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Financial investments of the enterprise. Accounting for the organization's financial investments Composition of the organization's financial investments

Analysis financial investments

Enterprises of any organizational legal form are interested in maximizing profits by any means and mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is investment financial resources or investing them in various financial instruments. The main principle of financial investments is that the invested funds should bring income to the investor.

Financial investments: concept, classification

Financial investments includeDoes not apply to financial investments
State and municipal securitiesOwn shares purchased from shareholders
Securities of other organizations, incl. bonds, billsBills issued by the organization of the drawer of the bill to the seller organization when paying for products, services, work
Contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, incl. subsidiaries and dependent business companiesInvestments in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided for a fee for temporary use in order to generate income
loans provided to other organizationsPrecious metals, jewelry, works of art and other similar valuables not acquired for the purpose of common species activities
Deposits in credit organizations
Accounts receivable acquired on the basis of assignment of claims, etc.
The contributions of an organization that is a partner under a simple partnership agreement are also taken into account as part of financial investments.Assets that have a tangible form, such as fixed assets, inventories, as well as intangible assets, are not financial investments.

Financial investments, as an economic term, are investments of released funds that can generate income over a certain period of time.

In general, absolutely all financial investments are conventionally divided into short-term and long-term. It is assumed that a short term is when funds are invested for a period of no more than a year. well and for a long time for attachments financial assets their placement is considered to be for a period of more than a year. Usually, long-term investments are provided own funds, for example, from net profit or through depreciation. Lending from commercial banks and loans from other enterprises are less common.

To calculate the effectiveness of financial investments, several methods are used, for example, factor analysis, which can calculate the influence of the structure of investments and the profitability of each of them on the overall average profitability of financial investments. investments.

Investments are periodically audited, namely, their authenticity, legality, and correctness are checked documentation ongoing operations and transactions. These activities are measures financial control for investment of funds. This is necessary to identify fictitious and hidden transactions with financial investments.

Financial investments made for a short period

Fin. investments of this kind are not made for a period exceeding a year. These include investments of money. funds in various securities.

Often, shares, as a type of short-term investment, are purchased in large blocks. This is done with the aim of their more profitable subsequent sale and, accordingly, to obtain additional profit.

Another financial tool. investment is a loan that is provided to another enterprise under certain conditions for a period of no more than a year.

Along with the above types of investments, a certificate of deposit commercial bank is also a way to invest financial resources. For example, you can deposit capital in commercial Bank or buy a certificate of deposit from third parties, provided that the investment period does not exceed twelve months.

Long-term financial investments are always repaid no earlier than one year after their implementation. The period for depositing monetary resources may not be specified, in which case the investments are also long-term in nature.

First of all, long-term investments include cash investments in the authorized capital of resident enterprises Russian Federation, and foreign enterprises. They can be carried out both through the contribution of monetary resources, and in material or material form, from the fixed assets of the enterprise.

Investments for the purchase of a package are also considered long-term valuable papers-shares, bonds of third-party issuers, both government and corporate. Shares are usually purchased only from proven, reliable issuers who are able to provide stable returns on them for several years. The main purpose of such investments is to obtain a stable income from investments or an equity participation in the management of the company if the stake is equal to or exceeds half of the shares of this joint-stock company. This is done for the purpose of ruin (bankruptcy), takeover of the enterprise, influence on pricing policy enterprises, etc.

To the same group of fin. investments also include borrowings that are provided to other enterprises for a long-term period.

State and municipal securities as a type of financial investment

State, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, large municipalities can issue prices. papers to attract additional financial resources from citizens, legal entities. persons, foreign investors to cover deficits in budgets at various levels. In this case, an agreement is concluded describing the terms of the transaction, debentures, for the execution of which the issuer is responsible. Issuer in in this case acts as a guarantor of repayment of loans provided in the form of state and municipal loans. loans or direct credit.

Most often, the state, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities issue bonds. They are issue prices. securities confirming the right of their owner to reimbursement by the issuer of their face value and coupon income on the agreed date.

Fed. The body of the executive branch of government, which is a legal entity, organizes the issue of state. securities - short-term bonds or federal loan bonds.

The issue of securities on behalf of the municipality is carried out by the local government body in the manner established by current legislation.

Limits on the issue of state and municipal prices. securities are established by the Government of the Russian Federation and cannot exceed the volume of public debt.

Issue prices are considered corporate. securities placed in issues that secure the totality of the rights of their owner to any property or to compensation for monetary assets.

Procedure for issuing corporate prices. securities is clearly regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Shares (ordinary or preferred) confirm that their owner has contributed his own share to the authorized capital of the issuing joint-stock company and secures his rights to receive part of the company’s profit in the form of dividend income.

Bonds consolidate the debt relationship between the issuer and the acquirer and give the latter the right to receive remuneration (coupon) at the end of the period during which the issuer undertakes to repay the price. paper.

Another type of debt paper is a bill of exchange. It can be simple, i.e. issued in the name of a specific acquirer, or transferable, which the owner is entitled to transfer to any other person.

Sometimes it is inappropriate to use fin. investment in bills, because not all of them can generate income for the purchaser (if the percentage of the face value that the purchaser of the bill can receive upon expiration of the paper is not specified, then such a bill will not bring income to its owner).

This type of investment allows the investor not only to receive additional income, but also to directly manage the organization. For example, when purchasing a block of shares, the purchasing company automatically invests in the authorized capital of the issuing company, receiving all the rights of a shareholder.

You can also invest in the management capital of organizations through transfers to the current account of a specific organization various shapes property, thus the investor pays the share of the management company.

It is also possible to make an investment in property, material, material form from the fixed assets of the enterprise.

Providing a loan to other organizations

Fin. investments can also be made by borrowing money. Wed to other organizations, providing them with temporarily free money. funds for a certain period at a certain interest rate. It is also assumed that in case of late repayment of the loan, penalties may be imposed on the borrower.

This type of financial investment allows the company, acting as a lender, to earn money. But it is also worth considering high risk this kind of financial investment, since the borrowing company may not make payments on time or even go bankrupt.

Deposits

Opening a deposit account in a commercial bank provides the opportunity for its opener to replenish the account by receiving accrued interest from the bank for the use of the depositor’s funds.

Recently this type Finnish investments were not popular, because in the event of bankruptcy of a commercial bank, a negligible share of the invested funds was reimbursed, and, moreover, the interest on deposits was relatively small. Now the minimum deposit compensation amount is seven hundred thousand rubles, and the interest is dynamic, growing annually, which allows depositors to receive a good stable increase in money. funds stored on deposit.

In this case, we are talking about receivables, which are acquired on the basis of the assignment of claims. This operation is called assignment (assignment agreement). Accordingly, as in any other transaction, two parties participate in it: the assignee (acquirer) and the assignor (who sells the claim).

The assignment agreement is drawn up in the manner approved by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and current federal legislation.

The person who assigns the right of claim must give everything Required documents, which certify the right of claim.

Before concluding such a transaction, the parties need to carefully check the solvency, liquidity of assets, and whether the borrower will be able to pay off the debt.

As a result, it is worth saying that each of the types of financial investments discussed in the article can bring considerable profit, and can even ruin the investor. It is only important to correctly assess all possible risks and your capabilities. Can be invested a small amount and have a small but stable income, but you can put everything on the line, lose and be left with nothing.

The financial activities of each enterprise are closely related to investments in various projects and assets. Financial investments include both securities and deposits in authorized capitals organizations. The main condition for such investments is their focus on making a profit.

What assets are classified as financial investments?

Similar investments are made by every active organization. The concept under consideration is contained in both accounting and reporting. The organization's financial investments include:

  • various securities with established deadlines and the cost of repayment;
  • contributions to the capital of other enterprises and organizations;
  • issued loans (except interest-free) and deposits;
  • acquired accounts receivable and etc.

The conditions for including these assets in the concept under consideration are as follows:

  • mandatory documentary evidence;
  • bearing certain risks (up to and including losses) associated with such investments;
  • the focus of investments on making a profit (for example, receiving dividends, increasing the value of assets, etc.).

According to the law, financial investments include both short-term and long term investment.

Long-term investments include investments for a long period (more than one year). These could be, for example:

  • equity participation in the capital of other organizations;
  • provision of interest-bearing loans to other organizations;
  • purchase of securities (shares, bonds, etc.) with long term repayment.

Accounting for such financial investments is carried out on account 58, and in the balance sheet they are reflected in line 1170.

Short-term financial investments are investments whose circulation or repayment period lasts up to one year. These may be securities of other legal entities, finances in time deposit accounts of credit institutions, etc. Such assets are characterized as liquid and most easily sold. In the reporting they are indicated in line 1240 of the balance sheet.

Such investments are characterized by increased risk, and their management is difficult due to the lack of large quantity time. Such assets are prone to depreciation. Reserves are created for them, and financial investments are also periodically checked for depreciation. TO accounting account 59 “Provisions for impairment of financial investments”, analytical accounting is created. The cost of investments in respect of which such a reserve has been created corresponds to the balance sheet minus the corresponding reserves.

In order to competently manage investments for all of these types, it is necessary to determine the profitability of financial investments.

Cost and disposal of financial investments

To determine the current market value of financial investments, all available sources of relevant information are used. If financial investments are not traded on the securities market and the current market price is not determined, they are taken into account reporting date By initial cost.

The initial cost of debt securities, the current market value of which is not determined, may be changed to nominal values ​​during the period of their circulation. This is done evenly depending on the amount of income on such securities.

Regardless of the purpose for which financial investments are made, their disposal is subject to accounting when:

  • repayment;
  • sale;
  • gratuitous transfer, etc.

The disposal of the corresponding asset for which the current market value is not determined is accounted for:

  • or at original cost;
  • or at the average initial cost;
  • or using the FIFO method.

Financial investments- this is the placement of the organization's free funds at other enterprises through the acquisition of securities, issuing long-term loans, and making contributions to authorized capital. There are long-term and short-term financial investments. Short-term assets are those whose circulation or repayment period does not exceed 12 months, while long-term are financial investments with a maturity of more than one year. When accounting for financial investments, you should be guided by the Regulations on accounting“Accounting for financial investments” PBU 19/02 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 10, 2002 N 126n; hereinafter referred to as PBU 19/02).
According to clause 3 of PBU 19/02, financial investments include:
- securities (state, municipal, other organizations), including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, bills);
- contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies);
- loans provided to other organizations;
- deposits in credit institutions;
- contributions of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement.
To summarize information about the availability and movement of an organization's investments in government securities, shares, bonds and other securities of other organizations, authorized (share) capital of other organizations, as well as loans provided to other organizations, account 58 “Financial investments” is intended.
TO count 58 Sub-accounts can be opened:
- "Units and shares";
- "Debt securities";
- "Loans provided";
- “Deposits under a simple partnership agreement.”
Not considered financial investments of the organization:
- own shares, repurchased joint stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;
- bills of exchange issued by the organization-issuer of the bill to the organization-seller when paying for goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered;
- investments of the organization in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) for the purpose of generating income;
- precious metals, jewelry, works of art and other similar valuables acquired for purposes other than normal activities.
It is important to emphasize that the assets having a material form, such as fixed assets, inventories, as well as intangible assets are not financial investments, but when they are made as a contribution to authorized capital or under a simple partnership agreement they will be taken into account as financial investments.
Requirements for assets to be recognized as financial investments:
- the organization must have documents confirming its right to a financial investment (for loans provided - an agreement; for bills issued third parties, - bill of exchange; for shares or bonds - the shares themselves, bonds or a certificate for them, an extract from the register; for deposits in banks - agreement; for contributions to authorized capital - the charter of the company that received this contribution);
- transition to organization financial risks related to these investments;
- ability to generate income in the future (interest, dividends, difference between purchase and sale prices).
at original cost, which consists of the amount of actual expenses of the organization for their acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by law Russian Federation on taxes and fees).
According to clause 9 of PBU 19/02, such expenses include:
- amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;
- amounts paid to organizations and other persons for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets (if such information or consulting services are provided, but the organization does not make a decision on such acquisition, the cost of services is charged to financial results commercial organization as part of other expenses or to increase the expenses of a non-profit organization for the reporting period when the decision was made not to purchase financial investments);
- remunerations paid to intermediaries through whom investments were purchased;
- other costs directly related to the acquisition of assets as financial investments.
If the additional costs of acquiring securities are insignificant compared to the amount paid to the seller, then they can be taken into account as part of other expenses in the reporting period when the securities were capitalized.
Since PBU 19/02 does not contain a definition of the materiality of costs for the purchase of securities, we can take as a basis general rule, for which an indicator of less than 5% of a particular amount is not considered significant, but this must be reflected in accounting policy enterprises.
Shares, as one of the types of financial investments, can be acquired by an organization in the following ways:
- for a fee;
- received as a contribution to the authorized capital;
- free of charge;
- in a barter transaction.
A share is an issue-grade security that secures the rights of its owner (shareholder) to receive part of the profit of the joint-stock company in the form of dividends, to participate in the management of the joint-stock company and to part of the property remaining after its liquidation. Typically, a share is a registered security.
When receiving securities for a fee, their value is the sum of all purchase costs. The contractual value of securities can be expressed not only in rubles, but also in foreign currency, which is converted into rubles on the day the costs of their purchase are reflected. Positive exchange differences arising after payment are reflected as part of other income, negative ones - as part of other expenses. They do not affect the initial price of shares.
Recalculation of the value of banknotes at the organization's cash desk, funds in bank accounts (bank deposits), monetary and payment documents, securities (except for shares), funds in settlements, including for borrowed obligations with legal entities and individuals (except for funds received and issued advances and prepayments, deposits), expressed in foreign currency, in rubles must be made on the date of the transaction in foreign currency, as well as on the reporting date.
The initial cost of financial investments made as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of an organization is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In some cases, an independent appraiser must be hired to assess the value of financial investments. In societies with limited liability this is necessary if the value of the shares contributed to the authorized capital exceeds 20,000 rubles. (v. 15 Federal Law dated 02/08/1998 N 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies”).
Accounting loans As one of the types of financial investments, it has its own characteristics. Let's look at some of them.
An organization has the right to issue a loan to another enterprise or individual. This type of transaction is formalized in writing - a loan agreement. The interest that the recipient must pay for the right to use the loan is usually specified in the agreement. If there is no such condition in it, then they are calculated based on the refinancing rate in effect at the time of loan repayment.
If an organization issues interest-free loan, then it is not taken into account as part of financial investments, since one of the criteria for recognizing financial investments is the receipt of income (in the form of interest for using a loan). Lines 230 (long-term receivables) or 240 (short-term receivables) are intended for such loans.
The loan can be issued in both non-cash and cash form. When carrying out an operation to issue or return cash loans, there is no need to use cash register equipment, since in this case there is no sale of goods, work or services. When issuing cash loans, you should be guided by Letter of the Bank of Russia dated December 4, 2007 N 190-T, which explains that legal entities and individual entrepreneurs does not have the right to spend cash received in their cash registers for goods sold by them, work performed by them, services provided by them, as well as as insurance premiums for the provision of loans. Cash received at the cash desks of enterprises is subject to delivery to banking institutions for subsequent crediting to the accounts of these enterprises.

Example 1 . The organization issued a loan to its employee in the amount of 500,000 rubles. In order to ensure the repayment of the loan issued, a car pledge agreement was concluded (the value of the property pledged by agreement of the parties is 1,000,000 rubles) and a guarantee agreement, under the terms of which the guarantor undertakes to bear joint liability with the borrower to the lender. The question arises as to what amount should be reflected in off-balance sheet account 008 “Securities for obligations and payments received” for each of the agreements.
This account is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of guarantees received to ensure the fulfillment of obligations and payments, as well as collateral received for goods transferred to other organizations (individuals).
According to Art. 329 Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Civil Code of the Russian Federation), the fulfillment of obligations may be ensured by a penalty, pledge, retention of the debtor's property, surety, bank guarantee, deposit and other means, provided for by law or an agreement.
Analytical accounting by account 008 is maintained for each collateral received.
Since until the loan agreement is repaid, the car is pledged to the organization, the contractual value of this car must be reflected in account 008 in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles.
With regard to the agency agreement, the following should be noted. The essence of the legal mechanism for ensuring the fulfillment of obligations is to vest the creditor, in addition to the basic rights under the secured obligation, with additional rights that he can use in the event of a violation by the debtor of the obligation. An agreement to establish a specific method of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations under general rule creates an additional obligation designed to ensure the fulfillment of the main obligation. In the example under consideration, the guarantee agreement was concluded in order to ensure the repayment of the issued loan in the amount of 500,000 rubles. This means that account 008 should reflect the amount corresponding to the amount of obligations under the loan agreement. As a result, in this off-balance sheet account, under the pledge agreement, it is necessary to reflect the contractual value of the pledged car in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles, and under the agency agreement - in the amount of 500,000 rubles.

In other words, all calculations are carried out on balance sheet accounts, and the entries in account 008 are purely control in nature and are written off as the debt is repaid.
In addition to accounting, the company maintains tax accounting. In accordance with paragraphs. 10 p. 1 art. 251 Tax Code RF (TC RF) when determining tax base income in the form of funds or other property received under credit or loan agreements (other similar funds or other property, regardless of the method of registration of borrowings, including securities under debt obligations), as well as funds or other property received in repayment these borrowings. That is, income in the form of funds received to repay previously issued loans does not need to be taken into account by the lending organization in income for corporate income tax purposes.
However, it should be taken into account that according to paragraph 6 of Art. 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, income in the form of interest received under loan agreements, credit, bank account, bank deposit, as well as for securities and other debt obligations, are recognized non-operating income taxpayer (the specifics of determining bank income in the form of interest are established by Article 290 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Thus, income in the form of interest received on loans previously issued to the borrowing organization is recognized as income of the lending organization for corporate profit tax purposes.
As stated above, the loan can be issued in non-cash or cash form, as well as in in kind(for example, goods or materials). First of all, it is necessary to reflect the disposal of this type of loan, since Art. 39 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the sale of goods is the transfer of ownership rights to them by one person to another, i.e. ownership passes from the lending organization to the borrower. In this regard, it is logical to assume that the transfer of things to the borrower into ownership should be subject to income tax and VAT from the lender as a sales transaction. After the loan is repaid, operations are carried out to capitalize the received property. An organization can deduct the amount of “input” VAT in the usual manner.
Under contract commodity credit the lender transfers to the borrower ownership of things defined by generic characteristics, and the borrower undertakes to return to the lender an equal number of other things of the same kind and quality and pay interest. In this case, interest can be expressed both in cash and in kind. In order to avoid claims from regulatory authorities regarding payment for services provided, we recommend that you specify in the contract the procedure for calculating and paying interest, since this follows from Art. Art. 819 and 822 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In the absence of such information, interest on the loan is calculated based on the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the day the debtor repaid the trade loan or the corresponding part thereof.

Example 2 . An organization issued a long-term loan to another organization with goods worth RUB 4,720,000 according to the agreement. (including VAT - 720,000 rubles). The cost of goods is 4,000,000 rubles. The loan was issued at 20% per annum. Interest is accrued for each day the loan is used. Their payment occurs no later than the end of each quarter.
Loan issuance transactions are reflected in the following entries:
Debit 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" Credit 90 "Sales", subaccount 1 "Revenue", - revenue from the sale of goods is reflected - 4,720,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 2 “Cost of sales”, Credit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” - VAT charged - 720,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 3 “Value added tax”, Credit 41 “Goods” - the cost of goods loaned is written off - 4,000,000 rubles;
Debit 58 Credit 76 - the loan amount is reflected - 4,720,000 rubles;
Debit 76 Credit 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 1 "Other income", - interest accrued for January - 80,175 rubles. (4,720,000 x 20%: 365 days x 31 days);
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 “Other income” - interest accrued for February - 72,416 rubles. (4,720,000 x 20%: 365 days x 281 days);
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 “Other income” - interest accrued for March - 80,175 rubles. (4,720,000 x 20%: 365 days x 31 days);
Debit 51 " Current accounts“Loan 76, - interest for the first quarter is listed - 232,766 rubles (80,175 + 72,416 + 80,175).
Further interest accrual occurs in a similar manner. When repaying a loan, you need to make the following entries:
Debit 19 “Value added tax on purchased assets” Credit 76, - VAT on returned goods is taken into account - 720,000 rubles;
Debit 41 Credit 76, - returned goods are capitalized - 4,000,000 rubles. (4,720,000 - 720,000);
Debit 68 Credit 19, - accepted for deduction of VAT on returned goods - 720,000 rubles;
Debit 76 Credit 58, - the amount of the repaid loan is written off - 4,720,000 rubles.

The enterprise's funds credited to bank deposits are reflected as part of financial investments.
Bank deposit means funds or securities deposited with a bank for a specified period on behalf of an individual or legal entity, who is charged a certain percentage for this.
Under a bank deposit agreement, one party (the bank) has accepted what has been received from the other party (the depositor) or received for it sum of money(deposit), undertakes to return the deposit amount and pay interest on it under the conditions and in the manner provided for by the agreement(Clause 1 of Article 834 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
The company accrues interest on the deposit on the day when it has the right to receive it, based on the terms of the agreement, i.e. In accounting, interest is calculated regardless of whether the bank transferred the interest to the organization's account or not.
In practice, a situation is possible when an organization deposited funds on a bank deposit in November 2010. According to the agreement, the accrual and payment of income (interest) will be made at the end of the deposit period in 2011.
According to paragraph 6 of Art. 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, under loan agreements and other similar agreements, the validity of which falls on more than one reporting period, income is recognized as received and included in income at the end of the corresponding reporting period. Thus, if a bank deposit agreement is concluded for a period of more than one reporting period, the depositor organization is obliged to accrue interest at the end of each reporting period, regardless of the actual receipt of money and the terms of the deposit agreement (if the organization records income and expenses for tax purposes using the accrual method) . Therefore, taxable income (interest on bank deposit) will also arise in 2010 based on the amounts to be received, calculated based on the actual number of days of deposit placement for a given period.
Let us recall that income is recognized in the reporting (tax) period in which it occurred, regardless of the actual receipt of funds, other property (work, services) and (or) property rights(accrual method). For income relating to several reporting (tax) periods, and if the relationship between income and expenses cannot be clearly defined or is established indirectly, income is distributed by the taxpayer independently, taking into account the principle of uniform recognition of income and expenses.
Financial investments reflect the value of bills received by the organization from other persons. Bill of exchange is a security and can be used as financial instrument for the purpose of obtaining interest or discount income.
In accounting, a bill of exchange purchased for a fee is accounted for as part of financial investments at original cost in the amount of actual acquisition costs (clauses 8, 9 of PBU 19/02). Income on bills can be interest or discount. Discount income is the difference between the purchase price of the bill and the amount received upon its redemption (face value).
The bill of exchange must contain the following required details:
- the name “bill” included in the text of the document and expressed in the language in which this document was drawn up;
- a simple and unconditional offer (promise) to pay a certain amount;
- name of the payer (only in the bill of exchange);
- payment term;
- the place where the payment must be made;
- the name of the person to whom or on whose order the payment should be made;
- date and place of drawing up the bill;
- signature of the drawer.
If the text of the bill does not contain the listed details, it loses its bill of exchange force and can be recognized as a document of a different legal form - a promissory note.
The exercise of property rights under a bill of exchange, as well as under any other security, is possible only by presenting it.
Typically, income on a bill is recognized at maturity.
But at the same time, paragraph 22 of PBU 19/02 explains that for debt securities for which the current market value is not calculated, the organization is allowed the difference between the initial value and the nominal value during the period of their circulation evenly according to the amount due on them in accordance with the conditions for the release of income to be attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other income or expenses) or a decrease or increase in expenses of a non-profit organization. This procedure for reflecting income is fixed as an element of accounting reporting policy.

Example 3 . The company purchased a bill of exchange for 1,000,000 rubles. Its nominal value is 1,300,000 rubles, the maturity of the bill is 24 months. If accounting policy The organization provides for the reflection of income on bills at the time of their repayment; the following entries are made in accounting:

Debit 91, subaccount 2 “Other expenses”, Credit 58 - bill presented for redemption - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 “Other income” - reflects the debt to repay the bill - 1,300,000 rubles;
Debit 91, subaccount 9 "Profit/loss from sales", Credit 99 "Profits and losses", - income (discount) on the bill is reflected - 300,000 rubles. (1,300,000 - 1,000,000);
Debit 51 Credit 76 - funds received to repay the bill - 1,300,000 rubles.
If the accounting policy provides for the reflection of income on bills evenly over the period of their circulation, then the following entries are made:
Debit 58 Credit 51 - financial bill purchased - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 “Other income” - accrued income for the 1st month of circulation of the bill - 12,500 rubles. [(1,300,000 - 1,000,000) : 24 months];
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 “Other income” - accrued income for the 2nd month of circulation of the bill - 12,500 rubles. [(1,300,000 - 1,000,000) : 24 months];
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 “Other income” - accrued income for the 3rd month of circulation of the bill - 12,500 rubles. [(1,300,000 - 1,000,000) : 24 months] etc.
Repayment of a bill of exchange is recorded using the following entries:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 “Other expenses”, Credit 58 - the original cost of the bill was written off - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 “Other income” - reflects the cost of the bill presented for redemption - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 51 Credit 76 - reflected income received (discount) on the bill - 300,000 rubles.

The transfer of ownership of the bill of exchange is confirmed by an act of acceptance and transfer, which must contain the mandatory details listed in clause 2 of Art. 9 of the Federal Law of November 21, 1996 N 129-FZ “On Accounting”. In addition, it must indicate: details of the bill (series, number, date of issue, type (simple or transferable), par value, payment term, etc.); details of the agreement under which the bill was transferred. It makes sense to attach a copy of the bill to the deed.
To account for financial investments, they are divided into two categories:
- for which the current market value is not determined (in this case, financial investments are indicated in the balance sheet at their original cost);
- by which the current market value is determined, i.e. quoted on the organized securities market.
In the second category, they are reflected in the balance sheet according to market price, which was formed at the end of the reporting period. The difference between the initial and current estimates is included in other income or expenses. An organization has the right to adjust the value of securities on a monthly or quarterly basis (clause 20 of PBU 19/02). It is advisable to reflect the selected period in the organization’s accounting policies for accounting purposes.
According to paragraph 3 of Art. 280 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, securities are recognized as circulating on the organized securities market only if the following conditions are simultaneously met:
- if they are admitted for circulation by at least one trade organizer who has the right to do so in accordance with national legislation;
- if information about their prices (quotes) is published in the media mass media(including electronic) or can be presented by the trade organizer or other authorized person to any interested party within three years after the date of transactions with securities;
- if a market quotation was calculated for them during the last three months preceding the date of the taxpayer’s transaction with these securities, when this is provided for by law.

Example 4 . In May, an investor company purchased securities for which their market value can be determined in accordance with the established procedure, in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles. The organization's accounting policy states that adjustments to such financial investments should be carried out quarterly.
According to officially published data (quotes stock exchange) the cost of these securities was: as of May 31 - 990,000 rubles; as of December 31 - 1,008,000 rubles.
In accounting, the above transactions must be reflected in the following entries:
Debit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” Credit 51 - payment for securities was made to the seller - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 58 Credit 60 - securities were capitalized (in May) - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", Credit 58 - reflects the adjustment (revaluation) of securities as of May 31 - 10,000 rubles. (1,000,000 - 990,000);
Debit 58 Credit 91, subaccount 1 “Other income” - reflects the adjustment (revaluation) of securities as of December 31 - 18,000 rubles. (1,008,000 - 990,000).
Thus, in financial statements at the end of the year, the value of securities will be fixed in the amount of 1,008,000 rubles. (1,000,000 - 10,000 + 18,000).

In the event that the current value of an object of financial investment, previously valued at the current market value, is not determined at the reporting date (for example, these shares are no longer quoted on the stock exchange), this object of financial investment is reflected in the financial statements at the value of its last valuation (Clause 24 PBU 19/02). In the future, no adjustments are made to its value, since it automatically falls into the first category of financial investments.
Simple partnership agreement(agreement about joint activities) is increasingly used in the field entrepreneurial activity. It allows you to combine the activities of several business entities, as well as individuals to engage in one general view activities without forming a legal entity.
The concept, content of a simple partnership agreement, the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the parties under this agreement are defined in Chapter. 55 Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Under this agreement, the partners pool their contributions in order to act together to make a profit or achieve another goal that does not contradict the law.
In the contract, partners must indicate what activities they will engage in jointly, since hallmark a joint venture agreement is that all participants have a common goal, for the sake of which the partnership is created. If the purpose is commercial, then only organizations and individual entrepreneurs can participate in the partnership. And here individuals those who are not registered as PBOYUL cannot become comrades.
The contribution of a comrade is recognized as everything that he contributes to the common cause, including money, other property, professional and other knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as business reputation and business connections (Article 1042 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Thus, the parties have the right to independently assess the professional skills and business connections of a comrade, allowing him, for example, to receive large loan for common goals. Professional and other skills, abilities, etc. quite difficult to document. This makes a simple partnership agreement significantly different from all other contributions.
The partners' contributions are assumed to be equal in value, unless otherwise follows from the simple partnership agreement or actual circumstances. The monetary value of a partner's contribution is made by agreement between the partners.
The initial cost of financial investments contributed to the contribution of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the partners in the agreement (clause 15 of PBU 19/02).
Financial investments are accepted for accounting by a partner who is entrusted with the responsibility of conducting general affairs.
For example, a simple partnership agreement entrusts the organization with the management of common affairs. As a contribution to the authorized capital of the partnership, she accepts shares traded on the organized securities market, the value of which, according to the agreement, is 1,000,000 rubles.
In the separate accounting of a simple partnership, this operation is reflected by the entry:
Debit 58 Credit 80 “Authorized capital” - shares received as assessed under a simple partnership agreement - 1,000,000 rubles.
PBU 19/02 introduced the concept of " depreciation of financial investments". It applies only to financial investments for which the market value is not determined. Impairment is understood as a sustainable decrease in value below the amount of economic benefits that the organization expects to receive from these financial investments in normal conditions its activities (clause 37 of PBU 19/02).
In order to recognize that investments are depreciating, the following conditions must be simultaneously present:
- at the reporting date and at the previous reporting date, the accounting value is significantly higher than their estimated value;
- during the reporting year, the estimated value of financial investments changed significantly only in the direction of its decrease;
- at the reporting date there is no evidence that a significant increase in the estimated value of these financial investments is possible in the future.
Impairment of financial investments can occur in the following situations:
- the issuing organization of securities owned by the organization or its debtor under a loan agreement has signs of bankruptcy or is declared bankrupt;
- making a significant number of transactions in the securities market with similar securities at a price significantly lower than their book value;
- absence or significant decrease in income from financial investments in the form of interest or dividends when high probability further reduction of these revenues in the future, etc.
If such trends arise, the organization must carry out a check to determine the existence of conditions for a sustainable decrease in the value of financial investments. If the audit confirms a decrease in value, the organization creates a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments (account 59). A commercial organization forms a reserve due to financial results (as part of operating expenses), and a non-profit organization - due to an increase in expenses.
A check for impairment of financial investments is carried out at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of impairment. The organization has the right to carry out this check on the reporting dates of the interim financial statements.
By account credit 59 the creation of reserves is reflected, and the debit shows its use. The balance shows the balance of reserves at the end of the reporting period. This account acts as a regulator to account 58 and serves financial source covering losses due to the possible sale of unquoted financial investments at a price less than their book value.
The reserve is created on December 31 of each reporting year (or by decision of the organization quarterly on the reporting dates of the interim financial statements), which is reflected by the entry:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 “Other expenses”, Credit 59 - reserves have been created for the depreciation of investments in unquoted financial investments.
A change in the amount of the reserve (adjustment) for the impairment of investments in unquoted financial investments occurs in the event of a further change in their estimated value at the end of the reporting period:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 “Other expenses”, Credit 59 - the amount of the reserve for depreciation of investments in unquoted financial investments has been increased;
Debit 59 Credit 91, subaccount 1 “Other income” - the amount of the reserve for depreciation of investments in unquoted financial investments was reduced.

Example 5. An organization purchased 3,000 shares at a price of 500 rubles. a piece. The accounting policy determines that a decrease in the value of financial investments is considered significant if the difference between the book value and estimated value of securities exceeds 5%.
The following entry is made in accounting:
Debit 58 Credit 60 - securities capitalized - 1,500,000 rubles. (500 rub. x 3000 pcs.).
According to independent appraiser the estimated value of the securities is 430 rubles. a piece. The reduction is 14%.
The decrease in value is significant; the organization creates a reserve for the depreciation of shares. The reserve amount will be 210,000 rubles. [(500 rub. - 430 rub.) x 3000 pcs.].
This operation is reflected by the entry:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 “Other expenses”, Credit 59 - a reserve has been created for depreciation of shares - 210,000 rubles.
At the end of the reporting period, shares are accounted for on the balance sheet at their historical cost less a reserve. Their cost will be 1,290,000 rubles. (1,500,000 - 210,000).
The reserve is written off to financial results (as part of operating income) in two cases:
- upon sale or other disposal of financial investments for which the reserve was created;
- if there is no further sustainable significant reduction in the value of these investments.
The reserve is written off at the end of the year or the reporting period in which the disposal of these financial investments occurred:
Debit 59 Credit 91, subaccount 1 “Other income” - the reserve for depreciation of financial investments due to their disposal is written off.

For non-professional participants in the securities market, the amounts of deductions to the reserve for depreciation of investments in securities are not included in expenses when determining the tax base for income tax (clause 10 of Article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The amounts of restored reserves are also not taken into account (clause 25, clause 1, article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Data on reserves for depreciation of financial investments, indicating the type of financial investments, the amount of the reserve created in reporting year, the amount of the reserve recognized as operating income of the reporting period; reserve amounts used in the reporting year must be set out in explanatory note to the organization’s balance sheet, based on the materiality requirement.
Over time, financial investments may disappear. The disposal of securities takes place in cases of redemption, sale, gratuitous transfer, transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, transfer on account of a contribution under a simple partnership agreement, etc. (clause 25 of PBU 19/02). The date of disposal of investments is determined at the moment when ownership and financial risks associated with financial investments are transferred to the new owner of the financial investment (price change risk, debtor insolvency risk, liquidity risk, etc.).
In such situations, they are written off in one of the ways regulated by PBU 19/02:
1) at the original cost of each unit;
2) at the average initial cost;
3) at the original cost of the first acquisition (FIFO).
The first method, as a rule, is used in relation to contributions to authorized capital, loans, deposits in banks, receivables acquired on the basis of an assignment of the right of claim. For securities (shares, bonds, bills), the second or third method can be used.
The procedure for determining the value of retiring financial investments differs for “quoted” financial investments and “unquoted” ones. If financial investments for which the current market value is calculated are disposed of, then their value is calculated by the organization based on the latest assessment (clause 30 of PBU 19/02).
The choice of one of these methods is allowed for each group (type) of financial investments and must be enshrined in the accounting policy as its element (clause 26 of PBU 19/02).
When using the second method (provided that it is impossible to determine the current market value of securities), the average value of the security is calculated using the formula:

average cost security = (Cost of securities at the beginning of the month + Cost of securities received during the month) / (Number of securities at the beginning of the month + Number of securities received at the end of the month).

Cost of retired securities subject to write-off:

Value of securities disposed of = Average value of security x Number of securities disposed of during the month.

The value of the balance of securities at the end of the month:

Value of remaining securities = Average value of security x Number of securities remaining at the end of the month

The cost of remaining securities = The cost of securities at the beginning of the month + The cost of securities received during the month - The cost of retired securities.

Similar calculations are made at the end of each month. It is allowed to conduct them within a month for each date of disposal of financial investments (moving average initial cost method).
A rolling estimate makes it possible to use it for each date of transactions, which is very convenient when computer processing information in accounting programs.
It should be borne in mind that the average initial cost of securities is determined in relation to the same type (shares, bonds, bills).

Example 6 . One of the non-core activities of the organization is the purchase and sale of securities. According to the accounting policy, shares are written off at the average initial cost.
At the beginning of the month, there were 100 shares of one issuer on the balance sheet. The price of the share was 900 rubles. a piece. Within a month, the company acquired shares of the same issuer. They were purchased in three batches:
1st batch - 150 pcs. at a price of 1000 rubles/piece;
2nd batch - 130 pcs. at a price of 1100 rubles/piece;
3rd batch - 250 pcs. at a price of 1200 rubles/piece.
Transactions on their acquisition are reflected
Thus:
Debit 58 Credit 60 - 1st batch of shares purchased - 150,000 rubles. (1000 rub. x 150 pcs.);
Debit 58 Credit 60 - 2nd batch of shares purchased - 143,000 rubles. (1100 rub. x 130 pcs.);
Debit 58 Credit 60 - 3rd batch of shares purchased - 300,000 rubles. (RUB 1,200 x 250 pcs.).
In the same month, 500 shares were sold. The average initial share price calculated at the end of the month will be:
(900 rub. x 100 pcs. + 1000 rub. x 150 pcs. + 1100 rub. x 130 pcs. + 1200 rub. x 250 pcs.) / (100 + 150 + 130 + 250) = 1084.13 rub.
The value of shares disposed of during the month is equal to:
1084.13 rub. x 500 = 542,065 rub.
The write-off of securities is recorded as follows:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", Credit 58 - the cost of shares sold is written off - 542,065 rubles.
At the end of the month the company's number of shares will be:
100 + 150 + 130 + 250 - 500 = 130 pcs.;
share price:
(900 rub. x 100 pcs. + 1000 rub. x 150 pcs. + 1100 rub. x 130 pcs. + 1200 rub. x 250 pcs.) - 542,065 rub. = 140,935 rub.

Valuation of securities using the method FIFO is based on the assumption that securities are sold during the month in the sequence of their receipt (purchase), i.e. the first securities to go on sale must be valued at the original cost of the first acquired ones, taking into account the value of the securities listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the valuation of securities in balance at the end of the month is carried out according to actual cost the latest in terms of acquisition, and the cost of sale (disposal) of securities takes into account the cost of the earlier acquisitions. This means that when using the third method, those securities that are listed in the balances are written off first, then those received by the organization first. If there are not enough of them - those who arrived are second, if there are not enough of them - third, etc.
According to the conditions of the above example, if an enterprise uses the FIFO method, then in this case the following is written off:
- all shares that are listed at the beginning of the month (100 pcs.);
- all shares received in the 1st batch (150 pcs.);
- all shares received in the 2nd batch (130 pcs.);
- part of the shares received in the 3rd batch (120 pieces).
Total 500 shares (100 +150 +130 + 120).
At the end of the month, the company will have 130 shares from the 3rd batch. (250 - 120) at a price of 1200 rubles. a piece.
The cost of the shares being written off will be RUB 527,000. (900 rub. x 100 pcs. + 1000 rub. x 150 pcs. + 1100 rub. x 130 pcs. + 1200 rub. x 120 pcs.).
Their write-off is reflected by the entry:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 “Other expenses”, Credit 58 - the cost of shares sold is written off - 527,000 rubles.
The value of the shares remaining at the end of the month will be equal to 156,000 rubles. (1200 rub. x 130 pcs.).
In paragraph 9 of Art. 280 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation explains that when selling or otherwise disposing of securities, the taxpayer independently, in accordance with the accounting policy adopted for tax purposes, chooses one of the following methods of writing off the cost of disposed securities as expenses:
- at the cost of the first acquisitions (FIFO);
- per unit cost.
These methods apply to securities both traded and non-traded on the organized securities market.
The FIFO method is used for securities that are comparable in type, terms of circulation and type of income, i.e. one market quote (weighted average price of securities) applies to them.
Write-off method in tax expenses the cost of disposed securities at unit value is applied if the organization can accurately identify the securities being sold, or they have individually defined characteristics, or the accounting system and terms of the transaction allow the organization to determine which specific securities it holds are being sold, and it can determine the value of these particular securities.
The selected method is fixed in tax accounting policy.

Financial investments- these are assets that bring income to the organization in the form of interest, dividends, etc. (Clause 2 PBU 19/02).

Financial investments include, for example:

    securities;

    contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations;

    loans provided to other organizations;

    To account for each type of financial investment, subaccounts are opened to account 58 “Financial investments”.

    Information about such loans is reflected in section. II balance sheet under the item "Accounts receivable".

    In addition, the Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts stipulate that such financial investments as deposits can be accounted for in account 55 “Special accounts in banks”, subaccount 55-3 “Deposit accounts”, and interest-bearing loans, issued to employees of the organization, can be reflected in account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations”, subaccount 73-1 “Settlements for loans provided”.

    Disposal of financial investments

    Upon repayment by the debtor monetary obligations the organization reflects the disposal of financial investments.

    In this case, amounts received from the debtor are taken into account as part of the organization’s other income.

    The initial cost of a retiring financial investment is taken into account as part of other expenses (clauses 25, 34 PBU 19/02, clauses 7, 16 of the Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” PBU 9/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05. 1999 N 32n, clauses 11, 19 of the Accounting Regulations “Expenses of the organization” PBU 10/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 05/06/1999 N 33n).

    Thus, upon disposal of financial investments, their value is written off from the credit of account 58 “Financial investments” in correspondence with subaccount 91-2 “Other expenses”.

    Financial investments and accounting statements

    Regardless of which accounting account reflects assets that, in accordance with the requirements of PBU 19/02, are financial investments, information about them must be shown in the balance sheet as part of financial investments.

    So, on line 1170 “Financial investments” balance sheet indicate the shares, bonds acquired by the organization, financial bills and other securities.

    It also reflects contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, joint venture agreements and the amount of interest-bearing loans provided by your company.

    Note that line 1170 “Financial investments” reflects long-term financial investments (clauses 2, 3 of PBU 19/02), that is, those whose maturity (circulation) period exceeds one year after the reporting date.

    The cost of short-term financial investments (with a circulation or maturity period of no more than 12 months after the reporting date) should be reflected in line 1240 “Financial investments (except for cash equivalents)” of the balance sheet.

    According to the clarification of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, line 1170 “Financial investments” of the balance sheet should also reflect information on the amount of funds transferred by the organization on account of a deposit in another organization, up to state registration corresponding changes to the constituent documents (Letter dated 02/06/2015 N 07-04-06/5027).

    If an organization draws up Explanations to the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results according to the forms contained in the Example of Explaining Explanations given in Appendix No. 3 to Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n, then for a detailed decoding of information on financial investments, tables 3.1 and 3.2 are filled out included in the standard form of explanations to the balance sheet.


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    Financial investments: details for an accountant

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Financial investments— state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, bills); contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies); loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of claims, etc.

A comment

The term "Financial investments" is used in accounting. Financial investments include securities, contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim, etc.

The accounting procedure for financial investments is determined by the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Financial Investments” PBU 19/02, approved. By Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 10, 2002 N 126n.

Financial investments are taken into account in accounting in the account. Some types of financial investments can be accounted for in the accounts of subaccount 3 “Deposit accounts” and subaccount 1 “Settlements on loans provided”. Depreciation of financial investments is recorded in the account.

What applies to Financial investments?

An organization's financial investments include: state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, bills); contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies); loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim, etc. (clause 3 of PBU 19)

The organization's financial investments do not include:

Own shares purchased by a joint stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;

Bills of exchange issued by the organization-drawer of the bill to the organization-seller in settlements for goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered;

Investments of an organization in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) for the purpose of generating income;

Precious metals, jewelry, works of art and other similar valuables acquired for purposes other than normal activities.

Registration

Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost (clause 8 of PBU 19).

The initial cost of financial investments acquired for a fee is recognized as the amount of the organization's actual costs for their acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees) (clause 9 of PBU 19).

Types of financial investments

Financial investments are divided into two groups: financial investments for which the current market value can be determined and financial investments for which their current market value cannot be determined.

Small businesses, with the exception of issuers of publicly placed securities, as well as socially oriented non-profit organizations have the right to carry out a subsequent assessment of all financial investments in the manner established for financial investments for which their current market value is not determined (clause 19 of PBU 19).

Financial investments that can be used to determine the current market value

Financial investments for which the current market value can be determined in the prescribed manner are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their valuation as of the previous reporting date. The organization can make this adjustment monthly or quarterly.

The difference between the assessment of financial investments at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments is attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other income or expenses) or an increase in income or expenses of a non-profit organization in correspondence with the financial investment account (clause 20 PBU 19).

Financial investments for which their current market value is not determined

Financial investments for which the current market value is not determined are subject to reflection in accounting and financial statements as of the reporting date at their original cost (clause 21 of PBU 19).

Impairment of financial investments

A sustained significant decrease in the value of financial investments for which their current market value is not determined, below the amount of economic benefits that the organization expects to receive from these financial investments under normal conditions of its activities, is recognized as impairment of financial investments. In this case, based on the organization’s calculations, the estimated value of financial investments is determined, equal to the difference between their value at which they are reflected in accounting (accounting value) and the amount of such a reduction (clause 37 of PBU 19).

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