To attract financial resources many banks widely use borrowed funds through interbank loans. This is one of the most expensive sources. But during the outflow of deposits from the bank to increase the funds in the correspondent account and timely fulfillment of obligations to customers, the expansion of the use of interbank loans is quite justified.

A loan from the Central Bank is an opportunity to replenish borrowed funds provided by the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus. For this commercial Bank must submit an application for the provision of centralized credit resources to the main territorial administration National Bank that controls its activities. The National Bank decides to grant a loan to a commercial bank. Most often, centralized credit is provided for some specific purpose, for example, the implementation long term investment. At the same time, the bank must comply with the economic standards established by it, taking into account the receipt of the specified loan. The amount of payment for centralized credit resources is determined discount rate National Bank.

But basically, banks receive borrowed resources from other commercial banks that have temporarily available funds, this type of loans is called interbank loans (IBK).

An interbank loan is the provision of credit resources by a creditor bank to a borrowing bank (credited bank).

Free credit resources are traded by sustainable financially commercial banks, which often have a surplus of resources. In order for these resources to generate income, banks seek to place them in other borrowing banks. In addition to the benefits of depositing funds, lending banks get the opportunity to establish business partnerships on other issues banking.

Banks provide loans to each other on a contractual basis. Loans are provided as Belarusian rubles, as well as in foreign currency.

Many commercial banks use correspondent accounts for lending by blocking funds in the accounts for a specified period as an interbank loan. Many commercial banks issue such loans as fixed-term interbank deposits.

These are the cheapest resources: interest on correspondent accounts is set at the level of interest on current account balances of clients.

Also, an interbank loan can act in the form of obligations under promissory notes, leasing, fulfilled guarantees issued for other banks.

IN collateral for an interbank loan may be a pledge of property. In some cases, the bank may re-pledge the property of its customers received by it during transactions. Guarantees and guarantees of other banks, enterprises and organizations can also be used as collateral if they are secured by a highly liquid pledge of a guarantor or guarantor. Banks can provide loans to each other without appropriate security for up to 3 days only, with the consent of both parties.

IN loan agreement the lending bank may require the provision of information by the borrowing bank about its financial condition and about intended use loan, if it is targeted. [Money, credit, banks. G.I. Kravtsova]

Resources commercial bank represent the totality of all funds at the disposal of the bank and used by it for carrying out active operations. The operations by which commercial banks carry out the formation of their resources are called.

The formation of the resources of commercial banks, depending on the sources of their formation, occurs in the context of the following areas:

1. equity;
2. involved funds;
3. borrowed funds.

Equity

The specificity of banking is that banks are intermediaries on. In this regard, the equity capital of a commercial bank has a relatively small share in the total resource base. So, if industrial and industrial companies have an average share of their own funds of 40-70%, then commercial banks have a little more than 10%.

In commercial banks, equity performs primarily a protective function, which manifests itself in protecting the interests of creditors and depositors, as well as in covering possible losses from implementation. For enterprises, equity capital is, first of all, a source of operational activities.

The equity capital of a commercial bank is divided into:

• main capital;
• additional capital.

Main capital includes:

• statutory fund;
• reserve fund;
• special funds (economic incentive fund and other funds formed at the expense of profit).

Additional capital includes:

• unused reserves intended for insurance of active operations;
• retained earnings.

As part of the fixed capital, the leading role belongs to authorized capital of the bank. The size of the authorized capital is determined by the founders (shareholders) at the time of the creation of the bank, but its size cannot be less than the minimum level established. The formation of the bank's statutory fund occurs through the issuance and sale.

The authorized capital can be formed only at the expense of own resources(funds) of shareholders. Formation of the statutory fund at the expense of borrowed funds is not allowed. The statutory fund of the bank also cannot be formed at the expense of the funds of organizations that, according to their charter, do not have the right to engage in commercial activities(public and religious organizations, charitable foundations, etc.).

In the course of its activities, the bank may need to increase the authorized capital. In this case, the bank carries out an additional issue, which can be formalized by issuing both ordinary and.

reserve fund a commercial bank is formed to cover possible losses from banking activities, as well as to pay for preferred shares during periods when the amount of the bank's profit is insufficient. The main purpose reserve fund- ensuring the stability of a commercial bank, reducing the likelihood of its bankruptcy.

The procedure for the formation of the reserve fund is approved, and its size is set, as a rule, at the level of 50% of the authorized fund. The source of the formation of the reserve fund is the profit of the bank, deductions from which must be at least 5% per year and are carried out until the moment the reserve fund is formed in full.

In addition to the reserve fund, commercial banks also create special funds intended for industrial and social development. The source of their formation is also the profit of the bank.

The additional capital of the bank consists of unused reserves and retained earnings. When conducting banking operations are created (credit, investment, currency). The main purpose of these reserves is to reduce the impact of negative consequences due to non-repayment of loans, the occurrence of losses on securities located in the bank's portfolio, as well as from foreign exchange transactions.

Fundraising can also be done with the help of. A bank bill has a deposit nature and in this way is similar to a certificate of deposit. However, unlike a savings certificate, a bank bill can be used as a payment instrument for payments for goods and services, while new owner may transfer it to a third party by way of . The bank bill indicates the percentage of the face value of the bill, which the bank pays to the owner of the bill.

Borrowed funds of a commercial bank

Banks raise borrowed funds by issuing bonds and attracting loans on the interbank credit market, incl. attracting loans from the central bank.

During financial crisis When there is a rapid liquidity squeeze, a commercial bank may apply for a loan from the central bank as the lender of last resort. In such cases, are involved.

If there is a portfolio of securities (in particular government bonds), a commercial bank can borrow funds through operations.

In the passive bank balance all sources of formation are reflected banking resources, which are accumulated by the bank for profitable use in the course of operations.

Bank liabilities ("bank resources") can be divided into two large groups:

• Bank capital and items equivalent to it (Bank's own funds (capital).
• Funds raised (deposit and non-deposit).

The main source of commercial bank resources are borrowed funds, which account for 86-88% or more of all banking resources. The share of own funds of Russian commercial banks accounts for 12-14%, which generally corresponds to the current structure in the world banking practice.

Own funds (capital) of the bank

Law on banks and banking activities minimum size own funds (capital) for operating Russian banks in 2009 was set at 180 million rubles. But this norm is introduced in the Russian banking system gradually. Thus, as of January 1, 2010, the amount of own funds (capital) that meets the requirements of the law must be at least 90 million rubles. Non-compliant banks must either increase their capital or transform into a non-bank credit institution, which has lower minimum capital requirements. If the bank's capital remains below the allowable level as of January 1, 2010, the Bank of Russia is obliged to revoke the bank's license. And as of January 1, 2012, according to the law on banks and banking activities, the minimum amount of own funds (capital) of all Russian banking organizations must be at least 180 million rubles. A bank that applies to expand its operations and obtain a general license must have a capital of at least 900 million rubles.

The bank's own funds (capital) is a calculated indicator, which is defined as an amount consisting of:

• authorized capital of the bank;
• bank funds;
• retained earnings.

As part of equity, approximately half is accounted for by funds, and the second half is profit current year.

The structure of the bank's own funds is heterogeneous in quality and changes during the year depending on a number of factors.

Authorized fund (capital) creates economic basis the existence of a bank and is a prerequisite for the formation of a bank as a legal entity, and therefore special requirements are imposed on it. The authorized capital of a credit organization is made up of the amount of the contributions of its participants and determines the minimum amount of property that guarantees the interests of its creditors. Its value is regulated legislative acts central banks. Currently, in the Russian Federation, the minimum amount of the authorized capital of a newly registered bank on the day of filing an application for state registration and issuance of a license for banking operations is set at 180 million rubles. The minimum amount of the authorized capital of a newly registered non-banking credit organization is set at 90 million rubles. Intangible values ​​(for example, know-how) cannot be used to form the authorized capital. The Bank of Russia establishes size limit property (non-monetary) contributions to the authorized capital of a credit institution, as well as a list of types of non-monetary property that may be contributed as payment for the authorized capital. Funds raised cannot be used to form the authorized capital of a credit institution, i.e. founders should not contribute to the authorized capital funds taken on credit.

For the purpose of evaluating the funds contributed to pay for the authorized capital of the bank. The Bank of Russia may establish evaluation criteria financial position its founders. The criteria for the participation of individual participants in the formation of the bank are also defined. Thus, the acquisition as a result of one or more transactions by one legal or natural person or a group of persons interconnected by agreements, over 1% shares (stakes) of a credit institution requires notification of the Bank of Russia, more than 20% - prior consent. These provisions have been in effect since 11 January 2007 for both residents and non-residents.

reserve fund will be created in order to absorb possible losses arising in the activities of the bank, and ensures the stability of its functioning. The formation of a reserve fund is mandatory for a commercial bank, and its size is established in legislative order as a percentage of the actually created authorized capital. Now the minimum amount of the reserve fund cannot be less than 15% of the authorized capital. The reserve fund is formed from deductions from the profit of the current year, after the approval of the annual accounting report general meeting bank shareholders. Strictly defined purposes have been established for which funds from the reserve fund can be used. This is, firstly, covering the losses of a credit institution based on the results of the reporting year and, Secondly, an increase in the authorized capital through capitalization. In this case, only the funds of the reserve fund that exceed the minimum amount are subject to capitalization.

Other funds can also be created in the bank, such as, for example, economic incentive funds, development funds, etc. There is also a group of funds associated with the operation of certain economic factors, such as inflation and exchange rate differences between national and foreign currencies. These are funds for the revaluation of fixed assets and funds for the revaluation of foreign currency. The size of these funds is very flexible, and their volume under certain circumstances can reach very significant figures.

In the course of the bank's activities, the amount of own funds changes. It is adjusted (i.e., depending on the prevailing conditions, it can increase or decrease the size of the bank's capital) by the amount of revaluation of funds in foreign currency, revaluation of securities traded on the stock exchange, revaluation precious metals. And there are bank performance indicators that only reduce the amount of own funds of a credit institution, this is the size of: incurred losses, repurchased own shares, underestimated reserve for possible losses on loans, under-created reserve for possible losses on balance sheet assets and off-balance sheet accounts, under-created required reserve under depreciation of investments in securities, excess of acquisition costs tangible assets(including for the acquisition of fixed assets) over own sources, funds on correspondent accounts in credit institutions with a revoked license, etc.

Funds raised from credit institutions

In both sums of bank resources, attracted funds occupy a predominant place. Their share in various banks ranges from 75% and above.

In world banking practice, all attracted resources are grouped according to the method of their accumulation, as follows:

• deposit;
• non-deposit.

The bulk of the attracted resources of commercial banks - about 90% - are deposits, i.e. cash deposited to the bank by its customers - individuals and legal entities.

Non-deposit funds - these are borrowed funds that are purchased on the market on a competitive basis, and the initiative to attract them belongs to the bank itself. Non-deposit sources of bank resources include:

• obtaining loans in the interbank market from other credit institutions (interbank credit - IBC);
• obtaining loans from the Central Bank ( different kinds Central Bank loans: settlement, overnight, pawnshop, cash advance transactions);
• issuance of own bonds and bills by a commercial bank.

Deposit funds are the funds deposited to the bank by its customers to certain accounts and used in accordance with the account regime and applicable law.

The basis for opening a bank account, an account for a deposit (deposit) is the conclusion of a bank account agreement and the provision of all documents determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation. So, in order to open a current account for a resident legal entity, the following are provided to the bank:

• certificate of state registration of a legal entity;
• constituent documents of a legal entity;
• licenses (permits) issued to a legal entity in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for the right to carry out activities subject to licensing;
• card with samples of signatures and seal imprints;
• documents confirming the powers of the persons indicated in the card to dispose of the funds in the bank account, and in the case when the agreement provides for the certification of the rights to dispose of the funds in the account using an analogue of a handwritten signature, documents confirming the powers of persons endowed the right to use an analogue of a handwritten signature;
• documents confirming the authority of the sole executive body legal entity;
• certificate of registration with the tax authority.

The opening of a bank account is completed by making an appropriate entry in the Registration Book open accounts maintained by the bank. The client may be denied opening a bank account if documents confirming the information necessary to identify the client are not provided, or if false information. When opening an account, the bank must establish whether the client is acting in his own interests or in the interests of the beneficiary (in this case officials bank must identify the beneficiary).

Banks enter into the following agreements with customers:

• bank account agreement (contract for settlement and cash services);
• treaty bank deposit(deposit agreement for legal entities and savings for individuals);
• correspondent agreements (balances on correspondent accounts of other banks in this bank - Loro accounts).

In accordance with the law Russian Federation Currently, in our country, banks can open the following types of accounts in Russian currency and foreign currency: current accounts, settlement accounts, correspondent accounts, correspondent sub-accounts, accounts trust management, accounts on deposits (deposits).

These accounts are divided into two groups:

• demand deposits;
• time deposits (with their variety - deposit and savings ln y m and certificates fi katami).

Demand deposits- these are funds on current, settlement, budget and other accounts related to settlements, funds on correspondent accounts of other banks (“Loro”), as well as deposits of individuals and legal entities on demand, i.e. these funds can be used by investors at any time, either in whole or in any part. From their settlement and current accounts, enterprises and organizations pay their expenses associated with the implementation of settlements with suppliers, contractors, the budget and off-budget funds withdraw money to pay wages and business travelers, perform other necessary payments. These accounts receive proceeds from the sale of products and services of enterprises, other payments are made to legal entities - the owners of these accounts, and cash deposited by enterprises into their bank account is credited. In addition, the amounts of loans granted to them, contributions of shareholders (members) of enterprises to their authorized capitals, amounts of deposits and interest paid by banks to enterprises for the use of borrowed funds, as well as fines, penalties and other cash receipts in non-cash and cash forms.

A variety of demand accounts, which are becoming more common, are special card accounts, opened by holders bank cards. Spending funds from a special card account is carried out within the spending limit (for payment cards) or within the limits provided to the account holder credit line and spending limit (for credit cards).

As a rule, demand accounts are the lowest-yielding ones, since they either do not pay interest at all, or their size is very small. But this is the least stable part of the resources, since they can be used for calculations at any time. The bank charges a fee for transactions on the account. monthly fee for maintaining an account or a certain amount (or a percentage of the payment amount) charged for each account transaction.

Term deposits - This is money deposited in the bank for a fixed period in the contract. These accounts are opened for individuals and legal entities to account for funds placed with credit institutions in order to receive income in the form of interest accrued on the amount of placed funds. The interest paid on them is usually higher. But these are the most interesting funds for banks, as they are more stable and can be used in long-term investments jar.

Term deposits can be of two types. Deposits with a set term for notifying the bank about the withdrawal of funds are, to a certain extent, a transitional step between demand accounts and time deposits (deposits). This also determines the amount of interest paid on such accounts. When placing funds in banking products of this type, the client concludes an agreement with the bank, which fixes the period (in days, months) for advance notification by the client of the intention to withdraw funds from the bank account. Such an account may also allow the possibility of its replenishment, which, as a rule, does not require advance notice.

When raising funds for deposits (deposits) with a fixed term(term deposits, deposits) the bank undertakes to return to the client the amount of his deposit in the period established by the agreement deposit term. At the same time, it is possible to pay interest on the deposit either simultaneously with the expiration of the period for which it was accepted, or at certain intervals (monthly, quarterly, etc.). Early withdrawal of funds from a deposit account in this case usually involves deducting a certain penalty from the client or reducing the amount of interest paid on the deposit. The deposit agreement concluded between the depositor and the bank regulates in detail the rights and obligations of the parties to the agreement, the procedure and conditions for returning the deposit amount to the depositor and paying interest on the deposit, the procedure for resolving disputes and contains other significant points for the bank and the depositor.

Attraction of funds by credit institutions for fixed term may be formalized not by a deposit agreement, but by issuing a deposit or savings certificate - a security certifying the amount of the deposit made and the right of the depositor (certificate holder) to receive the deposit amount and the interest stipulated in the certificate at the credit institution that issued the certificate after the expiration of the established period. In Russia, certificates of deposit are issued to depositors - legal entities, savings certificates - to depositors - individuals.

The structure of bank accounts and deposits depends on the quantity and quality of its clientele, the bank's place in the banking system and economy, the bank's ability to offer investors banking products that satisfy them in terms of reliability, profitability and terms. Bank's ability to deadlines V in full to fulfill its obligations to creditors and depositors is the most important requirement for the organization of the bank's management system, its liquidity.

conclusions

The main source of funds with which the bank operates are the money attracted by it from enterprises, organizations and the population - the bank's obligations. Depending on the conditions under which the bank raises funds from organizations and individuals, the bank's liabilities can be divided into deposit and non-deposit, demand and urgent, etc. Demand accounts form the basis of deposit resources. Non-deposit forms of attracting funds by banks is the issuance and placement of bonds, bills of exchange, other debt securities, obtaining loans from the central bank and other credit organizations, rediscounting bills of exchange and bank acceptances.

IN total amount bank resources borrowed and borrowed resources dominate. Their share of various banks is 70% or more. With the development of market relations, the structure of attracted resources has undergone significant changes, due to the emergence of new, non-traditional for the old banking system ways of accumulating temporarily free funds of individuals and legal entities, and with the emergence of the MCB market in the resources of commercial banks importance acquire borrowed funds, i.e. funds received from other banks.

In world banking practice, all attracted resources are grouped according to the method of their accumulation as follows:

• deposits,
• · non-deposit attracted funds.

The bulk of the attracted resources of commercial banks are deposits, i.e. funds deposited to the bank by customers - individuals and legal entities and used by them in accordance with the account regime and banking legislation.

The bank receives non-deposit attracted funds in the form of loans from other banks or by selling its own debt money market. Non-deposit sources of banking resources differ from deposits in that they are, firstly, non-personalized, i.e. are not associated with a specific client of the bank, but are acquired on the market on a competitive basis; secondly, the initiative to attract these funds belongs to the bank itself.

Non-deposit borrowed resources are mainly used big banks. Non-deposit funds are purchased for large sums, and they are called wholesale operations.

The structure of borrowed and borrowed funds is shown in Table. 3.

Tab. 3. The structure of attracted and borrowed funds of credit institutions.

Facilities	Back to top	Specific weight, %	Dynamics for 2008-2012, %
2008, billion rubles	2010, billion rubles	2012, billion rubles	as of 01.01.2008	on 01.01. 2010	as of 01.01.2012
1. Funds of bank customers, total
Including:
1.1 Settlement and current accounts
1.2 Deposits of legal entities
1.3 Deposits of individuals
II. Banking sector funds
Including:
funds received from the Bank of Russia
correspondent accounts of credit institutions
loans received from credit institutions
III. Bonds
IV. Bills of exchange and banker's acceptances
V. Other funds raised
Funds raised and borrowed, total
Liabilities of credit institutions, total

Based on the data in the table, it can be seen that in the structure of liabilities of credit institutions, attracted and borrowed funds at the beginning of 2012 amounted to 81.4%. Over the past 4 years, they have grown by 2.06 times. At the same time, the share of borrowed funds for the period from 2008 to 2012 decreased from 18.1% to 14.7%. However, their structure has changed significantly: funds provided by the Bank of Russia in the amount of borrowed funds increased 35.6 times, loans from other credit institutions decreased from 92.5% to 74.7%. There is a positive trend in the structure of attracted funds: there is a higher increase in funds on deposit accounts of legal entities compared to the balances on settlement and current accounts, the increase in household deposits in deposits over the past four years amounted to 230.1%.

Modern banking practice is characterized by a wide variety of deposits and deposit accounts opened by a bank client. This is due to the desire of banks in a segmented highly competitive market to most fully meet the demand of various customer groups for Banking services and to attract their savings and free cash capital to bank accounts.

The attracted funds of bank customers can be classified by terms, types of contracts concluded, categories of depositors, conditions for depositing and withdrawing funds, interest paid, the possibility of obtaining benefits for active bank operations, etc.

Funds of bank customers by terms of attraction can be classified as follows:

• funds on settlement and current accounts;
• funds on demand accounts;
• term deposits and deposits.

A characteristic feature of funds held in settlement and current accounts is their high liquidity. Funds are credited and withdrawn to such accounts as they are received or demanded by the account holders. Thus, for this group of attracted funds, the distinctive features are that:

• deposit and withdrawal of money are carried out at any time without any restrictions;
• · the account holder pays the bank a commission for using the account in the form of a fixed monthly rate or as a percentage of the debit turnover on the account;
• · The bank sets low interest rates for keeping funds in settlement and current accounts.

Depending on the term for which the bank deposit agreement is concluded, there are demand deposits, time deposits and savings deposits.

Demand deposits are represented by various accounts from which their owners can receive cash on demand by issuing cash and settlement documents. Money is credited and withdrawn to such accounts as business and other transactions are carried out, reflected in monetary terms on these accounts. The main disadvantage is the lack of payment of interest on the account or very little high percent.

Term deposits represent the most stable part of deposit resources, which allows banks to lend in the medium and long term. A term deposit has a clearly defined term, as a rule, a fixed interest is paid on it and restrictions are introduced on early withdrawal of the deposit. When withdrawing a deposit before the agreed period, the bank charges a fine in the amount of a predetermined percentage of the amount of the deposit and the withdrawal period.

The most characteristic features of time deposits:

• cannot be used for settlements, and they are not issued settlement documents;
• funds on the accounts turn around slowly;
• pays a fixed percentage; the maximum level of the interest rate in certain periods can be regulated central banks;
• · a requirement is established for the depositor to give advance notice to the bank about the withdrawal of money;
• · a lower rate of deductions to the mandatory reserve fund is determined.

Savings deposits in domestic banking practice are opened only to individuals. In foreign practice, such accounts are also opened for non-profit organizations and business firms. The interest paid on savings accounts is usually lower than on time deposits.

There are various types of savings deposits opened by individuals: term deposits; urgent with additional contributions; winning; money-thing winning; targeted, current, with prior notification of the withdrawal of funds, etc. For banks, the significance of savings deposits is that with their help unused incomes of the population are mobilized and converted into productive capital.

Term savings deposits: either a fixed term or a period during which the deposit cannot be withdrawn is established. The bank pays the highest interest on term deposits compared to other types of savings deposits.

Savings deposit with additional contributions. A predetermined amount of money is regularly deposited into this account and the accumulated savings are paid out on a certain date (New Year's deposits, by the time of adulthood, etc.).

Current savings deposits allow free receipt and withdrawal of funds and are used mainly for crediting wages, pensions, and regular payments. These deposits carry a minimum interest rate. In Western practice, these accounts can be "tied" to a term deposit to automatically reinforce the balance in the event of a lack of funds to make payments on this account.

In the volume of attracted funds of bank customers, funds held on settlement, current accounts, and demand deposits occupy a larger share, so it is important for banks to determine their permanent, irreducible balance in order to use these funds for placement in active operations on long terms.

The specifics of the bank's activity is that its resources in the vast majority are formed not at the expense of its own, but at the expense of borrowed funds. The bank's ability to raise funds is regulated by the CBR and depends on the size of equity bank and its legal form.

In the context of the transition to a market economy, the problem of resource formation has acquired exceptional relevance for banks. The current situation is characterized by the fact that the national fund of banking resources has sharply narrowed. Therefore, banks in the conditions of commercial independence and competition devote a lot of time and effort to the formation of their own capital and attraction of resources. The resources of a commercial bank are usually defined as the totality of own and borrowed funds available to the bank and used by it to carry out active operations.

The composition of own funds includes: funds - statutory, reserve, special, economic incentives; reserves to cover credit risks and depreciation of securities; funds for production and social development; profit of the current year and retained earnings of previous years.

The statutory fund is the guarantor of the bank's economic stability.

Own funds represent the state of shareholders in a commercial bank, i.e. net worth jar. Therefore, their movement is the subject of a special report in the complex financial reporting drawn up according to international rules.

IN Russian practice passive operations of commercial banks include:

Acceptance of deposits (deposits) in Russian and foreign currencies;

Opening and maintenance of customer accounts, including LORO accounts of correspondent banks in Russian and foreign currencies;

Issuance of own securities (shares and bonds), as well as the issuance of securities as financial instruments(bills, deposit and savings certificates) in Russian and foreign currencies;

Receipt of interbank loans, including centralized loans, purchased at auctions, or obtained from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, in addition, loans received from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Term deposits are credited to deposit accounts for a certain period and interest is paid on them. The owner of the deposit receives a certificate of deposit, which indicates the deposited amount, interest rate, maturity and other terms of the agreement. Interest rates depends on the amount and term of the deposit. Savings deposits are interest-bearing deposits of individuals that can be withdrawn immediately.

Other sources of banking resources are cash funds, which the bank attracts independently in order to ensure its liquidity. Among them - loans received from other banks; securities sold under repurchase agreements. They are called managed liabilities. These liabilities give banks the opportunity to make up for deposit losses, to be prepared for unforeseen circumstances (for example, for an unexpected outflow of deposits, for unexpected loan applications).

Getting a loan from the central reserve bank- traditional passive operation commercial banks, related to the provision of assistance to them Central Bank with a temporary shortage of reserves.

Repurchase agreements emerged as new sources of resources for commercial banks. Such an agreement may be between a bank and a firm (or government securities dealers). When a firm wants to invest a large amount of cash for a very short period of time, it puts it into a buyback agreement because it is highly liquid. The firm can return the funds the next day and receive only slightly lower interest on them than on certificates of deposit. These agreements have become an important channel for the placement of temporarily free funds.

The structure of banking resources of individual commercial banks depends on the level of their specialization or universalization, the characteristics of their activities (see Fig. 2).

Not the entire set of funds mobilized in the bank is free to carry out active operations of the bank, but only its credit potential. The credit potential of a commercial bank is the amount of funds mobilized in the bank minus the liquidity reserve.

Taking into account the principle of liquidity, all funds of the credit potential of a commercial bank can be divided according to the degree of their stability: absolutely stable, stable and unstable funds.

The composition of absolutely stable means includes: own funds jar; funds deposited for a certain period; funds received from other banks. Stable funds are all deposited funds at the presentation of the bank's principals, whose dynamics have been studied by the bank; at the same time, the average amount of funds that the bank can have at any time for their direction in certain assets is established. Volatile funds create escrow funds that appear periodically and whose dynamics are difficult to predict.

Fig.2. The structure of attracted and borrowed funds of a commercial bank

These patterns must be used to develop the right policy in the field of distribution of funds credit potential and bank liquidity. One of the main objectives of the banking policy in the distribution of credit potential funds is to ensure that the structure of sources of funds is consistent with the structure of the bank's assets.

In the event that a bank provides funds on average for longer periods than the maturity of the funds of the credit potential, it can carry out an urgent transformation of funds. The possibility of transformation is due to the fact that the funds of deposits at sight are concentrated in the bank from different depositors who use them with different dynamics. The degree of transformation should correspond to the level of liquidity at the time of the transformation of funds.

Foreign experience shows that the transformation of credit potential is one of the main reasons for the aggravation of the problem of bank liquidity. To assess the degree of risk of urgent transformation, it is advisable to regulate the reflection in accounting of the terms of active and passive operations.

The composition and structure of the banking resources of individual commercial banks depend on the size of banks, on the level of their specialization or universalization, the characteristics of their activities, the region and the market in which they operate.

Only its credit potential, which is defined as the amount of mobilized To bank funds less liquidity reserve.

Taking into account the principle of liquidity, all attracted funds of a commercial bank are divided according to the degree of their stability into absolutely stable, stable and unstable funds. It is the ratio of stable and unstable resources that determines the active policy of banks. Foreign experience shows that the transformation of credit potential is one of the main reasons for the aggravation of the problem of bank liquidity. The qualitative and quantitative balance of the ebb and flow of funds of credit potential is an important factor in the practice of maintaining the bank's liquidity.