of the first purchases in the reporting month (period), taking into account the cost of materials registered at the beginning of the reporting month (period), that is, the cost of materials not used at the end of the reporting month is first determined based on their quantity and assumption that their cost consists of the costs of recent purchases of materials. The cost of consumed materials is determined by subtracting from the cost of the balance of materials at the beginning of the reporting month (period), taking into account the cost of received materials attributable to the balance of materials at the end of the month (period). The distribution of the cost of consumed materials among the accounts accounting for their use is made based on average cost units of each type and quantity of materials consumed for production or other needs;

d) at the cost of the most recent acquisition of inventories (LIFO method)

The valuation of inventories can be carried out by the organization at the cost of the most recently acquired inventories (LIFO method). LIFO valuation of inventories is based on the assumption that the first inputs into production should be valued at the cost of the last in the order of purchase. When applying this method, the assessment of material resources in stock (in warehouse) at the end of the month is carried out at the actual cost of the early acquisition of resources, and the cost of sales of products (works, services) takes into account the cost of the late acquisition of resources.

The method of writing off inventories at the cost of recent purchases ensures compliance with current income and expenses and allows taking into account the impact of inflation on results financial activities organizations. With this method, the cost of inventories at the end of the reporting month (period) is determined based on their quantity and the assumption that the cost of these materials consists of the costs of their first purchases.

The application of one of the specified methods for a group (type) of inventories is based on the assumption of the sequence of application accounting policy. During the reporting year, an organization can apply only one of the methods in relation to a specific group (type) of inventory.

Important documents of the second level also include the Chart of Accounts and instructions for its use. To account for inventories, Section II of the Chart of Accounts provides for the following accounts:

10 "Materials";

14 “Reserves for reduction in the value of material assets”;

15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”;

16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”;

19 “Value added tax on acquired assets.”

Accounting Regulations (PBU 4/99) “Accounting statements of an organization” - requires organizations to provide financial statements and determines their composition.

Accounting Regulations (PBU 9/99) “Income of the Organization” Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n (as amended on March 30, 2001 No. 27n) - classifies the sale of inventories as income from ordinary activities .

Accounting Regulations (PBU 10/99) “Organization Expenses” Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 33n (as amended on March 30, 2001 No. 27n) - The element “Material costs” reflects the cost of raw materials purchased and materials, semi-finished products, fuel, purchased energy, works and services of a production nature. In this case, the cost of material resources is formed based on the prices of their acquisition (excluding VAT, if the organization is its payer), markups (surcharges), commissions paid to supply and foreign economic organizations, the cost of services commodity exchanges, including brokerage services, customs duties, fees for transportation, storage and delivery carried out by third parties.

Unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting of materials are approved by the Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a (as amended subsequently).

Guidelines for accounting of inventories - along with determining the purpose of materials and the main business transactions with them, specify methods for assessing inventories;

Guidelines for inventory of property and financial obligations- specifies the verification of the actual availability in kind at the locations of inventories;

Guidelines and instructions are designed to specify accounting standards in accordance with industry and other characteristics. They are developed by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and various departments.

Documents of the fourth level include instructions, instructions, provisions, orders and other similar documents on setting up, maintaining accounting records, directly created in the organization and being internal standards (orders on the formation of accounting policies, job descriptions etc.).

2. Inventory of inventories

2.1 Inventory as a method of primary observation

Inventory is checking and documenting the actual availability of funds (assets) or sources of their formation (liabilities) in kind, identifying deviations from current accounting data and making decisions to make appropriate changes.

To carry out the inventory, by order of the head of the enterprise, a commission is appointed, which includes: mandatory An accounting employee enters. The order also specifies the objects and timing of the inspection. If necessary, the commission is provided with appropriate technical means (weighing and counting instruments, lifting equipment) and personnel (loaders, drivers, operators, etc.).

There are complete inventories, when all types of funds and sources are checked, and partial (selective), when only their individual types are checked. Based on the frequency or periodicity of the inventory, a distinction is made between shift, monthly (quarterly, semi-annual) and annual inventories. For example, shift-by-shift inventories of the remains of unused materials, the presence of semi-finished products or products are carried out in a number of industries when transferring shifts by materially responsible persons, when using the inventory method of monitoring the use of materials when working with particularly expensive or dangerous products.

At least quarterly, an inventory of cash and other valuables in the cash register is carried out. Within a year, a number of mandatory inventories are also carried out: when there is a change in the financially responsible person or the head of the enterprise, when facts of theft are established, after a fire and other natural disasters, during the reorganization or liquidation of the enterprise, by a court decision, law enforcement or control authorities.

The most extensive and labor-intensive inventory is the annual one, which is carried out before drawing up the annual accounting report. During this inventory, not only the presence of material assets (fixed assets, materials, work in progress, finished products, cash, etc.) is checked, but also the state of settlements with debtors, the validity of the amounts created by reserves and funds, the reality accounts payable and other liabilities.

Inventory surveys are mainly carried out to clarify accounting data. Reason for discrepancy real situation dealing with current accounting data lies in the fact that unintentional errors may be made during observation, measurement, arithmetic calculations and entries in documents and registers. In real life, there are a number of natural processes and events that change the quantity, volume, quality or cost of funds - drying, spraying, evaporation, chemical reactions and other changes in the properties of objects.

Such changes cannot be taken into account as normal operations on the movement of funds and they can only be established after the expiration of a certain time by conducting an inventory. Moreover, there may be deliberate distortions of accounting data or theft, damage, loss of valuables, which also do not receive documentary reflection as business transactions. It is precisely such cases of discrepancies between current accounting data and reality that allow us to identify a special observation method - inventory.

Before starting the inventory, the commission must obtain a signature from financially responsible persons that all documents have been submitted to the accounting department, and material assets have been capitalized. Then, in the presence of financially responsible persons and members of the commission, the availability of all types of funds is checked individually, and their name and quantity are recorded in the inventory. The correctness of the inventory data is confirmed by the signatures of all members of the commission, and the financially responsible person signs for the acceptance of these valuables for safekeeping.

The accounting department of the enterprise, according to current documented accounting data, displays balances for all verified types of funds and compares them with balances according to inventories. Data for which discrepancies are identified are transferred to the comparison sheet, both in quantitative and in total terms.

The results of the inventory - surpluses or shortages of funds in each specific case - are carefully examined by members of the commission, the causes and culprits of their occurrence are established, and possible corrective measures are developed.

In accordance with the Law “On Accounting and Reporting”, surpluses of property identified during the inventory are credited to increase the profit of the reporting year. The cost of shortages, damage or other loss of property within the limits of natural loss norms is attributed to production or distribution costs. Deficiencies in excess of the norms are compensated at the expense of insurance funds or organizations, and if the culprit is known, then at their expense. Unreimbursed shortfalls are written off against profit or reserve funds, and in budgetary organizations- at the expense of funding sources.

Clarification or write-off of amounts of receivables or payables, including after the expiration of deadlines limitation period, are made at the expense of the financial results of the reporting year or at the expense of a previously created reserve for doubtful debts (profits of previous years).

In accounting, identified surplus property is reflected in the debit of the corresponding accounts intended for accounting for this type of property, and in the credit of account 80 “Profits and losses”. Shortages of various types of funds identified during the inventory are preliminarily, before identifying the causes and culprits of their occurrence, included in the debit of special account 84 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.” In this case, the postings are drawn up:

K-t sch. 10 "Materials"

K-t sch. 50 "Cashier"

K-t sch. 47 "Sales and other disposal of fixed assets"

The need for inventory is caused by the following circumstances:

recording of economic phenomena that are not amenable to everyday observation in current accounting. These include changes in the mass or quantity of material assets due to changes in their storage conditions (shrinkage, spraying, etc.);

Elimination of discrepancies between accounting data and the actual availability of funds in the organization that arise in the process of current accounting. They can be caused by errors in accounting (misprints, incorrect reflection on accounts), inaccuracies in the receipt and release of funds (miscalculations, measurements);

Control over financially responsible persons. With its help, discrepancies are identified between the actual availability of inventory items and accounting data that arise as a result of measurements or weights when accepting or transferring valuables, miscounts when issuing money, and theft.

Depending on the completeness of coverage, inventory means are divided into complete and partial.

With a full inventory, all assets and departments that contain material assets or money are subject to inspection without exception. A partial inventory covers only one part of the organization’s economic resources, i.e., material or monetary assets are subject to inspection. cash located in one of the divisions or registered with one financially responsible person.

Based on frequency, inventories are divided into planned and unscheduled.

Planned inventory is carried out in deadlines. The organization is obliged to conduct scheduled inventories of its resources within the following periods:

Fixed assets, major repairs, deferred expenses and all inventory items - at least once a year before drawing up annual reports;

Settlements with debtors and creditors - at least once a year;

Settlements with banks and financial authorities - at least once a quarter;

Settlements of the organization with its farms allocated to an independent balance - at least once a quarter;

Cash and monetary documents, - at least once a month.

Unscheduled (sudden) inventories are carried out in order to monitor the safety of valuables from financially responsible persons or when replacing financially responsible persons by order of the administration or at the request of the auditor.

In all cases, the inventory is carried out by a commission headed by the chairman. The commission usually includes:

Administration representatives;

Accounting employee;

Financially responsible person;

Owner's representative.

Based on the results of the inventory, an inventory sheet is compiled, which includes the actual balances of material assets or cash. The statement is signed by the members of the commission. Then it is transferred to the accounting department, where on its basis a matching statement is drawn up, where, in addition to the data from the inventory sheet, the data from the accounting registers in the accounting department is entered.

After comparing the data for each position, discrepancies between accounting data and actual availability (according to the commission) are identified. If surpluses are found, they are accounted for by the organization. If there is a shortage, a decision is made to write them off.

The results of the inventory - surplus or shortage of funds in each specific case - are carefully examined by members of the commission. The causes and culprits of their occurrence are established. Possible measures to eliminate these causes are being developed.

In accounting, identified surplus property is reflected in the debit of the corresponding accounts intended for accounting for this type of property and in the credit of account 92 " Non-operating income and expenses." Shortages of various types of funds identified during the inventory are preliminarily, before identifying the causes and culprits of their occurrence, debited to special account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables."

The amounts of shortages reflected in the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” are increased by the amount of VAT calculated from the cost of the missing valuables. The accrual of VAT to the budget is reflected by posting to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” and the credit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”.

2.2 Carrying out an inventory of inventories

Article 12 of the Law of June 25, 2001 N 42-3 “On Accounting and Reporting” stipulates that in order to ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities, during which their presence, condition and valuation are checked and documented.

The procedure for completing inventories (their number in the reporting year, timing, list of objects being inspected, etc.) is determined by the head of the enterprise. However, inventory is required:

When transferring state property unitary enterprise for rent, its purchase and sale;

During reorganization or liquidation (abolition) of the organization;

before preparing annual financial statements;

When changing the head of the organization and (or) financially responsible persons;

If facts of theft and (or) damage to property are revealed;

In the event of force majeure, i.e. extraordinary and unpreventable circumstances under given conditions;

In other cases provided for by the legislation of the republic.

When conducting an inventory, organizations must be guided by the Methodological Instructions of the Ministry of Finance dated December 5, 1995. No. 54.

For this purpose, the organization should create a permanent inventory commission. If the volume of work is large, it is necessary to form working inventory commissions to simultaneously carry out an inventory. If the volume of work is small and the business entity has an audit commission, it can be entrusted with carrying out inventories.

The personnel of the permanent and working inventory commissions is approved by the head of the enterprise. The document on their composition (order, resolution, instruction) must be registered in the book of control over the implementation of orders to conduct an inventory.

Part inventory commission representatives of the enterprise administration, employees are included accounting service, other specialists (engineers, economists, technicians, etc.), you can include service representatives internal audit, independent audit organizations.

Before checking the actual availability of property, the commission must receive the latest incoming and outgoing documents or reports on the movement of material assets and cash at the time of inventory.

The chairman of the inventory commission endorses all incoming and outgoing documents attached to the registers (reports), indicating “before the inventory on (date),” which should serve as the accounting department’s basis for determining the balance of property by the beginning of the inventory according to the accounting data.

Financially responsible persons give receipts stating that by the beginning of the inventory, all expenditure and receipt documents for property were submitted to the accounting department or transferred to the commission and all valuables received under their responsibility were capitalized, and those disposed of were written off as expenses. Similar receipts are also given by persons who have accountable amounts for the acquisition or powers of attorney to receive property.

Information about the actual availability of property and actually recorded financial obligations is recorded in inventory records or inventory reports in at least 2 copies. The head of the organization must create conditions that ensure a complete and accurate inspection within the established time frame (ensure labor force for rehanging and moving cargo, technically serviceable weighing facilities, measuring and control instruments, measuring containers).

For materials and goods stored in undamaged supplier packaging, the quantity of these valuables can be determined on the basis of documents when mandatory verification in kind (sample) parts of them. The weight (or volume) of bulk materials can be determined based on measurements and technical calculations.

When taking inventory large quantity of weighted goods, weight sheets are maintained separately by one of the members of the inventory commission and the financially responsible person. At the end of the working day (or at the end of re-hanging), the data from these sheets is compared and the verified total is entered into the inventory. Measurement reports, technical calculations and statements of plumb lines are attached to the inventory.

The actual availability of property is verified with the obligatory participation of financially responsible persons.

The names of inventory values ​​and objects, their quantity are indicated in the inventory according to the nomenclature and in the units of measurement used in accounting.

On each page of the inventory, they indicate in words the number of serial numbers of material assets and the total amount in physical terms recorded on this page, regardless of the units of measurement (pieces, kilograms, meters, etc.) these values ​​are shown in.

Errors are corrected in all copies of inventories by crossing out incorrect entries and placing the correct ones above them. Adjustments must be agreed upon and signed by all members of the inventory commission and financially responsible persons.

It is not allowed to leave blank lines in the inventory; on the last pages such lines are crossed out. On the last page of the inventory there should also be a note about checking prices, taxation and calculation of results signed by the persons who carried out this check.

The inventories are signed by all members of the inventory commission and financially responsible persons. At the end of the inventory, the latter give a receipt confirming the commission’s inspection of the property in their presence, confirming its absence. To the members of the commission any claims and acceptance of the property listed in the inventory for safekeeping. When checking the actual availability of property in the event of a change in financially responsible persons, the person who accepted it signs in the inventory for receipt, and the person who handed it over signs for the delivery of this property.

Separate inventories are drawn up for property held in custody, rented or received for processing.

If the inventory is carried out over several days, then the premises where material assets are stored must be sealed when the commission leaves. During breaks in work (during lunch breaks, at night, for other reasons), inventories should be stored in a box (cabinet, safe) in a closed room where the check is carried out.

In cases where financially responsible persons discover errors in the inventories after the inventory, they must immediately (before the opening of the warehouse, storeroom, section, etc.) report this to the chairman of the inventory commission. This commission checks the specified facts and, if confirmed, corrects the identified errors.

Upon completion of the inventory, control checks of the correctness of the inventory can be carried out with the participation of members of inventory commissions and financially responsible persons, necessarily before the opening of the warehouse, storeroom, section, etc., where the inventory was carried out. The results of such control checks are formalized in an act and registered in the book of control checks of the correctness of the inventory.

During the inter-inventory period, in organizations with a large range of valuables, selective inventories of material assets in places of their storage and processing can be carried out.

Control checks of the correctness of inventories and selective inventories are carried out by inventory commissions by order of the head of the organization. The order for the inventory is handed over to the chairman of the inventory commission immediately before its start. The inventory of valuables must begin at a strictly specified time.

2.3 Accounting for inventory results

Comparison statements are compiled only for property, during the inventory of which deviations from the accounting data were revealed. The amounts of surplus and shortage of inventory items are indicated in them in accordance with their assessment in accounting.

To document inventory results, unified registers can be used, which combine the indicators of inventory lists and reconciliation sheets.

For valuables that do not belong to the organization, but are listed in the accounting records (those in safekeeping, rented, received for processing), separate matching statements are compiled.

Mutual offset of surpluses and shortages as a result of regrading can be allowed only as an exception for the same audited period, from the same person, in relation to inventory items of the same name and in identical quantities. Financially responsible persons provide detailed explanations to the inventory commission about any misgrading. If, when setting off shortages with surpluses by re-grading, the value of the missing valuables is higher than the value of the valuables found in surplus, then the difference in value is attributed to the guilty parties. If the specific culprits of the misgrading are not identified, then the amount differences are considered as shortages in excess of the loss norms and are reflected in the debit of account 92 “Non-operating income and expenses.”

For the difference in value from misgrading to shortage, which was not the fault of the financially responsible persons, the protocols of the inventory commission must provide comprehensive explanations of the reasons why such a difference is not attributed to the guilty persons.

Proposals to regulate discrepancies between the actual availability of values ​​and accounting data identified during the inventory are submitted for consideration to the head of the enterprise, who makes the final decision on offset.

The results of the inventory must be reflected in the accounting and reporting of the month in which the inventory was completed, and according to annual inventory- in the annual financial report.

The movement of amounts for shortages, thefts and losses from damage to material and other assets, including cash, regardless of whether they are subject to attribution to the accounts of production costs (sales costs) or the perpetrators is taken into account in account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables":

D-t sch.94 - K-t sch. count 01,10,41,43,50, etc.

Discrepancies between the actual availability of property and accounting data identified during the inventory commercial organization are regulated in the following order:

The surplus is accounted for at market value on the date of the inventory, and at the corresponding sum of money a note is made:

Dt sch. count 01,10,41,43,50, etc. - Set count 92;

The shortage of property and (or) its damage within the limits of natural loss norms approved in the manner established by the legislation of the Republic of Belarus is written off to the cost of products (works, services):

Dt sch. sch. 20,23,44, etc. - Kit count.94;

The shortage of property that occurs in excess of the approved norms of natural loss is repaid at the expense of the guilty persons:

Kit sch.73 - Kit sch.94;

If the guilty persons are not identified or the court refuses to recover from them, losses are reflected as follows: Dt. 92 - Kt. 94.

For the amounts identified during the inventory accounts receivable for which the statute of limitations has expired, the following correspond in the accounting:

Dt sch. count.92.63 - Set of counts. count 62,76, etc.

For amounts of accounts payable for which the statute of limitations has expired, an entry is made:

Dt sch. count 60,76, etc. - Set count 92.

Let us note that, according to subclause 7.11 of the Law “On Taxes on Income and Profit”, when determining taxable profit as part of the costs of production and sale of goods (work, services), losses (damages) from shortages of property and (or) their damage are not taken into account, occurred in excess of the norms of natural loss approved in the manner established by the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, if the court refused to collect these amounts due to improper accounting and storage of material assets, missing the statute of limitations, or for other reasons depending on the plaintiff.

In accordance with subclause 8.4 of the Instructions on the procedure for calculating and paying value added tax, approved. by resolution of the Ministry of Taxes and Taxes of January 31, 2004. No. 16 (with amendments and additions), the tax base for calculating VAT is determined based on the purchase price of the missing values. In accounting, the amount of tax calculated on the basis of missing materials is reflected by the entry:

Dt. 94 - Kit. 68.

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that determining the amount of damage caused to state property in connection with loss, damage (spoilage), shortages during inspections (audits) of the financial and economic activities of state legal entities carried out in accordance with the Instructions approved by the resolution of the Ministry of Finance dated March 24, 2003. No. 39/69, which was developed in accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers dated January 13, 2003. No. 22 "On compensation for damage caused to state property."

Conclusion

As a result of the study, it was revealed that the issues of organizing and conducting an inventory of fixed assets are multidimensional and significant in modern stage development market economy, since the state social production directly depends on the condition and level of use of fixed assets.

The purpose of taking an inventory of fixed assets is to check the compliance of their actual availability with accounting data. An inventory of fixed assets is carried out in order to ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements.

International financial reporting standards do not directly establish the procedure for conducting an inventory of an enterprise's property, but, nevertheless, IFRS 1 “Presentation of Financial Statements” dated July 1, 1998 states that annually, before preparing financial statements, enterprises must conduct an inventory of business assets.

In accounting, the role of inventory of fixed assets is very large - with its help, the correctness of the current accounting data of fixed assets is checked, errors made in accounting are identified, unaccounted business objects are taken into account, and the safety of fixed assets that are registered with financially responsible persons is monitored.

Inventory is of great importance for correctly determining the costs of production, work performed and services provided, to reduce losses, prevent theft of property, etc. Inventory helps strengthen the enterprise and prevents possible property losses. Only thanks to this accounting method can a correspondence be established between the quantity and quality of property indicated in the balance sheet and the property actually located in the enterprise.

The course work examined the procedure for organizing and conducting inventory at the Istochnik LLC enterprise, as well as the reflection of inventory results in accounting.

List of used literature

1. Civil Code RF, part one dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on January 10, 2003); part two dated January 26, 1996 No. 14-FZ (as amended on January 10, 2003).

2. Tax Code of the Russian Federation, part one dated July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2001 No. 190-FZ as amended on September 7, 2002); part two dated August 5, 2000 No. 117-FZ (as amended on December 31, 2002 No. 187-FZ).

3. Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ (as amended on January 10, 2003).

4. Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 No. 34n.

5. PBU 1/98: Accounting policy of the organization. Accounting Regulations. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 9, 1998 No. 60n (as amended on December 30, 1999 No. 107n).

6. PBU 4/99: Financial statements of the organization. Accounting Regulations. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 6, 1999 No. 43n.

7. PBU 5/01: Accounting for inventories. Accounting Regulations. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of June 9, 2001 No. 44n.

8. PBU 9/99: Income of the organization. Accounting Regulations. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n (as amended on March 30, 2001 No. 27n).

9. PBU 10/99: Organizational expenses. Accounting Regulations PBU 10/99. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. ZZn (as amended on March 30, 2001 No. 27n).

10. PBU 15/01: Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of servicing them. Accounting Regulations. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of August 2, 2001 No. 60n.

11. Chart of accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of enterprises and Instructions for its use. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n (as amended on May 7, 2003 No. 38n).

12. Guidelines for accounting of inventories. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001. No. 119n (as amended on April 23, 2002 No. 33n)

13. Guidelines for inventory of property and financial obligations. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1995 No. 49

14. Guidelines on the application of Chapter 21 “Value Added Tax” Tax Code RF. Approved by order of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of the Russian Federation of December 20, 2000 No. BG-3-03/447 (as amended by the order of the Ministry of Taxes of the Russian Federation of September 17, 2002 No. VG-3-03/491).

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Assessing the efficiency of using inventories. Accounting for the movement of inventories and control of their use, ways to improve their accounting. Development of a documented procedure for conducting inventories.

Current legislation establishes that in order to ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities, during which their presence, condition and valuation are checked and documented.

The procedure and timing of the inventory are determined by the head of the organization, except for cases when the inventory is mandatory (5, P.222).

Carrying out an inventory is mandatory:

· when transferring property for rent, redemption, sale, as well as during the transformation of a state or municipal unitary enterprise;

· before preparing annual financial statements;

· when changing financially responsible persons;

· when facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are revealed;

· in the event of a natural disaster, fire or other emergency situations caused by extreme conditions, during the reorganization or liquidation of an organization, in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The main objectives of the inventory are to identify the actual availability of property; comparison of the actual availability of property with accounting data; checking the completeness of recording of liabilities.

Enterprises and organizations are given the right to independently determine the number of inventories in the reporting year, the date of their conduct, the list of property inspected during each of them, except in cases where an inventory is mandatory.

An inventory of inventory items is carried out at least once a year before preparing financial statements, but not earlier than October 1 of the reporting year. The inventory of material assets is carried out by inventory working commissions with the obligatory participation of financially responsible persons. The inventory commission should include representatives of the organization’s administration, accounting employees, as well as other specialists.

When conducting an inventory, remember that:

· all inventories of the organization are subject to inventory, regardless of their location;

· the actual availability of property in custody, leased, or received for processing from other organizations must be checked;

· inventory of property is carried out at its location and by financially responsible persons in whose custody these values ​​are located;

· the actual availability of property should be checked only with the obligatory participation of financially responsible persons;

· the results of the inventory should be reflected in the accounting and reporting of the month in which it was completed.

The presence of property during inventory is determined by its mandatory counting, weighing, and measuring. The actual results are recorded in the inventory records. The recording is made for each individual name of material assets, indicating the item number, type, group, article, batch, grade in units of account, mass or measure, while taking into account specific features individual species material assets.

Separate inventories are compiled for materials that are in transit, in secure storage in the warehouses of other enterprises, damaged, unnecessary, illiquid, and also not received or released during the inventory.

Inventory lists are signed by all members of the commission and financially responsible persons, who confirm that all material assets were checked in their presence and they have no claims against the members of the commission.

Inventory inventory data is used to compile matching statements, in which the actual inventory data is compared with accounting data. If shortages or surpluses are identified, financially responsible persons must give appropriate explanations. The inventory commission establishes the nature, causes, and culprits of identified discrepancies or damage to material assets and determines the procedure for regulating differences and compensating for damage.

The main direction for increasing the efficiency of using inventories is the availability of technically equipped warehouses with modern weighing instruments and devices that allow mechanization and automation warehouse operations and warehouse accounting. An important condition for the rational use of reserves is strengthening personal and collective responsibility and material interest of employees of structural divisions. In particular, to ensure control over the safety of inventories, the organization must enter into agreements with employees on full financial responsibility, and carry out timely inventories and inspections.

Inventory is an important method of monitoring the safety of inventories. It allows you to control the correctness of accounting, its reliability and safety of inventories. An inventory of inventories must be carried out at least once a year and no earlier than October 1. The Federal Law “On Accounting” obliges an inventory of raw materials and supplies to be carried out when preparing annual financial statements, and in all other cases - during the period of lowest balances of valuables on accounts.

The inventory is carried out by a commission appointed by order of the head of the organization, in the presence of a financially responsible person, from whom a receipt has been received stating that by the beginning of the inventory, all valuables have been capitalized by him, all expenditure and receipt documents have been submitted to the accounting department or transferred to the inventory commission. When taking inventory of inventories, the availability of products and materials is checked on a certain date by recalculating, weighing, determining their volume and comparing actual data with accounting data. Inventory inventories should be carried out, as a rule, in the order in which the valuables are located in a given room. During the inventory process, all primary accounting documents are carefully checked to ensure that they are correct. decisions made by re-grading of material assets, shortages and surpluses. Also, when auditing the use and safety of inventories in an organization, you should check:

· condition of warehouse facilities;

· safety of inventories, compliance with the procedure for accounting for materials;

· work on rationing the costs of inventories;

· timeliness and correctness of stock inventories, validity of write-off of losses according to the norms of natural loss; compliance and correctness of establishing the norm free issuance special clothing, special footwear and special food (6 pp. 111-113).

The values ​​identified during the inventory are entered into the inventory list, based on the data of which a matching statement is then compiled. Inventory assets are entered in the inventory for each individual item, indicating the type, group, quantity and other necessary data (article, grade, etc.). Inventories are compiled separately for inventory items that are in transit, shipped, not paid on time by buyers, and located in the warehouses of other organizations.

As a result of the inventory, the following can be identified:

· compliance of the actual availability of inventories with accounting data;

· surplus values ​​that are subject to capitalization and inclusion in the organization’s income;

shortage of inventories

Shortages and losses from damage to material assets are taken into account in account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.” Discrepancies identified during the inventory between the actual availability of inventories and accounting data are reflected in the accounts in the following order:

Dt account 10, Kt account 91 - capitalization of excess inventory for financial results;

Dt account 94, Kt account 10 - reflection of the shortage of materials based on the results of the inventory;

Dt account 99, Kt account 94 - write-off of shortage of materials as a result of natural disasters.

Analytical accounting of shortages, thefts and damage to inventories is kept in account 94 for each type of inventory. At the same time, for values ​​that are listed as in short supply and for which norms of natural loss have been established, the shortage is calculated within the limits of norms of natural loss. In case of shortage, damage or theft of material resources before they are released into production (operation) and the moment of payment, the amount specified in the primary documents upon their acquisition, which is not subject to in accordance with tax legislation reimbursement is recorded with the following entry in the accounting accounts:

Dt account 94, Kt account 19 - the amount of VAT on missing inventories is written off.

In the event of a shortage, damage or theft of material resources before they are released into production (operation), but after their payment, the amount of value added tax that is not subject to offset in accordance with tax legislation, but has previously been reimbursed to the budget, is restored to the credit of account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees." In this case, the following entries are made in the accounting accounts:

Dt invoice 94, Kt invoice 68 - the amount of VAT on missing inventories for settlements with the budget has been restored.

The shortage within the limits of natural loss norms is written off as production costs, and in excess of the established norms it is assigned, as a rule, to the financially responsible person by order of the head of the organization. In these cases, the following entries are made in accounting:

Dt account 20, Kt account 94 - shortages of materials are written off within the limits of natural loss;

Dt account 73-2, Kt account 94 - shortages in excess of the norms of natural loss are attributed to the financially responsible person at fault on the basis of the order of the manager; Dt invoice 70, Kt invoice 73-2 - amounts of shortfall from wages financially responsible person;

Dt account 50, Kt account 73-2 - the amount of the shortage was paid by the financially responsible person to the cash desk.

It is possible to significantly improve the accounting of inventories by improving the documents used and accounting registers, i.e. making wider use of accumulative documents (limit cards, statements, etc.), preliminary issuance of documents on computers, warehouse accounting cards as a consumable document for materials released (10, pp. 146-148).

Thus, production inventories are understood as various material elements of production used as objects of labor in the production process. When materials are released into production and otherwise disposed of, they can be valued at the cost of each unit, the average cost and the cost of the first acquisition of inventories. The main objectives of the inventory are to identify the actual availability of property; comparison of the actual availability of property with accounting data; checking the completeness of recording of liabilities.

In cases provided for by law, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of inventories, during which their availability, condition and assessment are checked and documented.

Inventory is not only an important general business activity, but also an element of accounting policy. According to paragraph 3 of Article 6 Federal Law dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ “On Accounting” (hereinafter Federal Law No. 129-FZ), when forming the accounting policy of an organization, there must be procedure approved conducting an inventory of the organization's property.

Need to pay Special attention the importance of this provision, since in many organizations (especially in the field of small businesses) inventories are either not carried out at all, or are carried out in violation of established rules, which leads to the formal filling out of inventories and acts according to the accounting registers (without carrying out natural / material checks).

The number of inventories in the reporting year, the dates of their conduct, the list of inventories checked during each of them is determined by the head of the organization, except for cases when conducting an inventory is mandatory. According to paragraph 2 of Article 12 of Federal Law No. 129-FZ Inventory is mandatory in the following cases :

· when transferring property for rent, redemption, sale, as well as during the transformation of a state or municipal unitary enterprise;

· before preparing annual financial statements;

· when changing financially responsible persons;

· when facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are revealed;

· in case of a natural disaster, fire or other emergency situations caused by extreme conditions;

· during reorganization or liquidation of the organization;

· in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

It is necessary to take into account that in accordance with paragraph 27 of the Regulations on maintaining accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n, before drawing up annual financial statements, property may not be carried out, the inventory of which was not carried out earlier than October 1 of the reporting year. An inventory of fixed assets can be carried out once every three years, and of library collections - once every five years. In organizations located in the Far North and equivalent areas, inventory of goods, raw materials and materials can be carried out during the period of their smallest balances.

The main purposes of inventory are:

· identification of the actual presence of property (both owned and not owned by the organization, but listed in the accounting records) in order to ensure its safety, as well as identification of unaccounted for objects;

· determination of the actual amount of material and production resources used in the production process;

· comparison of actually received data on the availability of property in kind with data from analytical and synthetic accounting(identification of surpluses and shortages);

· checking the completeness and correctness of the reflection in the accounting of the valuation of property and liabilities, as well as the possibility of assessing inventory resources taking into account their market value and actual physical condition. Law No. 129-FZ “On Accounting” emphasizes the need to confirm the correctness and reliability of the assessment of property and liabilities, and not the opportunity for the head of the organization to establish, based on the inventory results, an assessment of the item being taken into account, which he considers correct and reliable;

· checking compliance with the rules and conditions of storage of inventory items.

The basis for the inventory of inventories is a complete or selective check of the availability of valuables by a specially created commission.

This could be a permanent inventory commission, a working commission, or a one-time commission.

ü Permanent, organizational and control functions, which include conducting scheduled inventories, as well as random inventories and control checks during the inter-inventory period. During the year - during the inter-inventory period - in organizations with a large range of assets taken into account, selective inventories of material assets in places of their storage and processing can be carried out.

ü working commissions, who directly conduct planned inventories of material assets in places of their storage, participate in determining the results of the inventory. Working inventory commissions are usually created when there is a large volume of work or territorial dispersion of property to simultaneously conduct an inventory of property. It is recommended to approve working commissions for the entire reporting year with the assignment of responsibilities to them to conduct one-time inventories;

ü one-time commissions- in each specific case, the composition of the commission is approved by the head of the organization during the inventory, as necessary - for verification and random inventory.

The personnel of permanent and working inventory commissions is approved by the head of the organization in the inventory order. It also specifies the composition of the property subject to inventory, the reasons for the inventory (control check, change of the financially responsible person, revaluation or other actions), determines the procedure and timing of the inventory, and appoints the chairman of the inventory commission.

Physical and documentary verification of the actual availability of property and liabilities is carried out by the inventory commission collectively.

Note!

The absence of at least one member of the commission during the inventory serves as grounds for declaring the inventory results invalid.

When planning an inventory of inventories, you should take into account the structure of the warehouse. Individual warehouses and storerooms of organizational units can be independent accounting units or be part of other accounting units. In some departments of the organization, warehouses and storerooms may not be available at all. Paragraph 24 of Methodological Instructions No. 119n establishes that the classification of warehouses as independent accounting units is determined by the head of the organization upon the recommendation of the chief accountant of the organization.

In those warehouses and storerooms that are not independent accounting units, the inventory of stored stocks is carried out simultaneously with the inventory of work in progress in the department where these warehouses and storerooms are located.

The procedure for conducting an inventory and recording its results is regulated by the Methodological Guidelines for the Inventory of Property and Financial Liabilities, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 1995 No. 49 “On approval methodological instructions on inventory of property and financial obligations."

To document the inventory and reflect its results in the accounting records of the organization, standard unified forms of primary accounting documentation are used, approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated August 18, 1998 No. 88 “On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation cash transactions, for recording inventory results."

To carry out an inventory, the head of the organization issues an Order (resolution, order) on conducting an inventory (form No. INV-22), which is a written task that indicates the specific content, volume, procedure and timing of the inventory of the object, as well as the personal composition of the inventory commission. After signing by the manager, the order is handed over to the chairman of the inventory commission.

This order is registered in the Journal of Accounting and Monitoring the Implementation of Inventory Orders (unified form No. INV-23). An order to conduct an inventory is prepared, as a rule, no less than 10 days before the due date for the inventory.

Before conducting an inventory, it is important to make sure that the organization has a clearly organized warehouse and access control system. To do this, the inventory commission is recommended to check the following facts:

1) whether the territory of the organization is protected, whether the premises are equipped with fire and security alarms;

2) whether agreements on full individual or team financial responsibility have actually been concluded and correctly drawn up with employees to whom the values ​​have been transferred for preservation and use;

3) whether the positions of financially responsible persons correspond to the approved list of positions and works replaced and performed by employees with whom the organization can conclude written agreements on full financial responsibility;

4) whether conditions have been created for financially responsible persons to ensure the safety of material assets, whether there are lockable warehouses, cabinets, safes, containers for storing valuables;

5) are the storage areas for material assets equipped with the necessary measuring instruments;

6) is there control over the procedure for removing valuables from the organization and issuing powers of attorney to receive them;

7) whether inventory items are stored, owned by third parties persons, separately;

8) whether by order of the manager a permanent commission has been appointed to check the safety of material assets.

The head of the organization must provide conditions for a complete and accurate verification of the actual availability of property within the established time frame; provide workers, measuring containers and equipment for measuring, weighing, moving goods, measuring and control instruments.

The accounting department prints out inventory records without filling out the column “According to accounting data”, by objects and structural divisions, subject to inventory in quantities of at least two copies. The prepared inventory lists are distributed to all financially responsible persons to fill out the “Actual Availability” column, indicating the deadlines for completion.

Before conducting an inventory, the financially responsible person must prepare all material assets (sort them) and draw up all incoming and outgoing documents.

The commission carries out preparatory work prior to calculating the balance of material assets:

· seals premises containing material assets;

· checks scales, measuring containers;

· receives from financially responsible persons a report with documents confirming the movement of inventory items, as well as a receipt with the following content:

RECEIPT

By the beginning of the inventory, all expenditure and receipt documents for inventory items were submitted to the accounting department and all inventory items received under my (our) responsibility were capitalized, and those disposed of were written off as expenses.

Financially responsible person(s):

(position) (signature)

____________________ ________________

(position) (signature)

Before the start of the inventory, the chairman of the commission endorses all submitted receipts and expenditure documents attached to the registers (reports), indicating “before the inventory on “___” (date),” which is the basis for determining the balance of property at the beginning of the inventory according to accounting data.

The biggest mistake is filling out inventory lists from the words of financially responsible persons.

If material assets are stored in several warehouses, then it is necessary that an inventory of all assets be carried out simultaneously. In addition, control over the receipt and disposal of material assets during the inventory must be ensured. If it is possible to stop the acceptance (issue) of inventory items in warehouses during the inventory count, this should be done.

Inventory assets received during the inventory are accepted by materially responsible persons in the presence of members of the inventory commission, are included in the register or commodity report after the inventory and are entered into a separate inventory under the name “Inventory assets received during the inventory.” The description indicates:

ü date of receipt of goods;

ü name of the supplier;

ü date and number of the receipt document;

ü name of the product;

ü quantity of goods;

ü price of the product;

At the same time, on the receipt document signed by the chairman of the inventory commission (or, on his instructions, a member of the commission), the note “After the inventory” is made with reference to the inventory date on which these values ​​are recorded.

If the inventory takes a long time, then in exceptional cases and only with the written permission of the head and chief accountant of the organization during the inventory period, inventory items may be released by financially responsible persons in the presence of members of the inventory commission.

These values ​​are entered in a separate inventory under the name “Inventory assets released during inventory.”

An inventory is drawn up by analogy with documents for inventory items received during the inventory. A note is made in the expenditure documents signed by the chairman of the inventory commission or, on his behalf, by a member of the commission.

If the inventory of property is carried out over several days, then the premises where material assets are stored must be sealed after the work of the inventory commission is completed.

During breaks in the work of the inventory commission (during lunch breaks, at night, for other reasons), the inventories should be stored in a box (cabinet, safe) in a closed room where the inventory is carried out.

In any case, on the date of the inventory the accounting quantity and value of the inventory items should not be known.

As practice shows, this condition is often not met, which is a gross violation of accounting standards, since it allows one to manipulate accounting registers, knowing the amount of valuables available on the date of the inventory.

After all the necessary preparatory measures have been completed, an inventory of the property is made, that is, their material and documentary checks.

Members of the inventory commission, in the presence of the materially responsible person(s), recalculate (weigh, measure) the property and draw up inventory lists.

Physical and documentary checks are carried out, as a rule, using a continuous method, that is, absolutely all goods and valuables are recounted.

This process is quite labor-intensive, but current regulatory documents allow the use of simplified inventory methods only in very few cases. In particular, if materials and goods are stored in intact supplier packaging, their quantity is determined on the basis of data on these material assets according to the specification or markings on the packaging, as well as on the basis of delivery notes and invoices.

At the same time, a portion of such inventory items must be checked for selection.

If spot check If discrepancies are established between the actual availability and the data shown in the specifications or labeling of suppliers, the working inventory commission is obliged to conduct a full check of the actual availability of such material assets.

The weight or volume of bulk materials is determined from measurement data using technical calculations.

In cases where products, in accordance with mandatory rules, are accepted from suppliers by theoretical weight or footage, a physical check of such products is also carried out by theoretical weight or footage.

When taking inventory of equipment, in addition to external inspection, you should check the availability of passports and instructions for installation and operation, as well as completeness, according to the passport. The serial number and year of manufacture, type and number of equipment, manufacturer, GOST number are indicated on the tags attached to the equipment. If equipment is supplied without electric motors, this must be indicated in the data sheets.

If an inventory of a large number of weighted goods is being carried out, then one of the members of the inventory commission and the financially responsible person separately maintain the list of plumb lines. At the end of the working day or upon completion of weighing, the data from these sheets is compared, and the verified total is entered into the inventory. Measurement reports, technical calculations and plumb sheets are attached to the inspection results.

After checking the actual availability of material assets, inventory acts and inventories are drawn up. Moreover, the main form primary documentation to take into account the results of material inventory is inventory list, and to account for documentary inventory - inventory act.

Forms of inventory lists and inventory acts approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated August 18, 1998 No. 88 “On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for recording cash transactions and recording inventory results”, in particular:

Title of the document

Form number

Inventory list of inventory items If discrepancies are identified between the actual data obtained during the inventory process and the accounting data, a comparison sheet “Comparison sheet of inventory inventory results” is drawn up (form No. INV-19). At the end of the reporting year, the results of all completed inventories are summarized in the statement of results identified by the inventory (form No. INV-26), approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated March 27, 2000 No. 26 “On approval unified form primary accounting documentation No. INV -26 “Statement of records of results identified by inventory.” Before compiling matching statements and determining the results of the inventory, the organization must carefully check the correctness of all calculations given in the inventory lists. Then the information received is entered into comparison sheets, in which the actual information is compared with the data accounting documents. Detected discrepancies are recorded in the draft inventory report, to which is attached accounting information indicating possible areas for writing off identified shortages: theft, natural disasters, damage during storage due to the negligence of the perpetrators. When compiling matching statements, it is necessary to take into account the misgrading of inventory items (incorrect accounting of goods of one type as part of another class), and cost differences resulting from misgrading. It is also necessary to write off losses within the limits of natural loss. The amounts of surplus and shortage of inventory items in the matching statements are indicated in accordance with their assessment in accounting. To document inventory results, unified registers can be used, which combine the indicators of inventory lists and reconciliation sheets. For values ​​that do not belong to the organization, but are listed in the accounting records (those in safekeeping, rented, received for processing), separate matching statements are compiled. Owners of valuables are provided with a certificate of inventory results with a copy attached inventory list. Matching statements can be compiled using a computer and other office equipment, or manually. More details with questions regardingorganization of warehouse accounting, You can find it in the book of JSC “BKR-Intercom-Audit” “Organization of warehouse accounting».

To ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of inventories, during which their availability, condition and valuation are checked and documented. The procedure and timing of the inventory is determined by the manager, except for cases when the inventory is mandatory:

• when transferring property for rent, redemption, sale;
• before preparing annual financial statements;
• when changing financially responsible persons;
• when facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are revealed;
• in the event of a natural disaster, fire or other emergency situations caused by extreme conditions;
• during reorganization or liquidation of an enterprise.

The inventory is carried out by an inventory commission appointed by the head of the organization. The commission includes representatives of the organization’s administration, accounting employees, and other specialists (lawyers, engineers, economists, etc.). The commission may include representatives of the organization’s internal audit service and independent audit organizations.

Before the start of the inventory, employees responsible for the safety of valuables give receipts stating that all incoming inventories have been capitalized, and those that have been disposed of are written off as expenses. source documents they were submitted to the accounting department.

The results of the inventory are reflected in the inventory list of inventory items (form No. INV-3). The commission records the actual availability in the warehouse of each item of valuables by type, grade, group and item number, by the number of corresponding units of measurement and amount.

On each page and at the end of the inventory list, the number of serial numbers, the total number of units of actually installed materials and the amount of their assessment are indicated. The actual balances for each item of value are recorded in the inventory after appropriate weighing, measuring, and counting. For materials stored in bulk, the physical weight (volume) is determined by measurement and technical calculations. Acts of measurement, technical calculations and statements of plumb lines are attached to the inventory list.

In all such operations carried out by members of the inventory commission, the presence of financially responsible persons is mandatory. Compliance this condition allows you to subsequently eliminate possible controversial issues between them.

On the last page of the inventory list, the chairman and members of the commission put their signatures, the financially responsible person also puts his signature, thereby confirming his agreement with the results of the inventory.

The inventory list (form No. INV-3) is drawn up in two copies, one of which is transferred to the accounting department, and the other remains with the financially responsible person(s). After checking the data and calculations, the accountant signs the inventory list. For inventories that are on the way on the day of inventory, the commission draws up an inventory report of inventory items that are in transit (form M INV-6) in two copies according to the documents submitted to the commission. One copy of the act remains with her, the other is transferred to the accounting department.

In the inventory list of inventory items nailed for safekeeping (form No. INV-5), entries are made by responsible persons of the inventory commission on the basis of verification and recalculation in kind of production inventories held for safekeeping for each item. The procedure for its registration is the same as the inventory list according to f. No. INV-3. The inventory is compiled in two copies, signed by members of the inventory commission and the financially responsible person(s), one of them is transferred to the accounting department, and the second remains with the financially responsible person(s).

For values ​​for which discrepancies are identified, a matching statement is drawn up in the accounting department (form No. INV-19). On the second page of the statement, where for each item of materials the inventory results are shown by quantity and amount (surplus, shortage), information is also provided on how these discrepancies are adjusted. This data is certified by the signature of an accountant. On the third page, the regrading by quantity and amount is indicated in terms of surpluses included in covering shortages, and shortages covered by surpluses. Information about capitalized surpluses is also provided here, indicating to which account they were capitalized, and the final shortage is indicated. This page is signed by the financially responsible person.

In any case, discrepancies between actual availability and accounting data must be explained in writing by the financially responsible person. Based on the information provided by the commission, the manager makes the final decision on the results of the inventory.

Accounting for shortages and losses is organized on the account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”.

The debit of account 94 reflects the cost of missing inventory items.

On the credit of account 94 - write-off of amounts of shortages and losses of valuables from the account of material assets, production costs, sales expenses, to the debit of account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” (sub-account “Settlements for compensation of material damage”) or to account 91 "Other income and expenses."

In the credit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” amounts are reflected in the amounts and values ​​accepted for accounting in the debit of the specified account. Therefore, at the end of the reporting period the account has a balance.

The procedure for reflecting inventory results on accounting accounts is presented in the table.

Main correspondence on account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”

Contents of operations	Debit	Credit
Shortage identified	94	10(16)
The shortage was written off within the limits of natural loss	20, 23, 25, 26,44	94
The shortage in excess of the norms of natural loss is attributed to the perpetrators	73-2	94
The difference between the recovered value of missing material assets and the amount of shortage at which they are registered is reflected	73-2	98
Debt for shortfalls is repaid	50, 70	73-2
The difference is written off from deferred income to the organization’s income	98	91-1
The shortfall in excess of the norms of natural loss is written off in the absence of guilty persons (or if the recovery is refused by the court)	91-2	94
Unaccounted materials identified during inventory were capitalized	10	91-1

Synthetic accounting register - journal order No. 10, 10/1.

Register analytical accounting- record of shortages and damage.

When used by an organization automated form accounting using software product"1C: Enterprise" registers of synthetic accounting are the turnover of account 94 (General Ledger), analysis of account 94, balance sheet, etc. The registers of analytical accounting are the balance sheet for account 94, account card 94, etc.