Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Sochi State University
Faculty of Economics
Department of Finance and Credit
COURSE WORK
in the discipline "Organization of the activities of a commercial bank"
on the topic: “Information banking technologies”
The work was completed by: Grishchenkova Yulia Sergeevna
The work was checked by: Barzygin Evgeniy Aleksandrovich
Sochi 2013
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. STATE OF THE BANKING SYSTEM
1 The current stage of development of the banking system
2 Functions of the banking system
CHAPTER 2. FEATURES OF INFORMATION BANKING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES
1 Automation of banking activities
2 Types of information banking technologies
3 Advantages of ABS
4 Problems of information support in banking
CHAPTER 3. PROBLEMS OF CREATION OF AUTOMATED BANKING SYSTEMS
CONCLUSION
LIST OF LITERATURE STUDYED
INTRODUCTION
Modern information technologies (IT) are the most important source and means of development of banking. In most banks, management understands the benefits that the latest advances in IT can bring and how they radically change the business, taking it to a fundamentally different level.
The first and most important factor among the components of the process of organizing, equipping, operating and developing information technology is close interaction with business, connection with the innovation strategy of specific banks, meeting business requirements and achieving business goals.
Since information technologies are a specific and rapidly changing field of activity, organizational approaches that correspond to their specificity are applied to them. Information Technology can be not only a source of development of banking technologies, but also a means of seriously limiting business initiatives in terms of cost, time, quality and feasibility. Optimization and continuous improvement of information technologies are a key approach to implementing business processes and effectively achieving business goals.
The modern banking system is a sphere of diverse services provided to its clients - from traditional monetary and cash transactions, which determine the basis of banking, to the latest forms of monetary and financial instruments used by banking structures (leasing, factoring, etc.) .
In the conditions of increasing interbank competition, the success of entrepreneurial activity will accompany those bankers who better master modern methods of managing banking processes, and automated information technologies greatly help this.
All of the above emphasizes the relevance of the chosen topic of the course work.
The purpose of the work is to study the use of information technology in a bank.
In connection with this goal, it seems necessary to solve the following problems:
The subject of the research is the theoretical and practical aspects of banking information technologies.
The object of research is banking information technologies.
The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that new technologies help banks investment firms and insurance companies to change relationships with customers and find new means of generating profit.
The works of domestic authors such as I.T. were used as sources. Balabanova, S.V. Nikitina, Yu.V. Odintsov, Ulyanova A.V., Kharkova Y.S. and etc.
CHAPTER 1. STATE OF THE BANKING SYSTEM
1.1 The current stage of development of the banking system
The intensive development of the Russian banking system in the decade preceding the 1998 crisis determined its formation and its inherent features. During this period, 2,500 commercial banks were created, which had about 39 thousand branches. The sharp increase in the number of commercial banks was also facilitated by the liberal bank licensing policy pursued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia).
The pre-crisis banking system was characterized by a shortage of banking services, centralized distribution of loans, high dependence of banks on the market for government short-term bonds (GKOs), a shadow ownership structure, a high level of credit risk, etc. And as a consequence of this situation, there is an increase in non-payments in the Russian economy, which showed the vulnerability of the banking sector.
Reforming the banking system brings it closer to the practices adopted in Western countries. Mandatory economic standards were developed for key areas of banking activity. The regulations relate to capital adequacy, lending activities, minimum liquidity, concentration of operations, currency risk, etc.
The banking system development strategy includes the following provisions: adoption of a full set of international standards in the field accounting and reporting, the introduction of mechanisms for the transparent dissemination of financial information, compliance with more effective supervision over the activities of banks, etc. Such measures contribute to the integration of the Russian banking system into the global financial environment. It is expected to increase the transparency of banking operations with a wide range of universal financial instruments ( valuable papers). Improving the banking system is a complex and multi-stage process that requires solving complex problems, which will bring the Russian banking system to a new qualitative level.
Many issues have not yet been implemented. The transition of commercial banks from Russian accounting standards to International Accounting Standards (IAS) will require consistency of bank accounting with international standards. The transition to a new chart of accounts in 1997 brought changes in accounting rules, in account structures, and in bank reporting forms. From January 1, 2004, the Bank of Russia and the Government of the Russian Federation obliged banks to switch to international standards financial statements. The implementation of such a transition will require appropriate training of management personnel, the adoption of amendments to the Accounting Law and related regulations, improvement of taxation, etc.
Working on the basis of international standards for a number of banks will lead to the need to either leave the market or resort to the merger of small banks with stronger and more prepared banks. The reduction of weak structures and their absorption by large ones will be inevitable.
When banks switch to reporting according to international standards, the main problems are related to the development of appropriate information technologies and personnel training. To date, more than 120 banks in Russia prepare reports according to international standards, which is less than 10% of all commercial banks, but they carry out more than 90% of all banking operations. The specialists of such banks have been trained, and information technologies have been modernized. A leading group of banks can lead the comprehensive transition to international financial reporting standards. However, international standards do not solve all problems, but are a necessary condition for reforming the Russian economy, as well as international economic integration. To fully utilize the potential of standards, corporate management principles should be developed and the level of provision and use of both external and internal management information should be increased.
.2 Functions of the banking system
Effective interaction takes place between the elements of any organic (natural) system, with each element (subsystem) performing its own special function(s), as a result of which all the necessary functions of the system are realized.
The need for strict and constant regulation of the banking system is due to the status it occupies in the economic, social, and political life of the country.
The main purpose of the bank is to mediate the movement of funds from lenders to borrowers in payments. As a result, free funds are converted into loan capital that generates interest.
Based on the essence of banking activities, we highlight the following functions of banks:
Attracting (accumulating) funds and converting them into loan capital;
Stimulating savings in the national economy;
Credit mediation;
Mediation in payments;
Creation credit funds appeals;
Mediation on stock market(in transactions with securities);
Providing consulting, information and other services.
Banks do not just form own resources, they provide internal accumulation of funds for the development of the country's economy. Saving incentives free funds population and capital formation are provided with flexible deposit policy bank in the presence of a favorable macroeconomic situation in the country.
Incentive policy involves:
· establishing attractive interest rates on deposits;
· high guarantees of safety of depositors' funds;
· variety of deposit services.
Credit intermediation is the most important function of a bank as a credit institution. It ensures the effective redistribution of financial resources in the national economy on the principles of repayment, urgency and payment. Credit operations are the main source of bank income.
Payment intermediation is the original and fundamental function of banks. In a market economy, all economic entities, regardless of their form of ownership, have current accounts in banks, through which all transactions are carried out non-cash payments. Banks are responsible for the timely execution of their clients’ orders to make payments.
The creation of credit circulation is the process of money production by the banking system. It is able to expand loans and deposits by multiplying the monetary base. This expansion of the money supply is called the multiplier effect.
To understand this process, it is necessary to have an understanding of the main types of banking operations. All operations are divided into passive and active, which is reflected in the bank’s balance sheet.
By liability, banks reflect the attraction of funds - the formation of deposits, and by asset - their placement by issuing loans or investing, for example, in securities.
All funds mobilized by banks for financial market, represent its resources. That part of them that can be used to carry out active operations is called free reserve (or credit resource).
Thus, the activities of banks are of extremely important social importance. Banks organize money - credit process and issue banknotes.
The specific result of banking activities is a banking product.
A banking product is a special service provided by a bank to clients and cash and non-cash means of payment issued by it. The specificity of a banking product lies in its intangible content and limitation to the sphere of monetary circulation.
CHAPTER 2. FEATURES OF INFORMATION BANKING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES
.1 Automation of banking activities
The use of modern information technologies radically influences and changes business processes in banks, bringing them to a fundamentally different level. Banking technologies are inextricably linked with information technologies, which provide comprehensive business automation.
The growth of banking business volumes, its management and performance assessment require the use of not only quantitative assessment methods, but also qualitative criteria, which necessitates the modernization of information technology systems in banks, improving the quality of customer service, determining the bank’s development strategy and strategic planning.
The implementation of information processes in banks is carried out on the basis of automated banking systems (ABS). ABS is a designed and functioning combined set of elements (information, equipment, programs, technologies, etc.) that perform a single complex information and management tasks facing the bank. Thus, the ABS is an interconnected set of tools and methods for working with information for the purpose of managing a bank.
When developing an ideology for building an ABS, a bank operation model is created that unites a number of levels and links: diversity banking services and operations, servicing legal and individuals, providing internal and external information needs, etc. Since in Russian banking There are no established mainline technologies, then to ensure the sustainable development of the bank, various families of ABS are offered on the banking sector market, which combine different conceptual (ideological) approaches. The multitude of automated banking systems offered for use reflects the most complex technological level of development of banking in Russia.
Western banking systems are highly functional, which creates a significant margin of safety for the bank in business development. They allow you to solve problems of automation of all business processes, from strategic planning to economic activity. Such systems are expensive and available to the largest banks.
The use of a Russian-made information system ensures accounting and operational activities credit organization, but the functionality of such systems in such areas of business as strategic management, customer relationship management, and risk management lags significantly behind and is narrower than that of Western systems, although they are cheaper.
The bank's own developments in the field of automation are typical for small and medium-sized banks, but they are gradually fading away. There is a tendency to switch to outsourcing in the field of information technology. Outsourcing means transferring any functions, for example, automation of banking operations, to an external contractor.
Let's consider the most important areas of development of the banking business, which are the most relevant today and determine the choice of information technology solutions.
Firstly, there is increased competition for clientele, especially for quality clients. It is necessary for the bank to have sufficient information about markets and customers, to be able to respond flexibly and quickly to customer requests, to predict the changing needs of the clientele and to develop new products taking into account such forecasts. This situation applies primarily to those banks that began to develop retail business, private banking, etc.
Secondly, there has been increased interest in systems that provide comprehensive risk management, and primarily credit risks.
Thirdly, the introduction of a modern corporate information system covering all aspects of the activities of a large credit institution, i.e. jar.
Fourthly, the problem of strategic management and planning is urgent. The latest regulatory documents and recommendations of the Bank of Russia on business plans of credit institutions encourage banks to use modern information systems in the field of strategic business development.
To avoid technological lag, banks must determine their niche and concentrate on automating selected areas of business. The more high-tech the bank, the higher its competitiveness. Occurring in Russian banking system mergers and acquisitions processes require adequate development of information systems in banks to minimize risk and loss of their controllability.
The first and most important objective of information technology (IT), among others, is to achieve business goals. Any activity in the field of IT makes sense only when it is aimed at obtaining the final result and is connected with the bank’s development strategy. With the correct organization of management of a credit organization, the IT manager must be directly involved in defining goals and developing a strategy for achieving them. In the field of IT, the means of achievement are resources and their balance. The main IT resources are technology, information, personnel, software and hardware.
The common resource is money and time. In the field of IT resource provision, the use of third-party resources, i.e. outsourcing is more preferable for some tasks and is increasingly expanding. For example, a bank purchased from a development company banking programs and technology automation system for banking activities. After some time, in order to expand our activities, it was necessary to add a function for working with new stock instruments (for example, bills of exchange). An outsourcing service involves the bank contacting a development company to design and purchase information technology that will enable the bank to process bills of exchange. A new function in the activities of a particular bank is implemented by an external contractor and its resources, which is a more economical way of its implementation. Outsourcing services may be associated with the transfer of bank information technologies to new software and hardware (platform), with the replacement and updating of a network operating system, etc. When solving specific problems, it is necessary to determine which type of resource use is more effective - internal or external. Outsourcing also involves new specific risks, the management of which is part of the operational activities of IT services.
IN international practice To solve the problems of optimal organization of information technology, banks use not only the experience and knowledge of managers and other personnel, but also use any IT management methodology developed externally or in-house. Such methodologies contain the definition of the main goals and objectives of the information technology management structure, the composition of functions, technologies, and the organization of work on their implementation. The advantages of well-known methodologies include offering proven approaches and solutions that comply with international legal regulations and technical standards, achieving set goals and results, etc.
The most well-known methodologies and standards in the field of information technology are:
· СobIT - management, control and audit of all aspects of information technology (used in American practice);
· ITIL, ITSM - information systems maintenance management (used in European countries);
· ISO 9000 - quality management of information technologies and software products;
· TickIT - quality management of IT and software products;
· GOSTs - state regulatory and technical documents establishing certain norms and rules for the creation and functioning of IT;
· BS7799 - organization of information security, etc.
The implementation of these methodologies is a complex task and cannot always be accomplished without external support. This is due to the fact that during the implementation process it is necessary to evaluate the sequence of actions and form a system of priorities. For large banks, in addition to the selection and use of proven methodologies, the need is to centralize the methodological management of information technology, both at the head office and in remote branches.
The development and implementation of such methodologies are carried out by very large companies, mainly international, since this requires a very extensive scientific and research and resources. The use of such methodologies is associated with higher efficiency. They offer a structured approach to IT management, they comply with international regulations and standards, etc.
The key approach to IT management is the need for their continuous improvement and optimization. Another component of proper IT organization and management is documenting the main aspects of IT implementation and operation. Examples of such areas include the following: IT strategy, software and hardware platform, information security policy, service agreements for business processes and their departments, IT budget, etc.
The efficiency of the bank is assessed on the basis of a number of key indicators, reflecting how successfully managers manage their own and borrowed funds, what is the profitability of interest and non-interest transactions, the degree of profitability of assets, capital, the share of management expenses, etc. However, financial indicators are reliable for assessing the already carried out work and are not fully adequate when it comes to the future development of the bank. The bank's owners generally have a strategic view of its development. They decide which areas of the business to prioritize and give them strategic status. Paying attention to the long term, it is necessary to provide resources for the bank's development program. This prepares the ground for the implementation of future competitive advantages. Experience shows that banks that have a clear strategy and clear plans are more likely to succeed.
The process of translating a bank's strategy and plans into action is inextricably linked with the development of information technology. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the system of indicators, give it balance to reflect not only the past period, but also the future, forming goals and stages of their achievement.
Reducing the bank's strategic task to monitoring (control) of individual indicators, many of which must be tracked in the process of operational activities, represents the translation of strategy into action in the future. The degree of fulfillment of individual goals is determined feedback, so necessary for adjusting the development of the bank to implement a long-term program.
To assess, analyze and forecast the state of information technology, it is necessary, just like for the bank as a whole, to have an objective system of indicators on the main aspects of the core banking system's activities. Such indicators ensure control, management and achievement of the final results of activities in IT areas. In foreign practice, such indicators are called key performance indicators. Examples include: user satisfaction with IT services, number of supported users per core employee, percentage of core employee workload, growth of core budget relative to growth of operations, time to resolve user issues, percentage of IT projects not meeting deadlines or budget, availability of critical resources (100% means that certain resources are available 24 hours), etc. It is important to determine which indicators need to be taken into account when assessing the activities of an IT bank.
One of the main aspects of implementing the bank's development strategy is the organization of information technologies in the direction of comprehensive automation of banking activities based on the integration of bank management functions as a whole. Therefore, the automated ABS banking system of a credit organization must function as an integrated complex, in which, in addition to traditional solutions and modern tools, there is a system for visualizing key indicators, including the future activities of the bank.
The level of automation of any credit institution, due to the progress achieved in the field of IT, is determined by the feasibility, needs of specialists and the resource capabilities of the bank. The main task of banking management is to find the optimal solution in terms of price and quality, efficiency and profitability. To do this, bank managers have to look for answers to a number of questions.
· What is the value of each specific business process for the bank, what functions is it associated with and to what extent?
· What properties of a particular business process does the bank really need?
· What benefits will the bank receive due to its automation (either costs will decrease or income will increase)?
· How to automate this process and how much resources should be invested into it?
One of the leading directions in the activities of banks is the development of relationships with clients and their individualization. The main problem At the same time, there is an interdependence of supply and demand banking products and services based on a deep understanding of customer needs. This requires ensuring clear and coordinated work of all divisions of the bank. Customer relationship management (CRM) provides knowledge of customer requests and needs and allows you to develop cost-effective ways to serve them. This creates the prerequisites for more active business. Automation of the client direction in the bank’s activities is based on the construction of an information technology system that would ensure the effective creation and use of intellectual assets, which is knowledge about clients. Managing customer relationships will allow you to earn additional income in the future from using customer knowledge, but this requires:
· creation of a unified information client space;
· integration of information technology interaction at the level of inter-server exchange;
· ensuring “transparency” of the work of client managers, departments supporting their work and other users of the CRM system;
· introduction of key indicators for assessing the activities of client-oriented departments, etc.
Remote banking customer service, the use of new technologies requires the integration of telephone and computer systems, but ultimately allows us to provide new services to consumers. The growing network of branches dictates the need for their integration into the overall automated banking system. A client in a remote bank branch should receive the full range of services available at the central office,
Ultimately, consolidating information around the customer enables the return on investment in customer intelligence and knowledge to be realized. The choice of directions for the development of banking business processes and their automation must be scientifically sound, economically feasible and technologically feasible.
information banking automated
2.2 Types of information banking technologies
There are various approaches to building bank information technology. Depending on what is considered its main elements, three types of information technologies can be distinguished: operational, documentary, object.
Operational technologies. Operational technologies are built in the form of a chain of operations. Under operation in in this case refers to any work performed at one workplace, regardless of the functional task. The technological process diagram is shown in Fig. 1
Rice. 1. Process diagram
Information technology in this case is a set of technological points for each functional department of the bank, which are quite difficult to connect. At the junction of functional modules, for example, the credit department performs transactions under contracts, but accounting employees make entries into the balance sheet, resulting in constant delays and possible loss of information. With an increase in the number of personnel involved in the “loan issuance” process, labor costs grow proportionally quickly, including due to repeated data entry.
Documentary information technologies. Documentary information technologies are based on the organization of electronic document flow of the bank. Posting diagrams are not entered by an accountant, but are generated automatically based on pre-made settings. When implementing documentary IT operating according to this scheme, the bank's processes are formalized, which allows reducing labor costs and increasing the speed of processes.
This type of information technology automates the bank's document flow. Business processes are a key element of technology.
A business process is understood as a combination of three elements, including the technological chain of processing a banking product; distribution of stages of processing documents describing a banking product; accounting of performed operations.
Several divisions of the bank take part in the business process, therefore, when building this type of information technology, the most important task is to coordinate the work of all divisions of the bank. Such coordination is possible only if there is a single information space of the bank.
Currently, this type of technology is considered as one of the most successful for banking automation. This is explained by the fact that it allows you to construct the IHD as a single organism in which information connections between all functional elements are clearly visible. A significant advantage is the exceptional flexibility of the system, which provides opportunities for customizing both new document flows and existing ones, maintaining their integrity through adjustments and modernization. Thus, this type of information technology provides the most complete consideration of the specifics and needs of the bank itself and its adaptation to the external environment, adaptability to changing market conditions.
There are three types of technologies: production, documentary, management, on the basis of which the corresponding systems are implemented.
The former support a single flow of operations related to the activities of a department. In this case, a banking service is defined as the sale of a specific (banking) product. Therefore, this type of system is called production.
The second type of system provides the ability to consider and analyze a banking product from different points of view and use it for different purposes. Therefore, there is a need for more complex processing and more complex internal structure banking product. Therefore, in these systems a new concept of document is introduced. A document is defined as a container for collecting all information on the production of a given banking product. These systems are called documentary. As a rule, they are much more complex than production ones, since they must ensure coordination of the work of several divisions of the bank and, accordingly, adapt to the conditions, specifics and regulations of their work.
The third type of system provides information support decision making. As a rule, the heads of the bank and its divisions, in order to effectively perform their functions, are simultaneously engaged in several information processes, switching from one type of activity to another. These systems allow you to speed up the process of becoming familiar with a new situation, analyzing it and simultaneously tracking several business processes, which ensures the timely development of the most effective management decision. Therefore, these systems are called management systems. Management systems are not the object of our attention, and in the future we will consider systems of the first and second types.
There are many business processes in the bank that are closely interconnected and form a single document flow of the bank (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Bank business processes
In Fig. Figure 3 presents the documented technology for conducting settlement transactions using payment orders for one business process.
Rice. 3. Documentary technology for conducting settlement transactions using payment orders for one business process
It should be noted that collective processing involves processing information for all business processes. Processing of the document is completed when it is executed, printed and processed on the balance sheet. Drawing up registers is another “regulatory” business process that has nothing to do with the document. The “regular” process is always carried out, even if there were no documents at all that day.
So, the basis for launching a business process is a document. All documents are divided into three groups:
Payment;
Agreements;
Office work.
For each group of documents, processing technologies have been developed, which are determined by the instructions of the Bank of Russia and the rules for servicing clients of a particular bank. The rules are drawn up on the basis of methodological, organizational, technical and information support jar. Thus, documentary technology makes it possible to take into account the specifics of any bank.
Banking technology includes:
Description of the operation (bank services);
Description of documents and rules for their completion and control;
Description of the technological chain of the operation (service);
Description of the accounting features of this operation (service).
Thus, documentary technology, being a set of business processes, combines three components: technological chains, routing, accounting (accounting policies).
Technological chains determine the direction of document processing. They are built on the basis of state models of processed documents. The state model represents a sequence of actions performed on processed documents and a set of states in which the document can exist. The technological chain may change depending on current conditions.
In modern IBS, the processes of sending processed data are automated. electronic documents to the workplaces of performers involved in processing of this document. The system allows you to accurately reproduce the flow of primary documents and limit personnel access to documents depending on the stage of their processing.
During the processing process, moving from one executor to another, documents may be reflected differently in the bank’s accounting. Documentary technology allows you to configure different accounting schemes: calculating balances on client and correspondent accounts, calculating certain categories of funds under contracts, monitoring budget execution by individual departments, etc.
All three components represent documentary technology (Fig. 4.)
Rice. 4. Documentary technology
In most cases, documentary technology provides automation of document flow by supporting multi-stage document processing. In other words, there are several stages of processing for a document. For example, these stages may be document entry into the IBS, verification and execution. The main disadvantage of this type of technology is the independence of the technological processes of life of individual documents within the process. According to this technology, the system describes the main types of documents (memorial order, payment order, cash order, application for currency transfer and a number of others), and it is impossible to configure or hard-code the stages of their processing.
In real business processes of a bank, the processes of processing various documents are quite closely related throughout life cycle documents. The result of processing one document when it passes through certain stages can influence the processing of another document or initiate the creation of a document. This possibility does not exist within the framework of documentary technology.
Object information technologies. Object information technologies are the result of the development of documentary systems.
In the course of a bank's activities, some documents may give rise to others. Entering or processing one document can lead to changes in the states of other documents. Documents can be arranged in chains with complex internal connections, i.e. A bank's document flow is in fact not a simple set of documents, each of which goes through its own processing cycle. The real model of banking financial document flow is a set of banking documents of various types, which, changing their own state during processing, change the state of other documents.
The technology’s ability to interconnectively implement business processes for processing various documents is determined by its focus on working with objects.
Three main types of objects can be distinguished. The first type, the most complex, is a transaction. A transaction is understood as a reflection of completed (or planned to be completed) operations to attract or place funds, purchase or sale of any assets (securities, currencies, precious metals), as well as other non-payment transactions of the bank. The second type is paper documents, i.e. documents that are the basis for transactions. The third type is wiring, i.e. documents that are necessary to reflect transactions in accounting.
Operations for calculating interest on deposits are documented in the system with documents that are also automatically created by the IBS using a special mechanism. Based on interest accrual documents, entries are generated to be reflected in accounting.
The deposit agreement is reflected in the IBS using one transaction and several documents and postings, i.e. using objects of three different types, interconnected.
The ability to use coherent business processes in technology determines another requirement, the satisfaction of which characterizes object technology, namely the ability to design business processes and connections between them depending on the needs and characteristics of the bank. To do this, the IBS that implements object technology must contain special mechanisms that will make it possible to describe accounting algorithms for documents of each specific type and for each specific situation, without resorting to additional coding.
As an example illustrating object technology, we present a technological diagram that includes servicing a client on the stock exchange using a remote service system (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Technology system, including servicing a client on the exchange using a remote service system
An example of object technology and its implementation is the 5NT©DBANK banking automation system from Diasoft. One of the main features of this system is the comprehensive automation of all aspects of banking activities. The 5NT©BANK IBS automated the most complete range of financial transactions within a single information product.
Another feature of banking technology is the need to use unified universal methods and procedures for processing and supporting the implementation of business processes, which is determined by the need to customize the system to the needs of a particular bank. These functions are provided by a separate dedicated module of the system - the financial core. In addition to ensuring the described unity of methods and procedures, the kernel also performs a number of other functions.
Unlike the usual set of functional modules, each of which functions independently of the others, all elements of the 5NT©BANK IBS operate on a single software and information platform, which is based on a universal financial core. Thus, all the bank’s business processes are processed using one system, within a single information space online. Thanks to this, employees of various departments have the opportunity to receive information about the bank’s client network, analysis results, regulatory and reference data, and a set of bank operating technologies. This allows them to use in their work the experience and knowledge accumulated in all divisions of the bank. The principle of complexity and unity of the software and information platform is maintained not only horizontally (for all departments of the bank), but also vertically (ensures the operation of all branches and institutions of the bank) within the framework of a single database of its head office. The system provides three modes of working with branches and departments:
Online, i.e. operation of bank branches in the head office database both with support for terminal access and in the client-server architecture;
Offline, i.e. collection and storage of data from geographically remote institutions at the level of consolidated reporting indicators, account balances and payment documents;
Bidirectional data replication between bank institutions in pseudo-real time.
In any mode, the generation of reporting is supported, both for each individual branch and consolidated reporting for the bank as a whole.
The core of the system includes:
System administration: user administration, audit of user actions, administration of business days, general system settings, auto-numbering settings;
User directories (clients, quotes, types of transactions, pack directory, search directory, sorting filters), service directories (banks, operating days, calendars, geographical, client ratings);
Chart of accounts;
Financial transactions are a tool for setting up business processes and the relationships between them;
Service agreements;
Automatic operations (setting up interest calculation, revaluation of balances);
Reporting (setting up operational and consolidated reporting: report generators and financial indicators);
Communication with external systems - automatic loading of information into directories, loading of branch data, interaction with the Client-Bank system, work with S.W.I.F.T.
2.3 Advantages of ABS
The purpose of using modern automated banking systems is to ensure the growth of bank profits, as well as the unhindered development and expansion of business in the future.
basis this approach is the analysis and optimization of the bank’s business processes, which must be identified, debugged, and brought into line with an effective strategy for the development of the bank and relationships with clients. The next step is their automation, which requires:
· selection of information technologies adequate to the bank’s strategies;
· a cost-effective sequence of implementations focused on a rapid step-by-step return on investment;
· attracting highly qualified implementation and support specialists;
· training of bank staff;
· Potential opportunities to increase profits.
The means of increasing the economic efficiency of automation of banking activities are:
· their active use in business processes that contribute to the rapid increase in bank profits;
· reducing the cost of services by optimizing the bank’s business processes and introducing customer relationship management strategies;
· increasing business volumes by significantly speeding up service for each specific client;
· cost reduction due to a significant reduction in the total number of routine operations performed by bank employees;
· optimization of management of financial and information flows of the bank;
· the introduction of ABS is aimed at increasing the level of automation of operational activities and creating a unified information space for the bank.
This allows:
· increase the efficiency of bank departments;
· reduce the costs of operations;
· improve the quality of client work with legal entities and individuals;
· organize remote customer service;
· ensure maximum transparency of technological processes;
· create a mechanism for sharing access to information and protecting it;
· integrate accounting and management accounting;
· ensure high reliability and speed of customer service.
The presence of a single information space provides a unified and holistic view of the processes occurring in the bank, which, in turn, increases the bank’s manageability and reliability.
ABS provides automation of traditional banking tasks: accounting, receiving mandatory reporting, automated settlement and cash services clients, credit and deposit activities and many others. As a rule, the introduction of a modern core banking system also brings an additional effect, since at the stage of development of the solution the bank’s business processes are rebuilt and optimized - simply due to the fact that the implementation of the system allows you to take a fresh look at existing mechanisms, eliminate “extra links”, use experience of solution providers and consultants.
Automation increases the efficiency of the bank, ensures higher reliability of error-free document processing through a combination of various types of automatic and visual control, and also makes it possible to obtain a general picture of the bank’s activities and current state at any time.
The automated system ensures better decision-making related to banking risk when issuing loans, investments and securities, due to special procedures for processing all information available in the system. The use of an automated system can significantly improve the quality of service for bank clients, which is especially important in real competition.
A modern integrated core banking system can help a bank build efficient business processes, reduce costs and risks associated with market operations and customer service. In addition, the system helps to objectively assess, analyze and manage risks. Thus, a modern ABS can not only allow a bank to control risks in accordance with the requirements of regulatory authorities, but can also provide tangible advantages over competitors.
.4 Problems of information support in banking
By processing the bulk of information, the integrated automated banking system (ABS) is the technological basis of a modern bank. An integrated core banking system is characterized by the interconnection of all information processes, a unified data model, a unified technology for processing it, a common software core, etc. It is necessary that all divisions of the bank function in a single information space. This makes the management of a bank more efficient, which, as a rule, has a geographically distributed structure, various interactions with many clients, organizations, and the population. A single information space makes available, unites all types of information, provides prompt access to it, allows for complete transparency of information, etc.
Let us highlight the following components of information support: information model, system of indicators, classification and coding system, database as a way of organizing information.
The information model serves to describe and interrelate objects of the subject area. In a bank, the objects are: documents, accounts, clients, transactions, operations, etc.
The implementation of domain objects must ensure the maintenance of a system of indicators and reports, a set of financial instruments, a variety of currencies, etc. It is necessary to have a description and support of such objects as a client, contract, document, account, posting, chart of accounts, their properties, connections, amounts of information, auxiliary characteristics, a list of operations for each object, etc. Among this diversity, a number of important factors in the implementation of technological stages and operations should be highlighted: document flow patterns, their routing; logic and algorithms for processing documents and contracts; formation and control of accounts and limits for objects and elements of the organizational structure (divisions, performers, banking products, clients). The information model of the subject area assumes the ability to serve user workstations in accordance with their affiliation with the organizational structure, functions performed, degree of responsibility, generation of reports, and provision of data exchange both within the bank and outside it.
The system of classification and coding of objects of banking activity makes it possible to formalize (describe according to the rules) and organize objects, their characteristics, and connections. The system must allow the formation of the required number of classification groupings and correspond to the volume of classified and coded nomenclatures (objects). An important characteristic of a classification and coding system for banks is flexibility - the ability to allow the inclusion of new objects and characteristics without destroying the classification structure.
A database (DB) is a collection of interconnected groups of data (files, tables). The effectiveness of the core banking system and bank management largely depends on the quality of its construction and operation.
The database is created based on a certain way of structuring data when developing a business process model. The main task of modeling is to build information support for users of all ranks with full reflection of the properties of objects. Possibilities for future development of the specifics of the subject area of the banking business are associated with improving methods for modeling the information base of the system. The solution to such problems is based on the use of multifunctional system programs that must work with current, complete and reliable data. In the database, the information model reflects the relationship of objects in the subject area, their composition and properties at the level of files, documents, indicators, and details.
For operational processing of current data, databases of the OLTP system (On-Line Translation Processing - transaction processes in the communication line) are used. They are based on constant updating of information in the database; data is regularly added, deleted, and adjusted. An important task is to ensure reliable transactions. A transaction is understood as a change in the composition of data in the database during a short cycle of interaction with it (request - execution - response) via communication lines.
A repository is a domain-specific, historical, immutable, integrated collection of data. It works with significant amounts of data compared to a database and has a more complex organization system. Data warehouse technology is used, first of all, for the purpose of summarizing data for a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the bank’s activities, to rethink its business, and to obtain consolidated reporting combined in different areas.
When solving analytical problems, top-level users (administration, managers, specialists) require data selected and generalized (aggregated) according to a number of characteristics. These requirements are met by OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) analytical data processing systems. OLAP systems are built on the following basic principles: the data necessary for decision making is pre-aggregated in the required sections; organization of information ensures the fastest possible access to it; The data manipulation language is based on the use of business concepts and is close to users. For example, information is selected based on business processes and their specific indicators for specialists in the analysis of individual areas in the bank’s activities.
Changing business conditions and the corresponding redesign of business processes lead to changes in information technology and, above all, in information support. The boundaries of the evolutionary (gradual) development of information support depend on the adaptability properties of business processes and the information base. The ability of a base to develop and adapt to new conditions means the ability to integrate new objects into the base model, as well as their properties and connections.
One of the main problems at the database operation stage is the problem of its effective maintenance in the face of changing user information requirements, which lead to a change in the conceptual framework and, as a consequence, to a change in the data model. In this case, there is a need to reconfigure business logic, restructure database files, adjust historical data, update algorithms, reconfigure the interface, etc.
When automating a new or changing business process, it is necessary to solve the problems of structuring new or restructuring existing data, implementing algorithms for problem-solving processes, and providing a set of operations for input, processing, transmission, storage and output of data. Analysis and design of the data structure are key stages in the development of information support not only at the stages of creating an automated banking system, but also in the process of adapting the database to new operating conditions. Thus, expanding the bank’s ability to provide new services requires the development of information systems, IT and depends not only on the presence in the database of the composition of objects and operations, but also on ways to change or expand them.
Typical for the banking sector high speed changes in business conditions require the development of specialized methods for maintaining a database that correspond to rapid changes in the business environment, as well as the use of modern high-tech software and hardware tools.
When building a model of the bank’s functions and its business processes, one should take into account the factor of the bank’s increased interest in information about borrowers (customers who apply to the bank for a loan). In many ways, the existence of credit institutions is determined by their ability to extract such information. Therefore, new technologies for processing and transmitting information lead to the emergence of new types of banking products, and the need for banks to collect and use it increases. The cost of acquiring information is constantly falling due to technological changes in its processing and distribution. As a result of information specialization, new products and services appear in banks. Which in turn leads to the need to improve and modernize the bank’s information system. The transition to a new database and technology for maintaining it occurs with an increase in the volume and range of services, clients, counterparties, the number of transactions and operations, the emergence of new and complex tasks, an increase in direct and indirect costs, a decrease in productivity and labor efficiency.
The need to maintain a balance between the quality of ABS information support and the resources spent on development and operation leads to the fact that modern technologies are mainly focused on the mass, industrial creation of complex systems by large teams of specialists. Corporate core banking systems are developed and created by large specialized firms - developers of banking information technologies, which have the appropriate scientific base and highly qualified professionals in the field of creating new information technologies.
CHAPTER 3. PROBLEMS OF CREATION OF AUTOMATED BANKING SYSTEMS
The creation and operation of automated banking technologies is based on system engineering principles that reflect the most important provisions of the theoretical base, which includes a number of related scientific disciplines and areas. These include economic cybernetics, general theory systems, information theory, economic and mathematical modeling of banking situations and processes, analysis and decision making.
Banking technologies as a tool for supporting and developing banking business are being created on the basis of RAD fundamental principles:
· an integrated approach covering a wide range of banking functions with their full integration;
· modular design principle, which allows you to easily configure systems for a specific order with subsequent expansion;
· openness of technologies capable of interacting with various external systems (telecommunication systems, financial analysis etc.), ensure the choice of software and hardware platform and its portability to other hardware;
· flexibility in setting up banking system modules and adapting them to the needs and conditions of a particular bank;
· scalability, which provides for the expansion and complication of functional modules of the system as business processes develop (for example, supporting the work of bank branches and branches, deepening analysis, etc.);
· multi-user access to data in real time and implementation of functions in a single information space;
· modeling of the bank and its business processes, the possibility of algorithmic settings of business processes;
· continuous development and improvement of the system based on its reengineering of business processes.
The creation or selection of automated banking systems (ABS) is associated with the planning of the bank's entire information technology system infrastructure. The ABS infrastructure is understood as the totality, correlation and content of the individual components of the process of automation of banking technologies. In infrastructure, in addition to conceptual approaches, supporting and functional subsystems are distinguished. The supporting ones include: information support, technical equipment, communications systems, software, security systems, protection and reliability, etc. Functional subsystems implement banking services, business processes and any sets of tasks that reflect the content or subject orientation of banking activities. The creation of automated banking technologies, in addition to system-wide (system-technical) principles, requires taking into account the peculiarities of the structure, specifics and volumes of banking activities. This refers to the organizational interaction of all divisions of the bank, which necessitates the creation of multi-level and multi-link systems (the head bank, its departments, branches, exchange offices, external structures), with complex forward and backward information links.
Another characteristic feature of banking technologies is the variety and complexity of types of automation of bank activities.
Automated banking systems (ABS) are created in accordance with modern ideas about architecture banking applications, which provides for the division functionality to three levels. The top level (Front-office) consists of modules that provide fast and convenient information input, its primary processing and any external interaction of the bank with clients, other banks, Central Banks, information and trading agencies, etc. The middle level (Back-office) represents applications in various areas of intrabank activities and internal settlements (working with loans, deposits, securities, plastic cards etc.).
The lower level (Accounting) is basic functions accounting, or accounting core. This is where the modules that provide accounting for all five chapters of the new chart of accounts are concentrated. The division of the bank into front-office and back-office is based not so much on the functional specifics of processing banking operations (transactions) and decision-making (generalization and analysis), but on the very nature of the bank as a system, on the one hand, recording, and on the other hand, actively influencing economic interaction in the financial and credit sphere.
The main stages of creating an ABS require:
· conducting a functional and information survey of the bank’s activities;
· formation of system requirements and their analysis;
· development of a structural and functional model of the bank;
· development of a bank information model;
· detailed structuring of ABS, system-wide design, problem statements;
· programming, debugging, implementation, operation, maintenance.
The experience gained in Russia in creating ABS to date has a number of features. Let us characterize the main ones.
First of all, this is the orientation of the system to work with wiring. Now there is a clear departure from a purely accounting construction of ABS based on trading day. A high-tech core banking system is an effective means of controlling the present and predicting the future development of the bank’s financial and credit activities. In any Western bank, such a system is a vital component in every link of banking activity.
Two conceptual approaches to the implementation of banking functions have emerged and are being implemented during the creation of ABS and AIT. The first is built on a narrow, limited basis that embodies a particular idea. For example, the construction of an automated banking system is carried out on the principle of meeting user requirements. Building an ABS based on document flow leads to a decrease in the efficiency of banking technology in favor of this idea. Without the proper level of elaboration and modeling of business processes, a mechanical increase in tasks, functions, and services occurs. The opposite approach is based on the independent description and construction by users of banking business processes and document flow using AIT tools. This approach is significantly labor-intensive, complicates system setup, and often leads to a dilution of banking specifics. As a result, the system may lose its value to the end user.
The difficulties in choosing a conceptual framework lie in the fact that in Russian banking market There are practically no established technologies. Automation always reflects the current technological level of banking. That is why systems based on the operating day and accounting appear at the output of any complex ABS project, no matter how large-scale.
Turning to Western systems is associated with even greater problems and difficulties: adaptation of ABS to Russian practice, unpreparedness of banking personnel for Western methods of work, etc. The introduction of a foreign core banking system is fraught with full-scale internal bank modernization. This suggests the need for a reasonable combination of different conceptual approaches.
An example of such an approach is the following. Automation should support the sustainable progressive development of the bank at all stages of its growth. For these purposes, a whole family of compatible ABS is offered, each subsequent one expanding and improving the functionality of the previous one. The concept of gradual movement from junior to senior systems is called the technological highway. The process of implementing each subsequent system is based on the experience gained at the previous stage. In financial terms, the principle of preserving and developing investments is thereby observed. The considered approach allows us to gradually rise to the level of world-class systems and overcome the consequences of Russia’s many years of isolation from global banking practice.
To develop an ideology, it is necessary to create a multi-level functional model of the bank’s work, combining a number of levels and links: organizational for external and internal needs (Front-office, Back-office, Accounting), system (basic accounting core, functional and service subsystems), architectural (server , client applications), etc. In addition, the bank model must take into account that the provision of banking services, their software, hardware and technological support is carried out at the level of individuals and legal entities outside the bank, within the bank and at the interbank level.
The first level includes:
· automation of interaction of the “client - bank” type, branches with the bank, exchange offices;
· service with plastic cards and payments at retail outlets;
· use of means for handling cash (ATMs and other means).
At the second level is the management of monetary and other transactions that form the applied (consumer) properties of ABS implemented within banks. The third level includes the activities of cash settlement centers, automated clearing houses, interbank clearing houses, clearing centers, provision of interbank settlements, etc.
For many Russian core banking systems, in the process of their creation the main emphasis is on attracting avant-garde computer technologies. The specifics of banking business processes are poorly taken into account. In an internal conflict between a programmer and a banking technologist, preference should be given to the latter. Whereas Russian core banking systems are characterized by a programmer approach in the context of a mechanical increase in user tasks, functions, and jobs. Instead of a local one, a systematic approach is needed with task setting for top and middle management.
The development of a conceptual basis for the creation of an ABS, its quality, and the ability to reflect the subject area most fully is the first and most important stage in the creation of banking technologies.
To date, the automation of information technologies of most commercial banks is a set of various functional subsystems (modules) and jobs. These components, heterogeneous in complexity and content, interact with each other informationally. Organizing and maintaining information interaction between various local software and hardware components is a complex problem. This structure of many ABS is a consequence of the approach to their development that prevailed in banking sector in the previous few years. The essence of this approach was that the bank, as the need arose, acquired or developed independently software and hardware systems that automate various areas of banking activities. With this approach, many of the most important problems of banking technology often had to be solved by non-systemic, local methods and means, for example, automation of stock transactions, plastic card payments, analysis and decision-making, etc. Automation complexes that are incomplete from a systems engineering point of view are very expensive and difficult to operate and develop. In addition, the level of such ABS is increasingly lagging behind the level of development of the banking sector.
The lack of an integrated approach to automation and insufficient integration of individual banking modules pushes towards private, local solutions that are highly specialized and closed. However, the need for a transition from private solutions in the field of automation to system ones, implying the use of the entire range of modern methods and means of information technology, is ripe. This can be judged by the complexity of the approach to automating the activities of banks entering global financial markets. The Russian banking system is joining the global one, and the fight against Western competitors is unthinkable without relying on modern high-level information technologies.
So, the optimal organization of banking services, products and business processes is possible in the conditions of an integrated approach to the automation of information technologies, taking into account the prospects for the development of banking, on the basis of fully integrated core banking systems. In such systems, the entire range of banking technologies is implemented in a single information space for intrabank and extrabank interaction.
Today, banks do not have a very good idea of what they will need tomorrow, and if they do, they cannot clearly formulate and present to development companies their requirements in the field of AIT. First of all, this relates to the insufficient development of banking and the lack of competent goal setting. Replicated (standard) ABS differ significantly from custom-made (individual) ones in terms of manufacturing and implementation technology. If a custom development is adjusted immediately in accordance with the current needs of a particular bank, then a replicated one changes when new needs become widespread and appear in many banks. Thus, the ABS market satisfies the new needs of banks with a significant shift in time, which will consist of the time of understanding and formalizing the bank’s new problems, and then the creation of systems by ABS development companies: time for design, programming and comprehensive debugging of the entire system as a whole.
CONCLUSION
Thus, information banking technology is the process of transforming banking information based on methods of collecting, registering, transmitting, storing and processing data in order to ensure the preparation, adoption and implementation of management decisions using personal and computer equipment. In the financial and credit system, IBTs contribute to the timely and high-quality performance of banking functions, and also significantly increase the level of management of both the banking system as a whole and each bank and are the practical implementation of information banking systems (IBS), but the technology itself without an appropriate system will be ineffective, and in modern conditions it is not viable.
Currently, the systems offer consumers almost the entire range of services available to clients in the bank’s office. Today, remote servicing has become one of the usual and mandatory components of banking services.
Thanks to the ability of clients to remotely access their accounts, the bank eliminates the need for the costs of maintaining personnel and premises necessary for traditional customer service, which means that the bank’s costs associated with conducting operations are significantly reduced. Of course the organization similar service requires investment, but the costs associated with launching such a system are an order of magnitude lower than the costs associated with opening additional bank offices. Unlike a bank office operating within one region, the remote service system allows you to use bank services from almost anywhere in the world, which gives a new degree of freedom to both the bank and its clients. It is worth adding that the positive effect of implementing a remote service system will manifest itself if this solution satisfies the bank’s demands for systems of this class.
Optimal organization of banking services, products and business processes is possible in the conditions of an integrated approach to the automation of information technologies, taking into account the prospects for the development of banking, on the basis of fully integrated core banking systems. In such systems, the entire range of banking technologies is implemented in a single information space for intrabank and extrabank interaction.
To summarize, we can confidently state that not all the necessary management and accounting tools have yet been created for banking activities, and therefore new interesting developments in this area can be expected soon.
LIST OF LITERATURE STUDYED
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Currently, a completely new quality of development is taking place both in the economy as a whole and in the banking sector. It should be noted the importance of introducing process approaches into the management practice of banks, because it is using process management that the largest international banks, and without a similar restructuring of management systems, it will be difficult for domestic credit institutions to continue to maintain their position in the competition.
The main competitive strategy of most banks today is to achieve maximum attractiveness for investors. The fact that you are of interest to a strategic, portfolio investor who observes the market, knows how to analyze it and highlight the most effective parts corresponds to the high quality of the business. Initially, the business must be of interest to the investor. In order to achieve this goal, organizational technologies are needed within the bank.
The challenges of the time place new demands on information technologies that support the process approach. If information technologies automate activities as a process, then the development company, when implementing them, makes its contribution to ensuring the reliability of the banking system.
For timely and high-quality processing of the ever-increasing volumes of information received by banks, the use of increasingly advanced hardware and software is required. The development of such tools resulted in the creation of automated banking systems.
Currently, there is a qualitative change in the approach of banks to automation. The emergence of new technologies and tools in the financial market, the transition of foreign banks from centralized accounting technology and terminal data processing to client-server technology and distributed processing led to a revision of the concept of automation and its role in the strategy and tactics of banking activities.
Chapter 1 Use of information technology in automation of the banking system
A modern automated banking system is currently understood as an integrated system with a single information space, the effective use of which requires a change in the existing technology of the bank.
The main factor in the transition to a promising technology for automated activities should be the use of system analysis at the stages of development and implementation of automated banking systems.
The creation of an ABS must begin with a functional and information survey of the bank and the development of a system project containing a description of its functional, that is, process-based structure and information flows. Based on the description of the bank's activities, the developer must generate optimal model ABS, taking into account the current and future tasks of the bank, and the configuration of the software and hardware complex.
A project built using CASE tools is not just the implementation of the initial stages of the ABS life cycle and terms of reference for subsequent stages. It is an independent result of great practical importance.
Computer Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) is a computer-aided software engineering technology.
Oracle's CASE technology is supported by software products that allow the application system developer to significantly reduce labor costs and improve design quality, as well as several times increase the productivity of developing application system software modules while simultaneously meeting the requirements of reliability, integrity and consistency.
It should be noted that the bank can develop its application system without Oracle CASE, choosing 4th generation language tools as tools, for example, SQL*Forms included in the Oracle DBMS. However, since the data to be processed during the functioning of the banking system has complex relationships that need to be monitored at the level of the interface with the end user, design errors are possible.
CASE technology and Oracle tools allow the designer, using fairly simple and informal terminology, to enter representations of his knowledge about the work of a particular bank into the system dictionary, and then immediately generate an application system for automating the work of this bank, ready for execution on a computer. Thus, the customization of the designed system for the specific features of the operation of a particular bank is laid down at the initial stages of design, and with any changes in banking technology subsequently, for example, when new legislative acts are introduced, the designer needs to change the representation of his knowledge in the system dictionary and carry out partial or complete regeneration of the automated banking system.
It should be noted that ABS also uses XML.
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) belongs to the category of Internet technologies. It is supported by the international consortium W3C (the main “standardizer” of the Internet) and processed using browsers and servers. As an extremely flexible and feature-rich technology for open communications, XML is becoming increasingly popular among developers and users, including the banking industry.
The most well-known example of the use of this technology is the completely XML-based unified electronic banking message formats (UFEBS). There is a developed album of UFEBS schemes, set out in generally accepted XML terms, which are freely implemented based on a set of standard, well-developed software procedures.
Among the main advantages of XML, it is necessary to note openness and high ability to standardize solutions. There are also disadvantages to this technology. For example, with XML-based document management, traffic may be several times greater than with rich text messaging and likely tens of times greater than with binary messaging.
In ABS, the scope of XML can be as follows:
External payment and technological document flow in interbank settlement systems, applications such as “Client-Bank”, clearing, exchange, etc.;
Intrabank document flow (payment, information, technological, administrative) between the parent organization, branches and structural divisions;
Interaction between business subsystems of the core banking system, front and back offices;
Interaction between distributed technical elements of the core banking system: application servers, terminals, client workstations;
Exporting information from core banking systems to data warehouses (OLAP systems), information exchange between different core banking systems, as well as with other banking software products;
Providing regular regulated reports and information to supervisory, control, tax, customs and other authorized structures;
One-time and occasional provision of information in various practical situations;
Archiving of any kind of data.
It should be noted that an important feature of XML for banking technologies is the use of an electronic digital signature. It has long been used in interbank interaction and is now beginning to be actively used in intrabank document flow. This increases security and simplifies business processes, i.e. it becomes possible to refuse additional control over the passage and correctness of documents.
Many transformations carried out for technological purposes do not lead to a change in the content of the document, but destroy the integrity of the document signed with an electronic digital signature, which is sensitive to changes in even a single bit.
To solve this problem, the so-called XML document canonicalization procedure is used, which allows you to reduce different views the same document to the exact corresponding general appearance- “canonized representation.” Such a document can be signed with an electronic signature and then, at the receiving end, again bringing it to the canonized representation, the digital signature contained in it can be checked.
Another feature of using digital signature in XML is the inclusion of the digital signature body directly into the signed document as a separate element, while the signed part of the document is contained in other elements of the same document.
Chapter 2 Software products in the field of information banking technologies
The SoftClub company is one of the largest IT companies in Belarus, a leader among domestic developers of banking and financial software.
The SoftClub company was founded in 1993 by graduates of the Faculty of Applied Mathematics of the Belarusian State University.
The first project was the development of a solution for complex automation production activities district branch of the Savings Bank.
For several years, the SoftClub company improved the developed solution and implemented it in commercial banks of the Republic of Belarus. Against the background of the general use of file-server technology, the company chose the client-server technology, the Btrieve DBMS.
The selected technology formed the basis for a number of company solutions: SC-KASSA, SC-CARD, SC-CASH, SC-BANK. Twenty commercial banks have automated their activities using the SC-BANK ABS.
SC-BANK – automated banking system
ABS "SC-BANK" consists of software modules united by a common menu (monitor), which the consumer can arrange at will. Currently, the SC-BANK ABS includes about 200 software modules, covering a wide range of banking activities.
The modular organization allows you to configure the SC-BANK ABS in accordance with the operating technology adopted in a particular bank. The consumer himself chooses the optimal configuration of the SC-BANK ABS according to his requirements. The ABS “SC-BANK” menu can be configured for each user separately. All software modules use single base data, which ensures their close integration and operation in real time. This, in turn, allows you to carry out operations with direct reflection on personal accounts in such a way that at any time there is a real picture financial condition jar.
Main software modules of ABC “SC-BANK”:
Basic module
Deposits of legal entities
Foreign Economic Department
Regulatory reporting of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus
Analysis of bank performance
Bank consolidated reporting department
Taxes and off-budget funds
Financial results
Book of purchases
Account and transaction management
In the second half of the 90s, the SoftClub company chose Oracle products as a technological platform, which later became its strategic partner. The use of the Oracle DBMS and client-server technology allowed the company in 2000 to be one of the first among domestic banking software developers to offer qualitatively new products, including the new generation integrated banking system SC-BANK NT. Since then, the SC-BANK NT IBS has been implemented in 12 banks of the Republic of Belarus.
SC-BANK NT – integrated banking system
The integrated banking system “SC-BANK NT” is built on the basis of a single information space technology and a modern Oracle DBMS platform and provides automation of the operational, accounting, management and analytical activities of a multi-branch bank.
The IBS “SC-BANK NT” is based on a modular system design principle, with the help of which you can flexibly configure and adapt the system to the current information environment of the bank and ensure integration of the system with software systems of other developers. Thus, it is ensured complex automation all main business processes of the bank.
IBS "SC-BANK NT" provides:
Centralized bank management: maintaining a unified regulatory and reference information and a unified card index of bank clients;
Automation of basic business processes for working with clients;
Document management;
Maintaining accounting and management records;
Servicing the loan and deposit portfolio;
Interaction with payment systems;
Processing treasury transactions;
Monitoring and management of banking risks;
Personnel Management;
Preparation and generation of regulatory and management analytical reporting;
Conducting financial planning and budgeting of the bank.
The advantages of the SC-BANK NT IBS are flexibility and adaptability, functional richness, high level information security, analytical capabilities, ease of use of the interface, which allow you to increase the competitiveness of the bank, reduce banking risks and reduce the cost of banking services.
To ensure reliability and innovation of solutions, when developing software, banking and financial technologies, the SoftClub company uses open world standards in the field of information technology and products of world leaders in the IT industry. The company cooperates with the largest foreign software developers and suppliers of system software and hardware.
Chapter 3 Trends in the use of information technologies in the banking sector of the Republic of Belarus
The banking sector in the Republic of Belarus is currently at the stage of dependence of the success and efficiency of its business on the quality of the IT used.
Following global trends, banks are widely introducing IT to provide banking services at a level that meets modern requirements.
It should be noted that Belarusian banks moved to the implementation of a modern information model of the bank - combining the automation of the main business processes and functions of the bank as a financial and credit organization, a business entity and an electronic office. Such integration involves a flexible combination of one’s own organizational and technical potential with the transfer of part of one’s business processes to specialized enterprises and organizations.
The development of a system of non-cash payments, including the use of mobile and Internet payments, and the increase in transactions with bank plastic cards at trade and service enterprises are currently becoming relevant.
The negative aspect of the current state of informatization in banks is their disunity. Each bank solves the problems of introducing the latest technologies independently. In order to ensure the integration of the actions of the banking community, it is necessary to combine the efforts of the National Bank, banks and the Association of Belarusian Banks in the implementation of the latest banking information technologies. One of the directions of such a combination of efforts is the use of unified IT solutions, which allows reducing total costs and, accordingly, costs separate bank. Another direction is the creation in banking sector a specialized information portal designed to receive information and to be filled in by each of the participants. Also important tasks include the centralization of databases for basic business processes and the creation of centralized electronic archives.
Taking into account global experience, further implementation of information technologies should be carried out using a legally significant electronic document in practice. Thus, it is necessary to create a unified public key infrastructure in the banking system, which is capable of coordinating the efforts of banks to form a single space for the circulation of legally significant electronic documents on the territory of the republic and ensuring mutual trust between banks as participants in information exchange.
Currently, banks are joining forces through a project to create a unified settlement and information space (ERIP). The implementation of this project will be a solution to serious banking and, in general, state task. The key task of ERIP is to unify the rules and procedures for making payments.
Within the framework of the Concept for the development and application of information technologies in the banking system of the Republic of Belarus for 2007-2010, the UE "Center for Banking Technologies" and Softline signed a partnership agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, a joint project will be implemented to develop the distribution of licensed software in Belarus, as well as service and related educational and consulting services, which will contribute to the stable activities of the domestic banking sector.
It is also planned to introduce system-wide software into the banking sector based on Microsoft products, which will ensure the reliable functioning of the IT system of banks of the Republic of Belarus. A specialized technical support center for banks will be organized for software products and solutions offered for sale, such as Microsoft Exchange Server, Systems Management Server, Windows Server, BizTalk Server and many others.
The result of cooperation between the Center for Banking Technologies and Softline should be an increase in the quality and quantity of services provided to clients of the banking system, provision of affordable quality services regardless of the territorial affiliation of clients, as well as an increase in the efficiency of functioning and development potential of the banking system.
Conclusion
In the context of globalization and the development of integration processes in the world financial system, compliance with the norms and rules adopted at the international level becomes a necessary condition for a full participant. Taking this into account, one of the most important factors growth of competitiveness financial system becomes the introduction and use of innovations, the latest banking information and computer technologies and solutions.
Today, information technology is an integral part of a successful business.
The task of automation of banking activities is to ensure fast and uninterrupted processing of significant flows of information. The widespread use of the latest information and communication technologies can provide the degree of automation and efficiency of services required by the bank.
Many technologies are currently used for ABS. Oracle's CASE technology can significantly reduce labor costs and improve the quality of design, as well as several times increase the productivity of developing application system program modules. The most well-known example of the use of XML technology is unified formats for electronic banking messages. This technology also allows the use of electronic digital signatures in banking.
The leader among domestic developers of banking and financial software in Belarus is the SoftClub company. The main activity of the company is the development, implementation and maintenance of software systems for banking, payment, accounting, accounting and financial purposes. The company offers various technologies for automating banking activities, including SC-BANK (ABS) and SC-BANK NT (IBS).
In the Republic of Belarus, it is worth noting the positive trend in the use of information technology in banking: core banking system, development of a non-cash payment system (use of mobile and Internet payments), increase in transactions with bank plastic cards.
Bibliography
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XML 6 , 7 , 13 , 14
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http://www.innovation.gov.au
This is the English-language Internet portal of the Australian Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research. The site provides information on the following areas: industry, innovation, small business, science and research, statistics. Reports and reviews are available in pdf and rtf formats, there are additional materials and news from the press center.
http://www.nlb.by/ - Internet portal of the National Library of Belarus
On this site you can find information about the library itself, various news about the library, information resources of the NLB, about the services offered by the NLB and information for librarians. Separately, it should be noted that this site allows you to register and use the resources of the virtual reading room, and you can also find the necessary sources of literature through the electronic version of the General Alphabetical Catalog of the NLB.
http://www.president.gov.by/ Official Internet portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus. It provides information about the country as a whole and about the activities of the President and the Presidential Administration. Thanks to the “Resource Catalog” section, you can go to the websites of government bodies and government organizations The Republic of Belarus. The “Economy and Finance” section allows you to obtain up-to-date information and statistical data on all sectors of the Belarusian economy.
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/ Multilingual Internet portal. Literature on the following topics is presented here: business, communication, science, social sciences, law, recreation, entertainment, general interests, health. The portal contains more than 4.5 million articles and books. Here you can search for the necessary information in the following way: publications by author and by date, articles by topic and by date, literature by author and the actual search by author of his works.
http://www.nbrb.by/press/ Website of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus. The structure of the site is as follows: bank today, monetary policy, legislation, statistics, banking system, payment system, publications, banknotes and coins. In addition to information about the entire banking system, about the number of banks in the Republic of Belarus and about each bank in particular, the “Statistics” section provides up-to-date information about the country’s economy, both current and archival.
http://bel.biz/ Belarusian business portal. The site provides information on the following sections: “Career”, “Real Estate”, “Analytics”, “Marketing”, “Management”, “Administrative Procedures”, “Export/Import”, “Finance”. Here you can find articles on business topics, a catalog of enterprises in the Republic of Belarus, the latest legislative news, information about trainings and seminars. “Expert Opinion” and Current Discussions” provide useful and relevant information.
http://www.soyuz.by/ Information and analytical portal of the Union State. Presented by sections: Documents of the Union, Supreme State Council, Parliamentary Assembly of the Union, Union Government, Permanent Committee of the Union State, Personalities and Union Media. Headings Politics, Economics, Security, Union business, Cooperation of regions, Media monitoring, Geopolitics, Humanitarian dimension of the Union, Implementation of union programs and projects, Post-Soviet space, Expert Channel, Customs and Transit, Union State//Constitutional Act, Announcement of Events, Sports - allow you to obtain up-to-date information about the Union State, including economic information.
http://www.neg.by/ This is an electronic version of the National Economic Newspaper. The website presents the current issue of the newspaper, and in the “Archive” section you can see all previous issues. The site also has a “Forum” where you can discuss the most interesting articles.
http://www.stroudgate.net/ The site of the international publishing company "Stroudgate Australasia", which presents a large amount of up-to-date information in the following areas: business, contracts and traditions.
http://www.belstat.gov.by/ Website of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. The structure of the portal is as follows: News, About Belstat, Methodology, Unified Data Bank, Belarus in Figures, Standards, Publications, Useful Links. The site provides an announcement of new publications, a catalog of publications, as well as statistical data on the main macroeconomic indicators of Belarus.
Master's student Rymashevskaya M.O. Faculty of International Relations
Specialty "World Economy"
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http://www.marinar80.narod.ru/Presentation.ppt
1. Groshev S.V., Kotsyubinsky A.O. A modern tutorial for working on the Internet. – M.: “Triumph”, 2004
2. Mogilev A.V., Pak N.I., Hoenner E.K. Computer science. - M.: Academy, 2004
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5. Prokhorov A. Working with PowerPoint 2000. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.lib.csu.ru/dl/bases/prg/kompress/articles/2000_10_points/index.htm - Access date: 11/10/2008
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
FSBEI HPE Khakass State University named after. N.F. Katanova
Institute of Information Technologies and Engineering Education.
Practice report
"Information Systems credit operations»
Completed:
student of group No. 23.
Novikov Alexey Gennadievich
student's signature
Checked:
Prutovykh Marina Alexandrovna
Abakan, 2014
Introduction
Security of credit transactions
Credit transactions
Credit Operations Information Systems (CIS)
Conclusion
Introduction
IN last years The banking system of our country is experiencing rapid development. Despite the existing shortcomings Russian legislation regulating the activities of banks, the situation is steadily changing for the better. Gone are the days when it was easy to make money through currency speculation and fraud. Today, more and more banks rely on the professionalism of their employees and new technologies.
It is difficult to imagine a more fertile ground for the introduction of new computer technologies than banking. In principle, almost all tasks that arise during the operation of a bank can be automated quite easily. Fast and uninterrupted processing of significant flows of information is one of the main tasks of any large financial organization. In accordance with this, the need to have a computer network that allows processing ever-increasing information flows is obvious. In addition, it is banks that have sufficient financial capabilities to use the most modern technology. However, one should not assume that the average bank is willing to spend huge sums on computerization. The bank is first and foremost financial institution designed to make a profit, so the costs of modernization should be comparable to the expected benefits of its implementation.
Interest in the development of computerized banking systems is determined not by the desire to extract immediate benefits, but mainly by strategic interests. As practice shows, investments in such projects begin to generate profit only after a certain period of time necessary for training staff and adapting the system to specific conditions. By investing in software, computer and telecommunications equipment and creating a base for the transition to new computing platforms, banks, first of all, strive to reduce the cost and speed up their routine work and win the competition.
New technologies are helping banks, investment firms and insurance companies transform their relationships with clients and find new ways to generate profits.
1. Security of credit transactions
To increase the efficiency of international monetary and credit operations, their maximum computerization is necessary. Currently, systems for international information exchange have developed: common networks of payment documentation, a channel for operations with credit payment instruments (EPS-NET). International automated interbank settlement systems are used: for securities trading - SEDELS, for foreign exchange transactions and information services- Reuters Monitor Service. In 1973, a joint stock company was created in Brussels - the Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications Network (SWIFT), the main task of which is the high-speed transmission of banking and financial information, its sorting and archiving. Since 1987, SWIFT has also served non-banking institutions - brokerage and dealer firms, clearing, insurance, financial companies.
Information processing in the SWIFT system includes control, authentication of the sender and recipient, distribution of messages by urgency, and encryption of information. The main achievement of SWIFT is the creation and use of standards banking documentation, recognized by ISO. The unification of banking documents made it possible to avoid many mistakes in international interbank payments.
A prerequisite for the successful functioning of SWIFT is the standardization of message formats, i.e. development of a unified “language of banks”. In 1974, the development of standard messages was completed: movement of customer payments, interbank payment movement, data on credit and foreign exchange transactions, statements from current bank accounts for one day. In 1988, the standardization of operations was completed: sale and registration of securities, collection and letter of credit operations; balance sheet for clients; check/account blocking; trade precious metals; syndicated loan; traveler's checks; guarantees.
In the second half of the 1980s. was developed SWIFT-P system(International Interbank Organization for Currency and Financial Settlements by Telex) and the new START system (automated system for monitoring the correct implementation of account transactions). SWIFT-N not only transmits, but also sorts information and organizes an archive.
In 1993, a new generation of financial interfaces was introduced - SWIFT Aliance, which is based on open systems, serves as a single platform for all financial communications and provides consumers with a strategic alternative in parallel to previous interface systems.
The use of SWIFT contributes to the improvement of international settlement, currency, and credit transactions:
the exchange of information between banks and financial institutions more than 160 countries via telecommunication lines and automated their interconnections Bank operations;
paperless international financial and banking transactions are carried out with a maximum reduction in operating costs. Paper documents are being replaced by electronic ones;
SWIFT ensures the security of interbank transactions using different combinations of risk insurance. Banking risks associated with loss of documents, erroneous addressing, and falsification of payment documents are reduced.
Credit transactions
Credit is a system economic relations, resulting from the transfer of value in kind or cash alone legal entities others for temporary use on the terms of urgency, repayment and, usually, with the payment of interest. In the conditions market economy Commercial and bank loans are widespread. The latter is issued by banks in the form of cash loans used to expand production and as a source of funds for current activities.
If borrowed funds are not required all at once, but in parts over a certain period of time, then it is possible to register with a bank line of credit instead of a one-time loan. In this case, the total amount is determined within which the borrower can spend funds from his loan account (or which will be transferred in parts, in agreement with the bank, to the borrower’s account, and he will spend them as needed). In this case, interest for the use of credit resources is accrued only on the amounts actually transferred to the borrower’s disposal.
The procedure for issuing and repaying loans is determined by the relevant legislation and is regulated by the loan agreement between the organization and the bank. The agreement establishes the objects of lending, the conditions and procedure for granting a loan, the terms of its repayment, forms of mutual security of obligations, interest rates, the procedure for their payment, the rights and responsibilities of the parties, a list of documents, and the frequency of their submission.
The period for repayment of the funds received by the borrower is determined either in the loan agreement or in the urgent obligation - a document that formalizes the receipt by the borrower of each amount within the limits total amount loan agreement.
Before applying to a specific bank for a loan, an organization must carefully weigh the feasibility of obtaining it and the possibility of repayment, evaluate and compare the conditions for the provision and repayment of loans by different commercial banks in terms of the terms for which the loan is provided, interest rates and other requirements. In turn, the bank carefully analyzes the solvency and liquidity of the organization, assessing its ability to repay the loan in a timely manner and pay interest. To do this, he has the right to request balance sheet and other reporting of the organization, check the loan collateral with relevant inventory items, familiarize yourself with documents and reports.
Depending on the purpose of use, loans are divided:
· for loans for financing working capital;
· for loans for financing capital investments.
The terms of bank loans can be short-term - up to a year and long-term - over a year. Short-term bank loans serve as one of the sources of formation of working capital of organizations. Optimal time of such loans is the time of turnover of funds in the business processes being financed. For these purposes, differentiated terms of use standards are usually developed. borrowed money in time, since in most cases the amount of interest paid directly depends on the period for which the loan is issued.
Long-term bank loans are mainly issued for the costs of capital construction, reconstruction and other capital investments. These types of loans should be paid back through the profits generated from these activities.
To record transactions for receiving and repaying loans and borrowings, passive accounts 66 “Calculations for short-term loans and loans" and 67 "Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings." Received loans and borrowings are reflected in the credit of these accounts in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for cash and settlements, and repayments of loans and borrowings are reflected in the debit of the accounts in correspondence with cash accounts.
Credit Operations Information Systems (CIS)
Today, the widespread use of information technology has become an objective necessity. The range of areas in which information technologies are used is extremely wide. One of the areas where their importance has traditionally been great since the beginning of their rapid development is financial sector.
The modern banking sector exists in conditions of increasing competition, decreasing profitability of operations, and fierce competition for clients. All this leads to demands for improved quality and cheaper customer service, as well as new requirements for speed and volume of data processing. One of the ways to increase business efficiency is the introduction of information technology (IT), comprehensive automation banking procedures and processes as one whole system, covering all functions of the bank and providing end-to-end processing of information.
The credit operations information system is a software and technology complex that covers a set of interrelated automated banking operations and tasks.
The fundamental features of ISCO are determined by the fundamental uniqueness of the very activities of banks.
Banks, by definition, are financial institutions of a universal nature. At the same time, many operations related to banking (settlement, cash, credit, with securities, trust management, storage of valuables, etc.) are performed and must be performed (with appropriate permission, if necessary) not only by banks, but and other credit organizations (NPOs - non-bank credit organizations), and to a certain extent even just enterprises. However, there are operations that can and should be performed by banks and only them. The above-mentioned exclusive prerogative in general terms was called the formation of means of payment, their release into circulation and withdrawal from circulation. At the same time, it is important to keep in mind that ensuring economic turnover with means of payment is not a separate area of activity of banks, but implies an internal inextricable connection with deposits, settlement, payment, credit, cash and other operations. Taking into account this consideration, it can be argued that this exclusive prerogative of banks is specifically implemented in the corresponding groups of operations, which are decisive and determine the very nature of banks.
Thus, the uniqueness of the banking activities themselves leads to uniqueness and automation banking processes, imposes certain requirements on it.
CIS, along with the operational component, also includes a managerial one.
The bank management system generally performs functions typical of any management systems(accounting and control, analysis and regulation, planning), but it has the peculiarities of distributing these functions between elements of the management structure.
Accounting and control in a bank are represented by operational and accounting accounting, which are closely related to each other: analytical accounting is reflected in bank personal accounts, and each personal account is associated with a certain balance sheet. Statistical accounting allows you to collect information about changes in individual indicators for a specific period.
Analysis is a management function that allows you to recognize the existing economic situation both inside and outside the bank. Large banks have two divisions, one of which provides analysis internal state bank, and analyzes the other external environment.
Planning prepares decisions that ensure the achievement of set goals.
The decisions prepared at the planning stage are implemented within the framework of the regulatory function.
The object of management in a bank is the activity of each division or individual employee, as well as a separate banking operation, consisting of a number of technological stages. The management structure of a bank can be different and depends on the size of the bank, the number of types of services provided, the number of clients and the operations performed by the bank. Principles of CIS construction
Analysis of automated banking systems indicates a lack of unification and standardization of banking technologies. Technologies for performing banking operations of the same name differ in different banks. This has led to the emergence of software tools on the information technology market that provide varying degrees of automation of banking activities. But when designing an ISCO, a number of fundamental principles should be observed:
The structure of a modern ISCO is a set of functional modules. They reflect one of the features of banking systems - the modular principle of construction, which is inherent in most modern information systems. The modular construction principle provides for the division of the banking information system into a number of elements according to a functional or object principle. In practice, functional separation is most often used, which allows the user to link individual modules into a single information system that best reflects the specifics and needs of each bank. The set of modules may vary depending on the specifics of the bank, its focus, scale of activity, and the list and nature of operations actually performed by the bank. The division into functional modules may differ in systems from different manufacturers, but in general it is closely dependent on the main types of banking products. The main ISCO modules are shown in the figure.
The central module (core) of the ISCO is the basic module, which ensures analytical and synthetic accounting, generation of mandatory reporting and preparation and interaction for solving all other tasks of the bank.
Module of cash settlement services (CSM). Problems to be solved:
recording data about bank clients, concluded bank account agreements, opening and maintaining settlement and foreign currency accounts clients;
processing of various types of bank documents, including payment orders in rubles and foreign currency, cash, conversion, memorial, off-balance sheet and urgent documents;
carrying out ruble settlements through the settlement network of the Bank of Russia, currency settlements, as well as settlements using correspondent accounts opened with other banks;
automated maintenance of document files;
automatic calculation and collection of commissions from clients for transactions;
preparation of financial statements in accordance with the requirements of the Bank of Russia.
Commercial loan accounting module. Problems to be solved:
registration of customer loan applications, analysis of the creditworthiness of borrowers, accounting of prisoners loan agreements various types;
accounting for collateral for loans, calculating payment calendars, calculating interest and fines, calculating and settling reserves for possible losses on loans;
accounting reflection credit transactions with automatic generation of payment, internal and off-balance sheet documents and orders in the cash settlement module;
formation of internal documents of various types and financial statements in accordance with the requirements of the Bank of Russia.
Deposit accounting module. Problems to be solved:
maintaining deposit agreements of clients according to various tariff plans of the client, including support for the specifics of the bank regarding interest payments, repayment, prolongation of deposits, etc.;
accounting of transactions regarding agreements for raising funds (cash and non-cash), calculating interest and taxes, prolongation, repayment on time and early termination agreements, etc. with automatic generation of the necessary documents in the cash register module, maintaining the current status of agreements;
generation of reporting in accordance with the requirements of the Bank of Russia.
Modules for operations in money markets. Problems to be solved:
automated accounting and registration of transactions, corresponding obligations, payment calendars, interest payments, prolongations and offsets for transactions concluded on the interbank money market;
ensuring the possibility of joint calculation of limits on interbank credit (IBC) and FOREX transactions if the bank maintains uniform credit limits counterparties;
generation of mandatory, internal and client reporting.
Bill accounting module. Problems to be solved:
support for release operations own bills, trading operations with other people's bills, provision of bill loans, collection and guarantee operations;
maintaining registers of one’s own bills of exchange issued for circulation, bills of exchange in custody, other people’s bills of exchange in one’s own portfolio, etc.
automated processing of transactions with bills of exchange, ensuring accounting, including automatic opening of accounts and generation of transactions at all stages of the bill of exchange life cycle;
generation of main types of reporting: internal analytical reporting and mandatory reporting in accordance with the requirements of the Bank of Russia.
Public service module. Problems to be solved:
servicing the population with the full range of necessary operations “without opening an account” (transfers of funds without opening an account, transactions with valuables, depository services and foreign exchange exchange transactions) and “by account” (executing deposit agreements, registering deposit terms, changing deposit terms, calculating interest and automatic accounting; payments in rubles and foreign currency from the account; providing loans to the population, working with organizations providing services to employees and the public).
Business contracts module. Problems to be solved:
maintaining a register of business agreements concluded by the bank;
processing and storage of documents related to contracts (invoices, invoices, acts, invoices);
generation of payment documents for payment of bills, invoices, closing acts;
automatic generation of invoices for client transactions, as well as maintaining a book of purchases and sales;
generation of operational reporting on control and planning of payments to suppliers;
planning and monitoring the execution of the bank's budget expenditures.
Securities transactions module. Problems to be solved:
automated accounting and execution of transactions with securities
maintaining your own (trading and investment) and client portfolios;
maintaining own and client position no cash and securities;
automatic accounting registration results of operations;
automatic calculation and deduction of commission from clients;
revaluation of the bank's trading portfolio no market value securities, formation accounting entries no revaluation results;
calculation of financial results for own and client operations;
generation of main types of reporting.
Conclusion
From all of the above, we can conclude that the use of the most modern computer technologies brings large profits to banks and helps them win the competition. Any automated banking system is a complex hardware and software complex consisting of many interconnected modules. The role of network technologies in such systems is absolutely obvious. Essentially, a BS is a complex consisting of many local and global computer networks. The BS today uses the most modern network and telecommunications equipment. The efficiency and reliability of its operation depends on the correct construction of the BS network structure.
Since the demand for BS is quite high and the price is high, many large computer hardware and software manufacturing companies offer their developments in this area on the market. The bank's automation department faces the difficult question of choosing the optimal solution. The banking sector defines two main requirements for the BS - ensuring the reliability and security of the transmission of commercial information. Recently, open global networks (for example, the Internet) are increasingly being used to interact with clients and make payments. The latter circumstance further enhances the importance of protecting transmitted data from unauthorized access.
Apparently, in the near future the pace of development of BS (especially in our country) will grow rapidly. Almost all emerging network technologies will be quickly adopted by banks. Processes of integration of banks within national and global banking communities are inevitable.
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Consumer lending certainly contributes to economic growth, but it must be controlled by different players, i.e. we need clear rules that should be established between banks and such regulatory authorities as National Bank, interaction with Consumer Associations is also necessary. In recent years, the area of responsibility of this business has undergone major changes in the legislative framework, for example, clear information has appeared on tariffs, on contracts and consumer lending products, as well as in terms of the rules or regulations that are prescribed in these contracts.
“Cost-of-credit concepts.” Many people argue that banks make a lot of money because loans are expensive. The concept of pricing in consumer lending is quite a complex thing. In the process of pricing credit products, three main parameters are used: the macroeconomic environment is assessed globally, the profile of the bank that issues loans or loans, and the profile of the market itself, that is, the macroeconomic environment also consists of different aspects. We must understand that consumer credit is directly related to funding conditions in the market, that is, whether banks can find sufficient funding, at what fees and with what repayment terms.
For example, in the former USSR countries and in many countries of Eastern Europe Until recently, it was difficult to find funding for more than one year. If a bank cannot provide funding for up to 12 months, then it is very difficult to provide loans for a period of two years or more. It is necessary to take into account such basic indicators as the inflation rate, the policy of local financial regulatory authorities in terms of rates and global market conditions, that is, the existence of payment channels. Potential employment may also be one indicator.
Rating, profile, authorized capital and bank savings accounts, investments in information technology have serious impact for consumer lending. A large amount of IT technology is involved here; this business requires the use of a large number of work force, which differs from private banking, where work is carried out with individual clients. It is necessary to check the pressure from new or existing competitors in the market, as well as the impact of cooperation schemes or cooperation with various retail structures (stores, shopping centers, etc.). It is also necessary to check market conditions, and this is knowledge regarding risk management issues, which affects costs on the part of banks.
“Risk management concept for consumer lending.” Risk management is a key issue for businesses and banks; their survival depends on it. The key issue for the consumer is that he receives good conditions and consumer lending products.
For example, in CETELLEM (this is one of the banks of BNP PARIBAS), the cost of risk is 1.32% of the bank's total liabilities, or FINAREFF (this is large bank, which is engaged in indirect banking activities in the secondary market) the risk is 3.2% of total liabilities. RENAULT CREDIT INTERNATIONAL (one of the largest car financing structures in the world) the cost of risk is quite low, namely 0.9%.
Risk control is a very important point, as it creates attractive tariff conditions for consumers, and also allows for the expansion of the bank’s activities by offering new, more attractive services in the future.
Risk management methods require new technology, which is being actively implemented in this business, which includes the implementation of a database management system that is able to detect fraud. Secondly, expert systems are programs capable of making automatic decisions and assessing the potential risk in relation to certain clients. All of these systems have been implemented over the past 20 years and have basically helped many players control their own risks because these programs and solutions are more effective than the human brain for making decisions.
One of the systems is called credit-scoring, which helps banks conduct potential analysis of future risks in an accurate way. Another system - blacklist management includes an internal or external blacklist, such as credit bureau, where there is a large customer database. Speaking about consumer lending, the main idea is that consumer lending is one of the main factors stimulating economic development nationally and globally. Only this business should not be subject to absolute control, we must carry it out in a responsible manner, include a clear legislative framework, as well as the implementation of new technological tools in order to carry out monitoring in a professional manner.
“What profit does IT bring to banks”
Rethinking approaches to assessing the effectiveness of investments in information technology was the result of a detailed study of the total system of costs for creating and maintaining IT infrastructure.
The main parameters for the development of IT infrastructure in a bank, in contrast to the use of information technologies in industrial and other commercial enterprises, are determined by two critical characteristics:
- 1. The share of information in the banking business, since in the aggregate banking business processes represent the receipt, processing and further transaction of information flows, due to which that part of banking profit is formed that does not stem from the profit from interest rate on loans. In this sense, banking operations, regardless of a specific financial institution, are subject to standardization on the basis of unified platforms that can be used by various participants in the banking industry, subject to relatively little adaptation to the needs of an individual institution.
- 2. The need to ensure maximum effective management information security, also based on the use of a range of modern IT solutions.
Today, discussing the prospects for the development of information technology in the banking sector in the context of the rapid expansion of the knowledge-based economy, we come to a fundamentally new vision of IT in the system for increasing the efficiency of the banking business.
It is necessary to consider information systems in a bank as a tool:
- a) increasing process productivity;
- b) cost reduction;
- c) reducing costs for material (physical) resources of the enterprise;
- d) carrying out highly efficient, efficient and at the same time low-cost electronic transactions, including electronic commerce and electronic banking operations.
Ultimately, information technology can provide from 1/4 to 1/3 total volumes economic growth.
At the first stages, the experience of introducing IT into the infrastructure of banks can be highly costly. Minimizing the transaction costs that result from such innovations is the ultimate goal and the most significant achievement of effectively implemented innovations. The process of informatization itself is associated with a dramatic increase in computer equipment, software updates, the introduction of new applications, and in most cases turns out to be the most significant budget item, requiring an increase in costs for IT support of the systems being implemented.
According to experts, there will be a potential reduction in costs for informatization of banking services by increasing the efficiency of the banking business.
Surprisingly, the majority of researchers who deal with the problems of informatization of the banking business and who act as ardent advocates of automating business processes answer the question in the affirmative whether modern banks can do without technological innovation. The underdevelopment of the IT infrastructure is not the root cause of the inefficiency or lack of profitability of a credit institution, but at the same time it almost certainly guarantees its low competitiveness. Today it is already obvious that the effectiveness of investments in information technology in the financial industry is determined, first of all, by the desire of banks to develop new markets and win more clients, which is impossible without the use of modern high-tech means of conducting banking transactions.
One of the most effective strategies for low-cost and at the same time profitable informatization in the banking sector has become the American concept of reducing redundant infrastructure IT systems instead of traditional cutting IT budgets. As a rule, the initial corporate information system (CIS) of a bank, even the largest and most efficient (moreover, it is large banks that are more difficult to cope with the redundancy factor of IT systems), is a complex, clumsy structure that is based on large quantities automated solutions and applications supported by different manufacturers, not integrated with each other. Such a “zoo” of information technologies simultaneously leads to two negative consequences: the inefficiency of the CIS itself and, as a consequence of the business processes provided by its components, an increase in the costs of supporting and maintaining existing infrastructure systems. According to American analysts, the most effective practice in this case is the unification (standardization) of existing systems, which in most cases avoids increasing the initial IT budgets. We can say that today progress does not lie in increasing complexity, but, on the contrary, in simplifying IT systems.
The financial sector has followed the path of IT standardization and centralization of information resource management. VTB Group. In the process of unification of infrastructure automated banking systems (ABS) and in the course of building a unified territorially distributed information and communication infrastructure, formed as a result of the concentration of banking capital upon completion of the standardization project, instead of 9 various systems V branch network There are only two standard versions of the bank left, developed and supported by Russian vendors.
Let's consider the life cycle of a loan product.
The initial stage of the life cycle of a loan product begins with the bank representative informing the client about the terms of the loan, during which the client receives the necessary and reliable information about the terms of the loan, and the possibility and amount of the loan are preliminarily assessed. Having received the necessary advice, the client fills out an application for a loan and provides the necessary package of documents for obtaining a loan. The application and package of documents are submitted to the bank for further processing: they are checked for sufficiency, consistency and reliability. This check is carried out, as a rule, by the security service regarding the presence of facts of criminal and (or) administrative liability, the presence of debt on loans in the bank system, credit history, and also checks information about borrowers and guarantors.
In August 2009, the Law “On credit histories", which regulates the activities of banks in providing information to the Credit Register on concluded credit agreements, loan agreements, guarantees, pledges, guarantees.
Both the bank and any individual or legal entity can obtain information from credit histories.
If the bank checks the credit history when considering a loan application, it must obtain written consent from the client (which is valid for 3 months), drawn up in a special form, and only after this the bank can submit a request to the Credit Register of the National Bank.
Having received a response to a request from the National Bank to check the credit history, the terms of the loan are determined: as a rule, in the form of an automatic or semi-automatic scoring procedure - assessing the potential borrower and calculating the lending limit. The bank informs the client about the decision made; if the decision is positive, the documents are processed.
In addition to paperwork, the issuance of a loan also has a monetary embodiment, that is, the form of issuing the loan is determined: non-cash or cash, provision of a bank credit card. If the loan is issued on a plastic card, you must submit an application for personalization of the credit card.
The issued loan must be taken into account in the accounting system in the software and hardware complex.
A software and hardware complex is a special software used to automate operations when lending to individuals, in the databases of which information about borrowers (including debt on loans, interest on loans, etc.) is maintained in the context of concluded agreements.
And although after this the initial stage of the life cycle of a loan product is completed, there are still many pitfalls ahead. These include loan repayment (partial, early), the occurrence of arrears and other operations.
Having considered the stages of the life cycle of a loan product, we approached the task facing the bank - the implementation of these stages in the information system.
Information system is a system for storing, processing and transmitting information presented in a certain form.
The distribution of functions among systems, as well as the mechanism for exchanging information between them, determine the architecture of the retail lending information system as a whole.
Increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of banks is impossible without the implementation and use of an integrated information system, since it allows you to perform all functions - from entering applications for loan products to accounting. As previously mentioned, issuing a loan is the simplest and most regulated operation in the life cycle of a loan product. Repayments, partial repayments, early repayments, as well as late payments and other, more rare operations, can be effectively automated only using a developed accounting core.
Such a core is scoring as the most important element of the life cycle of a credit product. The main requirements for it are sufficient speed, compliance with the methodology adopted by the bank, and the ability to change and debug the scoring algorithm by bank employees.
When deciding to implement a scoring system, the bank must assess how ready it is for this and pay attention primarily to the following points:
How unified are the decision-making processes for issuing a loan at the bank;
the presence of a database of electronic applications, its completeness and quality of content, the presence of rejected applications in it;
the presence in the bank of a source of historical data on credit transactions, on which scoring models could be built;
how is the process of processing electronic loan applications automated, is loan document flow automated at all;
Availability of a data warehouse for all customer operations.
In light of the above, we can summarize that the implementation of a lending automation system, developed taking into account new information technologies and in accordance with the specifics and requirements of the bank, will reduce the time spent on such business processes as:
formation of a complete package of loan documents,
making a decision to issue a loan,
document flow between departments,
monitoring the timeliness of loan payments, etc.
The innovative activity of commercial banks lies in the creation and implementation of fundamentally new services that lead to changes in data processing technology.
3.1 Main proposals for improving the use of information technologies Bank Elita LLC
Data processing technology in a bank is closely related to the practice of providing services and is the basis of customer service technology. The latest information technologies and electronic data processing tools contribute to the emergence of new services and new opportunities for customer service technology. For example, the emergence of electronic payments contributed to the emergence of an Internet banking service system, providing clients with round-the-clock access to their accounts, as well as the ability to carry out the full range of payment and settlement transactions.
In the banking system, the definition of banking innovation includes: a new Russian product that first appeared on the financial market (maybe from the beginning in one bank); a new foreign banking product for Russia.
Banking innovation is the end result of innovative activity, a specific type of financial innovation implemented by banks in financial markets or in their own activities in the form of a new or improved banking product, service, process, organizational form or technology with the aim of more efficient formation and placement of resource and Adequacy Criteria innovative ideas can become consistent with their “Concept of an ideal bank”, which should be continuously developed and formed based on the theory of systems development. Undoubtedly, the most important trend is the full integration of the bank into modern information and financial models society. All necessary information for making a decision by the bank can be kept in electronic form by the client, upon the first request it can be requested and applied for the purposes of making a decision, and the bank, according to the “win-win” model of interaction with the client, will always offer the client conditions that are beneficial for both, which will be the only a condition for ensuring mutual loyalty and partnership potential of the bank.
To solve new business problems, you need a flexible system that is convenient for both business users and IT - a system that bank specialists can configure independently. A single platform will organize the work of employees according to a single standard, and a universal interface will increase labor productivity and adapt to changes in business processes and the rules of the game in the market. Managers and leading specialists of the bank should evaluate the system according to this criterion.
How to build a flexible, dynamic infrastructure to effectively support and solve strategic business problems? How can you minimize IT costs and overcome barriers to application integration or data migration to a new platform? The best option is to create a component SOA solution focused on the business process. SOA is an architectural pattern that can be implemented on various industrial platforms, servers, for building services and preparing large-scale SOA projects. To architectural solutions were thoughtful, the bank's IT strategists must come to an agreement. In the process of large-scale IT transformations, the problem of coordination becomes especially acute. it's time to shift the language of business to the language of IT, it's time to speak a common language, the language of SOA. The paths for such advancement have already been outlined, global trends have been formed - appropriate innovative solutions have emerged and businesses are ready to take advantage of advanced IT tools. It is clear: in order to get tangible results, real returns from the built financial architecture, it is important to choose the right direction of development. Technology leaders such as Accenture, Gartner, IBM help clients create their own target architectures for specific business tasks. The leaders of the IT industry have architectural ideas. Diasoft also has its own target architecture.
FLEXTERA, a new generation of Diasoft products, is implemented in a multi-level architecture on the JavaEE platform, in full compliance with the principles of SOA. FLEXTERA is a fundamentally different architectural approach to business automation: you can implement a separate component of an integrated solution and, in the future, develop and maintain it yourself. Once having installed the “piece” FLEXTERA module, the customer can have a new platform as a whole and, as necessary, implement new services of a centralized solution - multifunctional, with open interfaces that ensure integration with any external systems.
FLEXTERA is based on the bank's real business processes, which can be developed along with the development of products, optimizing and increasing their efficiency - and IT management is built as business process management. Innovative SOA and EDA technologies implemented in FLEXTERA are in demand both in Russia and abroad.
FLEXTERA – a “flexible” solution to business problems
Several examples of SOA projects
Global changes in the IT landscape of one of the largest domestic banks required the implementation of the multi-component FLEXTERA complex - as a result, system changes necessary for rapid business development were supported.
Another example. To improve the quality of service, an innovative retail bank with a heterogeneous IT system implemented the FLEXTERA front office solution. This is an option for a gradual movement towards the target architecture, with the replacement or implementation of necessary components integrated into the bank’s IT landscape at points that require servicing new business needs.
The third option is preferred by banks that want to use their know-how to get ahead of competitors, but do not find a suitable solution in the market. They create their own, custom technologies using FLEXTERA as a development platform.
Most banks choose the legacy renovation option, transferring “old”, good functionality to new technologies, to a scalable, high-performance platform. Diasoft continues to develop this idea, using the FLEXTERA platform in domestic projects and in developing proposals for European banks.
And another option - perhaps the most innovative of the existing instrumental approaches: Software as a Service. SaaS can be used as a service - this is the most suitable option for customers (for example, for a microfinance business) who are just planning their business and cannot immediately calculate the return on the software.
In short, there is a choice and options for creating a target architecture. We need to weigh all the pros and cons, analyze everything and come to an agreement at all levels, because from decision taken depends on how the business will develop - both today and in the future.
3.2 Assessing the effectiveness of the proposed activities
FLEXTERA is the result of cooperation between Diasoft and IBM, which began back in 2003. This is the first solution for banks in Russia, which implements advanced principles of service-oriented architecture (SOA). Regular stress testing at the IBM Innovation Center ensures that IBM Ready-for-SOA certified FLEXTERA products perform to the highest market demands.
This is an integrated Financial Architecture that combines all the Bank’s products and information resources into a single whole and provides the opportunity for rapid development and breakthrough through the choice of more than 60 completely ready-made functional modules and individual software services included in the existing infrastructure through integration with modules third party suppliers. This is a full-blown SOA implementation.
This is the automation of all business processes of the Bank. Built on the basis of real work, FLEXTERA reproduces and controls the entire business process as a whole: all its stages, all its participants - “guides” people through the process, simplifies their work, eliminates errors and gives management tools for managing operational efficiency.
This is a full-featured solution that automates the Bank’s entire business - corporate, retail and investment, supports the work of all departments - front office, risk management, back office and accounting and offers ready-made solutions for all key business processes in each of the banking divisions. The company has more than 600 pre-configured ones based on best experience business process company clients.