1. Mark on the map the main industrial and agricultural regions of the country. Compare their placement with the location of the Main Settlement Strip.

The main industrial (Central, Northwestern, Urals, Volga region) and agricultural regions (Central Black Earth, Northern Caucasus, Volga region) generally coincide with the most densely populated zone of the country's population.

2. Expand the content of the concept of “territorial (geographic) division of labor”, highlight its components.

Geographical, or territorial, division of labor is expressed in the economic specialization of individual territories and in their exchange of goods and services with each other.

3. Which specialization, in your opinion, is more beneficial for the territory - narrow or broad? Why?

Each specialization has its pros and cons. Wide specialization makes it possible to comprehensively develop the region's economy and guarantees a certain degree of independence from imports from other regions. Narrow specialization makes it possible to concentrate on one industry, improve it and make its products the most competitive.

4. Explain the significance of the geographical division of labor: a) for individual territories and b) for the country as a whole.

Geographical division of labor is one of the laws of social development. Previously “closed” countries and regions begin to exchange the products of their labor, and as a result, the efficiency of the entire economy increases, people’s lives become richer and more diverse. A) individual areas can develop those industries that really benefit, receiving the rest of the products from other areas. B) for a country, specialization is an opportunity to find its place in the world market, to obtain products that cannot be produced on its territory.

5. What modern industries are the names of individual cities or regions associated with? Give examples.

Norilsk - Norilsk Nickel, Tolyatti - AvtoVAZ, Cherepovets - Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.

How does the territorial division of labor arise?

When studying sectors of the economy, you noticed that a number of regions are characterized by the development of one or another production. Let us remember that we associated the north of the European part of Russia with one of the main regions of the timber industry, the products of which (timber, paper, cardboard) go to other regions of the country.

Flows of gas and oil through pipelines rush to consumption areas from Western Siberia- the main fuel base of Russia; Central Russia, the North-West, the Volga region, and the Urals act as areas for the production of complex industrial products, the North Caucasus is one of the main regions of grain farming and industrial crops. Thus, on the territory of the country we can distinguish the main areas of the mining and manufacturing industries, the development of agriculture and recreation, trade and financial activities, and others. In other words, districts specialize in different industries.

Rice. 52. Diversity of economy in Russian regions

Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky (1881 -1963). One of the founders of the domestic economic geography, creator of the doctrine of the geographical division of labor and the theory of economic-geographical position. He considered the task of geography to be a comprehensive study of territory - “from geology to ideology,” and not just to describe it, but also to transform it. Geography, according to Baransky, should be a constructive science.

It is very important that the districts not only produce certain products, but also conduct an active, profitable exchange of goods and services, successfully working for each other to create inter-district, inter-regional exchange, and geographical division of labor.

Geographical, or territorial, division of labor is expressed in the economic specialization of individual territories and in their exchange of goods and services with each other.

What conditions allow the territorial division of labor to develop successfully?

The territorial division of labor appeared at a time when the economy ceased to be subsistence (that is, producing absolutely everything necessary for life) and became commodity (producing something beyond its needs, for sale).

At first, this division of labor took place in small areas: artisans worked in the city, and peasants worked in the surrounding villages. But with the development of the economy, with the advent of cheap transport, the division of labor began to cover large territories - entire districts and regions specialized in the production of one or another product.

The division of labor can be “rigidly” dictated by nature - its conditions and resources. For example, in Russia the only explored and developed group of large diamond deposits is in Yakutia. And along the entire vast stretch of the shores of the Arctic Ocean, the only ice-free area is the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula. And no matter how much we want to mine diamonds in the Central region or build a large year-round port at the mouth of the Lena, nothing will succeed.

But much more often the restrictions imposed by nature are less stringent. And for the manufacturing industry or the service sector there are practically none at all. In this case, territorial division of labor arises if two conditions are simultaneously met:

1. it is cheaper to produce specific products in a given area;
2. it is possible to transport these products to another area (to the consumer) so that they remain competitive, that is, they do not become too expensive due to transportation costs.

How is the territorial division of labor changing?

The emergence of new types of production, new technologies in transport, the development of new areas, changing needs of society - all this constantly changes the existing picture of the division of labor.

For example, in the 1930s. development of deposits in the Moscow region coal basin began (mainly in the territory of modern Tula region). This coal was the main fuel for thermal power plants in the Central region and a raw material for the chemical industry. But since the 1960s, when oil production increased sharply, and especially in the 1980s, when cheap gas from Western Siberia came to the Center, coal mining became unprofitable. Producing gas several thousand kilometers away and pumping it through pipes is ultimately cheaper than mining low-quality coal underground. Therefore, the Center’s power plants were mainly switched to gas and fuel oil, and the chemical industry also switched to gas.

The division of labor between regions is changing for many reasons: depletion of natural resources, rising (or falling) costs of transport, changes in world market prices, etc.

These changes can contribute to both the prosperity of individual areas and their degradation and decline. In relatively favorable conditions there are areas with a wide range of specialization industries, which, however, is general rule: the more diverse the system, the more stable it is.

Imagine what will happen to the cities - centers of the diamond industry of Yakutia, if the price of diamonds on the world market drops sharply. It will be a disaster for them. And a large city with many enterprises always has a greater range of opportunities. It is no coincidence that the unemployment rate in our country is minimal in large cities.

conclusions

Geographical division of labor is one of the laws of social development. Previously “closed” countries and regions begin to exchange the products of their labor, and as a result, the efficiency of the entire economy increases, people’s lives become richer and more diverse.

The division of labor between regions of our country is complicated by enormous distances. In the last decade, the transition to market economy changed the usual picture in many ways. How to adapt production to new conditions, what to produce and consume locally, what to export, what to import - all these issues must be resolved in relation to each specific region. This is why (among other things) economic geography is needed!

Questions and tasks

1. Highlight on the map the main industrial and agricultural regions of the country. Compare their placement with the location of the Main Settlement Strip.
2. Expand the content of the concept “territorial (geographic) division of labor”, highlight its components.
3. Which specialization, in your opinion, is more beneficial for a territory - narrow or broad? Why?
4. Explain the significance of the geographical division of labor: a) for individual territories and b) for the country as a whole.
5. What is the economic specialization of your region? What conditions determined it? Is it promising in modern conditions? Are there opportunities to deepen it? Propose your project for the participation of your region in the district, regional geographical division of labor and at the federal level.
6. What modern industries are the names of individual cities or regions associated with? Give examples.

Questions and tasks to summarize knowledge in the section “Economy of Russia”

1. Explain in your own words the meaning of the following concepts: economy; branch of the economy; farm structure; zoning; Unified Energy System; specialization and cooperation; information infrastructure; service sector; territorial (geographical) division of labor.
2. You know that the country's economy is divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors of the economy. Consider what other factors, besides the degree of dependence on nature, underlie this division.
3. Why do the service sector, science, finance, and management receive priority development in the economy in the modern period?
4. The Russian economy has gone through several stages in its development. What are the features of the stages of economic development in your region?
5. Which production facilities or individual enterprises in your city or region are one of a kind (unique)? What is the history of their origin, economic relationships?

By geographical division of labor we mean the spatial form of the social division of labor. A necessary condition for the geographical division of labor is that different countries(or regions) worked for each other so that the result of labor was transported from one place to another, so that there was thus a gap between the place of production and the place of consumption.

In a commodity society, the geographical division of labor necessarily involves the transfer of products from farm to farm, i.e. exchange, trade, but exchange in these conditions is only a sign for “recognizing” the presence of a geographical division of labor, but not its “essence”.

Sometimes the geographical division of labor is understood only as the international division of labor, but such a narrowing of this concept is incorrect. Any international division of labor is at the same time a geographical division of labor, but not vice versa.

In the geographical division of labor, two cases can be distinguished:

1. (absolute) - A country (or region) imports a product from another country (or region) because, due to natural conditions, it cannot produce it

2. (relative) - A product is imported that could be produced locally, but would be more expensive

Development of geographical division of labor in breadth and depth

In ancient times, the scope of the geographical division of labor was limited to a small area within the Old World, covering mainly the countries of the Mediterranean Sea.

In the Middle Ages, the sphere of geographical division of labor included the northern seas (within Europe), routes through France and Italy. At the same time, England, the Scandinavian countries, Poland, Novgorod and the Moscow state are being drawn into this sphere.

In the process of expanding the Arab caliphate, Arab merchants reached Indochina, Madagascar and the spice islands.

In the era of great discoveries, the scope of geographical division of labor extended to the Atlantic Ocean, from Europe to India, etc. With the introduction of railway transport, communications spread inland.

The strongest development of the geographical division of labor over the past 400 years is associated with the discovery of new lands and the improvement of transport. This development played a major role in replacing feudal with capitalist orders in Europe in the 15th-16th centuries. .

As a result of the same progress in transport technology, the division of labor between city and countryside was reproduced on a global scale.

Economic benefit as a driving force in the development of geographical division of labor.

The driving point in the gigantic development of the geographical division of labor that we observe in the process of history was the economic benefit obtained from the implementation of the geographical division of labor.

The geographical division of labor is carried out the more conveniently, the greater the difference between points in prices per weight unit of goods, on the one hand, and the lower the transport costs, on the other hand.

The influence of transport on the development of geographical division of labor

The reduction in transport costs resulting from technical improvements in transport is one of the main factors in the development of the geographical division of labor.

The development of transport increases the geographic division of labor both in depth and breadth.

The influence of geographical division of labor on labor productivity growth

The growth of labor productivity is associated primarily with the development of technology and, above all, with mechanization, and the geographical division of labor in the form general rule increases the productivity of social labor no worse than the development of technology.

The geographical division of labor, if it does not create, then at least enhances the possibilities of mechanization, because the spatial concentration of production is a necessary prerequisite for its production concentration, and without the latter there is no room for the growth of technology.

With the geographical division of labor, not only old needs grow, but also new ones are created, accompanied by the emergence of new industries using a variety of raw materials collected from different places on the globe.

Geographical division of labor and the process of formation and specialization of economic regions

If we understand an economic region as a specialized part of its whole, then the process of geographic division of labor will have to be considered a process identical to the process of formation and differentiation of regions.

The establishment of relations of geographical division of labor within a certain territory inevitably leads to the fact that each part of this territory begins to select for itself those branches of production for which there is a more favorable combination of natural and socio-historical conditions within it; the result is the lowest cost, and therefore the greatest profit.

The specialization of one region in one direction is inevitably accompanied by the specialization of a number of other regions in some other directions.

The influence of customs duties on the geographical division of labor

Customs duties initially, when they appeared, had the main, if not the only, purpose of increasing treasury revenues through trade profits resulting from the appropriation of benefits delivered by the geographical division of labor.

When transporting goods abroad, the exporter has to increase his transport costs by the entire amount of the customs duty, thereby making the conditions for the geographical division of labor between countries more difficult.

The concept of geographical division of labor in the system of economic geography

Geographical division of labor is a process that separates from economic production activities Agriculture And industry.

Transport And trade, closely connected with it, are also generated by the geographical division of labor and develop continuously with it.

Economic regions are formed, differentiated and maintained in constant interaction with each other by the same process of geographical division of labor.

Economic-geographical location also turns out to be closely related to the geographical division of labor.

Thus, the geographical division of labor is the basic concept of economic geography, which most closely connects it with political economy; a concept from which an economic geographer cannot detach himself in any topic he studies.

Geographical division of labor = TRT

Territorial division of labor (TDT)- the process of production specialization, isolation of economic regions, development of inter-district cooperation, exchange of products and services. Expressed in the assignment of certain industries to certain territories, the territorial division of labor shows the degree of economic development of the space, the level of development of the productive forces and integration of the country.

TRT opens additional features increasing the efficiency of regional reproduction, both due to the advantages of industry specialization and through the use of natural resource and socio-economic opportunities of the regions.

Geographical division of labor is a form of social division of labor and is subject to the laws of its development, determined by the method of production. There is a direct connection between TRT and territorial location social production to the extent that the results of production activities are exchanged between different localities.

The essence of the territorial division of labor lies in the specialization of the manufacturer in the production of certain products in quantities that would exceed his personal needs, while simultaneously refusing to produce other products. Economic sense This process lies in the fact that the total costs of all manufacturers for a given volume of all types of products are reduced compared to the option of “universal” production by an individual manufacturer. A reduction in the production costs of each manufacturer per unit of output is ensured by the presence of favorable conditions, which, in addition to purely individual properties (for example, human physiological abilities), include those “opportunities” that a particular area has for the production of a certain type of product ( historical, economic and natural prerequisites for the development of production).

Due to the presence of certain favorable conditions in any territory, it becomes possible for the majority of the population living there to specialize in certain types of production activities. As a result, certain industries (productions) are assigned to certain territories and concentrated in these territories.

In real economic reality, the division of labor manifests itself not only in the form of division of labor between countries and regions, but also in the form of division of labor between dissimilar industries located on the territory of these countries and regions.

Types of territorial division of labor:

General (universal) division of labor, which arises and is carried out between economically integral territories (countries and economic regions). With the general division of labor, the relationships between the regions of the country as a whole are considered, in all the complexity of economic interweavings economic ties between them.

Division of labor between individual centers (industrial hubs, large cities), in which the division of labor in the territories located between them can be ignored, and these centers are separated from the integral “fabric” of economic regions.

Division of labor that arises in one or another spatial “field” around an economic center (city, industrial complex, large assembly machine-building plant). At the same time, the “fields” on which certain points gravitating towards a given center are scattered may intersect and not coincide with economic regions.

Staged division of labor, in which the stages of a single production process are geographically separated and located in different points or localities.

Phase territorial division of labor, which consists in the fact that the same products arrive at the receiving centers during the year from different places.

Episodic division of labor, when countries decide to exchange some goods for some political or economic reasons, although this does not correspond to traditions, necessity, etc.

Individual parts of the territory of Russia differ in natural conditions and resources, age and degree of development, security and composition, etc. These differences lead to the geographical division of labor between individual regions of the country and their specialization in the production of a certain type of product. For example. supplies the country with gas, specializes in agriculture and resort farming, is a leader in the production of high-tech products, the Volga region is called the automobile “shop” of the country, etc. This between different regions is called territorial specialization of the economy.

The conditions that must be taken into account when determining the specialization of a region in the country's economy are called factors of specialization of the territory.

The main factors influencing the specialization of the territory's economy:

• features of natural conditions and provision of natural resources
• peculiarities
• quantity and quality of labor resources
• historically established sectors of the economy
• the ability to produce products in quantities exceeding one’s own needs
• production costs should be lower than in other areas
• The state should be interested in the production of these products.

But, despite the economic benefits of territorial specialization, we must not forget about integrated development economy of the region, immaterial sphere, and etc.

Considering the presence of specialization factors, as well as natural, economic and social features of various territories in Russia, economic zoning (division) of the territory into smaller economic regions has been carried out

Northern

Central
Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions, Moscow

Volgo-Vyatsky
Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Chuvash Republic, Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod regions

Central Black Earth
Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov regions

Povolzhsky
Republic of Kalmykia, Republic of Tatarstan, Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions

North Caucasian
Republic of Adygea, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic North Ossetia- Alanya, Chechen Republic, Krasnodar, Stavropol region, Rostov region

Ural
Republic of Bashkortostan, Udmurt Republic, Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk regions, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug

West Siberian
Republic, Altai region, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen region, Khanty-Mansiysk, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

East Siberian
Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Tuva, Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk, Chita regions, Aginsky Buryat, (Dolgano-Nenets), Ust-Ordynsky Buryat, Evenki Autonomous Okrug

Far Eastern
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur, Magadan, regions, Jewish Autonomous Region, Chukotka, Koryak Autonomous Okrugs

Kaliningrad region

Economic zoning is necessary for effective territorial planning and economic management of the vast and diverse territory of Russia.

Comprehensive characteristics of the western regions of Russia

The territory of the western economic zone covers the European part of Russia and the Urals, occupying 4.3 million km2, which is 25% of the country's area. It consists of 8 economic regions: Central, Volgo-Vyatka, Central Chernozem (together called Central Russia), as well as North-Western, European North, Ural, Volga region, .

Natural conditions are favorable for farming (except for the polar regions), most of it is occupied by Russian with dominance. The river network is dense, but the rivers are shallow; the largest one flows here. There is a full range of natural areas from to.

Rich enough Natural resources: Europe's largest iron ore deposits KMA; oil, gas, Pechora basin and; ores and bauxites; , and the North; Central Russia And ; The North Caucasus and Volga region have good . The Urals are famous for their resources, but their reserves are already greatly depleted.

The western zone has historically had a high concentration of population. 78% of the country's population lives here. Central is the center of ancient Russian settlement; the first Russian cities, industry, and science arose here. This area is the political, economic and cultural center of Russia. In the western zone the most high level(over 85%), all major cities are located here (11 million-plus cities, most in the Urals and Volga region), large agglomerations (Moscow, Leningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.). Western regions are distinguished by a high level of qualification of labor resources, the presence of leading educational institutions, centers of science and culture.

Under the influence of the favorable EGP of the regions, the old industrial nature of their development, good transport availability, the presence of qualified personnel and scientific and technical bases, a highly developed manufacturing industry was formed in the western zone. The leading role belongs to labor- and knowledge-intensive industries, chemical and light industries. The western zone produces 80% of the country's total industrial output, 90% of consumer goods, and well-developed non-material sectors. Large centers: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl, Voronezh, capitals of the autonomous republics.

The western zone is characterized by a fairly developed region, producing 80% of the country's agricultural products. Main regions: Central Black Earth, Volga region, North Caucasus.

The network has a rational ring structure and is represented by all types. The largest transport routes are directed towards Moscow.

The high economic development of the western regions has caused many problems:

• the growth of large cities and high concentration of industrial enterprises;
• aggravate the environmental situation;
• There is a shortage of raw materials, fuel, energy, water and much more.

Comprehensive characteristics of the eastern regions of Russia

Eastern economic zone located in the Asian part of Russia from the Ural Mountains to, occupying an area of ​​12.8 million km2. (75% of the country's area). It consists of 3 economic regions: Western Siberia. They are very remote from the economically developed regions of Russia, which significantly affects them. The most favorable economic position is in Western Siberia, which is located closest to the European part and borders on the industrial and raw material base Eastern Siberia.

Natural conditions in most areas are unfavorable. More than 60% is occupied by the North zone. 80% of Western Siberia is swampy, in Eastern Siberia a sharply continental climate dominates, explorers and the founding of the cities of Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tomsk. Currently, the population of the territory is still low: 22% of the country's population lives here. The population is distributed extremely unevenly: the bulk is concentrated in the south along the railway lines. The degree of urbanization is high - more than 75%. Big cities: Omsk, (millionaires), Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, etc. But in the main territory the population is focal.

Severe natural conditions, remoteness, and lack of a developed transport network and infrastructure have determined the low economic development of the eastern zone. It has a resource and raw material specialization and is the country's fuel and energy base. Although large territorial production complexes have been formed in the region (petroleum and gas chemical, coal and metallurgical, forest chemical, hydropower, etc.), the manufacturing industry is still poorly developed.

In the future, the eastern regions can be not only a supplier of raw materials, but also a manufacturer of a variety of ferrous and ferrous products. For the development of the region's economy, it is necessary to accelerate the formation of transport, social infrastructure, scientific and technical bases, as well as improve the environmental situation in mining areas.