• address: House on the swamp
• Alexey Kalugin
• Genre: Fight fantasy
• Lot: S.T.A.L.K.E.R.
• Genre: 978-5-699-21490-7
• pages: 83
• translation:—
• Publisher: EXMO
• address: 2008

EBook

The area starts from a control point.

Everyone knows this. Enter the area in different ways. You can take bribes.

How to make a foundation in a swamp

But this won't protect you from background photography. You find a gap in the surrounding area. But that doesn't mean you won't walk into a minefield when you cross the spike.

You can hire an unskilled worker to another group of researchers to present in the zone, and on the road, as if accidentally turning in the wrong direction. But this will not save you from the bloodshed that lies between the ruins. And also, if you're lucky, it's inconceivable that a Blind Dog Acid Mist package will pass out of the way, another Release happens on schedule rather than the day before when no one is waiting, and the shadows from Dark Stalker won't be affected, however, thinks you are already dead.

Because it all begins. The region lives according to its own laws, which cannot be considered. It's just so real...

When purchasing a plot of land for the construction of a building, you need to take into account the location of groundwater, and whether this area was previously swampy. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to recognize the “dangerous” zone in time, and sometimes it is not the high price or a picturesque corner of nature that forces us, turning a blind eye to the glaring drawback, to still purchase a swampy area.

In fact, everything is not so bad; modern construction technologies make it possible to erect buildings even in swampy areas, or in close proximity to groundwater.

Swampy soil has a heterogeneous, multi-layered structure consisting of loam, sand, and peat. This is a very capricious, treacherous soil for a building, since its different layers have different densities and water saturation. For a house to serve you for many years, you need a strong and high-quality foundation.

Before you start building a foundation in a swamp with your own hands, you need to plot of land Conduct geological research of the soil, and you must approach this issue with all seriousness, since a lot will depend on this.

Soil research

Using a hand-held probe, you need to drill several wells in the construction area and take rock samples.

It is best to do this in the spring, when the soil is most saturated with moisture. Since it is almost impossible to independently assess the condition of the soil, contact an engineering company for accurate readings.

Attention!

Be sure to take into account the freezing depth! The foundation, located at a shallow depth, where the soil freezes, begins to collapse very quickly. This is due to the fact that water expands when it freezes, breaking the structure of the soil and foundation material.

For a small log building, the depth of the wells should be more than five meters, and for heavy structures, brick or stone, at least eight meters.

Based on the information obtained as a result of research, you can determine which type of foundation is best for you.

The foundation is the most expensive and labor-intensive part of the building, and if you decide to build a foundation that will be located in a swamp with your own hands, you should not skimp on materials and the services of professional geologists.

Pile type foundation

The pile type of foundation is designed specifically for construction in “problem” areas.

This type of structure has a number of advantages over others.

Pile foundation least expensive.

2. This structure allows for significant site unevenness and uneven soil. The use of piles of different sizes makes it possible to smooth out strong slopes.

Special processing of piles in production makes them resistant to corrosion, which is extremely necessary when building a foundation in a swamp with your own hands, since they will be used in a rather aggressive environment.

4. Speed ​​of construction. You will not have to make allowances for weather conditions, and the construction of a pile foundation itself will not take much time, since you do not have to wait for the concrete solution to dry and harden.

Strength and durability.

What is the best foundation for swampy areas?

Thanks to the peculiarities of its design, it will serve you for a very long time without strong shrinkage, even with such capricious and unstable soil.

To work in wetlands, piles of at least twenty-five meters in length are used.

There are two ways to immerse them in the soil: by pressing and also by vibration immersion. For the first case, driven piles are used, and for the second, screw piles are used. The most important thing is that the base of the pile enters a stable area of ​​soil, bypassing groundwater and sand. The lining of such a foundation is made with reinforced concrete supports.

Slab foundation

A slab foundation is indispensable if you decide to build a solid house made of stone, as it can withstand heavy loads and sudden temperature changes.

It is, of course, much more expensive than all other structures, but its design is such that the uniform distribution of the mass of the entire building on the surface will not allow the structure to sag under the influence of various weather conditions (soil freezing), and the sand and gravel cushion located at its base will easily allow groundwater to pass through, below the structure itself, without harming it. Such monoliths are also called drift foundations. Before you start building such a foundation in a swamp with your own hands, you need to carefully prepare the place.

Clear the construction site of all kinds of vegetation, such as trees, shrubs, and windbreaks, if any.

2. Dig a pit for the future foundation. On marshy soils, it is not necessary to remove a large layer of soil. The construction of a basement is excluded.

3. Carry out work to drain the pit. If there is not too much water, you can use a drainage system, but if there is an abundance of moisture, sometimes it is necessary to use pumps.

Place a layer of sand at the bottom of the drained pit and compact it well. The sand is covered with a layer of gravel on top. This way, you will build a sand cushion that will prevent groundwater from eroding the foundation of your house.

5. Cover sand and gravel with two to three layers of waterproofing material, such as roofing felt.

6. Make formwork for pouring the concrete mixture.

The size of the monolith should be commensurate with the perimeter of the future structure. To correctly calculate the thickness of such a foundation, contact a specialist. You should not act relying only on your own strength and knowledge.

Build a reinforcing frame from metal rods at least twelve millimeters thick.

8. Prepare the required volume of concrete solution and pour it into the formwork.

Make sure that the concrete is poured evenly and avoid the formation of voids.

9. The resulting slab should harden well and dry for several days, under favorable weather conditions.

After the slab has dried, dismantle the used formwork.

Strip foundation type

It is also called shallow. If you decide to build a foundation of this type in a swamp with your own hands, you need to know that in comparison with the above structures, this is the most inexpensive foundation, but it is only suitable for light wooden buildings.

Its effectiveness is due to its excellent drainage system and removal of excess moisture.

Having previously cleared the site for construction, we begin to lay the foundation.

1. In order to lay this type of foundation, proceed according to a scheme similar to the one used to build a monolithic one, only instead of a foundation pit, you will have to dig a trench the desired shape along the perimeter of the future building.

Just as in the previous case, a sand cushion is poured.

3. Formwork and reinforcing frame are constructed according to the shape of the trench.

4. Take care of effective water outflow and build drainage.

5. Pour the concrete solution and wait for it to dry.

6. After drying and dismantling the formwork, carry out the necessary waterproofing.

The foundation in the swamp, made with your own hands, is ready, you can start building walls.

If you did everything correctly, following everything necessary measures, then the saying: “my home is my castle” will come true for you.

Good luck with your construction.

Video

We bring to your attention a video about the features of the foundation of a house on marshy soil, what problems you will encounter and how to solve them.

A house can be built in any area. It is good if there is stable soil and the installation of the foundation can be carried out according to the usual standard norms and requirements. Another thing is unstable, swampy soils. This requires additional costs not only for equipment, but also for proper design, taking into account the specifics of the construction site.

Swampy areas are not the most suitable basis for construction. But even here, subject to all norms and requirements, it is possible to build a high-quality, strong foundation that will serve as a reliable foundation for the house for many years. The main requirement is the correct technology for building foundations on unstable, wet soil.

The article describes in detail what kind of foundation to choose for a foundation on swampy soil when planning construction in such a problematic place.

Types of foundations and their pros and cons

Swampy soil is a difficult base for a foundation. In this case, two types of foundations can be used: pile and slab.

A pile foundation is reinforced with metal or concrete piles; a slab foundation is made in the form of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab, which is poured onto a sand-granite bed.

Slab

A slab foundation is designed to ensure that the load of the building is uniform across the entire base of the slab.

Such a base can withstand increased loads and is used not only in individual, but also in industrial construction.

Slab technology is applicable on heavily swampy soils, unevenly compressed soils, and with a high groundwater supply.

However, the disadvantage of such a foundation is that it is inappropriate to install it on slopes. If there is even a slight slope, the slab can “slide”. The special advantages of a slab foundation include its high load-bearing capacity. The only drawback here is the increased consumption of materials, which is a very painful fact for individual construction.

To pour such a foundation, you will need many times more reinforcement and concrete than when installing a foundation on solid soils, which, naturally, will entail an increase in the entire final cost of the building.

Pile

Installing a pile foundation in swampy areas is more reasonable and has its advantage in the direction of uneven terrain.

Piles can be placed in any hard-to-reach place, on slopes, on any technically difficult soil. Among the advantages of a foundation on piles is not only its installation in hard-to-reach areas with complex terrain and unstable soil, but the advantage is the speed of installation of piles and an affordable price.

The opinion that a pile foundation is more suitable for small, lightweight structures is incorrect. By increasing the number of supports, the highest possible bearing capacity of the foundation is achieved, which is in no way inferior to the parameters of the slab base.

However, at the same time, the costs of such a foundation will increase and its cost will be equal to that of a slab foundation. When constructing reinforced, heavy structures, this fact should always be taken into account when it comes to efficiency pile foundation foundation.

Preparatory stage

At the first stage of construction, a full soil study is carried out.

For this, a hand-held probe can be used to take soil samples. This method is used in the construction of light wooden buildings and structures.

The probe is lowered into a well 5 m deep. At capital construction stone or brick houses serious geological exploration is required.

In this case, the depth of measurements is 8-10 m. Wells for measurements are located in the corners of the future structure. There must be at least four such measurements (wells). Determine indicators of soil composition and depth of its layers; level, quantity and composition of groundwater. One more indicator is needed - this is the freezing point of the soil.

The upper layers of marshy soil are mainly peat.

Clay and sandstone may follow. Peat is a porous, completely loose material with low compression resistance and increased instability. If the layer thickness is small, the peat is removed and the foundation is placed on the lower hard rocks. This is a shallow foundation. Its peculiarity is that the slab under the foundation is located above the freezing point of the soil.

How to build a foundation in a swamp

This base is suitable for light buildings.

A shallow foundation is arranged so that it can rise and fall slightly during heaving processes occurring in the soil.

Thanks to this, it does not crack and retains its shape. This base is not applicable to brick and stone houses. If the peat layer on the construction site is deep enough (more than 5 meters), it is necessary to strengthen the foundation with piles.

Not only the peat layer is a problem when building a foundation on swampy soil.

The second problem is the nearby groundwater. There are two ways to combat this problem:

• lower the water level;
• raise the area.

The installation of a drainage system helps to significantly reduce the groundwater level. To drain water from the construction site, trenches are dug to a depth of about two meters, and the entire drainage system is led to drainage wells. Fill the trench with a layer of crushed stone and lay it on top drainage pipes. Drained water from wells is pumped out using submersible pumps.

To raise the site, you need to make an embankment of stone and sand.

To do this, remove the top, weak layer of soil and fill the area with a layer of stone and sand. Such an embankment is carefully compacted and compacted with rollers.

Slab foundation installation technology

The slab foundation must be made in accordance with all standards according to the following basic scheme:

1. Removing the soil layer.

   Depth 1 m.

2. Making a mound (pillow) from a mixture of gravel, stone and sand. The embankment is compacted and concrete preparation is done.
3. Covering with waterproofing and thermal insulation.
4. Making a frame from reinforcement. Tying the frame with wooden blind areas.
5. Pouring concrete over the frame and its subsequent compaction with an industrial vibrator.
6. Leveling the surface as a rule.

Slab foundation installation diagram

Installation of a pile foundation

The main thing here is the piles.

They can only be reinforced concrete or combined. There are three types of piles:

• screw metal;
• driven reinforced concrete;
• bored

Bored piles with asbestos-cement formwork are installed only when draining the supporting soil layer.

They have fairly good load-bearing capacity. Screw metal piles are somewhat inferior in their load-bearing characteristics to bored piles, but they have high installation qualities: speed and ease of installation, ease of transportation.

Foundation diagram from bored piles

A distinctive feature of screw supports is the ability to extend them to the required length.

Driven piles are installed using pile driving equipment. At the same time, it is not always possible to use heavy equipment in individual construction.

The main criteria when calculating the number support piles, are the type and magnitude of the load. Regardless of the type, piles can be installed in the following order:

1. Rows under the walls.
2. Alone under a support.
3. Bushes under the columns.
4. Fields under strong vertical loads.

All calculations of the length and volume of piles are performed based on geological survey data in accordance with construction standards and regulations.

The lower ends of the piles should rest on dense soil. It should be noted that on each of the foundations considered, any residential building in a swampy area can be installed. Any of the construction technologies is suitable for building a house; restrictions can only be related to the operating conditions of the building being constructed.

In conclusion, it should be noted that not all building materials are suitable for buildings in wet areas. For example, at high humidity it is not recommended to use foam concrete, expanded clay concrete, or aerated concrete due to the strong hygroscopicity of the material.

The timber is also not the most the best material. On swampy areas it is best to build brick, stone or frame houses. But the most important thing is to lay the foundation correctly and absolutely accurately. To a greater extent, it is precisely because of this that a house built according to all the rules will last a long time and reliably.

Dwarf house built on a swamp

House on the Swamp... One of these phrases sounds like the name of an evil novel.

What is the best foundation for DIY construction on marshy ground?

Obviously, people did not satisfy themselves well in places that were not suitable for living. But, as they say, so many people, so many opinions. Now a return to nature has become a sustainable trend in modern times. landscape design. Some are a little surprised by the banal “return” and tend to amaze the audience with castles where the man walked for a long time and did not want to.

Someone might hotly ask: they are creating artificial swamps in Europe, they have no money for these purposes! At the same time, the "create" keyword goes into the background.

And in vain! Those who want to place their frog in the original jungle must remember that the clouds are not guests. And no amount of closure will help, and chemistry will be powerless. You can feel a person three kilometers away. Well, constantly building a quakewatch will make that "irregular" sound ring in your ears.

Of course, the artificial mowing of animals in Europe, and especially in most cases, is a kind of aesthetics bordering on masochism.

Now - the main thing.

Those who have finally decided to test their strength and how to go back to basics by building a house in a swamp, you should know that the soil problem is different: in the mountains there is peat moss, sedge Fen-grain, mixed, etc.

Each hole requires its own holes. First, a thorough search for a suitable location must be done, as the scenic view is often stretched where you cannot build it. A respected expert panel of experts carefully examines the soil and makes recommendations on foundation technologies, free of charge.

The only "economics" is that it is not recommended to regulate the basement due to the proximity of groundwater. By the way, this function will significantly complicate the design and affect its time. For example, spring will have to be missed. We must wait for the time when groundwater inevitably depends on the unpredictable winter and summer of the past.

Still, this is not a serious problem, although to solve it it is necessary to regulate the permanent drainage system - gutters, pipes, etc.

The true mystery is the choice of a kind of foundation.

Traditional technology, a house in the attic and the so-called floating platform. Those looking to optimize this process will prefer fewer guaranteed "legacy" methods. This is true, and this will require additional investments: asbestos cement boards, stones, drainage pipes, special bonding solutions. Save money? Hardly! No matter how she swallowed it, she did not take her mother into her mother's womb during her suckling flood.

You can go for a more 'sustainable' option - a house in lofts.

But there are more questions than answers. The Saws don't need regular soldiers. Special Order? You need a profiled method. Do we hire artists? Three and the location of the place to work? In addition, swampy soil is characterized by swelling and contraction. Thus, daytime pilots cannot "walk" forever to be able to speak.

Finally, the most reliable option is floating land.

The “sole” here is a monolithic plate covering the entire area under the house. This is a kind of artistic scale. The simplicity and effort is incredible. In addition, no one can stop the swelling and shrinkage of a vertical swamp.

So, sheepishly, this return to natural immunization may not be worth the candle.

And the ancestors never sought to breathe the not particularly active swamp air, and grow something instead of bread - for the undemanding grains. If absolutely necessary. Well, if someone is constantly looking for absolutely swampy, this idea with a smile, with the help of a cartoon allegory: Baba Yaga, in in this case, and not against him!

We have repeatedly written about different types of foundations, how to build them, insulate them, reinforce them, how the design of the foundation depends on the type of soil on the site, etc. But when they plan to build a house, many simply do not have time to understand all the intricacies of construction. Everyone wants an answer to their specific question.

In this article we will look at a topic that is relevant to many people. choosing a foundation on swampy drained soils.

Foundation in the swamp

Of course, it’s not worth making a foundation in a swamp like the one in the photo on the left.

Let’s say right away that laying a foundation on such soils is the most expensive. You'll have to spend money not only on strong reinforced foundation, but also on its serious insulation and on the creation of a reliable drainage system.

Let's start in order.

There are three types of foundations:

• Slab;
• Tape;
• Pile or otherwise columnar;

All three types can be built in swampy areas, but using a certain technology.

Let's consider each type of foundation and design for such soils.

Slab foundation

This is the most reliable and optimal base for similar soil conditions, which in Lately is gaining more and more popularity.

As the name implies, it is a monolithic reinforced slab.

Such a foundation can be laid for any buildings - garages, dachas, light frame and heavy brick houses.

The main advantage of a slab foundation is that its load-bearing capacity is practically independent of the type of soil underneath it. Whether it is a drained swamp, fill or heaving soil, the slab will securely hold the entire house and prevent it from collapsing.

This type of foundation is often called a floating foundation.

The thing is that when the soil shrinks or heaves, the slab rises and falls along with it, so no destructive forces arise in the walls of the house.

This foundation can be compared to a raft on water. It doesn’t matter how strong the waves are. The raft will always remain intact if assembled correctly.

Another advantage of such a foundation is that it is the floor of the first floor.

It is enough to insulate it or lay so-called warm floors. How to lay wooden floors or how electric and water heated floors work can be found in our articles located in the “Floors” section.

But as always, miracles do not happen. This type of foundation is the most material-intensive and expensive.

We will not consider in detail the design of a slab floating foundation in this article. For each type of building, the slab will be of different thickness and design.

Some slabs need to be insulated, for example for a residential building, while others, for example for a garage, do not need such insulation.

Slab foundation for a house made of aerated concrete

Foundation – monolithic slab for garage

Strip foundation in a swamp

This is the most common base, the design of which many are familiar with.

Traditionally, such a foundation was laid at the depth of soil freezing in order to avoid the effects of frost heaving forces. This depth of placement is justified if you are going to make a basement or basement. But what about the situation in swampy, water-saturated areas?

First. You need to understand that making a basement on marshy soils with such a foundation is undesirable.

Water will penetrate into it sooner or later, no matter how much waterproofing you do.

Second. It is not at all necessary to bury the foundation to the freezing depth, especially on such soils. Now there is a strip base design in which the depth is above the seasonal freezing point. Such a foundation is called shallow.

A small depth is achieved by excavating subsidence soil, installing a sand cushion, insulating the soil around the foundation and installing a drainage system.

Thanks to insulation, the ground under the foundation freezes to a lesser depth, and the drainage system drains the soil under the entire structure. And as you know, soil heaving occurs when the water in it freezes. In this way, we remove water from under the base or prevent the soil from freezing, or better yet, both together.

The main advantage is lower material consumption, with high reliability.

Since the soil is marshy, to give rigidity to the structure, shallow foundation must be monolithic and reinforced.

When these conditions are met, it turns out to be a floating foundation, similar in its properties and principle to a slab foundation.

The design is discussed in more detail in the article “Shallow strip foundation”

Pile foundation

This type of foundation is considered the most economical and quickly erected. It consists of pillars buried in the ground, which is why it is often called columnar.

For ordinary non-swampy areas, such piles are installed to the depth of seasonal freezing.

For swampy areas, this approach is incorrect.

Many will ask why?

It's all about the soil, which is typical for swampy soils. As a rule, these are subsidence soils, peat bogs, which can be greatly compressed under the pressure of the foundation.

Look at the picture below, which schematically shows a house on a drained swamp. The base of the pillars is at the freezing depth. As you can see, under one pillar there is a small layer of peat 40 cm, and under the other 80 cm.

In this particular case, the peat, when wet and under the weight of the house, will begin to shrink greatly.

Its compression ratio reaches 50%. It turns out that one pile entered the ground 20 cm and the other 40 cm. The final difference was 20 cm.

What do you think will happen to the house in this case?

Therefore, there is one very important rule.

Pile and column foundations in a swamp must be installed on solid ground. In our example, 40 and 80 centimeters lower.

There is nothing wrong with different lengths of piles. The main thing is that they have solid support.

Soil research

To find solid support in swampy areas, it is necessary to study the soil under the future structure. Doing this on your own is quite difficult.

So for small frame or log houses it is necessary to select soil from the corners of the future building to a depth of 5 m. For heavier stone houses, the exploration depth increases to 8-10 m.

Even if you were able to remove soil from the required depths, it is quite difficult to make an assessment outside the laboratory. The error will be quite high, which in turn will lead to waste of materials.

If we were unable to convince you and you are determined to build your own house in a swampy area using columnar foundations, then you need to start by studying the soil.

This is one of the most important stages.

Types of columnar bases

Depending on the installation method, there are several types of such bases.

Screw piles.

They are screwed into the ground using mechanized equipment or manually. Recently they have been gaining popularity due to the speed of installation and ease of installation.

• Two people are enough to install such piles.
• Installation time is no more than two days.
• They can be screwed in at any time of the year.
• After installation, you can immediately begin building the house.

Read more in the article “Installation screw piles»

Pillars made using a drill.

This is the most economical technology for manufacturing piles. To do this, you need a drill, with which you make holes in the soil of the required depth and width.

In a swamp, where the depth of solid layers of earth can reach more than 10 m, difficulties may arise when using a hand drill, because it is quite difficult to drill more than 2 m with it. Equipment that is often used for drilling wells under water can come to the rescue.

Driven piles.

They are mainly used for the construction of high-rise buildings, and more rarely in the construction of cottages.

The installation principle itself is quite simple. They take it ready reinforced concrete pile, which is driven into the ground to the required depth.

It is impossible to drive thick reinforced piles into the ground manually, so special installations are used, which makes the use of cast-in-place piles for private housing construction costly and impractical.

We hope we have covered the topic of installing and choosing a foundation in a swamp quite widely.

Hello everyone, today we will look at building a foundation in a swamp with our own hands.

Wetland and peat bogs are one of the most difficult types of soil for building houses. Wetland soils are oversaturated with moisture; in addition, due to the presence of fine-grained particles, they are prone to the formation of unstable floaters. IN winter time marshy soils are susceptible frost heaving, and in the spring, with the rise in groundwater levels, erosion. In this case, the hard layer of soil can lie at a considerable depth, which makes it impossible to use pile technology.

It is difficult to build a foundation in a swamp, but it is possible. For wetlands, a so-called floating foundation is suitable - a monolithic slab. Thanks to the integral design of such a foundation, there is no partial shifting of parts of the house, which eliminates distortions and destruction of walls. During horizontal ground movements slab foundation“floats” with it, maintaining the integrity of the structure. To reduce the impact of nearby groundwater, the foundation is placed on an embankment of crushed stone.

Technology for constructing a slab foundation on an embankment

1. Clear and level the site for the building. There is no need to deepen it due to the risk of flooding. The site is covered with large crushed stone to a height of up to 1 meter. Instead of crushed stone, you can partially use construction waste. The bedding must sit and compact naturally; as a rule, this takes a long time, at least one year. You can compact crushed stone mechanically by rolling it with heavy equipment.

   

2. The surface of the crushed stone is leveled and concrete preparation is carried out. They make removable formwork from boards slightly larger than the size of the foundation and fill it with a thin layer of concrete, the concrete is leveled and left to harden for several days. After this, 5-10 cm thick Penoplex or expanded polystyprole insulation slabs are placed on the concrete preparation. A layer of geotextile is laid on the slabs, fastening its strips using hot air welding, the overlap must be at least 10 cm. Geotextile serves as a preparation for waterproofing and protects it from damage when the concrete preparation is destroyed.

   

3. made from polymer diffusion film membranes. Their high waterproofing properties not only protect the foundation from the penetration of ground and capillary water, but also, due to the vapor-permeable structure, allow moisture to be removed from the foundation itself. The film is rolled out on the prepared area, starting from its edge. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that no folds or distortions are formed. The film strips are fastened by welding. To do this, use a construction hair dryer or a special welding machine for roll polymer waterproofing. Welding is carried out in two parallel seams, leaving an air pocket between them - it is necessary to check the tightness of the weld. The ends of the pocket are welded. The test is carried out as follows: pierce the film in the place of the air pocket and insert a needle from the compressor hose there. Inflate the seam with air and wait about 20 minutes. The seam must withstand this time without deflating.
4. Geotextiles are again laid on top of the rolled waterproofing, welding its seams. The geotextile is covered with thick polyethylene film, the joints of the film are glued with double-sided tape. This multilayer coating will ensure the sliding of the foundation slab along the base and protect the concrete from moisture penetration and point mechanical loads. Perform formwork. It can be made from either boards or permanent insulation panels. On the outside of the formwork, struts made of bars or boards must be installed to avoid deformation of the slab. When fastening removable formwork, it is necessary to use nails or self-tapping screws, and position them so that the protruding parts are directed outward. The concrete pouring level must be marked on the formwork.

   

5. The reinforcement for a slab foundation in a swamp must be of increased strength. It is imperative to use a corrugated rod - it ensures strong adhesion of the mortar to the reinforcing mesh. The diameter of the reinforcing bar is 12-16 mm, it can be done according to the method. The reinforcing bar is cut to the size of the foundation and laid on plastic guides in the form of a grid with a pitch of 15 cm. The reinforcement is knitted using a special wire, and, given the large amount of work, it is better to buy a semi-automatic hook.

   

6. Concrete pouring must be done at one time to avoid seams - it is in the places of seams that deformations of the foundation most often occur. Therefore, it is better not to save at this stage and order ready-made concrete. Concrete is poured using special equipment. The concrete poured into the formwork is “pierced” with a deep vibrator - air bubbles are removed, which can subsequently create cavities and weak points. After the deep vibrator, the concrete is additionally treated with a vibrating screed - this will help make its surface perfectly smooth.

   

7. Hardening of concrete lasts at least 28 days - this is how long it takes for concrete to gain strength and mature. To ensure uniform drying, it is recommended to cover the surface of the foundation with a film or covering material. You can determine the readiness of the foundation using plastic film: leave part of the foundation under the film for several hours and check it for the absence of condensation. If there are no drops, the moisture from the foundation has evaporated, and it is ready for further work.
8. After the concrete has matured, the foundation must be protected from the top and sides from moisture, because concrete freezing is more likely when it is moistened. For these purposes, coating waterproofing is used. Since the surface of the foundation plays the role of the floor of the first floor, it is better to choose a polymer-based mastic for coating waterproofing - it has a less pungent odor. Before applying waterproofing, the concrete surface is cleaned of dust, sinkholes are sealed, sharp corners are chamfered and treated with a primer that improves adhesion in one or two layers. After the primer has been absorbed, the mastic is applied with a wide brush or roller, the number of layers is from one to three. Side surfaces the foundation is also insulated with slabs of extruded polystyrene foam or Penoplex, securing them with special glue. This measure not only protects the foundation from freezing, but also serves as mechanical protection for the waterproofing layer.

   

A “floating” foundation in a swamp is suitable for areas with any depth of unstable layer, but its implementation requires significant financial costs. If the depth of swamping does not exceed two meters, and there is stable soil below the swamp, and this is confirmed by geodetic surveys, it is possible to build a foundation on drilled piles by analogy with a foundation on a floating float. In this case, the piles are buried below the depth of freezing and unstable swampy soils and are firmly fixed in the hard layer. To reduce their horizontal movements, a screed is placed on top of the piles - a grillage.

Foundation construction is one of the main construction tasks, which helps ensure the durability and reliability of the entire building. But not only from the correct execution installation work The strength of the base depends. In this case, the soil plays an important role, namely its features. Therefore, when choosing the type of foundation, you need to focus on this parameter.

Features of the foundation in the swamp

The foundation for a house in marshy areas requires special attention. After all, in addition to the load-bearing load from the mass of the house, it also experiences the plasticity (mobility) of the soil, which can lead to the following problems in the future:

• Partial or complete flooding of a house during the heaving season when the groundwater level rises;
• Uneven distribution of load on the base, which can lead to destruction of the task in the area of ​​the foundation or along load-bearing walls;
• Constant dampness in the house and the spread of fungus from the floor, etc. However, such problems can be avoided if you choose the right type of foundation for a house on swampy and waterlogged soils.

The fact is that the composition of the soil in swampy areas is quite diverse and can include peat layers, sand, clay, quicksand, etc. Such combinations inevitably lead to constant soil movement. Therefore, it is so important at the design stage to conduct a preliminary soil analysis by drilling several control wells and taking soil from them for analysis. You can order soil tests on a construction site from special organizations. The service, of course, will cost a pretty penny, but in the future the architect will be able to correctly calculate the bearing capacity of the foundation.

Types of foundations for swampy soils

It is possible to build a house in a swampy area if you adhere to all the nuances of installation technology. And as the foundation for a house, you can choose these types of foundations.

Pile base

The best option for foundation for a house in a swamp. This foundation is based on monolithic reinforced concrete or bored piles. Sometimes their depth can reach 15-20 meters, depending on the amount of groundwater in the area and the degree of heaving of the soil. But a house on such stilts will feel safe and strong for many years. Even with severe heaving, the building will remain in place. The pile foundation can be installed both in summer and at sub-zero temperatures. The work is completed in 2-3 days.

Important: below the 20-meter mark, the pile has simply already overcome the marshy soil layer and rested on dry layers, which makes the supports even more reliable. However, it is worth remembering that it is impossible to build such a foundation on swampy soil on your own. This will require sophisticated drilling equipment. Although the cost of purchasing all the material itself is not that high.

However, it is worth remembering that piles are not recommended to be installed in soils that are prone to horizontal shifts. In this case, even the strongest piles over time may not withstand the horizontal pressure of the layers and simply break. Which will lead to the destruction of the house over time. On such soils it is better to install a foundation slab.

Slab monolithic foundation

This type of foundation fits perfectly on swampy soil and is a monolithic reinforced concrete pad. It is also called a floating foundation, due to the ability of the base to maneuver in the soil during heaving seasons. That is, the base will simply follow the movement and direction of the soil, withstanding significant loads. The depth of such a slab should reach 1.5-2 meters in order to go into the ground below the soil freezing level. Pour a slab foundation better in summer, when the groundwater level in a swampy area goes as deep as possible and opens up the opportunity for craftsmen to work dry.

Important: it is desirable that the base of the foundation extends beyond the design parameters of the building by 40-50 cm.

As another type of foundation for construction in swampy areas, a shallow slab foundation can be presented. This is the same floating slab that goes only 50 cm into the soil. But it is worth remembering that such a foundation can only be built for lightweight frame or timber houses on one floor. The large mass of the house (if you install a brick or block cottage) will simply break the foundation due to resistance from the soil during heaving seasons.

Do-it-yourself foundation installation: choosing the type of work

If you don’t know which foundation is best to install in swampy areas with your own hands, then give preference to a slab. This type of base, even with large volumes of work, can be completely done with your own hands. As special equipment you will only have to rent an excavator to prepare the pit and a construction mixer with ready-made mortar. Otherwise, you can do everything yourself

If you prefer a pile foundation, then you should know that it is better to entrust the work to professionals. Since only craftsmen can clearly control the evenness of the well under the pile, its depth and the uniformity of filling the column with mortar. In addition, only a competent operator can work with drilling rigs.

Carrying out work on the installation of a slab base

In this section you will learn how to make a monolithic floating foundation in a swamp. First of all, it is worth understanding that it is better to carry out work in the second half of summer in dry weather. It is during this period that all groundwater is located as deep as possible.

• It’s good if the developer already has project documentation. It is along it that the axes are broken down in the area under the base. That is, stakes are installed along the entire perimeter of the future foundation and control cords are pulled between them. Do not forget to increase the base slab by 30-50 cm on all sides.
• Now is the time to remove the soil to the specified design depth. For this, it is better to use a bucket, since you will have to do the excavation work yourself within 2-3 weeks. Yes, and physically it is quite difficult.
• The bottom of the prepared pit is well compacted and covered with a layer of crushed stone 20-30 cm thick. It is also compacted well. And the next layer of the pie becomes a layer of sand of the same thickness. It is moistened and compacted until there are no traces on the sand when stepped on. When performing this stage of work, you need to use a shovel to clearly level the walls of the pit for installation of formwork.
• Now formwork is installed in the pit, which should be higher in height than the ground. This is done to form a base 30-50 cm high.
• The bottom of the pit and the walls of the formwork are covered with roofing felt, the joints are overlapped and coated with bitumen mastic. Such waterproofing will prevent contact of the concrete base with groundwater and prevent the flow of concrete milk into the ground, which could reduce the final strength of the foundation.
• Then steel reinforcement is installed in the pit in the form of meshes connected from steel rods. For every 50 cm of foundation thickness there should be one mesh connected to a cell size of 20x20 cm. All transverse meshes are connected to each other by longitudinal rods. It is important to remember that the reinforcement should be buried in concrete 5 cm from the top and bottom and 2-3 cm from the sides of the slab.
• Now you can fill monolithic base ready-made solution. Taking into account the fact that tens of m3 of it will be required, it is better to order ready-made concrete. Grade 400 or 500. This type of mixture will provide greater load-bearing capacity of the base. The solution must be poured in one stage, since step-by-step mixing of the solution and its pouring lead to a violation of the technology for installing the slab base and a decrease in its final strength.

• The poured base is covered with film and left for 3-4 weeks until completely dry. In the first days, the slab must be periodically moistened to prevent the mixture from drying out suddenly. After a month, the slab is completely ready for further construction work.
• Once the slab has completely hardened, you can backfill the base. For these purposes, you can use clay soil, which will act as additional waterproofing for the monolith. In this case, the clay must be compacted well when backfilling.

Important: shallow slab foundations are also installed using the same principle. Remember, a well-made base is the key to the longevity of a house on marshy soil.

If your site, which you plan to use to build your house, has swampy soil, you should not be upset. Modern technologies easily allow you to lay a foundation even in difficult conditions. The basic rule will be right choice type of base. You cannot make a mistake, because the service life of not only the foundation itself, but also the entire building, will depend on this.

What is swampy soil?

Before you begin building a DIY foundation in a swamp, you should become familiar with this type of soil. It is a heterogeneous multilayer structure, which provides for the presence of:

• sandstone;
• peat;
• clay.

The swamp is always oversaturated with moisture and has fine-grained particles in large quantities. They resist compression quite weakly. The soil is unstable, so determining the maximum load is quite difficult.

Swampy soil is one of the most difficult for construction. Before determining the foundation depth, type of foundation and area of ​​the structure, it is necessary to study the geological situation.

Features of construction in wetlands: geological studies

If you decide to lay the foundation for a house in a swamp, then at the first stage you must carry out geological research. They are necessary to determine soil parameters. It will be necessary to find out what the volume of soil water is, to what level freezing occurs, the type of soil, as well as the surface proximity of groundwater.

To sample soil, you must use a hand probe. Wells are drilled on the site, which are located in the corners of the future foundation. It is better to carry out research in winter, when the soil is most saturated with moisture. Soil sampling allows you to obtain the following information:

• thickness of layers;
• physical properties of the soil;
• depth of formations;
• soil changes in recent years.

For wooden house 5-meter wells are drilled, whereas if you are planning to build a stone or brick house, then the depth of the well must be increased to 10 m.

Before starting construction on a wetland, the depth of soil freezing should be determined. If the foundation is laid at insufficient depth, this may subsequently cause its destruction. As a result of geotechnical research, you will receive information that will allow you to determine the type of soil.

Which foundation is better to choose?

The most labor-intensive and expensive process in building a house is the foundation work. The cost of these manipulations will be 1/3 of the total cost estimate for the construction of the building. After a few years, any foundation in a swamp begins to collapse, but only if it does not reach the depth of seasonal freezing.

On the south side, the base begins to bulge if the work was carried out incorrectly. In order for the structure to last as long as possible, it is necessary to make a drainage system. It will remove excess moisture from the area. On swampy soils, three types of foundation are used, one of them is pile.

This design is the most suitable because it has the following advantages:

• relatively low cost;
• the ability to carry out construction in any terrain;
• increased durability;
• high stability and strength;
• excellent corrosion resistance.

Screw piles for the foundation can be installed in any weather. Construction time is very short. You can complete the foundation installation in 2 days. If you use supports of different heights, you can smooth out surface unevenness.

The main part of the foundation is a pile, which can be installed vertically or with a slight slope into the ground. The supports are connected using a grillage, which is a cushion in a reinforcement frame.

Screw piles for foundations are one of the types of supports used in swampy areas. These products are protected from corrosion by zinc coating or mastic. Screwing is carried out using a special lever. Piles can be reinforced concrete; they are driven with a hand pile driver. An alternative solution is complex combined piles that are placed in a casing pipe. They are removed after the supports are installed and the site is concreted.

based on bored piles

The foundation in a swamp may consist of bored piles. It is built using one of several technologies, including:

• with waterproofing;
• with permanent formwork;
• with removable formwork.

Covers are installed in the drilled holes, which are welded from polyethylene film. The walls are lined with roofing felt, and concrete is poured inside. When creating a pile, you can use removable formwork made of metal or plastic. 2 hours after pouring, the strength of the concrete will be sufficient to preserve the structure. The formwork is pulled out after the mortar has hardened.

Such supports have one drawback, which is that they are not protected from moisture. But the impact of the frozen layer can be neutralized by creating a sand cushion.

A foundation on drilled piles in a swamp can be created using the third method, when the formwork is not removed. In this case, it will perform the function of waterproofing. The technology involves the use of pipes made of the following materials:

• special cardboard;
• asbestos cement;
• metal

This method allows you to protect the piles by eliminating height differences and creating a layer of sand between the supports and Before installing the structure, water is pumped out from the well. The lower part of the pipe, which acts as formwork, is filled with waterproofing concrete to a height of one meter.

Such a foundation in a swamp requires increasing the strength of the support. For this, frames made of metal 1.2 cm rods are used. You can also use triangular designs.

Should I choose a slab foundation?

One of the most expensive, but reliable is a slab foundation. It can withstand heavy loads and sudden temperature changes. The weight of the building will be evenly distributed over the entire area of ​​the structure, which will eliminate the possibility of subsidence. Under the slab there is a sand and gravel cushion that allows groundwater to pass through, preventing damage to the foundation.

Carrying out construction on a wetland. Slab foundation - is it suitable?

If the area has marshy soil, then you can build a slab foundation. At the first stage, a shallow pit is dug, and then it is drained using pumps or drainage. Layers of sand and gravel are laid at the bottom, which are well compacted and covered with several layers of roofing material.

To pour concrete, formwork is installed, and a reinforcing frame is constructed from 1.2 cm rods. The prepared area is filled with solution and then left to dry for several days. After this, the formwork can be dismantled.

Such a foundation in a swamp is poured in one go; you can install it on top strip base. It is done on your own, is durable, and when it shrinks, it protects the walls from the formation of cracks. This technology is relevant for those who want to have a basement in their home.

An alternative option is a shallow strip foundation

A strip foundation in a swamp is one of the cheapest, but is only relevant for buildings made of a metal frame or wooden beam. Such a foundation requires a good drainage system, since the structure is laid above the freezing point of the soil. The tape must be able to withstand soil heaving.

The structure will rise and fall evenly along with the soil. The tape will require a sand cushion, as well as thermal insulation of the base. Such a foundation in a swamp can be poured independently, following the technology. The work is not too difficult.

Construction of a strip foundation

If you decide to build a strip foundation, then first you need to dig a trench of the desired shape. A sand cushion is placed on the bottom, and then a reinforcement frame is installed.

If water appears at the bottom, then you should get rid of it by constructing drainage. Next, the formwork is installed and the mixture is poured, which should be left until it hardens. When everything is dry, the surface is covered with waterproofing.

Finally

Peat bogs and marshy areas are some of the most difficult soils to build on. Wetland soils are oversaturated with moisture and are prone to the formation of unstable quicksand. In winter, such soil is subject to frost heaving, and in spring - erosion. The solid layer lies at a considerable depth, which excludes the possibility of using some types of foundation.

For wetlands, it is best to use floating foundations, also called monolithic slabs. The structure will be solid, thanks to this there will be no partial shift of the house, and distortions and destruction of the walls will be excluded.

Never drying out swampy soil with moisture-loving vegetation that can be systematically moistened is not the most favorable place to build a house frame. The close location of groundwater creates seasonal fluctuations in soil, especially during spring warming. Modern construction technologies can solve the problem of how to organize a foundation in a swamp so that it can withstand the load of a house.

Soil analysis

What does swampy land represent? This is an area with a porous structure, which is 90% water. The remaining percentage is formed by chaotically located particles of minerals - peat, sand, clay. The unsystematic order of occurrence of rocks does not allow calculating the load on the soil.
Soil studies on the site will help identify the following characteristics of the area:

• type of soil mass;
• groundwater volume;
• freezing depth;
• distance of the aquifer from the surface.

The data obtained make it possible to determine the physical properties of the layers, their thickness and depth, and to characterize changes in the soil over the past few years. Based on geological expertise, you can choose which foundation to build in marshy areas.

How to explore the soil yourself?

Go into detail geodetic surveys It is not advisable for summer residents. Private developers need to take a number of simple measures:

• selection of earthen material from four wells. The drilling depth is 5 m for wooden structures, 8 m for large stone buildings. It is better to probe the surface in the spring, when it contains the maximum amount of moisture.
• Mechanical analysis is carried out by taking a small piece of earth. It rolls out in your hands and bends into a ring. A disintegrated element indicates sandstone, an unstable element indicates loam, a dense element indicates clay;
• inspection of vegetation. On excessively moist marshy soils, wild rosemary, blueberries, sedge, cloudberries, horsetail and other crops are present.

Research and determination of soil type include determining changes in groundwater level.

When does the groundwater level change in a swamp?

The volume of groundwater varies throughout the year. During the thaw period, their number increases significantly. The lowest groundwater level was recorded in winter. A high aquifer imposes restrictions on building a frame in a swampy area. A moisture concentration of 2 meters or less poses a threat of flooding of trenches, pits, and the appearance of mold in the house or basement. A clear operating algorithm will help minimize the impact of springs on the life of the foundation.

Pile frame

A base designed for wetlands. Supporting elements are piles that are driven into the soil. A pile foundation in a swamp allows you to solve the problem of heaving, instability of the top layer of the earth, and allows you to smooth out the unevenness and slope of the territory.
Advantages of the structure:

• low-cost, non-labor-intensive process (in 2 days you can build a supporting structure);
• mounting the frame reduces the amount of earthwork: garbage removal, digging a pit, concreting;
• the ability to choose building materials for piles: wood, steel, reinforced concrete;
• increased strength, long term services.

It is rational to use a pile foundation in swampy, unstable terrain with a high groundwater level. There are several limitations to consider when choosing a support structure:

• weak bearing capacity in horizontally moving soil;
• additional financial costs for the arrangement of the basement (filling voids).

The average depth of a well pit is 10-15 m. To mount a pile frame at a high groundwater level, use pillars at least 25 m long. The piles must be driven in until they fit tightly to the ground.

Work algorithm for constructing a foundation on piles

Performance construction work acceptable at any time of the year.

1. We treat the tongues with an antiseptic to prevent the development of corrosion.
2. We plunge the piles into the ground: we screw in the driven ones, and for the screw ones we use a special lever.
3. Cut off the excess protruding part.
4. We fill hollow pipes with cement.
5. Using an electric welding machine, we mount the support platforms on the cut parts of the piles.
6. We treat the surface with a waterproofing solution.
7. We connect the structure along the heads with a horizontal grillage.

High speed of construction and resistance to soil vibrations make it possible to increase the service life of the structure.

Slab foundation

The structure is widely used for the construction of a monolithic stone building. Concrete slabs are resistant to temperature changes and loads.
Problem high level groundwater is solved using a sand-gravel cushion located at the base of a monolithic slab, buried to the level of soil freezing. Rocks allow spring flows below their location, which prevents deformation. The sequence of technological steps will allow you to create a solid slab foundation in the swamp.

1. We prepare the wetland, clear it of vegetation and debris.
2. We drill holes in the corners of the future structure.
3. We drain the trench. For groundwater levels up to 2 meters from the surface, use pumps; from 2 meters and below, limit yourself to the drainage system.
4. We will strengthen the bottom of the pit with an embankment of sand and gravel. This will protect the foundation from the effects of groundwater. We form roofing felt flooring on top.
5. We make formwork from lumber.
6. We install reinforcement made of metal rods along the entire perimeter of the form-building structure.
7. We fill the trenches with concrete mixture in several approaches. The thickness of each layer should not exceed 0.2 m.
8. Dismantle the concrete form after the solution has dried (it will take several days).
9. We treat the vertical and horizontal surfaces of the frame with waterproofing mastic.

Foundation on a swamp from monolithic slabs- an expensive type of construction. Changes in soil heaving will not affect the reliability and strength of the frame. Therefore, slab foundations are mainly used for marshy areas.

Tape base

A shallow foundation for a house is suitable for the construction of small frame structures made of wood. Feature of the view load-bearing structure the fact that the depth of the masonry is higher than the freezing level of the soil. When arranging the feed, you need to take into account a number of nuances:

• The role of the drainage system is performed by a cushion of sand and gravel.
• When the soil heaves, the reinforced frame rises slightly, but the use of monolithic technology allows it to maintain its shape and prevent the appearance of cracks.
• At the design stage, soil characteristics should be determined. This will allow you to calculate the effect of loads on the future construction and determine the safety margin.
• The sequence and technique of performing the work of arranging a foundation, which is located in a swampy area and is relevant in case of high groundwater loss, is identical to laying a deep-depth tape - digging a pit, forming a cushion, constructing formwork, reinforcement and layer-by-layer pouring of cement mortar.
• It is advisable to install a channel for water drainage along the entire perimeter of the foundation at a distance of 1.5 - 3.00 m.

Ease of installation and low cost make the tape popular as a foundation on marshy soil.
Dampness and moisture have a destructive effect on the frame. It is difficult to predict how soil density will change over time. To avoid the effects of swelling of the ground, use waterproofing systems. When choosing the type of foundation that will be located in soft, swampy terrain, focus on the climatic conditions of the area, the type of structure and the budget.