The influence of corruption on government pricing policy. The influence of corruption on the efficiency of economic development. Definition of "corruption"

We have already said that corruption is a system. And counteraction to it must also be systematic, aimed at implementing a strategy that would provide the conditions for stabilizing social relations. Social relations are most clearly manifested in the economic and social spheres. There are different points of view on the role of the state in the economy. Some experts believe that it is necessary to minimize the impact on the economy and social sphere. It is not without reason that at the dawn of perestroika in the early 90s of the last century, the country’s leadership put forward the slogan: “The market will regulate the economy itself.” We can evaluate today what came of it. Yes, from the point of view of combating corruption, the idea was sound, since in the state there have always been, are and will be instances in which it is possible to receive bribes and kickbacks. But in a state where the biggest priority for society is obedience to the laws, the number of “official” places is minimal, and the risk for bribe-takers is very high. Often so large that it makes it unprofitable to receive an unearned bonus. So what? Perhaps it is necessary, without further ado, to return to the administrative-command system? But we all understand the absolute impossibility of such a return. Then there remains a third way, to which, perhaps, there is no alternative. This path consists of clear legislative regulation of the economy and very strict control by the state over compliance with laws with the introduction of the principles of the inevitability of punishment for corruption. To understand the importance of this thesis, let's talk about the material consequences of corruption.

1. The shadow economy is expanding, which leads to a decrease in tax revenues and a weakening of the budget, as a result of which the state loses financial levers for managing the economy, worsening social problems due to their failure to comply budget obligations. According to various estimates, more than 40% of the economy today is in the “shadow”. The scale and prevalence of corruption are to a certain extent explained by miscalculations in economic and legal policies in the late 80s of the last century, which, in essence, allowed the so-called “shadow” capital to be legalized and penetrate into private business criminal elements. This was inevitable, since the path of transition to market relations in the economy chosen by the state was unprecedented in the speed of transformation and absolutely spontaneous due to the lack of the necessary legislative framework. The legislative framework in the full sense of the word, issues such as income declaration, proper taxation, acquisition and accumulation of capital, etc. were “molded” on the fly. were not regulated and led to criminalization economic relations already at the first stage
2. The competitive mechanisms of the market are violated, since often the winner is not the one who is competitive, but the one who was illegally able to gain advantages. This entails a decrease in market efficiency and discrediting the ideas of market competition.
3. The emergence of effective private owners is slowing down, primarily due to violations during privatization (artificial bankruptcies, raiding, state and criminal racketeering, etc.), very often in collusion with officials.
4. Budget funds are used ineffectively, in particular, in the distribution of government orders and loans, in the implementation of state and municipal target and departmental programs, which affects the country’s budgetary problems. This becomes especially critical during periods of financial and economic crises, as it leads to a sharp deterioration in the well-being of the population.
5. Prices increase due to corrupt “overhead costs”, from which the consumer - the people - also suffers.
6. The situation is worsening not only for consumers, but also for domestic producers, since property protection mechanisms do not work, antimonopoly legislation is ineffective, and supplies of imported goods and services are growing at a gigantic pace.
7. Market participants begin to lack confidence in the ability of the authorities to establish, control and comply with fair rules of the market game. Due to this, it worsens investment climate and, consequently, the problems of overcoming the decline in production and updating fixed assets are not solved.
8. The scale of corruption in non-governmental organizations is expanding, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of their work, and therefore to a decrease in the efficiency of the economy as a whole.

Considering the impact of corruption on the state of the state’s economy, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the fundamental basic structures government structure, without which the existence of the state itself is impossible. One such structure is the state budget. The budget is replenished through taxes paid by businesses and ordinary citizens. We are all taxpayers and, therefore, have the right to demand that the state spend efficiently budget funds and fair distribution of resources. In the same way, the state is responsible to citizens for filling state budget. Thus, citizens should receive reliable and open information about the country's budget, not only in the form of general figures of income and expenses, but also about the effectiveness of budget and public fund management. The main anti-corruption factor here is budget transparency. Moreover, we are talking not only about the country’s budget, but also about the budgets of the regions and municipalities. In the Russian Federation, there are articles in the budget that are absolutely closed even to deputies of the State Duma, which adopts the budget. By the way, in the USA there are no closed items; moreover, all expenses over $1.0 million are available for wide discussion. Therefore, probably, Paulson’s anti-crisis plan, submitted for discussion by the US Congress, contained more than five hundred pages of evidentiary text, and the Russian plan - several pages. We must understand that it is secrecy and lack of awareness that is the direct path to corruption offenses. The main mechanism for preventing violations in the budgetary sphere is parliamentary and public control. But, unfortunately, the system of executive power in Russia is still very closed to citizens and businesses. For example, at this level of opacity additional expenses Russian and foreign investors due to increased risks account for 5.64% of invested funds. At the same time, according to experts from the Government of the Russian Federation, a reduction in the level of opacity by an average of 1 point correlates with an increase in the average annual gross domestic product per capita by 986 US dollars, foreign direct investment in relation to gross domestic product by 1% and a reduction in inflation by 0.46%.

Widespread corruption holds back the development process, slows down the economic growth of countries due to the inertia and inefficiency it generates, thereby placing an invisible tax burden on the people of the country. The inflated (thanks to bribes and other abuses) transaction costs are passed on in the form of high prices to consumers, increasing the cost of living of the population, that part of it that has low level income. Administrative decisions in this case, they are accepted on the basis of objective criteria, since contracts for the execution of government orders are received not by the companies that offer the lowest prices, but by the companies that paid the largest bribes. These companies later recoup the money they provided in bribes by reducing the quality of government contracts they carry out. It is not surprising that following this, bridges and buildings collapse, roads are washed away after the first rains, dams break, and many villages find themselves under water (from the report of the UN Secretary-General “The Impact of Organized Crime on Society at Large”).

Construction, major renovation buildings and structures, housing and communal services are so difficult to reform precisely because of the huge kickbacks for obtaining contracts. Over the past ten years, the Russian population has observed an unprecedented increase in housing prices. Everyone understands that such prices cannot exist, that they are tens of times higher than the cost of construction, but has anyone taken the trouble to calculate the real cost 1 square meter housing in houses of different categories, minus bribes and kickbacks. And then we wonder why the national project “Affordable Housing” turned out to be the most problematic. Therefore, the President of the country and the Prime Minister are personally involved in national projects, although there is a sufficient number officials responsible for the effectiveness of implementation National projects and State target programs.

State and regional targeted programs are also a basic design and at the same time a mechanism that allows the state to correctly and clearly distribute state and regional finances, solving the most actual problems country and regions, and at the same time satisfy the needs and requirements of the country's population. This is ideal. In reality, the situation is complicated by the fact that the formation and approval of programs is in most cases the result of lobbying on the part of interested parties, depending on the level of the program (governors, mayors, ministers, deputies, oligarchs, executives largest companies etc.) Lobbying is far from a disinterested process if it is not regulated by law. A Federal Law There is still no “On Lobbying” in Russia. A great danger for the implementation of programs is underfunding or cessation of funding, which leads to the elimination of an underfulfilled program or delaying implementation deadlines indefinitely. But funds have already been spent on the program, often very large ones. There will be no answer to the question of where these funds are and where the results are, but a certain part of the officials have already withdrawn their bribe. And here's the most interesting thing - in in this case we cannot say that the law is silent. In the Budget Code Russian Federation(main financial document countries) it is clearly stated that the budget should be result-oriented, a definition of programs is given, a method for their formation, regulation on deadlines for implementation, a body for monitoring implementation is defined - the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation and, accordingly, the Chambers of Control and Accounts of the regions. Unfortunately, a situation has arisen where legislation does not guarantee results. The lack of law enforcement practice sharply reduces the effectiveness of the most important decisions for the country. If we go down to the level of any municipality, we will see the same picture.

Land and property relations: the Russian privatization program of 1992 as the main source of corruption during the change of the social system. The land issue in Russia has always been the most difficult. His decision was tantamount to walking through a minefield. One of the main slogans of the October Revolution was the slogan “Land for the peasants.” Almost a century has passed, and the land issue has not been regulated. The Land Code of the Russian Federation was adopted not so long ago, but it mainly concerns the lands of settlements, i.e. about 7% of the entire territory and introduces limited private ownership of land, leaving local officials to resolve issues worth many millions of rubles. It must be said that the issuance of permits for registration of land for summer cottages, the so-called “dacha amnesty” has already turned into a real torment for millions of Russians and into a giant feeding trough for local officials. This seemed to be an excellent decision made personally by V.V. Putin, in the interests of all citizens of the country, was distorted by officials beyond recognition. But then, how many people feed around the dacha amnesty. And it's not just officials. These are grandmothers who line up overnight and then sell it. These are intermediaries who help arrange Required documents using connections with local authorities. After all, you can’t run over, for example, from Moscow to the Tver region. These are judges and prosecutors who consider numerous complaints. In general, everyone is in business and has money, the only losers are specific citizens who register their plots.

There is no doubt that in the early 90s of the 20th century there was a change in the socio-economic formation in Russia. With such profound socio-economic transformations, cardinal changes could not but occur in the sphere of social relations. They began to be determined by what status a person received as a result of these changes, to what level of the hierarchical ladder he rose or, on the contrary, fell. This status began to depend on what share of the social pie he received. It is clear that ownership of land, property, subsoil, and fixed production assets provided undeniable advantages in the new social system. That is, it was necessary to come up with a scheme in which a new political and economic elite of society would be painlessly and bloodlessly formed, and the entire population would find themselves in the sphere of market relations and learn to do without state paternalism, but at the same time be sure that they received their share of the social pie. And such a scheme was invented by A.B. Chubais - the “father” of Russian privatization. In 1992, the Privatization Program was adopted, as a result of which every citizen of the country received his share of property in the form of vouchers, which marked the beginning of a gigantic redistribution of property in the interests of certain individuals and pressure groups. The implementation of such large-scale actions to redistribute property without the use of corruption schemes is simply impossible. It must be said that in the early 90s, another document, “Law on Property in the Russian Federation,” was adopted, which actually transferred Russian enterprises, i.e. fixed assets for the use, ownership and disposal of the directors of enterprises operating at that time. They received enormous rights, for example, the right to rent out the premises of enterprises and research institutes. There was practically no control over their activities. This ensured the silence and obedience of the director corps during privatization in Russia.

I will probably incur indignation with my answer and they will throw stones at me, but I will say that the existence of corruption to one degree or another has virtually no effect on economic development. Yes, yes, you heard right. There is no such correlation and there never will be a connection between “the level of corruption and economic development.” The presence of corruption is more connected with other concepts such as justice and legality, but little with the economy.
Corruption acts are more related to illegal redistribution Money, but in no way with their withdrawal from the country or financial circulation. Corruption as a negative phenomenon for the economy is dangerous only when capital is transferred abroad, to offshores for example. The second negative is the draft of government funds for purchases at inflated prices in conjunction with the supplier. But such transactions can be easily audited and, in principle, they are quite transparent, since auditors can easily examine market prices and detect price gouging. There are countless scandals on these topics.
Classics of the genre - kickbacks. But what exactly is going on here? Companies need to win tenders for some monetary reward to the organizers. From an economic point of view, it is a contracted company that receives financing and performs work as part of the order. From a financial point of view, the money remains in the country, salaries are paid, the general contractor pays his contractors money for work and the supply of materials. In terms of taxes, taxes are paid by the winning firm. From the point of view of other participants, perhaps the winner was not entirely chosen fairly, but this is a matter of moral relations, not economic ones. From the point of view of the state, it receives its order from this company. In principle, the state obtained the result for the money allocated for it. From the point of view of the illegality of the income received when the tender organizers kick back, this is a violation of the law, this is a criminal act, but here again, this has almost nothing to do with the economy. The money that is obtained illegally and remains in the country, in principle, continues to work for the economy: the owners buy assets in the country, thereby stimulating other companies that have nothing to do with this illegal origin of money. And who overspent? And just the company that was ready to give a kickback for winning the tender. That is, in essence, she is ready to part with part of the profit in order to get a contract. As a result, we clearly see that kickbacks are just a redistribution of future profits between the parties to the transaction.
Yes, this is illegal because such acts are prohibited by law, as a result of which officials receive income and, of course, do not pay taxes on it, since such income is not reported. But the winning company has already paid taxes on this income, which means the state does not lose its income. And here the question is how we see more legality than economics. And especially greedy officials can be easily calculated by the presence of his assets by comparing them with his income, which is why Al Capone, who could not, got burned in his time tax services explain the origin of his huge capital.
In our example, this is just an illegal redistribution cash flows, but this redistribution does not affect economic development as such. No one is being subjected to nightmares in this process, enterprises are not being squeezed out, and show masks are not being built at companies. If you don’t have money for a kickback or it’s not profitable for you, just don’t participate in the tender, that’s all.
What am I talking about? The fact is that the very raising of the issue of corruption as a destructive phenomenon in the economy is nothing more than cheap populism. The problem is a hundred times more acute gray salaries, on which taxes are not paid.
In Europe, it is officially recognized that corruption in EU countries amounts to about 120-130 billion euros. And this is despite the EU budget itself being approximately the same amount. But it seems that unofficial corruption is exactly two times higher, that is, about 250 billion euros. We admit that this is a substantial amount that could more than cover all the negative consequences of the Russian embargo. As we can see, this has almost no effect on the EU economy. Well, there is no such dependence that corruption holds back the development of the economy by some percentage or fraction thereof.
In Russia, corruption is estimated at approximately $250 billion. Nevertheless, the country has, in principle, been actively developing over the past 10 years and problems only appeared with sanctions and falling oil prices.
All the demagoguery and fears about the fact that we have high corruption, and it affects the standard of living is complete nonsense. It's just that some are getting richer, but others are not getting poorer.
In no way am I trying to justify this phenomenon. But it cannot be connected with the troubles in the economy.
Corruption in some ways is the oil for doing business, but not for its destruction, and therefore for economic activity.
Corruption is terrible in jurisprudence, but not in economics.
Corruption has only one negative aspect for financial stability - the withdrawal of capital abroad, but tracking them is not particularly difficult for financial intelligence, if you take it seriously, of course. By the way, this is precisely what the authorities are focusing on now: money must remain in the country, and who has this capital illegal is a matter for the competent authorities.
Therefore, if they talk to you about corruption and low international ratings in this matter as an argument for Russia’s troubles, don’t be fooled. Here they simply want to evoke emotions that overshadow logic in the most impressionable.
I am neither an official nor a corrupt official. Everything was considered from an economic point of view.
The garden is ready, I'm waiting for the stones.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru

VOLGA HUMANITIES INSTITUTE

federal state autonomous educational institution higher professional education

"VOLGOGRAD STATE UNIVERSITY"

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MATHEMATICS

Department " Economic theory and management"

by discipline

"Legal basis for combating corruption"

The impact of corruption on the state economy

Retraining course attendee:

Rudneva E.V.

Scientific adviser:

Candidate of Legal Sciences,

Egorov Gennady Gennadievich

Volzhsky 2015

“If you don’t grease it, you won’t go”

Russian proverb

Corruption is a social phenomenon that involves the activities of civil servants, their relationships with other members of society, associated with their use of their official position for personal gain, causing damage to state public interests.

Corruption is a universal phenomenon, since it, having arisen along with human civilization, is objectively inherent in all models of social structure. Its emergence is possible from the moment of isolation of the functions of managing society, the formation of appropriate institutions and the emergence of a group of managing people. It is in this case that the official has the opportunity to manage resources and make decisions not in public, but in personal selfish interests. And other members of society may have a desire to influence the rulers with the help of various forms remuneration in order to obtain a solution that takes into account their interests on controversial or pressing problems of life.

Corruption is characterized by following signs: 1) the special socially privileged position of the ruling entities as the main participants in corruption relations, 2) their misuse of public and state resources, 3) the hidden, informal and consensual nature of corruption relations, 4) the ability of corrupt actions to constantly change and improve.

Corruption negatively affects all areas of public life. It leads to growth shadow economy, disruption of competitive market mechanisms, decrease in tax revenues, weakening of the state budget. As a result, the efficiency of the state administrative apparatus decreases, the population's trust in government officials decreases, and the country's prestige in the international arena decreases. Due to the development of corrupt practices, there is an increase in wealth inequality and poverty among the main part of the population. Corruption directly contributes to the criminalization of society, the strengthening of organized crime and the discrediting of law as the main instrument for regulating the life of the state and society.

Experts World Bank consider corruption to be the main economic problem modernity: according to them, 40% of entrepreneurs around the world are forced to pay bribes.

In Russia, the solution to the problem of corruption is still far from final. All quantitative indicators constructed by both domestic and foreign researchers indicate either an increase or a stabilization of the level of corruption. At the end of 2010, law enforcement agencies managed to suppress more than 31 thousand corruption-related crimes, of which about 10 thousand were cases of bribery. The damage from corruption crimes for 2012 is estimated, according to the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Yuri Chaika, at almost 21 billion rubles, for specified period More than 40 thousand corruption crimes were identified. Independent experts emphasize that official statistics and the detection rate of crimes of this kind do not fully reflect the real volume of bribery and extortion: so, according to the professor of the Russian Academy of National Economy and civil service under the President of the Russian Federation Elena Rumyantseva, the damage from corruption amounts to trillions of rubles a year.

The current situation with corruption of officials in the Russian state is largely explained by sociocultural reasons. On the one hand, these include the stable reproducibility of corruption throughout the history of Russian statehood, the dominance of collectivist values and informal relations among civil servants, high level power distance between government officials and citizens. On the other hand, the reproduction of corruption is due to the transitional stage of development modern Russia, which led to economic decline and political instability, a decline in the general level of culture of the population, changes in the hierarchy of value systems of members of society towards the dominance of material needs over spiritual ones.

These sociocultural foundations of corruption have led to the development of many forms of corrupt activity in Russian society. In the public service system, such forms of corruption as bribery, shadow lobbying, favoritism and nepotism, corrupt protectionism, various ways misappropriation of public funds for private use and political corruption.

Therefore, ignoring these grounds for corruption cannot contribute to the development of an effective anti-corruption policy, leading to a reduction in the prevalence of corruption relations to a level that does not harm the normal social functioning and development of modern Russian society.

To obtain a positive result in the fight against corruption, the Russian state must implement an anti-corruption policy that involves a whole range of measures. It should include a system of measures aimed at both suppressing and criminal prosecution of corrupt acts committed, and preventing their occurrence by eliminating opportunities for abuse of power.

Prerequisites for the development of corruption

Among the instrumental prerequisites for the development of corruption in executive authorities, the following can be identified:

Low level of official income in executive authorities; corruption official power

Low degree of responsibility of officials: the expected probability of punishment for corrupt behavior and its severity;

Low professional qualification state bureaucracy;

Low efficiency of institutional control over corruption;

Opacity current system formal rules;

Loyal attitude towards administrative corruption of the country's political leadership.

In the report of World Bank specialists on the competitiveness of the world's countries for 2012-2013, among the factors making it difficult to do business in Russia, corruption ranks first (20.5%), followed by bureaucracy and inefficiency of the state apparatus (11.9%), financing difficulties (10.0% ), high stakes taxes (9.3%) and other factors.

Corruption and investment.

As quite numerous empirical studies show, the higher the level of corruption of officials in a state, the less attractive this state is to foreign investors. The fact is that it is not the bribes themselves that pose a threat to investors, but the level of uncertainty that is inherent in a corrupt system: corruption, unlike taxation, is unpredictable and opaque. There are almost always no effective mechanisms for ensuring the implementation of corruption agreements.

Investments in the economy are one of the the most important factors successful development of the country, and their share serves as one of the important indicators of the quality of growth. One of the important empirical studies on the relationship between corruption and investment is the research of Paulo Mauro, including Corruption and Growth (PaoloMauro, 1995). It aimed to “identify the channels through which corruption and other institutional factors influence economic growth and measure the magnitude of these effects.” For this purpose, various indicators developed by Business International were used. A total of 56 investment risk factors were used for 68 countries. Respondents rated risk factors on a scale of 1 to 10. One of the 56 factors was corruption, defined as “the level of involvement of corrupt or questionable payments in business transactions.” Indicators of corruption were also used, in particular “the quality of the judicial system” and “the degree of bureaucratic red tape.” The study found that corruption has a negative impact on the investment-GDP ratio, that is, a decrease in bureaucratic corruption leads to an increase in investment. The same conclusions are confirmed by other studies; for example, studies by World Bank specialists indicate that corruption significantly reduces the volume of domestic and foreign investment. Considering corruption as a kind of “tax” on business, they believe that every increase in this “tax” by one percent reduces the influx of direct investment into the country by five percent.

Corruption and economic growth.

Another very pressing issue is the relationship between the level of corruption in a country and the pace of economic growth. Scientists have identified a significant negative correlation between GDP per capita and the level of corruption of a country: poor countries,

as a rule, more corrupt than the rich. This conclusion

confirmed by numerous statistical studies.

Corruption and government spending.

The impact of corruption on government spending has also been examined in a number of studies. Intuitively, it is expected that high levels of corruption would distort the entire decision-making process associated with public investment projects. By favoring large capital-intensive projects at the expense of smaller social infrastructure projects, those allocating resources may have more possibilities to obtain illegal income. Specific facts confirm this assumption. Statistical studies based on cross-country data (and among them the study of P. Moreau) show that the effectiveness of government spending and, in particular, spending on education and health care, decreases with increasing corruption in the country.

Corruption and international trade.

“Corruption makes the foreign investor's relationships with government officials, necessary, for example, to obtain export licenses or production permits, less transparent and more expensive. In this case, the existence of a local economic partner reduces transaction costs for the foreign investor.” SmarzynskaandWei.

Research into the impact of corruption on international trade is complicated by a large number of indicators that must be taken into account in such an analysis, in particular: language barriers, geographical extent, structure of exports and imports, trade barriers and much more. However, it has been proven that corruption is also a cause of barriers to trade and, in particular, leads to significant increases and diversity in tariff rates on imported goods. The wide variety (i.e. complexity) of import duties increases the ability of customs officials to generate corrupt proceeds by manipulating the classification of imported goods.

Corruption and the capabilities of macroeconomic management.

Corruption affects macroeconomic policy potential. The growth of corruption reduces the revenue side of the state budget, since, on the one hand, as has been shown, corruption has a disincentive effect on the economic activity of individuals, and on the other hand, high corruption in fiscal authorities contributes to a decrease in collected tax payments. Corruption has negative impact to the so-called value added tax productivity coefficient - the ratio of the share of collected VAT in GDP to the standard VAT rate. It is clear that theoretically, in the absence of corruption in tax authorities and, accordingly, massive evasion from paying this tax, these two indicators must be equal to each other. However, in practice, the correlation coefficient between the level of corruption and the VAT productivity coefficient is -0.34. Statistical analysis confirms that corruption is interrelated with capital flow controls. There are two reasons for this: first, the more corrupt a country is, the lower its ability to collect taxes; the marginal cost of collecting taxes increases sharply as corruption increases; secondly, direct foreign investment constitute a relatively smaller share of capital imports in corrupt countries than in countries with less corruption. Corrupt countries have a more volatile savings portfolio, which in turn reduces macroeconomic management capabilities.

Corruption and the size of the shadow economy.

The size of the informal sector in various countries has been the subject of numerous studies over the past two decades. There are obviously two-way relationships between corruption and the activities of the shadow economy. On the one hand, it is clear that any economic activity of any scale that is not regulated by laws requires bureaucratic and political protection, which can only be provided illegally, most often through corruption. The demand for illegal activities can often be a consequence of the costs associated with legal registration and organization, and the bureaucracy's exercise of its powers. Legality means significant fixed costs. In poor countries, the relative size of the shadow economy is likely to be larger than in rich countries. It also finds that illegal entities have to pay relatively more of their net income (in bribes) than legitimate ones. However, corruption itself is also the reason why firms go underground. Moreover, corruption increases with the increase in the share of the shadow sector in the economy.

The positive empirical relationship between corruption and the share of the shadow sector in the economy is confirmed both theoretically and empirically, being one of the main mechanisms through which corruption is deeply entrenched in society. Corruption fees from the shadow economy that go to legal bureaucratic structures are very profitable for them, and therefore it is more profitable for the bureaucracy to have as large a shadow sector as possible if the country is highly corrupt.

Anti-corruption measures

To increase the effectiveness of combating corruption crime, it is necessary to carry out coordinated actions of all structures involved in combating corruption in the following main areas:

Development and implementation of public anti-corruption expertise of regulatory legal acts;

Ensuring transparency of all administrative and legal procedures and decision-making, their strict regulation;

Tightening liability for corruption crimes and improving economic countermeasures (it is necessary that a corruption crime be economically unprofitable);

Expanding international legal cooperation in the field of anti-corruption;

Eradication of the existing system of personnel selection for government and municipal service on the principle of kinship, personal devotion and friendship to create a team of “like-minded people”. Strict regulation in the selection of personnel, strict control of the income of officials, an effective system of employee incentives;

Development of a system of social control exercised over human behavior, the functioning of institutions, enterprises and organizations, and society as a whole;

Formation of anti-corruption resistance among citizens, i.e. a system of socio-psychological qualities that allow one to resist the temptations of abuse of official position and authority, giving or receiving a bribe. This is possible through the development and promotion of an appropriate ideology, disseminated both by the state and public associations and the media.

The measures taken to combat corruption are only the first step and it is difficult to talk about serious results of such work. In the future, it is necessary to introduce these activities into the systematic practice of law enforcement agencies with active interaction with other authorities (legislative, executive, judicial), public organizations and the business community. Only universal efforts will make it possible to reduce the level of corruption and its systemic manifestations, and, accordingly, the extent of damage caused to the socio-economic development of the country.

Modern Russia, due to the widespread and institutionalization of corruption relations, suffers all possible negative consequences from the spread of this phenomenon. Therefore, corruption has become a threat to the national security of the Russian state and indicates the objective need for a comprehensive anti-corruption policy that can solve this problem and ensure normal conditions for the development of Russian society.

References

Levin M.I., Satarov G.A., Tsirik M.L. Russia and corruption: who wins whom // Russian newspaper. 2011.19.02.

Levin M.I., Satarov G.A. The phenomenon of corruption in Russia // Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 12.2010

Rose-Ackerman S. Corruption and the state: causes, consequences, reforms. - M.: Logos, 2011.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents