Characteristics of the fuel and energy complex of Western Siberia. West Siberian oil and gas province. Trade with CIS countries

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex system that includes a set of production facilities, processes, and material devices for the extraction of fuel and energy resources (FER), their transformation, transportation, distribution and consumption of both primary fuel and energy resources and converted types of energy carriers. It includes: gas industry; coal industry; oil industry.

The fuel industry is the basis for development Russian economy, a tool for conducting internal and foreign policy. The fuel industry is connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% is spent on its development Money, accounts for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the value of industrial products in Russia. Composition: Altai Territory, Kemerovo Region, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region, Altai Republic, Tomsk Region, Tyumen Region, Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug On the territory of Western Siberia, the main fuel and energy bases of Russia are being formed: West Siberian Oil and Gas, Kuzbass, the western wing of KATEK. The region produces 91% of gas, 68% of oil and 43% of coal of their total production in Russia. Today Western Siberia is the only energy-rich region in Russia (according to the balance of primary fuel and energy resources).

Overall production in the region primary energy resources is more than 1000 million tons of fuel equivalent, and consumption does not exceed 145 million tons of fuel equivalent. The region supplies more than 855 million tons of fuel equivalent. to almost all regions of the country.

Oil production in the region, having reached its maximum in 1989, decreased to 328.7 million tons in 1991, to 208.4 million tons in 1995, and to 206.6 million tons in 1999. Main production volume oil is concentrated in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

For the entire vast Western Siberian region there is only one oil refinery - the Omsk Oil Refinery - (NK Sibneft). In addition, the Urengoy and Surgut plants of OJSC Gazprom process gas condensate.

The West Siberian region experiences a shortage of aviation kerosene and motor gasoline and has an excess of diesel fuel and fuel oil.

The gas industry of the region suffered the least losses compared to other sectors of the fuel and energy complex and industry of the region. During 1991–1999, gas production decreased from 576 billion to 538.8 billion m3, that is, by less than 10%.

It is in Western Siberia that the largest gas transport flows originate, forming Unified system gas supply to Russia. Solid fuel resources in the region decreased from 115 million tons in 1991 to 106 million tons in 1999.

In terms of electricity consumption, Western Siberia ranks third in Russia. The main area of electricity consumption is industry (about 55% in 1999). Electricity supply to consumers in Western Siberia is carried out from the power plants of the Unified Energy System of Siberia and the Unified Energy System of the Urals. The basis of the region's electric power industry is made up of large thermal power plants and thermal power plants operating on associated gas (Tyumen and Tomsk regions) and coal (both local - in the Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions, and long-distance, Ekibastuz - in the Omsk region).

The total electricity production in the region amounted to 132.4 billion kWh in 1991, decreasing in 1999 to 118.8 billion kWh. The area is practically self-balanced in terms of electricity. The Western Siberian region will remain the basis for the formation of the country's fuel and energy complex in the future. Consequently, the priority areas for energy development in the region are:

– development and improvement of the oil, gas and coal complexes as the basis of the country’s fuel and energy complex;

- solution social problems gas workers, oil workers and coal miners in the region;

– improvement of the region’s fuel and energy resources, primarily through gasification, electrification and technical and technological re-equipment of almost all sectors of the economy;

– solving environmental problems in the main oil, gas and coal mining areas.

Kuzbass as one of the largest territorial-industrial complexes in Russia: sectoral structure, market specialization. Current economic and social problems of regional development.

In the south of Western Siberia, mainly in the Kemerovo region, the country's largest coal mining basin is located - Kuznetsk (Kuzbass). Currently, the name "Kuzbass" is the second name of the Kemerovo region. Kuzbass is one of the most significant in economically regions of Russia. The leading role here belongs to the industrial complex for the extraction and processing of coal, iron ores and various non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy and the construction industry. There are 58 mines and 36 open-pit mining enterprises (coal mines) operating in the basin.

The total geological reserves of coal in Kuzbass reach 725 billion tons (up to a depth of 1800 m). The explored reserves of coal in Kuzbass exceed all world reserves of oil and natural gas by more than 7 times (in terms of fuel equivalent) and amount to 693 billion tons, of which 207 billion tons. - coking coals. For comparison: coking coal reserves in Donbass are 25 billion tons; Pechora coal basin - 9 billion tons; Karaganda 13 billion tons.

About a third of Kuznetsk coal is coking, the rest is thermal. Kuzbass accounts for 56% of hard coal production in Russia, about 80% of the production of all coking coals, and for a whole group of grades of especially valuable coking coals - 100%. 42-45% of coal mined in Kuzbass is used for coking. The bulk of Kuznetsk coal is consumed in Western Siberia, the Urals, as well as in the European part of Russia, beyond Lately Exports of thermal coal increased by 40%, mainly to European consumers. . The volume of reserves can provide the whole of Russia with raw materials for coke production in the volumes consumed in the 80s for more than 1200 years.

In addition to the coal industry, metallurgy (Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, West Siberian Metallurgical Plant, Novokuznetsk Aluminum Plant, Kuznetsk Ferroalloys), chemical industry (Kemerovo), and mechanical engineering (Anzhero-Sudzhensk) are developed in Kuzbass. Today Kuzbass for Russia is: more than 13% of cast iron and steel, 23% of rolled steel, more than 11% of aluminum and 19% of coke, 55% of ferrosilicon, more than 10% of chemical fibers and threads, 100% of mine scraper conveyors, 14% of silk fabrics .

The Kuznetsk basin has favorable natural and economic conditions for its development. The coal seams in it are thick and lie at a relatively shallow depth (on average 185 m), which in some cases allows mining open method. Brown coals of the Itatskoe deposit (Kansk-Achinsk basin) lie even closer to the surface with a seam thickness of 55-80 m, which makes it possible to extract the cheapest coal in the country.

It is possible to continue the exploration of coal gas reserves - methane - in the area of coal deposits in the Kemerovo region, where, according to preliminary estimates by Gazprom, there are up to 12 trillion m3 of valuable hydrocarbon raw materials. Establishing gas production in the south of Western Siberia will avoid unnecessary costs for its transportation from the north.

Among the problems it is worth highlighting:

Ecology (it is necessary to create programs for river water purification and waste recycling)
Energy saving
Increased control over work in mines (numerous accidents)

Features and problems of the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base. Location of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy centers, their specialization. Prospects for the development of non-ferrous metallurgy in Siberia.

The Siberian metallurgical base began to form in the 1930s near the coking coal deposits of the Kuznetsk basin. Uses iron ores from Gornaya Shoria, Abakan, Angaro-Ilimsk deposits and coking coal from Kuzbass. Its main center is Novokuznetsk, where there are two powerful enterprises with a full metallurgical cycle - the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (KMK) and the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (ZSMZ). Conversion plants operate in Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk. The mining industry is carried out by several mining and processing enterprises located in the Kuzbass, Mountain Shoria and Khakassia (Western Siberia) and the Korshunovsky Mining and Processing Plant in Eastern Siberia. The base is best provided with raw materials, as it has the necessary deposits of iron and manganese ore. The only thing missing is chromium (imported from Kazakhstan). The disadvantage of the base is its territorial remoteness from the main consumers of products in Russia and foreign countries.

The south of Siberia is Russia's largest producer of aluminum from local (Achinsk) and Ural concentrate (alumina).

Siberian Federal District famous for its solid minerals. 85% of the total is located here Russian reserves lead and platinum, 80% coal, 80% molybdenum, 71% nickel, 69% copper, 67% zinc, 66% manganese, 44% silver, about 40% gold. In addition, tungsten, cement raw materials, iron ores, tin, and bauxite have been explored.

Eastern Siberia has raw materials for the development of light metals production. The Chedobetsky deposit, located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, is among those suitable for industrial exploitation. Unfortunately, the railway is not built there and there are no access roads.

Raw materials for aluminum production are available in the Irkutsk region (a deposit approximately 275 km west of Irkutsk), Buryatia and the Chita region. The most explored deposits in Buryatia are Boxon bauxites and Kyakhta sillimanite shales (Kyakhta).

Let us also briefly note that in the Angara-Yenisei part of Eastern Siberia, the country's largest center of energy-intensive non-ferrous metallurgy industries (and, above all, aluminum smelting) has developed. A huge amount of cheap electricity from Siberian hydroelectric power stations is consumed by the aluminum smelters of Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk and Shelekhov (respectively: Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya and Irkutsk hydroelectric power stations). It should also be noted that here, among other industrial equipment, equipment for the aluminum industry is produced, which logically and technically emphasizes the competent organization of the region's economy.

One of the main problems in the development of non-ferrous metallurgy in Siberia is the inaccessibility of deposits. However, the availability of ore in a deposit is “treated” very simply: with money. It is also possible to build a railway (it is necessary to attract investors).

It is necessary to carefully calculate the commercial scale of the aluminum raw material reserves of each deposit and all the parameters of its production, transportation, processing and smelting of the final product. If they are commercially viable, do not abandon them under any circumstances, but, once completely exhausted, move on to new deposits or sources of aluminum raw materials. Then the non-ferrous metallurgy of Siberia will have enormous prospects.

Meaning, forms and directions foreign economic activity Russia and Russian regions. Structure of Russian exports and imports. Trade and economic relations with neighboring countries and far abroad.

Foreign economic policy involves targeted actions of the state and its bodies to determine the regulatory regime foreign economic relations and optimizing the country's participation in international division labor. The main components externally economic policy are: foreign trade policy (including export and import policy), policy in the field of attracting foreign investment and regulation of national investments abroad, monetary policy. In addition, foreign economic policy involves solving important problems regarding the geographical balance of foreign economic transactions with individual states and regions, which is associated with ensuring the economic security of the country.

A characteristic feature of the modern development of the world economy is the rapid growth of foreign economic relations, outstripping growth rates GDP of countries participants in world trade.

Foreign trade turnover is the total value of exports and imports, it is the sum of the values of exports and imports of a country or group of countries for a certain period: month, quarter, year. Foreign trade turnover statistics characterize the volume of exports and imports of goods, their dynamics, geographic distribution, commodity composition, participation in world trade, as well as its importance in the country’s economy.

Among the countries of the world in terms of foreign trade turnover, they lead the developed countries: USA (13%), Germany (9%), Japan (6%), Great Britain (5%), France (5%) 2004. Russia occupies a more modest place in this series, being located in the second ten countries of the world. Its foreign trade turnover in 2009 amounted to $469 billion

Considering the modern foreign economic policy of Russia, one should point out its priority tasks, which include the following:

1. achieving a favorable trade and political regime in relations with foreign countries

2. providing domestic enterprises with access to global markets for machinery and equipment, technology and information, capital, mineral resources, and transport communications

3. long-term settlement of monetary and financial problems in relations with creditor countries, international organizations and debtors of Russia;

Leading place (about 2/3) in the Russian Federation export occupy mineral products (oil, natural gas). The share of metals and chemicals increased to ¼. industry, the export of machinery and equipment decreased by 3 times (6-8%), scientific and technical progress - 0.3% (China - 6%) 4/5 min are exported. Fertilizers, ½ oil, ½ rolled iron and steel, 1/3 gas.

On the world market, the Russian Federation accounts for up to 30% of gas, 30% of nickel, 20% of primary aluminum, 14% of mineral fertilizers, 10% of oil, copper. The main consumers are Germany, Italy, France, Great Britain and other European countries, USA, China, Japan. Machinery and equipment are supplied mainly to the CIS countries, China, India, Iran. (In the future, the share of gas will increase because Gazprom is concluding very large contracts with Holland and Germany)

In the structure of the Russian Federation import machinery and equipment still predominate - 1/2. The share of chemical products has increased significantly. industry and food products – 16% each. The leading partner in the supply of machinery and equipment is Germany, as well as the USA, Japan, the Republic of Korea, China, etc. Russia imports meat, grain, flour, sugar, fruits, tea from European countries, Latin America, USA, China, India.

It is worth mentioning other forms international cooperation:

1. joint venture (mainly with the CIS countries, then Europe)

2.attracting foreign direct investment to Russia (2005-$54 billion)

3. creation of free economic zones (SEZs are territories limited in size with a special form of management (taxation benefits, etc.) (“Nakhodka” SEZ in the Primorsky Territory)

Trade with CIS countries:

Export of mineral fertilizers (1/2), machinery and equipment (18%), metallurgy (13%), chemistry (9%).

Import: mechanical goods 26%, food and agricultural products. raw materials 20%, metals 18%, mineral products 12%, chemistry 11%, light industry 5%.

RESULT:

Russia's exports amounted to $301.6 billion last year, imports to Russia amounted to $167.4 billion.

Russia's foreign trade turnover with non-CIS countries amounted to $400.5 billion. Goods worth $254.9 billion were exported to non-CIS countries; imports from non-CIS countries amounted to $145.6 billion.

Russia's foreign trade turnover with the CIS countries decreased in 2009 to $68.5 billion. Russian exports to the CIS countries amounted to $46.7 billion, imports from the CIS countries - $21.8 billion

The EU accounted for 50.3% of Russian trade turnover in 2009. For CIS countries - 14.6%, EurAsEC countries (Eurasian Economic Community) - 8.7%, APEC countries (Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum) - 20.7%

Russia's main trading partners in 2009 among non-CIS countries were Germany, with trade turnover amounting to $39.9 billion, the Netherlands - $39.9 billion, China - $39.5 billion, Italy - $32.9 billion, Turkey - $19.6 billion , USA - $18.4 billion, France - $17.1 billion, Poland - $16.7 billion, Japan - $14.5 billion, Finland - $13.1 billion.

The West Siberian Plain is characterized by a harsh, fairly continental climate. The West Siberian Plain is the most populated and developed (especially in the south) part of Siberia. High summer temperatures in the southern half of Western Siberia are explained by the arrival of heated continental air from the south - from Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

Autumn comes late.

The relief of the plain is largely determined by its geological structure. At the base of the West Siberian Plain lies the Epihercynian West Siberian Plate, the foundation of which is composed of intensely dislocated Paleozoic sediments.

At the end of the Lower Oligocene, the sea left the West Siberian plate, and it turned into a huge lacustrine-alluvial plain.

Its large extent from north to south determines a clearly defined climate zonation and significant differences in climatic conditions in the northern and southern parts of Western Siberia. The continental climate of Western Siberia is also significantly influenced by the proximity of the Arctic Ocean.

Cyclones often pass through the border zone of areas of high and low pressure. In the warm season, low pressure is established over Western Siberia, and an area of higher pressure forms over the Arctic Ocean.

Most of the precipitation falls in the summer and is brought by air masses coming from the west, from the Atlantic. There are especially many of them in July and August, which is explained by intense activity on the Arctic and polar fronts.

The extreme southern regions of Western Siberia are characterized by droughts, occurring mainly in May and June. The harsh climate of the northern regions of Western Siberia contributes to soil freezing and widespread permafrost.

The rivers of Western Siberia, including the largest ones - the Ob, Irtysh and Yenisei, are characterized by slight slopes and low flow speeds. Peculiar lakes - “fogs” - are found in the Ural part of the plain. A large area is occupied by the tundra zone, which is explained by the northern position of the West Siberian Plain.

To the south is the forest-tundra zone. The forest-swamp zone occupies about 60% of the territory of the West Siberian Plain.

Therefore, the width of the forest-steppe zone in Western Siberia is much smaller than on the East European Plain, and the main tree species found in it are birch and aspen. In the extreme southern part of the West Siberian Lowland there is a steppe zone, which is mostly plowed.

See what the “West Siberian Plain” is in other dictionaries:

The geographical position of the West Siberian Plain determines transitional character Its climate is between the moderate continental Russian Plain and the sharply continental climate of Central Siberia.

The study of the nature and natural resources of Western Siberia acquired a completely different scope after the Great October Revolution.

Many features of the nature of Western Siberia are determined by the nature of its geological structure and history of development. The formation of the main folded structures of the basement of Western Siberia, which have a predominantly meridional direction, dates back to the era of the Hercynian orogeny.

The tectonic structure of the West Siberian plate is quite heterogeneous. Mesozoic formations of Western Siberia are represented by marine and continental sandy-clayey deposits.

Flora of the West Siberian Plain

Formations of rocks of Neogene age, outcropping mainly in the southern half of the plain, consist exclusively of continental lacustrine-fluvial deposits. The events of the Quaternary period had a particularly great influence on the formation of the landscapes of Western Siberia.

Lower Quaternary sediments are represented in the north of the plain by alluvial sands filling buried valleys.

Some researchers of the northern regions of the country paint a more complex picture of the events of the Quaternary glaciation era in Western Siberia.

On the other hand, there are supporters of a one-time glaciation of Western Siberia.

At the end of the Zyryan glaciation, the northern coastal regions of the West Siberian Plain subsided again. In the tundra zone, relief forms are especially widely represented, the formation of which is associated with the harsh climate and widespread permafrost.

The main elements of the relief of the West Siberian Plain are wide, flat interfluves and river valleys. Due to the fact that the interfluve spaces account for most of the country's area, they determine the general appearance of the plain's topography.

In connection with this summer, weak northern or northeastern winds predominate and the role of westerly air transport noticeably increases.

These include, for example, the Vasyugan Plain, which formed on the site of a gently sloping syneclise, and the Chulym-Yenisei Plateau, located in the zone of basement deflection.

West Siberian region (Western Siberia)

Compound. Altai Territory, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Altai Republic.

Economic and geographical location. The West Siberian economic region occupies a vast area east of the Ural Mountains, stretching almost to the Yenisei.

But the length from north to south is especially great. This is one of the largest economic regions in Russia.

In the west, the region borders on the Northern and Ural economic regions, in the south - on Kazakhstan, in the east - on the East Siberian region. In the south of the region, the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the largest Siberian rivers (Ob and Irtysh).

Possessing rich natural resources, the region has favorable conditions for economic development, but the peculiar natural and climatic conditions greatly complicate the situation.

Natural conditions and resources. Most of the region's territory is occupied by the West Siberian Plain.

Located in the southeast, the Altai mountainous country is the most high part Western Siberia (Belukha city - 4506 m).

Most of Western Siberia is located in the continental climate of the temperate zone (more severe than in the European part of Russia), and its northern part is located within the subarctic and arctic zones.

The nature of the far north is significantly influenced by the Arctic Ocean.

Due to the large extent of the territory from north to south and from west to east, differences in vegetation are noticeable even within the same climate zone.

In the direction from north to south, the zone of arctic deserts and tundra gives way to the taiga zone (Western Siberia is a forest-abundant region).

At the latitude of Tyumen and Tomsk, taiga forests give way to a narrow strip of deciduous forests, which turn into forest-steppe spaces.

At the foothills of Altai, a small area is occupied by the steppe zone. The forest-steppe and steppe regions of Western Siberia with chernozem soils are plowed.

The main river of the region, the Ob, is navigable along its entire length and flows into the Kara Sea.

The river has many tributaries (many of them are navigable). The rivers of the region serve as transport arteries and for water supply. The hydropower potential of the rivers is small. More than a third of the entire area of Western Siberia is occupied by swamps. Swampiness makes it extremely difficult to lay transport routes and develop oil and gas fields.

The West Siberian region is rich in various minerals.

In its depths there are huge reserves of oil and gas (especially important ones are in the remote taiga among swamps and swamps). The region accounts for more than 60% of Russian peat reserves. To the north of Altai, between the Salair ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) is located.

Iron ores were mined in the south of the Kemerovo region (Gornaya Shoria), but they are almost exhausted. But the main reserves of iron ore, comparable to the reserves of the KMA, are located in the Ob region, in the Tomsk region. There are reserves of polymetallic ores in the Salair Ridge. Mercury and gold were discovered in Altai.

In the foothills of Altai there is the Belokurikha resort with mineral springs. Dense forests, fast-moving rivers, and the famous Lake Teletskoye attract numerous tourists to Altai.

Population. The population of the region is 15.1 million.

people, 2/3 of the population of the entire Eastern zone of Russia lives here. The average population density is 6 people. per 1 km2. It is placed extremely unevenly. The most densely populated area is the relatively narrow strip along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Kemerovo region (33 people per 1 km2). Taiga is rarely populated; villages are found mainly along river valleys.

In the Tomsk and Tyumen regions, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the population density is 2-3 people. per 1 km2. Even less often, the population is located in the tundra (in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the population density is 0.6 people per 1 km2).

More than 90% of the population is Russian, and the share of Ukrainians is quite high. The indigenous population of the northern regions - the Nenets (about 30 thousand people) inhabit the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: the administrative center is the city.

Salekhard, located near the Arctic Circle. The Khanty and Mansi peoples also live in the middle reaches of the Ob. The indigenous population of the mountains (southern Western Siberia) is the people of the Turkic linguistic group - Altaians, Shors; Kazakhs live in the areas bordering Kazakhstan.

As a result industrial development The share of the urban population has increased in the region (71%).

Large cities of the West Siberian region are located mainly at points where railroads cross navigable rivers. Novosibirsk and Omsk (cities with “millionaires”) stand out especially. Many towns grew up in areas of mining, timber processing and agricultural production.

In the highly urbanized Kemerovo region (87%), cities are located along the railway line.

IN last years increased noticeably urban population in the Middle Ob region and in the north of the region. Modern cities have grown here: Nadym - based on the Medvezhye oil field; Urengoy - near the Urengoy gas field, etc. The population of Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk approached a quarter of a million.

Due to oil and gas production and industrial development, the population grew in previous years, but in general the region lacks labor resources (a shift work method is used).

Farming. The sectors of specialization of the economy of Western Siberia are the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal production), ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, petrochemistry, mechanical engineering, as well as grain farming,

Western Siberia is Russia's main oil and gas production base.

Oil is of high quality, and its cost is the lowest in the country. Oil and gas occur in loose sedimentary rocks at depths of 700–3000 m.

Oil production. The largest oil fields are located in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions - Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Surgutskoye.

Gas production is carried out in the north of the region.

The largest deposits are Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye, Kharasaveyskoye.

An oil refinery in Omsk and petrochemical plants in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, and Nizhnevartovsk operate on the basis of Tyumen oil.

Oil is supplied through oil pipelines to Eastern Siberia (where refineries operate in Achinsk and Angarsk) and to Kazakhstan. The development of the petrochemical cycle occurs simultaneously with the expansion of the forest industry (timber chemicals - Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk).

The bulk of the fuel produced in the region is exported outside Western Siberia.

Ferrous metallurgy.

Kuzbass is a coal and metallurgical base of republican significance. Kuznetsk coals are consumed in Western Siberia, the Urals, the European part of Russia, and Kazakhstan.

The main center of ferrous metallurgy is Novokuznetsk (ferroalloy plant and 2 full metallurgical cycle plants). The Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant uses local ores from Gornaya Shoria, and the growing West Siberian Metallurgical Plant receives raw materials from Eastern Siberia - Khakass and Angaro-Ilim ores.

There is also a metallurgical plant in Novosibirsk.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by a zinc plant (Belovo), an aluminum plant (Novokuznetsk) and a plant in Novosibirsk, where tin and alloys are produced from concentrates.

The local nepheline deposit has been developed - a raw material base for the aluminum industry.

The region's mechanical engineering industry serves the needs of all of Siberia. Metal-intensive mining and metallurgical equipment and machine tools are made in Kuzbass. Novosibirsk produces heavy machine tools and hydraulic presses, and also has a turbogenerator plant.

The Altai Tractor Plant is located in Rubtsovsk; in Tomsk - bearing; in Barnaul - boiler room. Instrumentation and electrical engineering are represented in Novosibirsk and Tomsk.

On the basis of coal coking, a chemical industry is developing in Kuzbass, which produces nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic dyes, medicines, plastics, tires (Novosibirsk, etc.

cities). Petrochemistry is developing, using local hydrocarbon raw materials (oil and gas).

However, the concentration of production with hazardous waste in the industrial hubs of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo and other cities seriously aggravates the environmental situation in the region.

In connection with the rapid development of oil and gas production in Western Siberia, the issue of the ecology of the regions of the Russian North also arises.

Agro-industrial complex.

In the forest and tundra zones of the region, conditions for agriculture are unfavorable and the main role here is played by reindeer husbandry, fishing and fur farming. The south of Western Siberia (forest-steppe and steppe zone with chernozem soils) is one of the main grain-growing regions of Russia. Cattle, sheep, and poultry are also raised here. Creameries were created in the forest-steppe zone, meat processing plants, and wool washing plants were created in the steppe zone. In the Altai Mountains, along with sheep breeding, antler reindeer herding remains important; goats and yaks are also bred.

The fuel and energy complex occupies a leading position in the region's industry.

The region is provided with fuel resources and even exports them to other economic regions of Russia and abroad. Western Siberia accounts for a large share of all hydrocarbon production in Russia.

New trunk pipelines have been laid and are being built to the west, east and south of the largest fields.

The energy supply of the West Siberian oil and gas complex is carried out through the operation of thermal power plants operating on fuel oil and gas - Surgut State District Power Plants, Nizhnevartovskaya and Urengoy State District Power Plants, etc. In Kuzbass, thermal power plants operate on coal.

Power plants in Western and Eastern Siberia form the unified energy system of Siberia.

Transport. The Great Siberian Railway (Ekaterinburg-Novosibirsk-Vladivostok) was built in the XIX - early years. XX centuries Later, the South Siberian Railway (Magnitogorsk—Novokuznetsk—Taishet) was built, connecting Kuzbass, Kazakhstan and Eastern Siberia, and a number of roads were laid to the north. The Asino-Bely Yar timber road was put into operation. Built railways Tyumen—Tobolsk—Surgut, Surgut—Nizhnevartovsk.

Currently, several more railways have been built in the Ob North.

One of them (from Vorkuta), having crossed the Northern Urals, reached the city of Labytnanga (not far from Salekhard), and the other (from Surgut) reached Urengoy and stretches to Yamburg.

Construction in the area is very expensive highways(features of construction in permafrost and wetland areas).

Pipeline transport is developing at a high rate.

Oil pipelines have been built and are operating: Shaim—Tyumen; Ust-Balyk—Omsk—Pavlodar—Kazakhstan—Chimkent—Kazakhstan; Aleksandrovskoe—Nizhnevartovsk; Aleksandrovskoye—Tomsk—Anzhero-Sudzhensk—Achinsk—Angarsk; Ust-Balyk—Kurgan—Ufa—Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk—Kurgan—Samara; Surgut-Polotsk and others.

Gas pipelines have been laid from production sites in the north of the region.

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The regions of Siberia and the Far East include: West Siberian region, East Siberian and Far Eastern regions.

The West Siberian region includes the following territories:

Tyumen region (including the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs),
Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions,
Altai region,
Altai Republic.

Almost half of the population (46%) of the Eastern macroregion is concentrated in the West Siberian region on an area of 2.4 million km2.

The region occupies the territories of the West Siberian Lowland and the mountainous regions of Altai, Kuznetsk Alatau and Salair Ridge. The climate of Western Siberia is characterized by continental features, which intensify in the south of the plain.

In winter, windless, sunny, frosty weather prevails. In summer, when arctic air masses collide with heated southern air, cyclones occur, accompanied by precipitation. The enormous extent in the meridional direction has led to a clear manifestation of latitudinal zoning in the nature of Western Siberia.

There are only zones of broad-leaved and mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests here. The far north of Western Siberia is occupied by the tundra zone. Due to the widespread occurrence of swamps in the forest zone of Western Siberia, it is called the forest-swamp zone. Almost 40% of the region's territory is occupied by swamps. High swampiness complicates the development of the richest resources of this region.

At the same time, Western Siberian swamps have large reserves peat The extreme south of Western Siberia is a steppe zone with plowed chernozem and chestnut soils.

The country's largest oil and natural gas fields are associated with the sedimentary cover of the West Siberian Plain. Over 60% of Russian oil reserves and up to 90% of natural gas are concentrated here.

The most important oil fields are concentrated in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Samotlor, Megionskoye, Ust-Balykskoye), and natural gas fields are in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye fields).

In the Kemerovo region, hard coal is mined (Kuznetsk coal basin). Iron ores are mined in the mountainous Shoria. The area has non-ferrous metals, salt reserves (Kulunda lakes), large forest reserves and water resources.

The population of this area is 15.1 million people.

The main population is concentrated in the south. The highest population density is in the Kemerovo region (more than 32 people per 1 km2). The average population density in the area is 6.2 people per 1 km2. The share of the urban population is 73%.

The main role in the economy of the region is played by the fuel and energy complex, metallurgical, chemical, forestry industries, and the agro-industrial complex (grain farming).

Within the West Siberian region there are two large economic zones: northern and southern. In the northern economic zone(Tyumen region, northern Omsk and Tomsk regions) economic specialization is determined by the oil and gas, as well as forestry industries. In the southern part of Western Siberia, the Kuznetsk-Altai complex was formed on the basis of coal and ore resources, and the agricultural development of forest-steppe spaces is being carried out. The center of metallurgy in Siberia is Novokuznetsk, the chemical center of the region is Kemerovo.

In Kemerovo, due to the developed chemical industry, a difficult environmental situation remains.

In the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Western Siberia, mainly in river valleys, dairy farming has developed. On the drier interfluve uplands, spring wheat is grown, and meat and dairy farming and sheep breeding are developed. Antler reindeer husbandry and beekeeping are preserved in the Altai Mountains.

In the north of Western Siberia, reindeer breeding is a traditional occupation of the local peoples - the Nenets, Khanty and Mansi.

The largest cities in Western Siberia:

Omsk is located on the Irtysh at the intersection with the Trans-Siberian Railway. Omsk – former center Siberian Cossacks, commercial and administrative city, large industrial hub (petrochemicals, mechanical engineering).
Tomsk is a scientific center with developed mechanical engineering and chemical industries.
Tyumen is the first Russian city in Siberia (founded in 1586), a center of diverse industry, an organizational center for oil gas industry district.
Novosibirsk is the largest and at the same time the youngest city in Siberia (1.4 million people). Located near Kuzbass at the intersection of the Ob River and the railways, this city is a center of diversified mechanical engineering and science.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution higher professional education

"TYUMEN STATE OIL AND GAS UNIVERSITY"

Institute of Management and Business

Abstract on the discipline "Economical geography»

On the topic: “Fuel and energy complex of Western Siberia”

Introduction

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is one of the intersectoral complexes, which is a set of closely interconnected and interdependent sectors of the fuel industry and electric power industry. The complex includes three large interconnected parts: fuel industry (extraction and processing of oil, gas, coal, etc.); electric power industry; transportation of fuel and products of its processing, heat and electricity (oil pipelines, gas pipelines, product pipelines, power lines).

The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the factors in the development and deployment of the country's productive forces. Share of fuel energy complex in 2007 it reached more than 60% of the country's export balance. The fuel and energy complex has a significant impact on the formation of the country's budget and its regional structure. The sectors of the complex are closely connected with all sectors of the Russian economy, are of great regional importance, create the prerequisites for the development of fuel production and serve as the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including electric power, petrochemical, coal chemical, and gas industrial complexes. The greatest importance in the fuel industry of Russia belongs to three industries - oil, gas and coal.

Western Siberia - assessmentnatural resource potential

The region is located mainly on the West Siberian Plain, with the Altai Mountains, Kuznetsk Alatau and Salair Ridge stretching to the south. The climate is continental. In the northern part of the region there are tundra and forest-tundra, to the south there is taiga, turning into forest-steppe and steppe. Against the national background, Western Siberia stands out for its reserves of fuel and energy resources. The Kuznetsk, Gorlovka, Ob-Irtysh coal basins and the western part of the Kansk-Achinsk basin are located here. General geological reserves are estimated at 953 billion tons, or 16.9% of all-Russian reserves. In terms of reserves and quality of coal, the Kuznetsk basin stands out, in which 725 billion tons of coal are concentrated. The volume of Kuznetsk coal production, if necessary, can be increased to 350 million tons in the future. Geological reserves of the Gorlovka basin (Novosibirsk region) - 7.2 billion tons. Currently, the Listvyanskoye deposit of high-quality anthracites is being exploited. The geology of the basin is complex. Coal seams are deformed. The Gorlovka basin is a raw material base for the production of carbon electrodes and a source of valuable fuel for the agglomeration of iron ores. The Ob-Irtysh brown coal basin (Tyumen region) has been little studied. Its general geological reserves are estimated at 50 billion tons. The western part of the Kansk-Achinsk brown coal basin is located in the Kemerovo region and is represented by the Itat, Barandat and Tisul deposits. Their general geological reserves are estimated at 190 billion tons. Almost 54 trillion are concentrated in Western Siberia. kb. m of gas and gas condensate: over 50 trillion cubic meters. m accounts for Tyumen, 3.5 trillion cubic meters. m - to the Tomsk region. The most powerful fields are Urengoyskoye (reserves 5.5 trillion cubic meters), Yamburgskoye (5 trillion cubic meters); In addition to gas, the lower horizons of these fields contain oil and gas condensate, so they are considered unique. Large fields are Zapolyarnoye (2 trillion cubic meters), Medvezhye (1.5 trillion cubic meters), as well as Kruzenshternovskoye, Komsomolskoye, Yamalskoye and Yubileinoye, which have gas reserves of over 7 trillion cubic meters. m. Myldzhinskoye, Ust-Selginskoye, Severo-Vasyuganskoye, Okhteurevskoye and other fields have been discovered in the Tomsk region. In terms of the size of exploited and prepared for exploitation oil reserves, Western Siberia accounts for 65%. In the region, four oil-bearing regions can be distinguished: Central (Priobsky), Northern, Eastern and Western. The Central oil-bearing region occupies the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and partly the northern part of the Tomsk region. 90% of the industrial oil reserves of Western Siberia and the largest fields are concentrated in the region: Samotlorskoye (reserves 3.3 billion tons), followed by Sosninskoye (0.8 billion tons), Fedorovskoye (0.7 billion tons), Mamontovskoye (0.8 billion tons), 6 billion tons), Russian (0.4 billion tons). The northern oil-bearing region is just beginning to develop. The Noyabrskoye, Zapadno-Noyabrskoye, Purovskoye and other oil fields are exploited here. The region's peat fund covers an area of almost 20 million hectares. Peat reserves are estimated at 47 billion tons. Western Siberia ranks second in the country in terms of peat reserves (28%) after the Ural region (50%). In terms of water resources, Western Siberia ranks 3rd in the country (16% of all-Russian reserves), behind the Far East (33%) and Eastern Siberia (31%). Western Siberia accounts for 11.5% of the all-Russian hydropower potential (265 billion kWh). In terms of efficiency in the use of hydropower resources, the region is inferior to Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The hydropower resources of Western Siberia are the medium and small tributaries of the Ob River - Biya, Katun, Tom, Chulym. The construction of hydroelectric power stations on these rivers is advisable if, along with generating electricity, water management problems (irrigation, improvement of water supply and navigation) will be solved.

West Siberian base

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are three large oil bases, the main one being West Siberian. This is the largest oil and gas basin in the world, located within the West Siberian Plain in the Tyumen, Omsk, Kurgan, Tomsk and partly Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Altai territories, with an area of about 3.5 million km. The oil and gas potential of the basin is associated with sediments of Jurassic and Cretaceous age. Most of the oil deposits are located at a depth of 2000-3000 meters. Oil from the West Siberian oil and gas basin is characterized by a low content of sulfur (up to 1.1%), and paraffin (less than 0.5%), a high content of gasoline fractions (40-60%), and an increased amount of volatile substances.

Currently, 70% of Russian oil is produced in Western Siberia. Thus, in 1993, oil production without gas condensate amounted to 231,397,192 tons, of which 26,512,060 tons were produced using the flowing method, and 193,130,104 tons using the pumping method. From the data it follows that pumping production exceeds flowing production by an order of magnitude. This makes us think about an important problem in the fuel industry - the aging of deposits. The conclusion is confirmed by data for the country as a whole. In 1993, in the Russian Federation, 318,272,101 tons of oil (without gas condensate) were produced from old wells, including 303,872,124 tons from wells transferred from last year, while oil production from new wells amounted to only 12,511,827 tons

There are several dozen large deposits in Western Siberia. Among them are such famous ones as Samotlor, Megion, Ust-Balyk, Shaim, Strezhevoy. Most of them are located in the Tyumen region - a kind of core of the region. In the republican division of labor, it stands out as Russia’s main base for supplying its national economic complex with oil and natural gas. The region provides 70.8 percent Russian production oil, and the total reserves of oil and gas constitute (together about 70% of the region's production volumes) the area of geological reserves of the CIS. In Tyumen, 219,818,161 tons of oil are produced without annual condensate (by flowing method - 24,281,270 tons, by pumping - 1,837,818.63 tons), which is more than 90% of the total production of Western Siberia.

Now let's touch on the structures involved in oil production in Tyumen. Today, almost 80 percent of production in the region is provided by five departments (in descending order of weight - Yuganskneftegaz, Surgutneftegaz, Nizhnevartovskneftegaz, Noyabrskneftegaz, Kogalymneftegaz). However, in the near future, absolute production volumes will decrease in Nizhnevartovsk by 60%, in Yugansk by 44%. Then (in terms of production volumes) the top five will include (in descending order) Surgut, Kogalym, Yugansk, Noyabrsk and Langepas. The rate of commissioning new wells in developed fields must be considered in combination with the rate of putting new fields into development. According to this criterion, the five leading departments (about 65 fields commissioned before 2000) include NoyabrskNG, PurNG, SurgutNG, TyumenNG and YuganskNG.

A new streamlining factor is the share of foreign capital attracted primarily for the development of new fields.

In the area covered by NoyabrskNG there are about 70 such fields, PurNG and YuganskNG there are about 20.

Thus, today in the extractive industry of the main oil region of Russia we are observing a complex system of interaction between practically independent departments that are inconsistently determining their policies. There is no recognized leader among them, although it can be assumed that Surgut, NoyabrskNG and Yugansk will maintain leading positions, and there is no real competition. Such disunity creates many problems, but integration is postponed for an indefinite future due to the great dynamism of the industry: the decline in the status of PurNG, KogalymNG and TyumenNG, coupled with the simultaneous decrease in the influence of Nizhnevartovskneftegaz, can already imbalance the existing structure of relations.

Without a doubt, these conclusions, drawn on the basis of relationships in the leading area, can be extended to the entire oil production system as a whole, which will provide a certain explanation difficult situation in this industry. Tyumen's oil industry is characterized by a decline in production volumes. Having reached a maximum of 415.1 million tons in 1988, by 1990 oil production decreased to 358.4 million tons, that is, by 13.7 percent, and the downward trend in production continued in 1994.

Tyumen associated petroleum gas is processed at the Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Belozerny, Lokosovsky and Yuzhno-Balyksky gas processing plants. However, they use only about 60% of the most valuable petrochemical raw materials extracted from oil, the rest is burned in flares, which is explained by the delay in commissioning the capacities of gas processing plants and the insufficient pace of construction of gas compressor stations and gas collection networks in oil fields. Consequently, another problem stands out - the imbalance in the intra-industry structure of the oil industry.

West SiberianRussian oil and gas province

Within the West Siberian Lowland, 300 oil and gas fields have been discovered. The country's main natural gas reserves are located in Western Siberia. Of these, more than half are located in the Tyumen North, mainly in three gas-bearing regions. The largest gas fields - Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, Nadymskoye, Tazovskoye - were discovered in the Tazovo-Purpey gas-bearing region in the north of the Tyumen region in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Yamburgskoye and Ivankovskoye natural gas fields are very promising.

The Berezovsky gas-bearing region, located near the Urals, includes Punginskoye, Igrimskoye, Pokhromskoye and other gas fields. In the third gas-bearing region - Vasyugan, which is located in the Tomsk region, the largest fields are Myldzhinskoye, Luginetskoye, Ust-Silginskoye.

The strengthening of the fuel and energy base of the gas industry in our country is due to the eastern regions and, above all, Western Siberia. And in the future, Western Siberia will remain the main production center for the entire period for which the energy program is designed. Industrial reserves in the eastern regions amount to 21.6 trillion. cubic meters, including Siberia and the Far East accounting for 16.2 trillion cubic meters or 70.5%. As stated above, the main part of them is concentrated in the depths of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Tyumen Region and is confined mainly to Cretaceous deposits. At the same time, the economic and geographical position of the leading gas fields is assessed positively. About 80% of all gas reserves are concentrated in four unique fields: Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarny and Medvezhye. The deposits have significant gas-bearing areas and a high concentration of reserves. Thus, industrial reserves of the Urengoy field are estimated at 4.4 trillion cubic meters. m, Yamburskoye - 5.4 trillion cubic meters. m, Zapolyarny - 2.0 and Medvezhiy - 1.6 trillion cubic meters. m.

Great importance is attached to the development of gas fields on the Yamal Peninsula (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). Natural gas reserves here are estimated at 9 trillion m3. Among the twenty-five explored deposits in this territory, Bovanenkovskoye, Arkticheskoye, Kruzenshternovskoye, and Novoportovskoye stand out for their reserves.

On the territory of the Tyumen region, the largest in Russia West Siberian program-targeted territorial production complex is being formed on the basis of unique reserves of natural gas and oil in the middle and northern parts of the West Siberian Plain, as well as significant forest resources. Oil and gas resources were discovered here in the early 1960s over a huge area of 1.7 million km2. The formation of the West Siberian TPK began in the late 1960s.

In the Ob-Irtysh basin they are common valuable species fish - salmon, sturgeon, whitefish. Therefore, river pollution is especially dangerous with increasing oil and gas production and processing.

The general idea of the formation of the West Siberian TPK is to create the largest fuel and energy base based on oil and gas fields. This goal has now been achieved.

The development of oil and gas resources also entailed the transport development of these territories and the exploitation of large forest areas in the central part of the Tyumen and northern Tomsk regions.

Mechanical engineering of the West Siberian TPK specializes in the repair of oil and gas equipment; The construction industry is growing rapidly.

In the internal connections of the TPK, a major role is played by the following railways: Tyumen-Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Urengoy, dead-end branches: Ivdel - Ob, Tavda - Sotnik, Asino - Bely Yar, as well as the waterway along the Ob and Irtysh.

At promising development West Siberian program-targeted TPK is especially important to solve the most acute demographic problems, including the problems of small peoples, as well as solving environmental problems of preserving ecosystems.

The oil and gas production complex of Western Siberia is provided with resources for many decades. The development of the oil industry, according to the energy strategy of the Russian Federation, should be ensured by increasing oil production in Western Siberia to 255 - 270 million tons, including in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - up to 200-220 million tons, in Yamalo- in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug up to 40-50 million tons, in the south of the Tyumen region up to 1.5-2.0 million tons, etc. Oil and condensate production in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug can be increased to 235 million tons in 2010, with subsequent maintenance of the achieved level due to the commissioning of new fields.

Thus, the creation of the West Siberian TPK not only makes it possible to solve current problems - meeting the needs for oil, natural gas, wood, hydrocarbon raw materials, etc., but is also of utmost importance for the implementation of long-term economic policy for the development of the eastern regions of the country with their various natural resources.

Mining of coal and other fossil fuels

The coal industry is engaged in the extraction and primary processing (enrichment) of hard and brown coal and is the largest branch of the fuel industry in terms of the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.

The coal industry plays a somewhat smaller role in the fuel and energy complex of Western Siberia, in 2005 it provided about 18% of the fuel demand, supplying about 148 million tons of fuel coal. Proven and developed coal reserves in the country in 2006 amount to about 157 billion tons, exports reach 80 million tons/year. The largest developed thermal coal deposits are the Kuzbass deposits and the Kansko-Achinsk coal basin deposits (Berezovskoye, Borodinskoye, Nazarovskoye).

The largest coal mining companies are SUEK, Kuzbassrazrezugol, Yuzhkuzbassugol, and Southern Kuzbass.

The country has significant reserves of oil shale. About 35.47 billion tons have been explored, of which 3.6 billion tons have been proven in the Leningrad region. In the Volga region - 4.5 billion tons and in the Komi Republic in the Vychegda basin - 2.8 billion tons. There are capacities at the Leningradskoye and Kashpirskoye fields, but as of 2007 There is practically no mining for a year. There are large reserves of natural bitumen.

Prospects fuel energy in Russia are to use scientific advances to reduce the loss of fuel and raw materials and involve in the exploitation of new fields. The fuel and energy industry has a significant negative impact on the environment: during mining, soil cover and entire natural landscapes are disturbed. During the extraction and transportation of oil and gas, the atmosphere, soil and oceans are polluted.

Thermal power plants operating on low-quality coal, as a rule, gravitate towards the places where it is mined. For fuel oil power plants, it is optimal to locate them near oil refineries. Gas-fired power plants, due to the relatively low costs of its transportation, primarily gravitate towards the consumer. Moreover, first of all, power plants in large and major cities are switched to gas, since it is an environmentally cleaner fuel than coal and fuel oil. Combined heat and power plants (which produce both heat and electricity) gravitate towards the consumer, regardless of the fuel on which they operate (the coolant quickly cools down when transferred over a distance).

The largest thermal power plants in Siberia are Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk and Berezovsk.

Hydropower

coal hydropower oil and gas bearing Siberia

Hydroelectric power plants are very efficient sources of electricity. They use renewable resources, are easy to manage and have a very high efficiency (more than 80%). Therefore, the cost of the electricity they produce is 5-6 times lower than at thermal power plants.

Hydropower occupies a modest place in the energy balance of Western Siberia, although this territory has significant water resources. Now there is only one large hydroelectric station on the Ob River in Novosibirsk with a capacity of 400 thousand kW. In the future, to meet the ever-increasing energy needs of the region, it is advisable to make wider use of the rich local hydropower resources by constructing several stations with a capacity of 500 thousand - 1 million kW in the upper reaches of the Obp and at its sources, mainly on Katun, as well as in upper and middle reaches of the Tom.

The idea is being put forward to build a large station with a capacity of about 1 million kW at the beginning of the middle reaches of the Ob, below the confluence of the Chulym, which, in addition to its energy effect, is expected to have a beneficial effect on the flood and, in general, the entire hydrological regime of the middle Ob, where the most promising ones are currently concentrated. time oil fields. The proposed project for the construction of a large hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 4-5 million kW. in the lower reaches of the Ob, after a thorough study, they were rejected, since as a result of the construction of a large dam in those places, about 55 thousand square meters would have been flooded. km, and an even larger area was flooded, which would negatively affect the local climate and lead to many other adverse consequences. In addition, in the same northern parts of Western Siberia, huge quantities of natural gas, and possibly oil, will be produced, which will make it possible to produce electrical energy in the required quantity and at a cost no higher than what the Nizhne-Obskaya HPP could provide. The main power plants of Western Siberia are united into several energy systems - Kuzbass, Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Tomsk, Omsk, etc.

All of them, in turn, are ringed with the most important power plants in the west of Eastern Siberia to Lake Baikal into a single energy system of Central Siberia. Regions of Omsk and southwest Altai Territory They are also powered by the energy of the North Kazakhstan and East Kazakhstan (Altai) systems, respectively, and the Tyumen region - by the Sverdlovsk system. In the near future, with the launch of the Surgut State District Power Plant under construction (in the Middle Ob region), which will operate on associated gas from oil fields, energy, on the contrary, will go from here to the Urals. On the basis of Kuznetsk coal, and mainly on the basis of local and imported iron ore (as well as scrap metal), West Siberian ferrous metallurgy was formed - a large link in the metallurgy of the entire East of our country, including the Urals. It is located mainly in Novokuznetsk, where two large full-cycle plants and a ferroalloy plant currently operate; In addition, a small terminal plant operates in Guryevsk, and a much more powerful one in Novosibirsk.

Zconclusion

In Western Siberia, high rates of development of reserves of predominantly Neocomian deposits have led to an increase in the share of low-productive oil and gas reserves and resources, the volume of which currently amounts to several tens of billions of tons. Considering that in Russia high level production is possible only due to the oil and gas subsoil of Western Siberia, the development of these low-productive reserves and resources, and especially the category of hard-to-recover ones, is an objective necessity.

Changes in the structure of resources and reserves of oil and gas in Western Siberia must be taken into account when developing long term strategy oil production. It is obvious that further development should come with an increase in investment in exploration and development of fields, adequate to changes in the quality of the raw material base, as well as with the creation and accelerated development of new highly efficient oil extraction technologies, especially for the category of hard-to-recover reserves.

It is necessary to revise the principles of classification of oil and gas reserves and resources in Russia, providing, in addition to the degree of exploration of resources, the characteristics of their productivity and the economic feasibility of development as classification criteria.

Discovered mineral deposits are only part of the potential of the northern territories and waters of Russia. To identify them, to ensure the long-term sustainable development of these raw material bases, it is necessary to carry out geological exploration work.

Bibliography

1. Andreikina L.V., Bulkatov A.N. Gas industry of Western Siberia. // Materials of the IV International Scientific Conference dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the Ufa State Petroleum Technical University. " Contemporary issues history of natural science in the field of chemistry, chemical technology and petroleum business.” // History of science and technology, - 2003. - pp. 16-17.

2. Bulkatov A.N., Movsumzade M.E. The formation of gas processing in Western Siberia. // Oil, gas and business. - 2003. - No. 6.-S. 58-61.

3. Korzhubaev A.G. and others. Modern problems of functioning of the gas complex of Western Siberia // Economy of environmental management of the Altai region: history, modernity, prospects. Mater. region. scientific-practical conf. Barnaul: AltGU, 2000.

4. Internet site http://www.grandars.ru/shkola/geografiya/neftyanaya-i-gazovaya.html

5. Internet site http://www.grandars.ru/shkola/geografiya/toplivno-energeticheskiy-kompleks.html

6. Wikipedia http://ru.wikipedia.org/ Russian Energy

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