Comprehensive characteristics of Eastern Siberia. Structure and location of leading sectors of the economy Why Eastern Siberia specializes

The territory of Eastern Siberia extends from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the border with Mongolia, from the Yenisei to the upper reaches of the Amur. Area occupies 24% of the area of the Russian Federation, the population is 9.2 million people, its density is 2.2 people/km2. It includes the republics of Buryatia, Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk and Chita regions.

Climate type: harsh continental. Permafrost is widespread, mainly in the north.

Of the total land area of 412.3 million hectares, 57% is covered with forest, mainly coniferous. .

Eastern Siberia produces about 12% of the entire mining industry, 7.7% of the fuel industry, 15.3% of the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, and 23% of the non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia.

The main prerequisite for economic development is the exceptional wealth of natural resources - mineral, water, forest, land. Coal reserves in the region are twice the coal resources of the United States. Eastern Siberia accounts for about 40% of total timber reserves.

The East Siberian economic region specializes in producing the cheapest electricity and fuel production in the country.

One of the branches of the mining industry of Eastern Siberia is gold mining. Mined in Transbaikalia tin, tungsten and molybdenum. In the north, near Norilsk, they are developing large reserves nickel, cobalt, copper. Inventories are of particular importance mica and salt in the Irkutsk region and fluorspar in the Chita region, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory along the Kureyka and Nizhnyaya Tunguska rivers, in the Eastern Sayan there are the largest reserves in the country graphite, mined in Tuva asbestos, large reserves have been explored in the north of Buryatia.

Sectors of specialization Agriculture are meat and dairy farming And grain production.

The transport network of Eastern Siberia is underdeveloped. Road transport accounts for about 80% of the total volume of cargo transportation.

The main rivers of the region of Eastern Siberia are the Yenisei, Nizhnyaya and Podkamennaya Tunguska, Angara, Biryusa, Khatanga, Olenek, Selenga. External and internal communications are carried out by air transport and pipelines. Customs points are located in Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Taishet, Ulan-Ude, Chita

The Russian Far East covers an area of 6215.9 thousand km2 and stretches from north to south for more than 4.5 thousand km (the largest). The region includes the Khabarovsk Territory with the Jewish Autonomous Region, Primorsky Territory, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Amur region, Sakhalin region, Magadan region with the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka region with the Koryak Autonomous Okrug.

Based on a number of basic characteristics, two subregions are distinguished: North (Yakutia-Sakha and Magadan region) and South (Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, Amur, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions). Development of valuable mineral resources is the main specialization of the region, which determines its place in the Russian economy.

It is characterized by remoteness from the main, most populated and developed areas of the country. The second factor is powerful resource potential. The Far East is one of the richest regions of Russia. Thus, the region produces (%): diamonds – 98, tin – 80, boron raw materials – 90, gold – 50, tungsten – 14, fish and seafood – more than 40, soybeans – 80, wood – 13, cellulose – 7.

Natural conditions of Far The East is distinguished by a sharp contrast, which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and highlands. The Far East has a rich and diverse mineral resource base:

· leading place in the country in terms of reserves tin, The main deposits are located in the Republic of Sakha and in the Magadan region.

· ferrous metallurgy. Iron ores concentrated mainly in the south Khabarovsk Territory, in the Amur region and the Republic of Sakha. Especially stands out Garinskoye field.

· Well endowed fuel and energy resources.

· Inventory available diamonds, especially in the Republic of Sakha.

· The seas (Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese) play an exceptionally large and diverse role in the economy of the Far East.

The population of the Far East is 7.6 million people. Urban population is about 76%. The Far East is the most sparsely populated region of the country. The population is distributed extremely unevenly throughout the region. Most high density Primorsky Krai stands out. The southern part of Sakhalin is quite densely populated. The northern territories, which for the most part are absolutely uncomfortable, have focal type of settlement. The population gravitates to places where certain natural resources are extracted and to transport hubs.

The leading place among the industries of market specialization of the Far Eastern region belongs to metallurgical complex, which includes the mining industry, as well as ferrous metallurgy.

"Queen of the Far East" continues to be gold mining industry, which belongs to the oldest sectors of the national economy of the region. Enterprises in this industry are located throughout the Far East.

Mining centers have been created for diamond mining in the Verkhne-Vilyuisky region of Yakutia. The Far Eastern seas constitute the richest base for the fishing industry. They provide 60% of fish production in Russia. The presence of rich and varied fish resources and the equipment of fishing with modern equipment ensure high efficiency of fisheries: the cost of fish.

Huge forest wealth of the Far East led to the creation here of one of the largest logging and wood processing complexes,

IMPORT: A lot of oil and petroleum products are imported to the Far East from Western Siberia..

In a comprehensive Agriculture plays an important role in the development of the Far East. The main agricultural lands here are located in the Middle Amur region, the Ussuri region and on the Khanka Plain, accounting for 95% of the sown area of the region. Far East - main soybean production area. It accounts for over 90% of all our crops of this valuable crop. In the southern part of the region, potatoes and vegetables are grown everywhere; the population of the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region is fully provided with these products through local production. The Far Eastern taiga, mainly mountainous areas, is rich in fur-bearing and other game animals.

In the Far Eastern region there are All existing species transport, But the main role is played by the railway. A significant amount of inter-district and intra-district transportation of goods in the Far Eastern region is carried out by sea. Airplanes and helicopters provide communications with hard-to-reach areas.

37. Export potential is an integral part economic potential, which also includes production, scientific and technical, labor, investment, and information potentials.

Export potential is the ability of the national economy to produce products that are competitive in world markets and to export them in sufficient volumes at world prices.

It is an integral, organic part of the national economy, developing according to the same laws and under the same conditions as the entire national economic complex of the country. Export potential can provide not only additional resources, which, if used purposefully and effectively, could stimulate economic growth. Its strategic role is that it should become a tool for activating existing and potential competitive advantages the Russian economy in the international division of labor, a means of facilitating our country’s entry onto the path of stable and accelerated high-quality economic growth. In this regard, the main and most difficult problem is the development and diversification of the country’s export potential. This is the main thing that will determine the trajectory of quantitative and qualitative growth of foreign trade in the future, the scale and effectiveness of Russia’s participation in the international division of labor in the context of the rapidly developing process of globalization of the world economy and world economic relations.

Serious shifts in world exports that occurred in the last decades of the last century dictate the need to clarify the above definition of export potential in relation to modern conditions. Under the influence of rapid development scientific and technological progress, primarily information and communication technologies, commercial services have become an integral part of global and national exports, along with the commodity component. The total value of exports began to be divided into its commodity and non-commodity parts. Export potential could be defined as the ability of the national economy, its sectors, industries, enterprises and companies to produce goods and services that are competitive in the world market by using both comparative national advantages (large-scale natural resources, favorable geographical, infrastructural and other factors, high performance labor, etc.), as well as new competitive advantages based on the achievements of science and scientific and technological progress. Russia has a set of both comparative national advantages and new technological advantages represented by the accumulated intellectual, scientific and technical potential, although seriously weakened over the past years of market transformations.

Export potential and its actual implementation are the main indicators of competitiveness and serve as confirmation of real competitive advantages and a tool for promoting national interests within the global economy. Russia's current specialization in the international division of labor in the supply of fuel and raw materials is a completely objective phenomenon. It reflects the historically established production structure of the domestic economy with the predominance of basic raw materials and low-tech industries, its real possibilities of entering foreign markets in modern stage development. At the same time, the content of exports has acquired a pronounced monocultural character: its dynamics are practically determined by the possibilities and conditions for the sale of three goods - oil, petroleum products and natural gas.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Main economic and geographical characteristics of the West Siberian region

1.1 Economic-geographical position and physical-geographical position of Western Siberia

1.2 Natural resources and natural conditions

1.3 Sectors of economic specialization and industry

Chapter 2. Natural and socio-economic conditions of the Altai Territory

2.1 Economic and geographical characteristics of the Altai Territory

2.2 History of the formation of the economy of the Altai Territory

2.3 Specialization of the Altai Territory and natural and geographical conditions

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Western Siberia is part of the Eastern macro region along with such regions as East Siberian and Far Eastern. For many centuries, the indigenous population of the Eastern macro region was engaged in reindeer husbandry (in the north), hunting and fishing in the taiga, sheep breeding and horse breeding in the steppe regions of the south. After joining Russia, the development of this territory begins. In less than 100 years, the Russian state secured vast territories from the Urals to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. After the abolition of serfdom and especially the field of holding Trans-Siberian Railway in these areas the population increased greatly. Western Siberia became a major grain and livestock raising region.

The discovery of oil and gas played a major role in the development of the region. As a result, the West Siberian region began to stand out for its powerful economy. During the Soviet years, Western Siberia provided 70% of oil and natural gas production, about 30% of coal, and about 20% of timber harvested in the country. The region accounted for about 20% of the country's grain and the main population of deer.

Despite the fact that this district is the smallest in area in the eastern macro region, it has a larger population than the other two districts. At the moment, our state is experiencing great economic difficulties and a more or less stable position in the world market is provided by the export of oil and gas produced in Western Siberia. Thanks to this, Western Siberia became a sponsor of the country foreign exchange earnings proceeds from the sale of oil and gas to other countries.

Our goal course work- find out what it's like current situation economy, economy and industry of this area, determine the main problems and prospects for the development of the area, getting acquainted with the development of the territory, the natural base and features of the development of the area. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Describe the economic and physical geographical position of the West Siberian region;

Consider natural resources and natural conditions for the development of the economy of the West Siberian region;

Identify the main branches of economic specialization and industry in Western Siberia;

Demonstrate the development of economic sectors using the example of the Altai Territory as one of the progressive regions of Western Siberia.

Thus, the object of our research is the West Siberian region, and the subject is the specialization and economic development of the West Siberian region.

Chapter 1. Basic economic and geographical characteristicsWest Siberianregion

1.1 Economic-geographical location and fisico-geographical location of Western Siberia

The West Siberian region ranks third in area in the country among other regions, after the East Siberian region and the Far Eastern region, its area is about 3 million square km. The West Siberian region includes: two autonomous okrugs(Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi), five regions (Omsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Tyumen), the Altai Republic, Altai Territory.

The West Siberian region is located between the Ural region and the East Siberian region from the west and east, and from the Kara Sea to the border with Kazakhstan. The peculiarity of the economic-geographical position (hereinafter referred to as EGP) of the West Siberian region in the vicinity of the Urals and Kazakhstan.

The West Siberian region is located in northern and temperate latitudes. The southern part is located in close proximity to the center of origin of the Siberian anticyclone. EGP within the region is sharply differentiated to the south. Climatic conditions almost everywhere, except for the highlands, are favorable for growing agricultural crops in the northern and central zone. In winter, most of the territory has little wind and dry weather. Western Siberia as a whole receives a sufficient amount of atmospheric moisture for agriculture (900-600mm per year in the taiga), but in the south it is usually not enough (300mm per year)

The intensity of solar radiation in the southern regions is 20-25% greater than in Moscow, so the soils warm up quickly in the spring, which also promotes the growth of agricultural crops.

Western Siberia has an extensive hydrographic network (mainly the Ob-Irtysh system). In spring, the rivers overflow heavily and have prolonged floods, which is favorable for navigation and rafting of timber. But in the northern regions, navigation is hampered by a relatively short navigation period. In the mountains, rivers are very rapid, which makes navigation and timber rafting difficult, but favors the construction of hydroelectric power stations.

The fertile soils of Western Siberia are represented by chernozems and (in the extreme south) dark chestnut soils.

1.2 Pnatural resources and natural conditions

Western Siberia is one of the richest regions in the country in natural resources. A unique oil and gas province has been discovered here. Huge reserves of hard and brown coal, iron ores and non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated in the region. The area has large reserves of peat, and large reserves of wood, mainly coniferous species, are also concentrated.

In terms of fish reserves, Western Siberia is considered one of the richest regions of the country. Western Siberia has significant fur reserves. The forest and forest-steppe zones have large tracts of fertile land, which creates favorable conditions for the development of agriculture.

The largest oil and gas provinces include Samotlor, Fedorovskoye, Varyganskoye, Vatinskoye, Pokurovskoye, Ust-Bulykskoye, Salymskoye, Sovetsko-Sosnytskoye - oil provinces; Urengoyskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye - gas fields Regional economy/Textbook for Universities/. - M.: UNITY, 2005. - P. 125.

Oil and gas here are of high quality. Oil is light, low in sulfur, has a high yield of light fractions, and contains associated gas, which is a valuable chemical raw material. The gas contains 97% methane, rare gases, and at the same time there is no sulfur, little nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oil and gas deposits at depths of up to 3 thousand meters in soft but stable, easily drilled rocks are characterized by a significant concentration of reserves. More than 60 gas fields have been identified on the territory of the complex. One of the most efficient is the Urengoy field, which provides annual gas production of 280 billion cubic meters. The cost of producing 1 ton of equivalent fuel, natural gas, is the lowest compared to all other types of fuel. Oil production is concentrated mainly in the Middle Ob region. In the future, the importance of northern deposits will increase. Currently, 68% is mined in Western Siberia Russian oil Regional Economics /Textbook for Universities/. - M.: UNITY, 2005. - P.205.

Natural gas is produced mainly in the northern regions. Here are the most significant deposits - Yamburg and the Yamal Peninsula. Plants for processing oil and gas raw materials are located in Omsk, Tobolsk and Tomsk industrial hubs. The Omsk petrochemical complex includes an oil refinery, synthetic rubber, soot, tire, rubber products, plastics, as well as a cord factory and others. Large oil and gas processing complexes are being created in Tobolsk and Tomsk. The fuel resources of the complex are represented by the Ob-Irtysh and North Sosvinsky brown coal basins. The Ob-Irtysh coal basin is located in the southern and middle part of the West Siberian Plain. It belongs to the closed category, since its coal-bearing layers, reaching 85 meters, are covered by a thick cover of younger sediments. The coal basin has been poorly studied, and its estimated reserves are estimated at 1,600 billion tons, the depth of occurrence varies from 5 to 4,000 m. In the future, these coals can be of industrial importance only if they are underground gasified. The North Sosvinsky basin is located in the north Tyumen region, its reserves amount to 15 billion tons. The explored deposits include Otorinskoye, Tolinskoye, Lozhinskoye and Ust-Maninskoye Evseeva M.I. Geography of the Tomsk region. Publishing house Vol. Univ., 2001-S. 64.

The West Siberian TPK has significant water resources. The total river flow is estimated at 404 cubic meters. km. At the same time, the rivers have a hydropower potential of 79 billion kW/h Evseeva M.I. Geography of the Tomsk region. Publishing house Vol. Univ., 2001-S. 65. . However, the flat nature of the surface makes the use of hydropower resources of the Ob, Irtysh and their large tributaries ineffective. The construction of dams on these rivers will lead to the creation of large reservoirs, and the damage from the flooding of vast forests, and possibly oil and gas fields, will block the energy effect from hydroelectric power stations. Underground thermal waters are of significant interest. They can be used for heating greenhouses and greenhouses, heating agricultural facilities, cities and workers' settlements, as well as for medicinal purposes.

1.3 Branches of economic specialization and industry.

The development of Western Siberia for many years was determined by the needs of the state. Thanks to large-scale development of natural resources, financed by the state, the region became the main energy and raw material base and the basis financial stability countries. During the reform years, the West Siberian region continued to play the role of a financial “sponsor” of the country. Moreover, its role has intensified: more than two-thirds of the country’s foreign exchange earnings are provided through the export of mineral resources and their processed products. The raw material orientation of the region led to a significantly smaller loss of industrial potential in the reform years compared to European regions.

Almost 35% of the West Siberian Plain is occupied by swamps. More than 22% of the entire territory of the plain is peatland. Currently, in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions there are 3,900 peat deposits with total peat reserves of 75 billion tons. The Tyumen CHPP operates on the basis of the Tarmanskoye field Geography / Tutorial edited by Prof. Drozdova M.F./. - M.: Economics, 2004 - P. 271.

The fuel and energy complex is represented not only by enterprises producing energy fuel, but also by a fairly large system of thermal power plants on the middle Ob River and individual energy hubs in oil and gas production areas. The energy system has been significantly strengthened by new state district power plants - Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Urengoy. Currently, the Tomsk and Tyumen regions generate a little more than 2% of the total Russian electricity. The energy sector is represented by a significant number of small, uneconomical power plants. The average installed capacity of one power plant is less than 500 kW Kozyeva I.A. Economical geography and regional studies. - M.: KnoRus, 2005. - P. 28. Further development electricity generation on the territory of the complex is inextricably linked with cheap associated gas, which, after topping at gas processing plants, will be used for energy purposes. Electricity from the Surgut State District Power Plant is supplied to oil fields, construction sites in the Ob region and to the Ural energy system. Two largest thermal power plants in the system of petrochemical complexes and two state district power plants using associated gas are being built on the territory of the complex in Nizhnevartovsk and Novy Urengoy. The problem of supplying electricity to the northern gas-bearing regions of the Tyumen region, where small, scattered power plants operate, is especially acute.

The forest chemical complex is represented mainly by the logging and woodworking industries. A significant part of the wood is exported in unprocessed form (roundwood, ore stands, firewood). The stages of deep wood processing (hydrolysis, pulp and paper, etc.) are insufficiently developed. In the future, a significant increase in timber harvesting is planned in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions.

The presence of huge reserves of wood, cheap fuel and water will allow the formation of large enterprises in the region for the chemical and mechanical processing of wood raw materials and waste. In the territory West Siberian complex It is planned to create several timber processing complexes and sawmills and wood processing plants. Their construction is expected in the cities of Asino, Tobolsk, Surgut, Kolpashevo, in the villages of Kamenniy and Bely Yar Grebtsova V.I. Economic and social geography Russia. - M.: Education, 2006. - P. 285.

The machine-building complex is formed mainly in Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Ishim and Zladoukovsk. Machine-building enterprises produce equipment and machines for the oil and gas production and forestry industries, transport, construction, and agriculture. Many enterprises are not yet sufficiently focused on meeting the needs of the subdistrict. In the near future, it is necessary to strengthen the role of Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk as support bases for the development of oil and gas-bearing regions of Western Siberia and to deepen the specialization of the mechanical engineering of these centers in the production of various equipment in the “northern version”. Formation machine-building complex on the territory of the Tomsk and Tyumen regions should be subordinated, first of all, to the tasks of providing the necessary, especially low-transport and special equipment to enterprises and construction sites of leading sectors of the national economy in the eastern zone of the country and, above all, its northern regions.

In the future, ferrous metallurgy may develop on the territory of the complex. On the basis of Bakchar ores in the south of the Tomsk region, it is possible to build a metallurgical plant. The Bakchar deposit can become the main raw material base for the development of ferrous metallurgy in the eastern zone of the country. The industrial construction complex is focused on ensuring the reconstruction and new construction of petrochemical and forestry enterprises. Row building materials supplied by the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict.

There is a certain shortage in construction base for the creation of civil structures. The main construction organizations are concentrated in large industrial centers, mainly in the south of the subdistrict. During the period of development of oil and gas resources, the method of complete block, prefabricated construction became widespread here, which can significantly reduce the cost of human labor and speed up the construction of facilities. At the same time, basic construction materials enterprises are being created in Tomsk and Tyumen. Currently, there are 17 concentrated construction hubs operating in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions: Tomsk, Tyumen, Nzhnevartovsk, Surgut, Ust-Balyk, Strezhevsk, Megion, Nefteyugansk, Nadym, Tobolsk, Asinovsky, Berezovsky, Urengoy, Yamburg, Kharasaveysky, Beloyarsky, Tugansky and others.

Contacts of enterprises with outside world are not limited to the export and import of goods. More than 100 joint ventures are registered in the Western Siberian region. The exports of these enterprises amounted to $240 million in 2001. During the first half of 2002, these enterprises produced 4 million tons of oil Kozyev I.A. Economic geography and regional studies. - M.: KnoRus, 2005.- P. 32. Among the largest investors in joint ventures are countries such as the USA, Canada, and Germany. And the most significant in terms of scale of activity joint ventures: "Yuganskfrakmaster", "Yugraneft". The priority task in the field of contacts with foreign capital is to attract large-scale lenders to the fuel industry of the region. Among the projects financed European Bank reconstruction and development - restoration of oil and gas fields in Western Siberia, supply of equipment to Samotlor. The World Bank provided in 2001 targeted loan at $610 million PA Kogalymneftegaz. Speaking about the economic development of the Western Siberian region in 2005 and the first half of 2006, data from the State Statistics Committee were used Russian Federation by main economic indicators. According to these data, Western Siberia is currently one of the ten leading regions that contribute 63.6% of taxes to the total state treasury, of which the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets districts accounted for 2005. - 9.3%, and in the first half of 2006 - 11.9% Kozyeva I.A. Economic geography and regional studies. - M.: KnoRus, 2005.- P. 101.

The agro-industrial complex of the complex as a whole specializes in the cultivation and processing of grain. IN small sizes in places where industrial crops are grown - flax, hemp, sunflower - there is primary processing of flax - curly and hemp, and oil production. The livestock branch of the agro-industrial complex includes butter and milk factories, dairy canning plants and production facilities for processing meat, leather, wool, and sheepskin. Carpet making is an ancient craft of the region (in Ishim and Tobolsk there are mechanized carpet factories). Enterprises in the textile, leather and footwear industries operate using local and imported raw materials. The main centers for processing agricultural raw materials are Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Yalutorovsk, Tatarsk, Ishim. Fishing industry complex - fish production in rivers and lakes, marine fishing in the Gulf of Ob, fish processing and canning. This complex is served by a network knitting factory in Tyumen and a shipyard in Tobolsk, as well as bases for the receiving and transport fleet. Container and can production is located at fish processing plants. Economic problems. By 1998, industrial production was half of its 1990 level. The smallest losses in industrial output occurred in the Tomsk region, where about 60% of production is produced in the oil refining, chemical and petrochemical industries, and the Tyumen region, where more than four-fifths of industrial production provided by the fuel industry. The reforms caused the greatest damage to the Altai Republic and the Altai Territory. Extensive exploitation of the natural resource potential of Western Siberia during the reform years deepened the raw material orientation of the region's economy. By the beginning of 2001: about 70% of products were produced in the fuel and energy sector instead of 37%; in 2002; the share of mechanical engineering decreased from 22 to 7.5%, light industry - from 6.5 to 0.7%. Similar trends occur in all regions of the region. Thus, by the beginning of 2000: in the Kemerovo region, about two-thirds of industrial output was produced in the fuel and energy sector (including about a third in the fuel industry) and ferrous metallurgy (more than 27%); in the Omsk region, more than 60% of industrial products were produced in the fuel and energy sector (about 50% in the fuel industry), a little more than 20% - in the approximately equivalent food industry and mechanical engineering; in the Tomsk region, more than 70% of products were produced in the fuel and energy complex, chemical and petrochemical industries; in the Tyumen region, the share of fuel industry products exceeded 80%, and together with the electric power industry it amounted to 92.5%; in the Novosibirsk region, which traditionally specialized in the manufacturing industry, more than a fifth of production belonged to the electric power industry, about a third to mechanical engineering, and a fifth to the food industry. The overall level of economic development of the West Siberian region exceeds the average for Russia Kozyeva I.A. Economic geography and regional studies. - M.: KnoRus, 2005.- P. 185.

Noteworthy regarding low level unemployment in most regions of Western Siberia. A long-term focus on the priority development of raw materials industries, the residual principle of financing other industries, agriculture and social infrastructure prevented the formation of complexity in the development of the region's economy and, as a result, led to incomplete, or rather ineffective, use of its potential. Problems and their solutions have their own specifics in different regions of the Russian Federation:

The economy of the Altai Republic in the near future will remain agricultural in nature with underdeveloped industry. The most relevant issues here are increasing the efficiency (productivity, first of all) of the agro-industrial complex, eliminating the backlog in the processing of agricultural raw materials (meat, milk, wool) in order to reduce the export outside the subject and associated losses of manufactured products.

In the Altai Territory, a large agrarian-industrial region of Western Siberia, important has the technical re-equipment of mechanical engineering, light and food industries, their reorientation to a new range of products, accelerated development of processing of agricultural raw materials, the most effective use of the large potential of the local raw material base for the light and food industries. In agriculture, it is important to increase its productivity.

The success of the development of the Kemerovo region depends on the correct solution to the problems of efficient use of fuel and energy, mineral and raw materials resources and the technical re-equipment of industries operating on their basis. We are talking primarily about the reconstruction of metallurgical enterprises, the expansion and reconstruction of existing mines, as well as the conversion of the Military-Industrial Complex. In the Novosibirsk region, it is important to maintain its role as a large scientific center and a highly developed industrial-agrarian region with specialization in the production of highly qualified mechanical engineering products (electrical machines and generators, instruments and automation equipment, aviation equipment, etc.). Accelerating the development of non-capital-intensive and competitive production in the light and food industries is also relevant.

In the Omsk region, the most important issues are effective transformations in chemical complex-- intra-industry balance, sustainability of supplies of raw materials, as well as technical re-equipment of mechanical engineering and its orientation towards the production of equipment for the fuel and energy complex, oil refining, chemical industries and agricultural sectors. The development of non-capital-intensive light and food industries requires attention.

In the Tomsk region, the most important issues are the technical re-equipment of the petrochemical industry, the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the light and food industries, as well as increasing the productivity of agriculture and processing of local agricultural products.

In the Tyumen region (northern part), the problems of developing the oil and gas industry, which are of national importance, are particularly relevant: stabilization of production levels, involvement in the exploitation of new gas-bearing areas, wider involvement federal funds. The southern part of the region should retain its role as a producer of agricultural products and their processing, as well as industrial products, mainly engineering ones. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, * foreign investment in 1994 accounted for oil and gas complex. The export of raw materials provides an influx of foreign currency. As of January 1, 1994, there were $1.4 billion in foreign currency accounts of oil and gas enterprises in Western Siberia. Kozyev I.A. Economic geography and regional studies. - M.: KnoRus, 2005.- P. 200. Typically, a significant part of dollar revenue is sold domestically foreign exchange market for carrying out current production expenses, payments wages to the staff.

Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region often called the “area of new oil cities” (Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk), where more than 50% of Russian oil is produced. 9/10 of the population are new migrants who came to develop the oil riches of Western Siberia in the 70-80s. According to sociological surveys from the early 90s, about 52% would like to leave for the mainland. There are differences in income, employment levels, social conditions between oil and gas production areas and their neighbors. In addition, the presence in all parts of the region of its own administrative (regional and district) and its own economic and social interests requires a compromise policy.

The basis for its implementation is provided by the agreement “On the division of powers between the Tyumen regional, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets district bodies of representative and executive power in the field of economic relations", signed in October 1992. The reform years, accompanied by a reduction in investment, long delays in the payment of wages, and a general decline in the standard of living of the population, exacerbated this old problem. Indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population indicate relative prosperity only in the Tyumen region: the number of people with incomes below living wage less than the national average; the level of retail turnover is higher, the unemployment rate is lower than the Russian average. In all other regions, the population with incomes below the subsistence level is higher, and the level of retail turnover is lower than the Russian average.

Chapter 2. Natural and socio-economic conditions of the Altai Territory

2.1 Economic and geographical characteristics of the Altai Territory

Altai is deservedly called the pride and pearl of Siberia. There is hardly a second such amazing corner that combines the beauty of Tibet and the Alps. Everyone who has ever visited Altai is delighted with this unique beauty. Altai means “golden mountains” in the language of the local people.

The capital of the Altai Territory is the city of Barnaul. The population of the region is 2.7 million people. These are representatives of 110 nationalities. Although Russian is considered the official language, Altai residents are able to communicate in German and English.

Vast area and low density population (15.9 people per 1 km2) are characteristic features the edges. A distinctive feature is also the presence of a large number of administrative units and settlements with a small number of inhabitants. Administratively, the region is divided into 60 districts, 11 cities, 5 of which are regional centers. On its territory there are 1,638 settlements, of which 925 have a population of less than 500 people. Kozyeva I.A. Economic geography and regional studies. - M.: KnoRus, 2005.- P. 48.

The climate of Altai on the plains is sharply continental with long, cold and little snow winters, and hot and often dry summers. The main rivers: Ob, Biya, Katun and Chuya. The largest lakes: Kulundinskoye, Kuchukskoye and Mikhailovskoye. The Altai Territory has significant reserves of minerals: non-ferrous metals, mercury ores, iron ore, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, bauxite, gold and other rare earth elements. There are vast resources of mineral raw materials, in particular building materials. total area Altai forests are about six million hectares. Wood reserves are estimated at six hundred million m3.

The Altai Territory is part of the West Siberian economic region.

Main industries: mechanical engineering, metalworking, chemical, petrochemical, food, light, woodworking. The region's enterprises produce 1/6 of all Russian tractors, 90% of tractor plows, about 50% of steam boilers, and all freight railway cars. Today Altai is the largest agricultural region of the country. It ranks third in grain and milk production, fifth in meat production. Huge areas are occupied by sunflower, soybean and sugar beet plantations.

Altai is not only a great creation of nature, but also an open-air museum of ancient culture; Here the paths of nomadic tribes crossed during the migration of peoples. Archaeological excavations of sites of ancient people show that people lived here a million years ago.

Altai Territory is one of the most interesting, in terms of tourism, corners of Russia. Over the past three years, tourists from 60 countries have visited it. What attracts foreign tourists? Climbers and skiers - unique mountains, people interested in history and geography - inexhaustible minerals, many archaeological and ethnological monuments, hunting lovers - forests in which bears, deer, elk, foxes, wild boars, wood grouse are found in abundance.

There are several resorts in the region that use healing springs with radon waters and healing mud. Belokurikha, which has amazing radon-silicate springs, is a resort of world importance.

2.2. History of the formation of the economy of the Altai Territory

The settlement of the Upper Ob region and the Altai foothills by Russians began in the 2nd half of the 17th century. The development of Altai went faster after the Beloyarsk (1717) and Bikatun (1718) fortresses were built to protect against the warlike Dzungar nomads. The Northern War with Sweden deprived Russia of the opportunity to export copper from this country, necessary for the manufacture of cannons, minting coins, and casting bells. We had to make do with our own natural resources. After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia quickly entered the arena of world history and became one of the strongest European powers. It was at this time that Barnaul appeared - now one of the oldest cities in Western Siberia. Altai has long been known as a metal mining region, as evidenced by the so-called “Chud mines”.

The father and son Kostylevs are rightfully considered the discoverers of ore deposits in Altai. In addition to rich ores, Altai was famous for its dense pine forests and numerous rivers. Thus, there were all conditions for the creation of a mining industry. On September 21, 1729, the first-born of Altai metallurgy, the Kolyvano-Voskresensky plant, went into operation. In 1730, envoys from the famous Ural breeder A.N. Demidov, busy looking for a convenient place to build a new, larger plant, chose the mouth of the river. Barnaulki Kambalov.N.I. Discoverers and researchers of Altai, Barnaul, 1968. - P. 20..

Altai attracted Akinfiy Demidov not only because of copper. Demidov secretly minted a silver coin from Altai silver in the tower of his Nevyansk plant in the Urals. The result of the activities of Akinfiy Demidov and his clerks in Altai was the creation here of a feudal mining industry based on the serf labor of assigned peasants and artisans. Rumors about Demidov's smelting of silver reached St. Petersburg, and Empress Elizaveta Petrovna sent a commission from Brigadier Beer to Altai. Based on the results of her activities, a decree was issued on May 1, 1747, which transferred Altai to the personal property of the Russian tsars.

In the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries, 90% of Russian silver was smelted in Altai - 1000 poods per year. The Barnaul silver smelter was rightfully considered the largest; it operated 13 smelting furnaces, producing about 450 pounds of silver annually. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in a short time in 1771 Barnaul, from a small factory settlement, became a “mountain city” - one of the largest in Siberia. Russian history knows only two “mountain cities” - Yekaterinburg and Barnaul. Shortly before the revolution, a bridge was built across the Ob River, and a railway line was built, which determined the rapid development of the young neighbor, the city of Novosibirsk Kambalov N.I. Discoverers and researchers of Altai, Barnaul, 1968. - P. 28..

By the 2nd half of the 18th century, the Altai mountain district was formed - a huge territory. It included the Altai Territory, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions, part of the Tomsk and East Kazakhstan regions. In the 1st half of the 19th century, Altai ranked first in Russia in the production of silver, second in copper and third in gold, becoming the second industrial region in the east of the country after the Urals. But after the reforms of the 60-70s of the 19th century, feudal remnants remained in Altai to a greater extent than in other regions of Siberia.

The mining industry, which was the main branch of the district's economy, entered a period of crisis, the unprofitability of factories began to increase uncontrollably, and by the end of the century almost all of them were closed. In the private industry of Altai, gold mining has received the greatest development. Most large companies in this industry were “Altai gold mining business” and “South Altai gold mining business”. By the end of the century, 70 mines were in operation, and up to 100 pounds of gold were mined annually. The private manufacturing industry was represented by flour and coarse mills, distilleries, sheepskin and sheepskin workshops. Black sheepskin short fur coats made in Barnaul were famous throughout Russia.

Gradually, the basis of the Altai economy became Agriculture. Along with the cultivation of grain crops, potato planting expanded, and beekeeping received significant development. At the beginning of the twentieth century, dairy farming and butter production came to the fore. Altai oil was exported to Western European countries. After establishment in Altai Soviet power, in July 1917, the Altai province was formed with its center in Barnaul. It existed until 1925, from 1925 to 1937 the territory of Altai was part of the West Siberian Territory, since 1937 - the Altai Territory. In 1922, the Oirot Autonomous Region was formed as part of the Altai Territory, which in 1948 was renamed the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Region Kambalov N.I. Discoverers and researchers of Altai, Barnaul, 1968. - P.45.

In 1990, at a session of the Gorno-Altai Council of People's Deputies, a declaration on state sovereignty was adopted. In May 1992, the Gorno-Altai region was again renamed the Altai Republic. Today it is a sovereign democratic state, which is a subject of the Russian Federation, but at the same time is endowed with all the necessary powers and authority on its own territory. The economic development of the Altai province at the end of the 20s was affected by the completion of the construction of the Turkestan-Siberian railway.

The Barnaul melange plant was built to process Central Asian cotton. Elevators were built in Barnaul, Biysk, Kamen-na-Obi, sugar factories in Biysk and Aleysk, and meat processing plants in Biysk, Rubtsovsk and Pospelikha. Metalworking and the production of building materials grew rapidly, and the transport network improved. By the end of the 30s, Altai turned into one of the large agrarian-industrial regions of Siberia. During the war, Altai received more than 100 enterprises evacuated from the western regions of the country, including 24 factories of national importance. This gave a powerful impetus to the development of its industry. At the same time, being a major producer of agricultural products, the region remained one of the main breadbaskets of the country.

After the war, in the first decade, mass development began new technology and technology. The growth rate of the region's industry was six times higher than the Union average. The development of industry, characteristic of the post-war decades, affected the state of agriculture, which continued to develop using extensive methods. The main problem for Altai was grain. The development of virgin and fallow lands was a temporary way out of the current situation. Subsequently, it resulted in losses of cultivated areas as a result of soil erosion. What was needed was the intensification of agricultural production, a complex that would be closely connected with the processing industries.

In the 70-80s, there was a transition from separately operating enterprises and industries to the formation of territorial production complexes: agricultural-industrial hubs, production and production-scientific associations.

2.3 Specialization of the Altai Territory and natural and geographical conditions

The territory of the Altai Territory is located in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, within which there are small areas of pine forests. A shrub layer is developed, especially rich as it approaches the Ob valley. Eryngium flat-leaved, meadowsweet, meadow grass, sweet clover, common bedstraw, and gray speedwell grow here. The steppe belt runs along the northern and northwestern slopes of Altai, and in the southeast there are tundra steppes.

Half of the mountains are covered with forests. However, the nature of forests varies and varies depending on the amount of moisture and heat received. The center of the mountainous region is dominated by larches. Steppe areas appear on the southern slopes, and alpine vegetation appears in the upper part. In the southeast, forests consist mainly of Siberian fir, Siberian cedar, Scots pine and Siberian spruce. The taiga is characterized by Siberian fir, aspen, bird cherry, rowan, and viburnum in combination with tall grasses. Representatives of relict flora are found here, mosses, shrubs and subshrubs grow: honeysuckle, blueberries, lingonberries. Meadows are widespread in the forest belt. In the subalpine meadows grow maral root, thistle, white-flowered geranium, and swimsuits.

The upper altitudinal zone of vegetation is represented by gravelly-herbaceous, moss-lichen, rocky and shrubby vegetation, in which round-leaved birch, alpine bison, and cold gentian are common. The total area of Altai forests is about 6 million hectares. Wood reserves are estimated at 600 million m3 Altai Territory - the economy today / ed. Pronin S.A./. - Barnaul: ASU Publishing House, 2004. - P. 45.

Mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, arctic foxes, reindeer, and tundra partridge lived on the territory of the region. Reindeer and tundra partridge still live in the Altai Mountains.

Brown bear, wolverine, elk - inhabitants of the West Siberian taiga; deer, musk deer, stone partridge, capercaillie - representatives of the forests of Eastern Siberia; Tarbagan marmot, Mongolian jerboa, argali (mountain sheep) are animals of the Mongolian steppes. The diversity of the fauna of the Altai region is explained by the presence of steppes, forests, and altitudinal zones. Some of them migrate from one zone to another. Animals move from steppes and forests to forest-steppes. In the mountains they migrate from one altitude zone to another. The brown bear is an omnivorous predator, feeding on mice, birds, grass, and berries. He sleeps in the forests, and in the spring he comes out to sunny meadows, where young grass appears, while he gradually rises up. The deer and sable migrate from the taiga to the subalpine meadows and back. Moose, roe deer, and musk deer make transitions from one zone to another. The sable, the only representative of the forest fauna, is well versed in the subalpine mountain belt.

Birds include mountain turkey, Altai buzzard, Altai zokor, and tundra partridge. Among the insectivores - the Altai mole, it is widespread and belongs to useful animals. A famous predator, the fox, lives in all areas of the steppes and mountains. The arid Kulunda steppe is home to the red-cheeked ground squirrel, jerboa, and corsac fox. Most steppe animals are rodents and agricultural pests (hamsters, voles, mice). Steppe predators and birds that feed on rodents benefit agriculture, such as the corsac fox, ferret, and ermine; of birds - kestrel, buzzard (buzzard), coccyx. Snipes, teals, gray cranes, gulls, mallard ducks, gray goose live on lakes and swamps, and migratory birds (northern geese, swans) also stop by Kozyeva I.A. Economic geography and regional studies. - M.: KnoRus, 2005.-S. 40.

In the forest belt of the northeast there are many taiga animals: wolverine, otter, squirrel, ermine. There are wolves, animals well adapted for life in forests. There are many birds: nutcracker, jay, crossbill and small songbirds.

In the high mountain zone there are Siberian goats, mountain sheep, and snow leopards; occasionally the red wolf comes from Mongolia. A large golden eagle, a predator of the high mountains, lives here. The red-billed jackdaw lives on inaccessible rocks. The mountain pipit lives in alpine and subalpine meadows. The white partridge is widespread; it is found everywhere in the rocky tundra at altitudes up to 3 thousand m.

The Altai Territory is a hunting and fishing zone of Siberia. Of the 90 species of animals living here, half are commercial. They hunt squirrel, marmot, sable, ermine and other fur-bearing animals. Game birds include gray goose, partridge, black grouse, and hazel grouse. The poisonous snake lives everywhere - the common copperhead, and in the southeast - the common foot-and-mouth disease. The entire territory of the region is inhabited by quick and viviparous lizards, common grass snakes, steppe vipers and common vipers. The largest representative of reptiles is the patterned snake (more than a meter long).

Chebak, perch, and pike constantly live in the rivers; in mountain rivers - grayling, taimen, lenok; in lakes of the plains - crucian carp, tench, in mountain lakes - osman.

Among insects, there are many pests of fields, gardens, and forests: Swedish fly, grain cutworm, Siberian moth, cabbage flea beetle, wireworms, codling moth, hawthorn, Siberian and gypsy moth. Red ants are beneficial insects; they destroy aphids; ant oil is used in medicine. Songbirds eat harmful insects

The Altai region is covered with a dense network of rivers, rivulets and streams. There are more than 20 thousand watercourses in the Upper Ob, with a length of over 60 thousand km. 94% of the flow of the Ob near Barnaul comes from the mountain slopes of Altai. Within the region there are real mountain watercourses with slopes of up to 130 m/km, cutting through rocky ledges in turbulent cascades. Their valleys are narrow, deep corridors. In the valleys of the Katun and Chuya rivers, traces of accumulative activity are visible in the form of numerous terrace steps, the highest of which are located near the village. Inya.

The Shavla River flows in the Severo-Chuiskie Belok region. It originates from the well-known Shavlinskoye Lake and, having received the waters of the Shabaga River, rushes to the west. The total length of Shavla is about 60 km Kozyeva I.A. Economic geography and regional studies. - M.: KnoRus, 2005.- P. 49.

Argut is a powerful, high-water river. Having absorbed the waters of Shavla, he rushes to Katun. 4 - 5 kilometers before Katun there is a serious threshold of "Atlanta". The Katun becomes fuller after merging with the Argut. The direction of the river flow is north. The muddy Argut and Chuya give the water of the Katun a milky-greenish tint. The banks of the Katun in many places are characterized by low rocky walls, which gives the river a unique flavor. Such rivers as Inya, Chemal, Chumysh, Charysh, Anui, Biya, Chuya and others are unique in their beauty.

The largest rivers of the Altai Territory are the Biya and the Katun, which merge to form one of the main Siberian rivers - the Ob. There are about 13 thousand lakes in the region, more than half of which are freshwater. The largest lake is Kulundinskoye (728 km2). In the Altai Mountains there is the amazingly beautiful Aiskoe Lake.

All types of transport are developed in the region. Total length highways 16627 km. Federal roads run through the Altai Territory: A-349 "Barnaul - Rubtsovsk - Semipalatinsk", M-52 "Novosibirsk - Barnaul - Biysk - Tashanta - Mongolia". The passenger transport fleet is represented by buses, trolleybuses, and trams. Along with state ones, there are also commercial routes. The cargo fleet includes 87.3 thousand vehicles, the passenger fleet - 10.6 thousand buses.

The South Siberian Railway runs through the Altai Territory, laid to provide the necessary transportation in the east-west direction. The railway provides connections with the railway network of the Russian Federation and neighboring republics. The total length of railways is 1800 km, in addition, railways industrial enterprises - 866 km. The main highway "Novosibirsk - Barnaul - Semipalatinsk" connects Siberia and Central Asia. The most important railway stations: Altayskaya (Novoaltaysk), Barnaul, Biysk, Rubtsovsk, Aleyskaya (Aleysk). The bus station is located next to the train station. Buses run to Novosibirsk (every hour during the day), Biysk and Gorno-Altaisk (every 2 hours), as well as to almost all regional centers of the Altai Territory. The bus to Chemal runs once a day in the summer. Geography / Textbook, ed. Prof. Drozdova M.F./. - M.: Economics, 2004 - P. 108.

Barnaul is a large river port. The total length of exploited navigable river routes is 779 km. The main cargo transportation of the region is carried out along the Ob, Biya, Katun and Charysh rivers. In cargo transportation, a large share falls on timber cargo, coal, building materials, industrial goods, and grain. There are two river ports and three marinas. There are 4 airports in the region. From the airport in Biysk there are flights by An-24 aircraft to Surgut (Surgutavia company) and Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk State Aviation Enterprise).

Barnaul Airport has the status of an international all-weather airport. The region is connected with the largest cities of Russia by regular flights. For example, there is a daily connection with Moscow, average duration The flight from Barnaul to the capital is 4 hours. Also from Barnaul airport there are flights to the CIS countries, Germany, Turkey, United United Arab Emirates, China. Barnaul Airport is a separate free territory economic zone"Altai".

Altai region is of great interest to foreign investors. Investment attractiveness edge is due to a number of reasons. For example, the legislative and executive authorities of the region provide preferential taxation to external investors.

The region is located in relative proximity to large raw material areas, has its own reserves of mineral raw materials and timber, as well as a powerful river, road and railway network, which ensures cargo flows to the countries of the East and Central Asia. The highly developed scientific and technical potential includes various design research institutes and enterprises of the former military-industrial complex. Work force highly qualified and relatively cheap, constantly replenished with network graduates educational institutions all levels of education, including universities. The region is distinguished by long-term social stability. A free economic zone operates in a number of areas.

In the Altai Territory, as throughout the world, there is developed system communications: long-distance communications, rural, urban, telegraph, radiotelephone communications, mobile communications, television and radio broadcasting. Through automatic long distance communication you can contact almost any point in Russia, as well as nearby and far abroad. Most countries in the world can be reached via automatic long distance communication. Facsimile, Internet, mobile communications etc.

The Altai Territory has favorable natural climatic conditions, unique historical and archaeological monuments for organizing recreation, tourism and sports. There are ample opportunities for creating balneological resort centers and sanatoriums.

There are four year-round tourist bases in the region (Katun, Golden Lake, Yunost, Kucherla), a hotel-type tourist complex "Tourist", and an educational and training center "Seminsky Pass". Dozens of new private comfortable tourist complexes have been created and operate, designed to accommodate from 10 to 50 people. All tourist centers and complexes can accommodate up to two thousand people at the same time. On the territory of Central and Eastern Altai, seasonal organization of tourist hikes of high difficulty categories and mountaineering ascents is possible. Mass recreation of the population can be organized in intermountain basins and lower sections of river valleys originating in the high mountain zone.

The rivers of the Altai Mountains, having a significant slope and rapid flow, are not navigable, but are of great interest to water sportsmen and tourists. The waterfalls of the region attract a large number of tourists and vacationers. The Katunsky ridge is the richest in waterfalls. There are many waterfalls in the area of Lake Teletskoye, in the basins of the Chulyshman, Charysh, and Anui rivers.

Only the waters of individual lakes (Aya, Manzherok, Kureevo) and small rivers Isha, Lebed and some others warm up to temperatures favorable for mass swimming. The duration of the swimming season there is about two months. Glaciers are a place of attraction for tourists and climbers. In terms of the number of glaciers (1130) and glaciated area (890 km2), Altai ranks third among the mountainous countries of the world. Near the Belukha massif there are 169 glaciers with an area of 151 km2 Geography / Textbook ed. Prof. Drozdova M.F./. - M.: Economics, 2004 - p. P. 109. From the point of view of tourism and mountaineering, the glaciers of Altai are no different from the glaciers of other mountainous countries. They are moderately passable and moderately dangerous.

Altai is so diverse and diverse that it can satisfy the taste of any traveler. There are all opportunities for the development of non-traditional forms of tourism. You can travel around Altai on foot, on skis, on horseback, on a camel, by helicopter, and even under the shadow of a hang glider and paraglider, on light sports boats along stormy rivers, on alpine skis on steep slopes, or in cars and cycling through mountain passes. With special climbing equipment through icefalls and sheer rocks, aiming for the sky-high peaks of the highest mountains of Siberia or into the bottomless abysses of the deepest caves, or with scuba gear along the bottom of clear lakes, or with a gun through the taiga in pursuit of an expensive hunting trophy - it is difficult to imagine this type of tourism , which would be impossible in Altai.

The centers of ski tourism are the cities of Biysk and Zmeinogorsk.

The real ski season opens in the second half of February and closes at the end of March, when the severe frosts weaken, the amount of precipitation decreases sharply, and the rivers have not yet opened up, and there is no need to waste time crossing. Recently, routes in the hilly, forested eastern regions of Altai have become increasingly popular.

But no less interesting for tourists are the relict Savushinskoye Lake, the unique ribbon forests stretching for hundreds of kilometers, and the Denisova Cave, which has preserved traces of ancient man(according to some historians, the first man appeared in Altai). On the territory of the region there are many archaeological and ethnological monuments, namely: burial mounds and ground burial grounds, ancient settlements and fortifications, Stone Age cave sites, mine workings for copper and gold. The caves of the Altai Territory have long attracted the attention of travelers, scientists, and tourists. There are more than 400 caves located in limestone, marble, and dolomite. In some there are beautiful forms of sinter formations.

The Taldinsky, Charyshsky and Khankharsky caves are especially popular. In the Charysh caves, many researchers have found the remains of extinct animals: mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, bison, cave hyena and fossil deer. The finds of sites of primitive man are also numerous in the Altai Mountains. There is a cave-labyrinth near the village of Black Anui. The passages in it are quite narrow and confusing, there are many stalactites. A whole system of caves was discovered in the southern part of the Salair Ridge. The taiga wilderness and lake surfaces, rich in game, will be appreciated by real hunters and fishermen. In Altai there are: bears, wolves, squirrels, hares, beavers, sable, marmots, moose, lynxes, foxes, black grouse, wild ducks, geese, cranes, hazel grouse, wood grouse, bream, roach, crucian carp, sturgeon, grayling, sterlet, ruffe . Hunting and fishing are a wonderful form of recreation.

Population

Among all the regions of Siberia, only the East is characterized by depopulation of the population. Every year, a decrease in the number of residents is recorded by 2.5% of every 1000 people. Even such a small figure leads to the fact that some areas of Eastern Siberia are close to the fact that they will not be populated in the coming years.

As for the average population density in the region, it is 4 times lower, similar to the national figure. At the same time, in the Evenki district this figure is 3 people. Per 100 km 2, while in the southern part of the region the population is even higher than average government indicators. By ethnic background The indigenous people of the region are carriers of many nationalities and cultures. The mixing of ethnic groups took place over several centuries, so it is quite difficult to determine whether the modern population belongs to any of them. The territorial boundaries of eastern Siberia are inhabited by peoples of Turkic, Mongolian and other groups.

Industry of Eastern Siberia

Despite its small population, Eastern Siberia is a well-developed industrial region with a specialized structure. The peculiarity is that the production direction of each region is determined by the availability of the resource base.

All industrial East Siberian centers are settlements in which several areas of one industry are developed. The only exceptions are a few of the largest cities, where industry has a more complex structure. Only cities such as Chita, Krasnoyarsk, and Irkutsk were able to develop several industry areas due to the presence of railway connections.

The most developed area of industry in Eastern Siberia is non-ferrous metallurgy, the share of which amounted to about 30% of the country's total indicators. Processing of raw materials is carried out at several mid-level enterprises.

The second industry that is important for the country is timber and paper production. The products of this industry in Eastern Siberia account for 17% of the national volume.

In general, the region is rich in natural resources and has all the prerequisites for active industrial development. But while there are more economically profitable and transportably accessible deposits, Eastern Siberia remains a not particularly developed and sparsely populated region of the country.

Agriculture of Eastern Siberia

The agro-industrial complex of the eastern part of Siberia is represented by several areas, including crop production, fishing, livestock breeding and other types of agricultural crafts. A quarter of the region's population is involved in agriculture.

Most of the land allocated for agricultural land in the region is pastures and hayfields, which contributes to the development of meat and dairy farming.

In some areas they specialize in sheep development and wool harvesting. As for agriculture, most of all in the region it is aimed at growing basic grain crops, in particular wheat, barley, oats and others.

The richness of flora and fauna of the region allowed rural residents, in addition to the main areas of agriculture, to benefit from other types of fishing. Including picking mushrooms and berries, hunting, fishing and others.

According to economic development, Eastern Siberia is divided into two subregions: Transbaikalia (Buryatia and Chita region) with older, mainly mining and sheep farming, and the Angara-Yenisei part with hydroelectric power, non-ferrous metallurgy, timber processing and the military-industrial complex.

What conditions contributed to the development of non-ferrous metallurgy in Eastern Siberia?

The main branch of specialization of the region is non-ferrous metallurgy, based on two types of resources. The first is cheap electricity from hydroelectric power stations of the Angara-Yenisei cascade. The second is the unique deposits of copper-nickel ores in the Norilsk region.

Hydroelectric power stations on the Angara and Yenisei provide such cheap energy that the aluminum smelters that use it (in Shelikhov near Irkutsk, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk and Sayanogorsk in Khakassia) are able to buy alumina imported from distant Australia.

A small part of the demand for alumina is met by the Achinsk Alumina Refinery, which operates on local nephelines in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Eastern Siberia produces more than 70% of Russian aluminum, which is quite competitive on the world market, and the cheapest, despite transport costs.

The ore reserves of the Norilsk industrial region are one of the most valuable resources of Siberia; they have no equal in the world. Now more than 2/3 of Russian copper, more than 80% of nickel, almost all platinum and all cobalt, as well as rare and very valuable metal palladium. The Norilsk region provides a significant share of the world's nickel and platinum production, so it influences world prices for these products.

What are the features of the development of the timber industry complex?

Eastern Siberia, along with the European North, is the Russian leader in the timber industry. Igarka is one of the main timber export ports in Russia (timber comes to this port from the southern regions of the Yenisei), and the pulp and paper mills in Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk are among the largest in the country. Unfortunately, this industry is also located in the basin of the unique Lake Baikal - in the city of Baikalsk directly on the southern shore of the lake and in the village of Selenginsk on the Selenga River (near Ulan-Ude), which flows into Baikal. At the confluence of the Angara into the Yenisei there is one of the largest centers of woodworking (sawmilling, production wooden houses, building materials, etc.) - the city of Lesosibirsk.

How is the fuel industry developing in Eastern Siberia?

Coal mining in Eastern Siberia is carried out for the needs of the region; it is almost not exported (and therefore is not an industry of specialization). There are very few gas deposits east of the Yenisei, and the main fuel here is coal, which is much more environmentally harmful than gas.

In the severe Siberian frosts, a lot of fuel is required, and in cities and towns, freshly fallen snow remains white only for the first few hours, then it turns black due to coal ash. And if we also take into account the nature of winter weather - the Siberian anticyclone, during which calmness and temperature inversion are often observed, it becomes clear that air pollution in winter in Siberian cities is much higher than in the cities of European Russia with a predominance of cyclonic weather and gas-fired boiler houses.

Rice. 153. Bratsk: city, hydroelectric power station, reservoir

Most cities in Eastern Siberia are located in depressions, and cold air flows down the slopes, displacing warmer air upward. This combination of unfavorable weather conditions worsens the air quality and negatively affects people's health.

The city of Bratsk (classified as one of the most polluted cities in the world) has become widely known, where the already mentioned factors are enhanced by the fact that emissions from a pulp and paper mill, an aluminum smelter and boiler houses are mixed in the air of the city. As a result of their combination, completely unpredictable (and poorly studied) chemical reactions occur, and the air of the city becomes unsuitable for breathing. It is almost impossible to reduce emissions without stopping production.

What sectors of the defense industry are developing in Eastern Siberia?

The defense industry emerged in Eastern Siberia in the 1930s, when aircraft factories were built in Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude. During the war years, the Krasnoyarsk Territory became one of the areas where evacuated factories were located. Enterprises in Siberia build aircraft from almost all design bureaus. This includes the new Su-30 combat aircraft, equipped with an in-flight refueling system, which makes its flight range practically unlimited, and the new Su-39 super attack aircraft, designed to hit targets around the clock, in any weather conditions.

In the 1950s in the rocky monolith of the Ataman Ridge (north of Krasnoyarsk), many tunnels and halls were made, the total volume of which exceeds the volume of the Moscow metro. There, at a depth of 200-300 m (in order to survive even a direct hit from an atomic bomb), nuclear reactors were located that produced weapons-grade plutonium for nuclear warheads. And on the surface the “closed” city of Krasnoyarsk-26 (now Zheleznogorsk) grew up. Today, during the conversion period, nuclear scientists are mastering new professions, such as reprocessing and disposal of nuclear fuel, and the production of highly pure substances for microelectronics. Zheleznogorsk is the main developer and manufacturer of communication satellites.

For peaceful nuclear energy, a uranium enrichment plant is now operating in Zelenogorsk (formerly Krasnoyarsk-45). By way of conversion, the production of magnetic film, audio and video cassettes has been established here.

What is the importance of agriculture in the region?

Agriculture does not provide food for the population of the region. In the depressions among the mountains (they are called “steppes” here: Kanskaya steppe, Minusinsk steppe, etc.), which in fact are “islands” of the steppe zone among the taiga, they sow grain and raise cattle. In drier places (in the east of the region and higher in the mountains) they engage in sheep breeding (in terms of the number of sheep, Eastern Siberia ranks third in Russia after the North Caucasus and the Volga region).

Well, the North of Siberia is home to traditional reindeer husbandry and fur farming.

conclusions

Features of the tectonic and geological structure of Eastern Siberia predetermined the presence of ore deposits. The combination of mountainous terrain and deep rivers provides enormous hydropower resources. Cheap electricity attracts aluminum production. Rich deposits of non-ferrous metal ores created a raw material base for the smelting of copper and nickel. Huge forest resources and high quality wood contributed to the development of logging, wood processing and the pulp and paper industry.

Permafrost, widespread over much of the territory, makes construction difficult and further contributes to the concentration of population along river valleys.

Most cities are located in intermountain basins, which makes it difficult for them to be blown by winds (and the removal of smoke from industrial enterprises), creating environmental problems that require immediate solutions.

Questions and tasks

What are the main areas of specialization in Eastern Siberia? What conditions determined their development?
In the north of Eastern Siberia, an industrial region has formed around the city of Norilsk. What reasons contributed to its development? What industries are represented here? Based on periodical press materials, characterize current state industry of the region.
Do you think it is more economically beneficial for Eastern Siberia to cooperate with Europe (the European part) or with the Asia-Pacific region?

Districts, deep in Russian territory, at a considerable distance from the developed Central regions.

The development of an area rich in a diverse range of natural resources (coal, metal ores, etc.) directly depends on the network of transport arteries. The main routes are the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur railways, the waterway along. The natural and climatic conditions of the region are harsh (1/4 of the territory lies in the Arctic), so its development requires large investments.

EGP of Eastern Siberia complex. Eastern Siberia is very remote from the main economically developed regions of the country and the oceans, which significantly affects its economy. The natural conditions are extreme. 3/4 of the surface is occupied by mountains and plateaus; harsh, sharply continental, 25% of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Dominated by and. The southern regions are characterized by high temperatures. Most of it is occupied and only in the extreme south are there islands and.

Natural resources of Eastern Siberia very rich. 70% of Russia's coal reserves are concentrated in Eastern Siberia. There are large deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores (copper, tin, tungsten, etc.). There are a lot of non-metallic materials - asbestos, graphite, mica, salts. The hydropower resources of the Yenisei and Angara are enormous; 20% of the world's fresh water is contained in unique. Eastern Siberia also occupies a leading position in timber reserves.

It is distributed extremely unevenly - the main part is concentrated in the south along, in the rest of the territory the settlement is focal - along and in the steppe intermountain basins. There is a shortage. The degree is high -72%, large cities - Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Bratsk, Chita, Norilsk.

Economy of Eastern Siberia. The development of the rich resources of Eastern Siberia is difficult due to harsh natural conditions, lack of a network and shortage of labor resources. In the country's economy, the region stands out as a base for the production of cheap electricity.

Eastern Siberia specializes in the production of cheap electricity, timber and pulp and paper industries.

Eastern Siberia accounts for 1/4 of the gold mined in Russia.

Based on the use of cheap energy, petroleum products, sawmilling, coal, table and potassium salts, chemical and. The region produces: chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, clays, rubber products, and chlorine products. Centers - Achinsk and Angarsk. In Krasnoyarsk. Woodworking and pulp and paper industry enterprises were built in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Lesosibirsk, Baikalsk, and Selenginsk. Timber harvesting is carried out in the Yenisei and Angara basins. Timber is also transported along the Yenisei, and then along the Northern Sea Route to other areas.

The region produces equipment for the mining industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Cheremkhovo), combines, river boats, excavators (Krasnoyarsk), instruments, machine tools, electrical equipment.

The agro-industrial complex is developed mainly in the south of the region. specializes in grain farming and meat and dairy cattle breeding. Sheep farming is developed in the Chita region, Buryatia and Tuva.

The leading place belongs to grain crops. Spring wheat, oats, barley, fodder crops are cultivated, potatoes and vegetables are grown. In the north, deer are bred. Hunting and fishing are also developed

Represented by leather (Chita, Ulan-Ude), shoe (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kyzyl), fur (Krasnoyarsk, Chita), textile enterprises and wool production.

Transport. The most important routes in the region are the Trans-Siberian Railway, the BAM, the Yenisei, as well as the Northern Sea Route, which runs off the northern coast.

Branches of specialization:

Coal power generation using brown coal mined in the Kansk-Achinsk basin open method. Large thermal power plants - Nazarovskaya, Chitinskaya, Irkutskaya.
Hydropower. The most powerful hydroelectric power stations in Russia were built on the Yenisei (Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk).
Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by energy-intensive industries. Aluminum is smelted in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelekhovo, copper and nickel are smelted in Norilsk, copper is smelted in Udokan.
The chemical, petrochemical and forest chemical industries produce a variety of water- and energy-intensive products - plastics, chemical fibers, polymers. The raw materials are processed products (Angarsk, Usolye Sibirskoye) and wood (Krasnoyarsk).
The timber and pulp and paper industries are developed in the Irkutsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - the largest industrial logging in the country takes place here. The largest plants were built in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yeniseisk, and Baikalsk.

On the basis of interconnected production of coal and hydropower, non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, and also in Eastern Siberia, large TPK-Norilsk, Kansko-Achinsk, Bratsko-Ust-Ilimsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsk were formed.

The future of Eastern Siberia is connected with the formation of a transport network, new energy transport and industrial complexes, and the development of the manufacturing industry, including modern ones. Of great concern ecological situation in areas of concentration of industrial production - Norilsk, the Baikal basin, along the BAM route.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Population

Industry of Eastern Siberia

Agriculture of Eastern Siberia