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The tourism industry is an intersectoral economic complex that specializes in creating tourism products that can satisfy the needs of the population for leisure, travel, recreation and health improvement through the production and sale of tourism goods and services.

Elements of the tourism industry are enterprises and institutions, the purpose of which is to satisfy certain tourist needs (motivational, content, comfort, attractions, etc.).

In the modern world economy, the tourism industry confidently holds a leading position. It develops at a particularly rapid pace when the natural and socio-economic prerequisites for industrial development are absent or exhausted. Agriculture. tourism hospitality hotel vacation

The tourism industry combines diverse industries and activities, such as material production, and non-production spheres. The main problem when referring individual species activities in the tourism industry there is a choice of classification criteria. Economic activity Tourism-related tourism has traditionally been defined in terms of demand, the consumption of goods and services by visitors and the expenses they incur. With this approach, the tourism industry is a collective sphere that covers different kinds economic activity.

There are several points of view regarding the composition of the tourism industry. European tourism experts divide the entire system of entrepreneurship in tourism into two parts: the tourism industry and the hospitality industry. The tourism industry, according to this point of view, includes the entertainment industry, tour operating, travel agencies, transport, excursion and educational organizations. The hospitality industry includes the service industry, the accommodation industry and the food industry. According to Australian hospitality specialist Lynn van der Wagen, the hospitality industry includes industries that provide accommodation, alcoholic beverages, food and entertainment.

The modern tourism industry includes a number of economic entities:

• - manufacturing companies tourist services(hospitals, sanatoriums, health resorts, recreation centers, business consultations, etc.);
• - tour operator firms, that is, firms that develop and sell tourism products primarily on a wholesale basis;
• - travel agent firms acting as sellers of tourism products generated by tour operators;
• - specialized companies providing accommodation services (boarding houses, holiday homes, motels, hotels, campsites, etc.);
• - specialized catering establishments (restaurants, bars, cafes, canteens, etc.);
• - specialized transport enterprises (airline enterprises, automobile enterprises, railway departments, sea and river transport enterprises);
• - trading enterprises and trading companies specializing in goods for tourists;
• - leisure tourism enterprises (cinema and concert halls, slot machine halls, etc.);
• - advertising and information tourist institutions (advertising agencies and bureaus, tourist information centers, etc.);
• - state enterprises(national, regional, municipal enterprises of a unitary or joint-stock nature engaged in tourism on a commercial basis).

The following classification of enterprises producing products and services for tourists can be given:

• - primary - intended directly for serving tourists (sanatoriums, boarding houses, tourist centers, etc.). In the conditions of a closed tourist and resort center, almost all enterprises located in a given territory belong to this category;
• - secondary - designed to serve primarily tourists, although their services can also be used by local residents (catering establishments, cultural institutions, etc.);
• - tertiary - as a rule, they are intended to serve local residents, but their services can also be used by tourists to meet their needs ( public transport, mail, etc.).

the federal law dated November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ “On the fundamentals tourism activities V Russian Federation"interprets the tourism industry as "a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, facilities for sanatorium-resort treatment and recreation, public catering facilities, facilities and means of entertainment, educational, business, medical and recreational, physical education, sports and other purposes, organizations , carrying out tour operator and travel agency activities, tourist operators information systems, as well as organizations providing the services of guides, guides-translators and instructors-guides.”

In the works of V.I. Azara, V.A. Kvartalnov and V.M. Kozyrev tourism industry (tourism industry) is defined as “... economic system, consisting of a complex of industries and divisions whose functions are to satisfy the diverse and increasingly complex demand for various types of recreation and entertainment.” A number of domestic authors, in particular V.A. Kvartalnov, the main segments of the tourism industry include the transport industry, tour operator and travel agency activities, the hotel industry, the food and entertainment industry.

The tourism entrepreneurship system should include:

• 1. The main entrepreneurial core of tourism is tour operators and travel agents as a lever that activates other factors of production in tourism.
• 2. Transport sector, accommodation and catering sector, entertainment sector. Approximately the same approach is taken

L. Mastney: “...at its core, tourism remains a private sector activity, driven mainly by international hotel complexes, travel companies and other types of business.”

The tourism industry is characterized by the following specific properties: resource orientation, seasonal and cyclical nature of production, and the need for significant investments in tourism infrastructure.

The tourism industry includes the production and distribution of goods and services various industries national economy, acting in this case as tourism industries. The complexity and diversity of market relations in the tourism industry determines the mutual multiplier effect of the development of both tourism industries and other industries social production. The specificity of the tourism industry lies in the diversity and complexity of direct and (or) indirect interaction in this segment of various branches of social production, most of which are industries selling non-productive types of services.

If we consider the tourism industry in a broader sense, then it is an independent national economic complex, since in addition to the listed entities that are directly related to tourism, it also includes various specialized enterprises that do not have a pronounced tourist character. Such industries include passenger transport (air, water, road, rail) with its extensive network of technical services, transport engineering and automotive industry, fuel industry, capital and road construction, souvenir production, food industry, many branches of agriculture, etc. , as well as the scope of services used by tourists.

The tourism industry is a set of enterprises, institutions and organizations of material production and non-production spheres that ensure the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of tourism products, the development and use of tourism resources, and the creation of material - technical base tourism. Being a complex intersectoral national economic complex, the tourism industry includes the following components:

tourism organizers - tourism enterprises for the development, promotion and sale of tourism products (tour operators and travel agents);

enterprises providing accommodation services (hotels, motels, boarding houses, holiday homes, etc.);

catering establishments (restaurants, cafes, bars, etc.);

transport enterprises (automotive and aviation enterprises, railway departments, river and sea transport enterprises, etc.);

tour agency;

manufacturing tourism enterprises (production of tourist souvenirs, hotel furniture, tourist equipment);

trading enterprises (shops selling tourist equipment and souvenirs);

enterprises in the sphere of leisure and entertainment (theme parks, cinema and concert halls, interest clubs, slot machine halls, etc.);

amateur tourism institutions (hiking, mountaineering, cycling clubs);

tourism authorities ( government agencies, public tourism organizations);

educational, scientific, design institutions.

The above list is far from complete. As the processes of organizing tourism expand and become more complex, new industries and enterprises national economy are involved in tourism production. Tourist services are provided by trade enterprises, banks, Insurance companies. The tourism industry is indirectly formed by enterprises that serve not only tourists, but also other groups of the population: cultural institutions, medical and medical institutions, communication organizations, enterprises producing consumer goods, public passenger transport, etc.

Based on these premises. The Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” defines the tourism industry as “a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, educational, business, recreational, sports and other purposes, organizations engaged in tourism and travel agency activities, as well as organizations providing excursion services and guide-translator services.

The complex of use values ​​received by a tourist during the travel process is a product of labor invested in tourism, in practice called the “tourist product.”

A tourist product is the result of social labor in the form of tourist services that have use value. In the broadest sense, a tourism product is any type of tourism service.

Tourist services - appropriate production activity, satisfying the needs of tourists and, as a rule, not taking a material form. In accordance with this definition, these services can be characterized as an invisible product of a special kind.

Tourist services include:

for tourist accommodation;

movement of tourists from the country (place) of permanent residence to the country (place) of temporary stay and back;

providing tourists with food;

satisfying the cultural needs of tourists (excursions, visiting theaters, concert halls, museums, historical and cultural monuments, parks, nature reserves, festivals, sports competitions, etc.);

satisfaction of business and scientific interests (participation in congresses, conferences, meetings, seminars, fairs, exhibitions, etc.);

information (about tourist resources of a particular region, customs and border formalities, exchange rates, types of transport, prices, etc.);

means of communication (use of the Internet, long-distance and international communications, fax);

organizational (issuance of passports, visas, insurance, provision of guides, translators, etc.);

trading enterprises, both general and special purpose(sale of souvenirs, gifts, etc.);

intermediary (booking hotel rooms, tickets for various types of transport, sending and delivering correspondence, purchasing gifts, souvenirs);

household (clothing, shoe repair, dry cleaning, rental, etc.);

sports and recreation (use of swimming pools, sports facilities, hunting and fishing under licenses, etc.).

The result of the activities of tourism enterprises in the form of services or their complex, intended for sale on the market, is usually called a tourism product. The latter, depending on the specifics of the activity tourism enterprise can act in the form of various services, and also be presented in a certain form, depending on the satisfaction of certain needs of the client and his preferences. It can be individual services of a tourist nature (for example, hotel accommodation) or their complex, provided to the consumer in the form of a tourist trip for specific purposes and along a pre-planned route. Such a complex of services is perceived by the consumer as one product and is purchased in the aggregate of all its components.

Tour is the main type of tourism product presented on the tourism market, produced by tourism enterprises and representing a complex of services or goods for tourism purposes, united by the common purpose of travel.

Creating an attractive tourism product is the first and most important task of a travel agency. The tourism product has the following basic consumer properties:

justification - the provision of all services must be determined by the purpose of the trip, and the corresponding services based on the needs of the tourist;

efficiency - achieving the greatest effect for the tourist

at minimal expense on his part;

reliability - compliance with the actual content of the advertising product, reliability of information;

integrity-completeness of the product, its ability to fully satisfy tourist needs;

clarity - the consumption of the product, its focus should be clear to both the tourist and the service personnel;

prostate in operation;

flexibility - the ability of a product in a service system to adapt to a different type of consumer;

usefulness is the ability to serve the achievement of one or more goals (for example, recreation and knowledge), to satisfy certain needs of a tourist.

It is necessary to note such an important property of the tourism product as hospitality. Hospitality in the tourism industry is

A professional requirement, the art of making people feel welcome. The components of hospitality are dignity, respect, and courtesy of the staff. This concept consists of many constituent factors:

quality information from both local and regional markets about opportunities for recreation, knowledge and entertainment;

creating a positive image of a tourist area,

enterprises serving consumers (advertising, participation in programs dedicated to tourism);

attentive attitude of those who provide the tourism product to the requests and wishes of the client (according to the principle “What else can we offer?”).

When forming a tour and its components, two options are possible: a) preparation of individual tours; b) preparation of package tours.

In the first case, the formation of a program and the composition of services are carried out at the request and with the direct participation of the tourist. He is offered a choice different variants services for each type of service in the proposed vacation spot.

A package tour involves strict, pre-planned (before contact with the client) work of services, focused on a specific type of tourism, as well as on the social class of tourists and their age.

The main set of services is a set of services that make up the service program within the tour. Depending on the target focus and purpose of the tour, it includes the following services:

Transportation (transportation); accommodation; nutrition; software.

Transportation services (transport services within the tour) can be divided into three main types: delivery of tourists from their place of residence to their destination and back; transfer; transport support for tour software services. The inclusion of certain tourist transportation services in the tour, as well as the determination of the class and level of provision of these services are carried out in accordance with the goals of the tour and its program.

Accommodation services are the main type of tourist services that must be provided as part of any organized tourist trip.

Food services also belong to the main range of tourist services included in the tour. There are the following types of classification of food services:

Breakfast - one meal; half board - two meals a day, usually including breakfast and lunch or breakfast and dinner; full board - three meals a day.

Program services are a complex of excursion, entertainment, educational, training and other services, formed in accordance with intended purpose tour.

The basic range of services is a mandatory element of each tour, regardless of who the tour is aimed at.

Additional services- an important component of the tour, including any services that can be provided to the consumer “at his request” and in accordance with his interests for additional fee. Additional services may be offered to the consumer at the time of purchase of the tour and will be included in the cost of the tour, or they may be offered during the tour and paid for by the tourist himself.

The tourism market can be defined as a socio-economic phenomenon that combines supply and demand to ensure the process of buying and selling a tourism product at a given time and place.

When characterizing the tourism market, the following points must be taken into account:

the main subject of purchase and sale are services;

In addition to the buyer and seller, the mechanism of the tourism market includes a significant number of intermediary links that ensure the connection between supply and demand;

the demand for tourist services is distinguished by a number of features: a wide variety of travel participants according to financial capabilities, age, goals and motives;

elasticity: individuality and a high degree of differentiation; high replaceability: remoteness in time and place from tourist offer;

The tourist offer is also characterized by a number of distinctive characteristics: goods and services in tourism have a triple nature ( Natural resources, created resources, tourist services); high capital intensity of the industry; low elasticity; complexity.

Like everyone else commodity market, the tourism market is heterogeneous. Its structure distinguishes smaller markets. In this regard, there are quite a lot of signs of classification of the tourist market. Let us note only the most important ones, which are of paramount importance for sociological research.

Travel agencies operating internationally must take into account the different economic, cultural, and legal environments of each national market. International activity more complex than internal due to the wide variety of risks associated with settlements in foreign currency, with price and transport risk in case of non-payment or non-compliance with the conditions for the supply of tourist services. Difficulties related to customs formalities and other factors operating in global trade cannot be ruled out.

This is evidenced by data from a survey of the causes of miscalculations and failures in the international tourism business, according to which 53% of cases of such failures were accounted for by surveys, 35% were related to management, and 12% were due to legal, production and financial miscalculations. It is important to take into account the differences between countries, which sometimes turn out to be quite profound.

The set of elements and factors of a foreign macroeconomic system acts as the environment of the travel agency - participant foreign economic activity. This environment itself, due to the elements present in it, can also be considered as a heterogeneous phenomenon, within which there are different components - the microenvironment (external) and the macroenvironment. In the first case, we mean direct “contactors” - those suppliers of tour services with whom the tour company enters into mutually beneficial cooperation. In the second, general economic situation-forming factors.

It should be emphasized again that the internal environment of the company, its external micro- and macroeconomic environment foreign markets, as well as the principles and methodology of policy implementation form the fabric of foreign economic entrepreneurial activity, and form the principles that underlie the corresponding diverse practical work.

Today the number of travel agencies has increased greatly, especially in major cities, and fierce competition forces them to occupy their niches in the market. There are companies that deal with individual countries or destinations, and there are companies that work only to receive tourists. There are those that work with groups, and those that organize trips on an individual basis. There are travel agencies that fully organize trips and offer ready-made routes to other travel agencies at a discount, and there are travel agents who act as intermediaries between the tour operator and the client. Travel agents receive information about various tours, from which they select the one the client needs and the most affordable one.

The tourism industry is multifaceted. Many enterprises, firms and organizations are involved in serving tourists. The emergence of the tourism business is due to the intensive development of regional and international tourist exchanges and the strong disconnection of the consumer and producer of tourism services (hotels, restaurants, etc.) both in time (advance booking and sale of tours) and in space (different countries, even travel continents) .

5.1. Tourist market and promotion of tourism products

The tourism services market is the possibilities of supply and demand for tourism services. The concept of “offers on the tourism services market” includes both the material base of tourism and tourism services, goods, the high-quality and complete provision of which is possible only with sufficient development of the recreation infrastructure. Tourist market -1 economic system of interaction of four main elements:

1) tourist demand;
2) offers of a tourist product;
3) prices;
4) competition.

The modern tourist market is quite developed. Like any other market, the tourist market at one time underwent development from the seller's market, when the manufacturer decides what product, in what quantity to produce and where to sell, to the buyer's market, when the buyer determines what, in what volume and at what price to produce to the manufacturer.

The tourism industry is quite differentiated and provides a variety of opportunities for specialized travel. Almost any tourist request can be satisfied: a summer cruise to the cold Arctic expanses, where polar bears rule; catamaran descent along the African Zambezi River among vainly waiting hippos and crocodiles; a week visiting a Western American ranch with horse riding and cowboy training; a mountain bike trek along the rough roads of Nepal or a jeep safari through the Bolivian Andes, where every mile of the path passes at an altitude of more than 2500 meters, etc.

The formation of a tourism product consists of the services of many enterprises that are directly related to serving people on vacation and while traveling. These include transport companies, catering establishments, hotels, excursion and educational organizations, gambling establishments, sports and resort organizations, etc.

The process of promoting tourism services to the final consumer is not a direct process, often not providing for their direct connection. In the process of promotion, tourist services are packaged into a so-called tourist product (through a tour operator) and through a distribution system (through travel agencies) they are brought to the consumer. This is shown schematically in Fig. 5.1.

Service Providers

Consumers

Rice. 5.1. Scheme for promoting tourism services from service providers to consumers

5.2. Differentiation of the tourist market

All types of offers in the tourism market should be focused on a specific consumer, his wishes, tastes and travel goals.

People's tastes can vary. It depends on them financial situation, lifestyle, age, family composition and many other factors. Different people also have different travel goals: some go to relax by the water, others want to do sports or study in their spare time. in English, some are interested in excursions and museums, while others only need entertainment.

The goal of differentiating the tourism market is to create tourism services that are appropriate in theme, level and composition. At the same time, of course, it is important to have an idea of ​​the national tastes and habits of visiting tourists and take this into account when serving (say, when drawing up a menu, etc.).

The modern tourist offer is very diverse. There are rare offers, such as a trip through the treetops, advertised by one of the French travel companies. However, specific types of services largely depend on the capabilities of a particular region, country, etc. We can distinguish a number of segments of tourist services that are characteristic of most tourist regions and markets. They are included in the scheme of initial differentiation of the tourist market, presented in Fig. 5.2.

Rice. 5.2. Scheme of initial differentiation of the tourism market

5.3. Types of entrepreneurship in tourism

Tourism is a huge industry that includes various types of business. Many enterprises, organizations and firms find their application in the field of tourism services. From the point of view of statistics of tourism enterprises, types of entrepreneurship in tourism can be presented in the form of the following diagram (Fig. 5.3).

Rice. 5.3. Entrepreneurship system in tourism

According to experts, the greatest influence on the development of tourism is exerted by: the hotel business, transport, travel agencies, tour operators and global computer booking and reservation systems (GCS).

Hotel enterprises are like the base of any tourism product. Accommodation is always included in the package (set) of services, no matter what the trip or vacation. This is how a person is designed that he must rest once a day and must have an overnight stay at his place of stay. These basic services are provided by hotel enterprises of various types and levels of service. Therefore, the presence of hotel enterprises in a particular region or tourist center significantly affects the possibilities of receiving tourists. In addition, the level and standards of hotel service greatly influence the standards of service for tourists in general.

Transport is also an integral part of any travel, as it involves moving in space. Transport greatly facilitates and helps these movements. Modern transport gives tourists enormous opportunities to move while traveling over any, even the longest distances, in a fairly short time. Transport is necessary both for excursion purposes and for transfer. Transport capabilities, both in terms of accessibility of regions and frequency of flights, level and quality of service, influence the development of tourist flows.

Tour operating is actually a tourism enterprise, which aims to form a tourist product and promote it to consumers. The possibilities of wholesale tour ratings influence the distribution of tourist offer, the possibilities of its choice, and the competitive standards of quality of tourist service.

Travel agencies - enterprises selling tourist products, tourist shops. The choice of consumers, and therefore the sales opportunities of all other participants in the tourism market, largely depend on their capabilities, competence and reliability.

GCS - global computer networks (booking and reservation systems) began to be introduced into the tourism market en masse since the early 90s. XX century They can largely become alternative channel sales of tourism products. There are already studies by tourism experts predicting that such networks will conquer a significant part of the market of tour operators and travel agents. However, the same experts believe that tour operators and travel agents will find their niche and remain in the market as specialized enterprises and consulting sales points. At the same time, the undoubted contribution of computer systems to tourism is the acceleration of information flows and the expansion of choice and booking options.

5.4. The international nature of the modern tourist market

Tourism at the end of the 20th century. became completely international and international. This is facilitated by two interdependent factors: on the one hand, in order to get greater benefits and increase the profitability of a tourism enterprise, companies are expanding the geography of travel around the world; on the other hand, in order to be profitable, a tourism business must be invested internationally.

A good example of the interdependence of these two factors is the cruise business. Cruises take place across seas and oceans, i.e. between countries, and are international trips. The geography of cruise tours is expanding (Alaska, the Philippines and Malaysia, the Pacific Ocean, etc.). At the same time, in order to stay in this type of business, the company must be international and have a material base in various countries and regions. For example, large cruise tour operators "P&O" and "Royal Caribbean" are just such companies (Royal Caribbean even owns one of the islands in the Caribbean Sea, using it for cruise stops).

The same examples can be given in the field of hotel corporations and in the agency and operator business (Holiday Inn, Nur-touristik, etc.).

In a regional sense, the tourism market is developing unevenly. Typically, the following tourist regions are distinguished: Europe, America, East Asia and the Pacific, Africa, the Middle East, South Asia. Why is there such a disproportionate division of the world into regions? The unequal territories of the allocated areas do not allow comparative characteristics. This goal is not pursued, since it is impossible to compare regions so different in resources and development. One can only compare the development of the tourist movement. On a separate line regions that are significant in terms of tourist reception and growth of tourist traffic are identified. For example, in the last 10 years, regions such as the Middle East and South Asia have consistently and with great success shown an increase in tourist arrivals and tourism growth. Despite their relatively small territory, they have quite a significant volume of tourism services, which arouses the interest of statisticians, tourism specialists, marketers and entrepreneurs.

Historically, the tourism industry originated in Europe. It is still one of the most visited regions today. In addition to historical prerequisites, this is also facilitated by the fact that the socio-economic conditions for the development of Europe are much ahead of conditions in countries of other regions. But it is known that the massive development of tourism is possible only when society reaches a certain level of socio-economic development, both in technology and technology, and in terms of the standard of living of the population.

Currently, other tourist regions are also developing quite actively and show high growth rates of tourist traffic.

According to statistics from the World Tourism Organization, over the past decades there has been a constant increase in volumes international tourism. On average, the global tourism business is growing by 3-4% per year, despite the global and regional crises that occur from time to time.

In general, the development and growth of tourism in the world at the end of the 20th century. And beginning of XXI V. can be considered stable. And although in 1997-1998. There was a slight decline in the growth of tourist traffic, which can be explained by a number of reasons: economic crises occurred in the Asian region, however, the number of traveling tourists is increasing by an average of 4% per year.

IN last years rapid growth rates of tourism are observed in regions such as Africa (9% in 1999), the Middle East (17.5%), East Asia and the Pacific region (8.5%), with rather low growth rates in Europe (1 % in 1999). At the same time, Europe retains its leadership in the number of visitors (385.9 million people in 1999).

This trend creates objective conditions for ever more clearly manifested in Lately interregional competition, when the emergence of new resorts with high standards of service forces old tourist regions to raise their standards, to look for new high-quality ways to compete for the arrival of tourists to the region. Thus, new resorts are emerging, and service standards are constantly rising.

In order to attract additional flows of tourists, each region, the resort is trying to create for tourists best conditions for recreation and travel, so that tourists feel “at home.” An important role here is played by the availability of information for tourists both in catalogs and in places of recreation and travel (stands, signs, designations of objects, etc.).

5.5. Unification of information and service requirements in modern tourism

The World Tourism Organization has repeatedly approached the problem of unifying tourism information. Back in the mid-80s. XX century International tourism experts have come to the conclusion that in order to facilitate the perception of route, service and other information by tourists, as well as tourism workers in different countries, it is necessary to create a system of standard, unified recording of this information. And in 1986, the Council of Ministers of the European Community adopted the Standardized Information System for hotels. It consists of a fairly large number of pictograms (stylized drawings) used in European countries and some countries in other regions. This system is convenient and has a number of advantages. It is objective, informative, easy to administer and controllable through the use of existing consumer protection legislation that does not allow for misleading interpretations.

This system is widely used in European countries to facilitate the stay of guests in Europe in hotel lobbies, restaurant foyers, and on the streets. The system has also found its application in catalogs of the European Union and some other countries.

However this system not the only one. The International Federation of Youth Camp Sites has also developed and uses its own system of symbols to simplify and make information accessible, which differs from the previous one. There are other systems, such as corporate information graphics systems.

The World Tourism Organization has attempted to create a single world unified graphic information system for tourism. But to date, such a system has not been created, since it turned out that in different countries In all parts of the world, the same objects are usually designated by different conventional signs. But still, in most cases, the icons of many information systems are understandable to everyone, especially if they are given brief explanations in two or three languages.

The use of information systems in tourism is a common practice. All systems and icons help overcome language problems: with the help of these systems, it is much easier for a guest to find the required information and understand it, regardless of which country he is visiting; The systems help tourism entrepreneurs find a common language with their foreign partners. The main thing is to pay attention and inform the tourist about the presence of a certain system of signs in a particular country and explain their basic meaning.

After almost a quarter of a century of fruitful activity, the WTO has only just come to the point of unifying some of the main issues in international tourism. Also, there is not and cannot yet be a worldwide universal classification of hotels by stars or other categories.

The founder of the star hotel classification system is France, which was the first to adopt a national star classification system (by the way, in France there is no “5 star” hotel category, there are hotels from 1 to 4 stars, and the highest category is “4 plus”). In many countries, including Russia, there are national systems star classifications. In some others, for example in Greece, - letter designation national hotel classification (A, B, C). In India there is a point system.

Corporate classification systems operating within a single hotel corporation are also widely used (for example, Holiday Inn, Marriott, etc.). Many of them are stellar, but have different standards and requirements for hotel categories (although they are largely similar).

The World Tourism Organization, the International Hotel Association and the Committee of the Hotel and Restaurant Industry of the European Union recommend only the introduction of a star classification of world hotels according to certain characteristics: location of the hotel; the size of the rooms, their layout, convenience and equipment; set of services provided; availability of other premises and halls for leisure, sports, etc.

5.6. Social and humanitarian nature of modern tourism

The international tourist community is increasingly concerned about the development of tourism in a social and humanitarian direction. For these purposes, at the 13th session of the WTO, held in Santiago at the end of September 1999, a new international Code of Ethics for Tourism was adopted. Its goal is to guide the development of the tourism industry in the right direction in the new, 21st century and contribute to an increase in tourist flows.

The Code is advisory in nature and consists of 10 articles relating to various aspects of tourism activities. It is intended not only for tourism business specialists, but also for government agencies, funds mass media, as well as for the tourists themselves.

The Code was adopted on the basis of a pre-existing (adopted 15 years earlier) Code of Ethics and is a synthesis of various previously published international tourism documents and declarations. It particularly emphasizes the strict prohibition of the sexual exploitation of children and minors.

The Code notes that, first of all, the development of tourism infrastructure should contribute to economic, social and cultural prosperity local population. Development tourism industry and the construction of tourist facilities should not negatively affect the state environment. Government structures must, for their part, ensure the safety of tourists and take strict measures against any aggression against travelers, threats and possible kidnappings.

“Tourism has long played a serious role in the development of society as a whole. In the coming years, its influence may increase significantly,” said WTO President Francesco Frangialli at the 13th WTO session. However, according to the WTO, the rapid development of this industry can have both positive and negative consequences. Creating additional jobs and promoting the sale of handicraft products are real achievements in the tourism industry. At the same time, the rapid development of tourism infrastructure can negatively affect the environment, and the desire of host countries to make foreign tourists feel “at home” abroad can lead to the standardization of cultures.

The Code specifically states that it is recommended not to allow standardization of handicraft and souvenir products. Tourists should be interested. New places mean new discoveries. And standard souvenirs can negatively neutralize the process of impressions and knowledge.

5.7. Forecasts for the development of the tourism industry

According to the forecasts of the Travel & Tourism Intelligence Unit (the largest British tourism publishing house, Tourism, Leisure and Health Industry. No. 1(10), 1999), the growth rate of international tourism in the period until 2010 will decrease slightly. If at the level of 1999 and 2000. While global growth rates are just over 5%, in the next five years they are expected to decline to 4.4% by 2005 and to 4.3% by 2010.

The growth of outbound tourism from Europe and the Mediterranean will slow down markedly, while the growth rate of outbound travel in Southeast Asia will remain quite high, despite economic difficulties in the region.

Major changes are also predicted in the structure of departures. The share of long-distance interregional trips is growing: in 1995 it was 15%, and by 2010 it will increase to 25%. This trend is explained not only by the fact that people are traveling more and more and becoming more adventurous, but also by the fact that the modern tourism industry can offer tourists a variety of travel opportunities at quite a high level security guarantees.

Major changes in demand are expected in many leading tourist supply markets. According to WTO forecasts, China will become the world's leading tourist destination by 2020. The next most popular destinations will be the USA, Spain and Hong Kong (as a separate destination from China).

According to the WTO forecast, by 2020 the number of international tourist arrivals will reach 1.6 billion people. and will be three times higher than in 1995.

The WTO also predicts rapid development of outbound tourism. Largest countries Tourist suppliers in 2020 will be: Germany (about 163 million trips), Japan (141 million), USA (123 million), China (100 million) and Great Britain (96 million trips). Russia, whose residents received the opportunity for mass dressage trips abroad only in 1991, will bet on international market travel by 2020, about 30 million tourists.

The forecast for the development of tourist destinations made by the WTO and presented in the study “Tourism: 2020 Vision” identifies the most promising directions and types of tourism of the 21st century. The most popular types of tourism by 2020 will be: adventure, environmental, cultural and educational, thematic (including visits to theme parks), as well as cruises.

The WTO predicts that the amount of time people spend on leisure will decline, especially in major tourist supply markets. According to research, travelers of the 21st century. will be “rich in money, but poor in time.” As a result, they will look for a tourism product that includes maximum pleasure in a minimum period of time. Theme parks and cruise travel will flourish as people can visit multiple destinations in a short period of time. Short holidays and weekend trips will become popular, and the main vacation of the year for many people will be shortened.

There are many people who need a vacation with complete disconnection from everyday worries and worries, this explains the growing popularity of all-inclusive resorts.

Over the next ten years, tourism will remain the largest source of new job creation in European countries and in a number of countries in other regions.

Further differentiation of the tourism product offer is predicted, with the goal of increasingly reaching consumers with diverse capabilities and needs.

A further process of concentration of capital and the creation of large international companies and corporations are also predicted.

The trend of integration processes in the tourism sector will continue both horizontally (for example, travel agency systems, hotel franchise companies) and vertically (for example, the system “operator - agency - hotel, aviation transport enterprise”).

The tourism industry is a system of production, transport, trading, service enterprises and accommodation facilities designed to meet the demand for tourism goods and services.

Particularly important for the international tourism industry is the issue of coordinating the activities of enterprises, tour operators and travel agencies from different countries, and the development of international standards regarding accommodation and catering facilities that are used around the world to serve tourists. To help agencies and tourists, there are translation agencies into English, German, Turkish, Arabic and other languages.

However, there are no uniform international standards yet. Each country has national standards, which can differ significantly from each other. For example, hotels differ not only in categories (except for “stars”, they can be classified by category), but also in the set (nomenclature) of services offered and requirements for the number of rooms. However, this does not mean that there are no general criteria at all that can be used as the basis for international standards.

During the second half of the 20th century. there have been repeated attempts to develop a unified world system hotel classifications. The first steps in this direction were taken in 1952 by the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (IUOTO), the predecessor of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). In 1976-1982, these developments were continued by the UNWTO regional commissions, as a result of which hotel classification systems were created and approved for each region. Despite this much regional systems Hotel classifications are not mandatory, but advisory. According to experts (including experts from the International Hotel Association), adopting a single global classification standard is not only impossible, but also impractical, since many characteristics of a hotel simply cannot be compared, for example, by location (in the city center, at a resort, etc.) d.), by geographical and climatic zones.

In 1985, at the sixth session of the UNWTO General Assembly, the issue of harmonization of regional classification systems was discussed. The UNWTO Secretariat, in developing its recommendations, did not go beyond the standards approved by the regional commissions. Currently international standard The document “Interregional harmonization of hotel classification criteria based on classification standards approved by regional commissions” (UNWTO, Madrid, November 30, 1989) can be considered, but it is only advisory. It sets out the requirements for individual characteristics of the hotel industry depending on the category of the hotel.

Most countries have national standards; in addition, many hotel chains, especially of an international nature, uniting hotels located in different countries and regions, introduce their own standards, thereby ensuring maximum competitiveness of their enterprises.

Features and structure of the international tourism industry

It is advisable to consider tourism as an industry that produces products and also ensures their sale. The tourism industry consists of isolated, at first glance, types of activities (transport services, hotel services, activities of tour operators and travel agents, etc.), which in reality are interdependent and function through the cooperation of many enterprises - both small and very large. In addition, this activity involves a large number of people who directly ensure the functioning of the market: marketing and advertising specialists and, of course, retailers - travel agents. Tourism is also served by many other companies, including currency exchange organizations, lending, etc. Therefore, organizing this business requires great skill, practical experience and careful coordination.

Tourism industry is a collection of accommodation facilities, Vehicle, public catering facilities, entertainment, educational, business, health, sports and other purposes, tour operators and travel agencies, excursion bureaus, guide-translator services.

Tourism demand is confronted with the specific supply of a range of products and services produced by an industry that is developing faster than any other.

Some tourism products are basic in satisfying the needs of the tourist, others are additional or secondary, so the limits of the tourism industry are very difficult to determine. For example, transport companies and hotel restaurants satisfy the needs of not only tourists, but other people can also use them. Therefore, the tourism sector can be considered in a narrow and broad sense. In the first sense, it covers enterprises that produce products and services only for tourists, in the second - enterprises that produce products and services not only for tourists, but also for all citizens who want to purchase a certain product (service), i.e. targeting the entire market.

Enterprises producing products and services for tourists can be divided into three groups;

1. Primary— intended directly for serving tourists (sanatoriums, boarding houses, camp sites, etc.). In a closed tourist and resort center, almost all enterprises located on its territory belong to this group.
2. Secondary- are intended to serve primarily tourists, although their services can also be used by local residents (catering establishments, cultural institutions, etc.).
3. Tertiary- as a rule, they are designed to serve local residents, but tourists can also use their services and satisfy their needs (public transport, post office, etc.).

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