In order for a society to be confidently called civilized and cultural, it is necessary to attach importance to such a complex area as the social system. Issues of social protection of the population should be a priority. The stability of society and the sustainability of its development directly depend on the state of the social sphere.

Definition 1

Social protection is the system of social guarantees of the state addressed to its population. These guarantees involve assistance provided to maintain the minimum acceptable standard of living of an individual in the event of his loss of ability to work

Main problems of social protection

The social policy of the state is inextricably linked with public views and economic policy, and largely depends on them. IN in this case the state acts as an institution of the political system. The activities of social institutions and citizens are aimed at individuals who are elements of the public sphere and represent a model of social interactions between people.

• Lack of clear legislation: in this moment does not exist in Russia legislative framework, which could clearly regulate the provision of state support within the framework of social protection of the population;
• Questionable prospects for the development of the pension system: the current system does not cope with the functions assigned to it, and today there is no worthy alternative. Various proposals have been put forward to solve this problem. For example, raising the retirement age, canceling the insurance part of savings, switching to a voluntarily accumulated pension;
• Support for people in difficult life situations: a range of social assistance is provided according to categories of individuals. The provision of social protection should be limited to the assessment of property and income in property, the need for housing;
• Dependent attitudes in society.

Measures to resolve problems of social protection of the population

From world practice, a number of measures can be identified that have been successfully used to solve problems of social protection of the population. For example, modernization of the labor market, for which infrastructure must be everywhere. New industries will help develop human capital. Families with children, especially large families, need intensive support. This support is maternal capital, provision land plots for free use, as well as various subsidies for utilities.

Elderly people need comprehensive program social protection. First of all, it is necessary to provide adequate medical care. The healthcare system for older people must correspond to modern world realities. In addition, modernization of the healthcare system as a whole is required, and guarantees of free medical care.

In general, state social protection should be improved, bringing social protection closer to the population. It is necessary to note such a fact as the equalization of all citizens. This action is inadequate and ineffective. It must be remembered that only an objective framework of social protection has a positive impact on an individual’s ability to work.

Note 1

Being special institution modern state, social protection is an indicator of confidence in the future. Citizens know that each of them is an indicator of confidence in social guarantees. There is a need for confidence that when social risks occur, the individual will not be left without a source of livelihood if social risks occur.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT

Faculty of National and World Economics

Academic discipline - Social problems market economy

COURSE WORK

Subject:

“Problems of social protection of the population

in Russia"

Moscow – 2003

Introduction …………………………………………………………………….. 3

1. The concept and essence of social protection of the population ……………… 4

2. The role of social work in protecting the population ……………………… 5

3. Problems and ways of reforming the social system

protection of the population in Russia …………………………………………… 9

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… 15

List of sources used …………………………………... 17

Introduction

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 in Art. 22 declared that every person, as a member of society, has the right to social security. This right, by its nature, should make it possible to ensure, taking into account the material capabilities available to society, a decent existence of a person in the event of such life situations when he is not able to receive a source of income in exchange for the labor expended. The norms of the declaration bind the realization of the right of every person to a decent standard of living not only during the period when a person is working, but also in cases of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other cases of loss of livelihood due to circumstances beyond the control of the citizen.

According to Art. 39 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen of Russia is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

Social protection and social security in a state-organized society is an area of ​​interweaving of the vital interests of citizens, property and distribution relations, legal techniques and methods of regulating them, social policy state and socio-economic human rights. This is also the sphere of refraction of such universal human values ​​as equality, social justice, humanism, and the moral foundations of society. Purpose social security consists, first of all, in the fact that it is a special form of meeting the needs for sources of livelihood of the elderly and disabled.

The constitutive features of social security include: objective grounds that create the need for a special mechanism for social protection of citizens, aimed at maintaining or providing a certain level of life support (illness, old age, disability, unemployment, etc.); special funds, sources of social security; special means of providing livelihoods; enshrining the rules for the provision of social security in law.

The objective grounds of social security, with all their differences, affect a person’s ability to work in the direction of its temporary or permanent limitation or complete loss. It is they who predetermine the need of a certain number of people to receive a source of livelihood from society in exchange for new labor expended; the need for preventive and health measures for able-bodied members of society for the purpose of normal reproduction work force and protecting their health, etc. Any of these needs can be realized if it is recognized by society as socially significant, that is, enshrined in law. Society’s ignorance of these needs will not be slow to affect its normal functioning. Another thing is that both the degree of recognition and the degree of ignoring the listed needs is related to the economic basis of society. This is due to the fact that, by its economic nature, social security is directly or indirectly related to the distribution and redistribution relations of society.

It should be noted that in modern society social security has ceased to act in the form of goodwill, benefits provided by the more affluent layers of society to its less affluent categories of citizens. It also cannot be considered as a right-privilege of certain sections of society.

Social protection as a special social institution of a modern state is an indicator of social confidence, a social guarantee of the worthy development of each member of society and the preservation of a source of livelihood in the event of social risks.

1. CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION

Social protection– policies and targeted actions, as well as means of the state and society, providing the individual, social group, and the population as a whole with a comprehensive, comprehensive solution to various problems caused by social risks that can lead or have already led to the complete or partial loss of the indicated subjects’ opportunities to realize their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, economic independence and social well-being, as well as their optimal development, restoration or acquisition.

There are basically two models of social protection in the world:

1) social democratic orientation with a high role of the state in the socialization of income and the significant importance of national social governance mechanisms;

2) neoliberal - with a lesser degree of government intervention in socio-economic processes.

Depending on the approaches chosen, the following social protection systems are distinguished:

State, based on the principle of social care of the state for socially vulnerable members of society and social charity (it provides for a differentiated approach to identifying low-income groups of the population according to the degree of need and preferential provision of social assistance to them);

Private, based on the principle of responsibility of each member of society for his own destiny and the destiny of his family, using earnings from his own labor and entrepreneurial activity income, property income, and personal savings (this system is oriented towards distribution by labor and includes private social insurance).

The central subject of social protection is the state. A person in need of social protection is both a subject and an object of social protection.

The objects of social protection are social institutions represented by specific social organizations, institutions, systems (education, healthcare, social protection, employment, labor, culture, sports and recreation complex).

Main forms of social protection:

Legislatively defined social guarantees and their satisfaction based on basic standards and programs,

Regulation of income and expenses of the population;

Social insurance;

Social assistance;

Social services;

Targeted social programs.

Current system social protection in Russia is based on the principles:

- incentives,- power structures, with the aim of socio-political resonance for certain socially significant events that have received public assessment, or to support important government actions, make decisions aimed at social support for certain social groups, segments of the population, and in some cases, individuals;

- statements,– social assistance is provided to a citizen in need upon a written request from the applicant or a person representing his interests;

- paternalism, denoting state guardianship (“fatherly care”) in relation to less socially and economically protected layers and groups of the population.

On the other hand, the problem of social protection of the population modern stage The development of our society is characterized by a decrease in financial opportunities for the implementation of effective social protection, due to a decline in efficiency and production volumes, and high inflation rates. Meanwhile, overcoming the decline in production and stabilizing the economy is impossible without skilled, efficient labor and employment. Therefore, the question naturally arises that social protection cannot be complete if it limits its sphere of influence only to socially vulnerable groups of the non-working part of the population, while the necessary means and conditions for this are created by the economically active part of the population, i.e. employees and entrepreneurs engaged in the production of goods and services.

Today, speaking about the problem of social protection of the population, we are faced with such a relatively new phenomenon for us as poverty. Although poverty as a socio-economic phenomenon existed in the pre-reform period, which was manifested in rather low standards of consumption and material support, in modern conditions it acquired new quantitative and qualitative parameters.

A study of the content of the doctrine of social neoliberalism allows us to identify fundamental differences between the main modern models of a market economy in solving the most complex problem - the problem of social protection of the population.

At the same time, at the present stage of reform, the problems of social protection of the population have become central. Their decisions largely depend on

This problem requires the development of theoretical and methodological provisions and recommendations aimed at solving a wide range of problems: generalization of existing methodological and practical experience on management of socio-economic processes study of issues related to the content of the concept of socio-economic factors, identification of ways to enhance the influence of socio-economic factors development of recommendations for assessing the level of development of the team selection of methods for assessing efficiency development of methodological recommendations for program-targeted management of socio-economic processes consideration basic concepts characterizing social security; formulate a general approach to building a system of social protection of the population in new conditions; develop proposals for the formation of social policy and the mechanism for its implementation at the stages of market transformations.

The state is not able to effectively resolve all social problems, so the issue of the rapid development and implementation of mechanisms for social protection of the population on a new basis, which would involve the involvement of various non-state, private, business structures, groups and individual voluntary assistants in the sphere of social activities, becomes urgent.

The information for compiling the first section is current demographic statistics on the size of the working-age population, information from social protection authorities on the number of non-working disabled people and people receiving pensions at preferential terms disseminated data from the results of a population survey on employment issues on the number of older people and adolescents employed in the economy.

R.t. the most explosive market, fraught with social cataclysms, giving rise to social problems and upheavals, overcoming which and smoothing out social tensions is beyond the power of market factors - this requires the leadership of the labor market by the highest forces of society, the state. In countries with a social market economy (Sweden, Germany, Denmark), the state quite successfully copes with the problems of regulating the labor market, directing its dynamic creative properties to the prosperity of the population and eliminating socially dangerous manifestations of labor market. In Russia, the labor market is at the stage of formation, and some of its features are deformed. The price of labor power (wages) is still poorly realized, non-payments and barter prevail, the banking system is not established and money circulation is deformed, the system of social protection of the population has not been worked out, etc.

Problems of U.Zh. Some attention is paid, mostly of a declarative nature, by international organizations. So, in Art. 25 of the ILO Convention No. 117 “On the Fundamental Objectives and Standards of Social Policy” states that a person has the right to such standard of living as is necessary to maintain the health and well-being of a person and his family, the right to security in case of unemployment, disability, etc. d. On the recommendation of the UN U.Zh. determined by a system of indicators of health status, consumption levels, employment, education, housing provision, social protection of the country's population.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to free housing and communal services from functions of social protection of the population that are unusual for them, by changing the procedure for providing and financing benefits for housing and utility bills.

Due to the prevailing historical and economic circumstances - weak interregional mobility of the economically active population, the presence of the institution of registration, the lack of a housing market, national characteristics population, its settled nature, psychological unpreparedness for a change of residence - the Russian labor market is mainly regional in nature. Therefore, material and social support workers in case of insolvency of their enterprises is a problem mainly at the regional level. In order to coordinate efforts and harmonize actions taken in the direction of social protection of bankrupt enterprises, an agreement was concluded between the FSFR of Russia and the Federal Employment Service of Russia, according to which they undertake to exchange the information necessary for this at the territorial levels, and jointly develop a concept of social support for laid-off workers. workers, systematically conduct consultations, seminars and conferences to identify solutions social problems. Cooperation has been established with trade union, public and commercial organizations in this area.

In order to prevent further aggravation of the problem of poverty and a decline in the standard of living of the population, the social protection authorities of the republic provided social benefits to low-income citizens in the form of an additional payment up to the level of the officially established subsistence minimum. Social benefits were paid in cash and in kind (food) form.

Until the lack of financial resources allocated for social needs is overcome and regular replenishment of budget revenues is established, there can be no talk of any comprehensive social protection measures. However, the implementation of targeted social protection policies depends not only on means and capabilities, but also on desire. Social policy is not yet priority direction state actions. And at the level of local authorities, the pressing problems of weakly protected segments of the population often go unnoticed; society is not ready for charity and compassion as an organic humanistic need.

Key questions modern economy of Bashkortostan, which act as social indicators, reflect the compliance of the functioning of the economy with the needs of people, are the problems of equalizing the socio-economic development of the regions of the Republic of Belarus, issues of environmental management and environmental protection, development of the consumer market, the service sector and housing and communal services, ensuring employment and training, social protection tasks and ensuring the growth of monetary incomes of the population.

More effective in this regard have proven to be the legally binding economic methods of social protection proposed to the state by J.M. Keynes, who identified the most painful points of the market social disease: 1) the failure of self-regulation to ensure full employment of the population and 2) the unfair distribution of income and wealth by market methods. Nevertheless, J. Keynes gave priority to the problem of providing the population with full employment, because employment is the availability of not only work and corresponding jobs, but also earnings that provide the population with the necessary means of subsistence.

Issues of social protection are being resolved somewhat better in Moscow, where, as noted, the highest level of employment in Russia and the lowest level of unemployment have been achieved. At the same time, Moscow has the largest income gap between the top and bottom 10 percent groups of the population. Therefore, the problem of income equalization is

Feature of R.r.s. is that it gives rise to complex, explosive social problems (unemployment, strikes, poverty, social tension, etc.), but does not have the ability to solve these problems. Their decision becomes a matter of the state (see State program to promote employment of the population Social protection).

Through a system of norms and standards, interaction between the state and economic entities is carried out, problems of the country's socio-economic development are solved, the needs for resources, products, services are determined, production capabilities are calculated, and proportions are established. Norms and standards are the most important component of the entire set of information data characterizing the main elements of the production process, which involves the interaction of objects and tools of labor, labor itself, the development of the social sphere, the protection of the population, the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection, the formation and movement of financial flows, etc. .d.

With the beginning of market reforms, the main task of the social protection system became a prompt response to worsening socio-economic problems (an increase in the number of poor and unemployed, the emergence of refugees and migrants, non-payment of wages and pensions, etc.). As a result, new types of social benefits and benefits have appeared at the federal, regional and local levels. But the basic social obligations and principles of social support Soviet period were preserved, and therefore parallel social programs of the same type arose for certain categories of the population and for the poor. For example, there are currently two social assistance programs related to the payment of housing and communal services. The first is benefits for certain categories of the population, provided without controlling household income. Consolidated expenses regional budgets to pay for these benefits amounted to 11.9 billion rubles in 1999 and 17.6 billion rubles. in 1999. The second program is housing subsidies for poor families, the costs of which amounted to 1.96 billion rubles. in 1999 and 3.08 billion rubles. in 200023 A comparison of these data allows us to conclude that benefits for the poor for housing and communal services account for only 14% of the total funding for this type of benefit.

There are also arguments in favor of social regulation. The problems that social regulation solves are serious and significant in scale. In 1992, 8,500 workers in the United States died in work-related accidents. Pollution from particulate matter from incomplete combustion and ozone-depleting elements continues to plague large cities and is costly, causing property values ​​to decline and health costs to rise. Thousands of children and adults die every year due to accidents caused by the use of products that were created inappropriately. Discrimination against blacks and minorities, women, the disabled and older workers reduces the earnings of these groups and also imposes large costs on society.

Of particular importance is the problem of protecting cash income (wages, pensions, benefits) from inflation. For this purpose, indexing is used, i.e. a mechanism established by the state to increase the monetary income of the population, allowing it to partially or fully compensate for the rise in prices of consumer goods and services. Income indexation is aimed at maintaining purchasing power, especially socially vulnerable groups of the population with fixed incomes - pensioners, disabled people, incomplete and large families, as well as youth.

Abroad, a damage assessment method has become widespread, which is based on the population’s willingness to pay for favorable environmental quality. In general, the methodological principles for assessing environmental damage are based largely on the category of intangible benefits of environmental protection, which includes categories such as the cost of choice, the cost of inheritance, the cost of existence, etc. We are talking about the possibility of using a certain aspect of the environment in the future. This also includes the assessment of the psychological and social costs associated with environmental pollution. At the same time, a difficult problem is the translation of such effects associated with environmental pollution as stress, abandonment of one's original intentions, disappointment, aggressiveness and anxiety and other economic indicators.

Thus, statistical authorities must not only describe various socio-economic processes, but also identify the relationships between them. This is important for developing economic policy, making management decisions, and choosing the most effective measures for their implementation. For example, to improve public health, it is necessary to build new medical and health facilities. However, under certain conditions, more effective ways to solve this problem are to improve living conditions and protect the environment. Statistical authorities must also help ensure that the best possible decisions are made on this and many other similar issues. It is clear that in order to choose the most effective way to solve a problem, you need to study the relationships between relevant phenomena and processes.

A business club for business women has been opened in the business incubator, the purpose of which is to attract socially disadvantaged segments of the population to solve unemployment problems through supporting entrepreneurial initiatives, protecting the interests of women, attracting public opinion to the problems of women's entrepreneurship, as well as finding business partners. For a business incubator, this club is a supplier of new ideas and an introduction to potential partners. For those wishing to find business partners, a permanent stand has been prepared under the heading I offer cooperation.

In Russia, the transition to market relations has extremely aggravated, first of all, social problems and led to a decline in the standard of living of the population, while it is in this category that all the efforts and results of the state’s activities in the field of social protection are focused. Russia is faced with a number of problems, including in labor relations. Some of them can be highlighted:

• · non-payment of wages, payment in kind, strike movement;
• · liquidation and bankruptcy of enterprises, change of owner;
• · delineation of interests of workers and employers.

Employers are putting forward more stringent requirements for executive discipline and the quality of work, and are also advocating for easier dismissal procedures for workers and a reduction in social obligations towards them. The workers' interests are:

• · increasing (or maintaining) the scope of guarantees and benefits, limiting the employer’s freedom in hiring and firing;
• · extension state supervision for the observance of rights in the sphere of labor.

Currently, new labor legislation is in force in Russia. But if the American market provides low guarantees for employees with their strict observance by employers, the European one - high level rights with strict sanctions for non-compliance, then Russian market- many rights in the world of work, but they are ignored with impunity. This problem is associated with minimal efficiency state control in the sphere of labor and the reduction of the trade union role in regulating labor relations.

Let us consider a number of main problems that impede the improvement of social protection of workers in Russia.

In our opinion, one of the main problems for Russia is shadow employment. The most common forms of violation of labor legislation are: hiring by oral agreement, concealing part or even all earnings from taxation, non-payment (disapproval) of vacation or sick leave, as well as the situation when the work book is not in the place where the person works.

As a result of a sociological study conducted among workers to clarify positions in relation to various types of extra-legal practices, respondents were divided into those “offended” by the employer (the employee’s rights are violated more often than he himself violates labor discipline), into those “offended” by the employer (failures in labor discipline occur more often than violations of labor rights), and on those who are not offended. The latter were 21%, “offended by the employer” - 14%, and “offended by the employer” - 65%. But the most interesting thing is the distribution of these groups according to the categories of respondents (Table 1).

According to Table 1, the largest proportion of “offended” people, whose labor rights are infringed more often than they themselves violate labor laws and regulations, are among public sector workers (80%), workers at industrial enterprises (74%), and those working under an oral agreement (63 %).

This fact indicates that even state enterprises Respect for all workers' rights is not ensured, including insufficient measures to improve social security. We see the reasons for this situation in the presence of shadow employment, which results in unpaid taxes, both on the part of the employee and on the part of the enterprise. The result is low wages for public sector workers. Based on the results of 2009, in educational organizations the average monthly wage is 13,293.6 rubles, healthcare, physical education and social security - 14,819.5 rubles, provision of other communal, social and personal services - 15,070 rubles, while average value living wage is 5497 rub. per month.

The low level of wages and the associated unsatisfactory structure of the population's expenses hinders the implementation of reforms in the social sphere, since the bulk of earnings (up to 80%) is spent on food and purchases consumer goods, and the remaining portion is insufficient to pay for housing, medical and other services. One of the important social guarantees in the field of wages is the minimum wage. The basis for determining the minimum wage in developed countries ah is the subsistence minimum; it is not established below it. The subsistence minimum, one might say, is a red line for measuring poverty, once beyond which a person cannot provide with his income even the most basic needs, the minimum necessary to maintain health and his life, especially food. Currently in Russia the minimum wage is 4,330 rubles. below the official subsistence level, determined according to the methodology of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation. From these facts it follows that minimum wage, in fact, is not a social guarantee in Russia, which is in direct contradiction with the Constitution.

Wages are income that forms the basic aggregate effective demand of the population, determining the structure and dynamics of production. Therefore, the fall in wages causes a contraction of the domestic market and a further reduction in production. Decreases and the tax base, which means budget revenues are reduced, which limits the state’s ability to solve both social and investment problems. It is therefore necessary, in macroeconomic terms, to use the reproductive and stimulating functions of wages, for which it is necessary to remove tax restrictions on its growth and eliminate the use of shadow employment.

It is known that the domestic industry is in crisis. Its owners are not focused on long-term prospects, but on achieving maximum results at the present time. In this regard, their personnel policies often do not provide for the development of a social orientation in relations with employees. Thus, the share of wages in Russia’s gross product is only 40% versus 70% in developed countries. This means that a disproportionate share of the gross product is taken by business profit, interest on capital and rent. Many economists see a way out of the crisis of the Russian economy in the revival real sector economy and reorientation of the financial sector to serve industry. To achieve this task, a highly qualified workforce is required. However, in the branches of Russian industry that determine scientific and technological progress: instrument making, precision engineering, machine tool industry, radio electronics and other high-tech industries, over 70% of production personnel have been lost during the years of reform.

The previous qualification level of Russian workers has been lost. Thus, the share of workers of the 4th-6th tariff categories, who form the personnel base of the industrial personnel of enterprises, reached more than 50% in only three industries - oil production (59.9%), petrochemical (52.0%), non-ferrous metallurgy (51.5). %). The share of workers of the lowest, 1st-3rd categories, in such industries as clothing is 53.3%, footwear - 46.7%, woodworking - 44.2%. The low qualification level of production personnel is one of the main reasons for the weak competitiveness of the goods and services produced. This circumstance, in turn, affects the profits of enterprises, which limits them financial opportunities to improve staff qualifications.

Changes in the economic and political systems of Russia brought both great opportunities, and serious threats to each individual, the sustainability of his existence, have introduced a significant degree of uncertainty into the life of almost every person, that is, they have reduced the level of social security. Thus, the second most important social problem in Russia has arisen - the problem of training and retraining of personnel. Many workers are at risk of being fired or losing their gains. social status as a result of structural restructuring of the economy. Most of them need active social protection, the main components of which are the creation of new jobs and advanced retraining of personnel.

In industrialized countries, social protection of workers in the form of vocational training is carried out within the framework of targeted state and regional programs to ensure the quality of the workforce. Such programs are extremely necessary for the Russian economy, but at present, unfortunately, the mechanism for their formation is not working well, the financial, legal and Information Support. Undoubtedly, unprofitable organizations are not able to use professional retraining as a means of social protection for laid-off workers.

An equally important problem for Russia is working in conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, in 2009, in conditions that did not meet the system of sanitary and hygienic criteria, the following people worked in industry - 28% of those employed, in construction - 16.5%, in transport - 33%.

But there are also positive trends, namely a reduction in injuries at work. Compared to 2000 and 2009, injuries decreased by 3.3 times. The data is presented in Table 2.

Thus, there are many social problems in Russia. The state has developed a system of social protection of the population, which has the following main features:

Plurality, non-systematicity and inconsistency of normative legal acts regulating the activities of the social protection system, their inconsistency with the development trends of domestic and international practice.

Lack of resources in budgets at all levels to finance social protection measures.

Organization of social protection of the population mainly on the basis of social security.

Underdevelopment of systems social insurance and social self-defense of citizens.

Multiplicity of types and forms social benefits, as well as categories of their recipients.

The predominance of an egalitarian, non-targeted procedure for the provision of social benefits. This results in the ineffectiveness of the social protection system for workers.

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MOSCOWFINANCIAL AND LEGALUNIVERSITY

StateAndmunicipalservice

DepartmenteconomyAndmanagement

COURSEWORKJOB

Bydiscipline"Fundamentals of state and municipal management"

Ontopic:"Problemssocialprotectionpopulation"

Scientificsupervisor:

Deputy head Department, Ph.D., Associate Professor Sergushko S.V.

Moscow 2015

Introduction

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

social protection population state

Choosing an effective one? social policy is one? one of the most important tasks of government authorities. Is social protection of the population the main one? attribute of social? policies of any civilized state. From her success? implementation depends not only on the living conditions of the population of a particular region, but also on the general prospects economic development countries. Relevance and practical significance of the subject under consideration? topics are determined by the need to create flexible, capable of quickly adapting to new economic conditions social protection programs based on the best global achievements.

Currently, social protection of the population is becoming the main attribute of the social policy of any civilized state. An analysis of theoretical developments and practical experience accumulated both in the country and abroad shows that an inevitable accompaniment of any socio-economic reforms is a deterioration in the situation, a decrease in the living standards of the population caused by rising prices, inflation and delays in the payment of wages and pensions. The rate of growth in the cost of living outpaces the rate of growth in income of the population, which leads to expanded reproduction of the low-income strata.

The purpose of my research is to reveal the essence, content and mechanism of social protection of the population from the point of view of minimizing social risks, and to develop main directions for improvement.

The implementation of this goal predetermined the need to solve the following tasks:

· outline the essence of social protection of the population;

· identify and characterize the main forms, types, principles of formation and functioning of the social protection system;

· conduct organizational and economic analysis existing mechanisms formation and implementation of social protection of the population, as well as identifying problems in the functioning of the social protection system;

· explore the features of the social protection system in Russian society.

1. The concept and essence of social protection

Social protection of the population is an important component of the social policy of any state. First time concept "social protection" received official recognition abroad - first in the law on social protection, adopted as part of the policy of the new course of F.D. Roosevelt in 1935, and later, in the 1940s, in the documents of the International Labor Organization. In 1952, the ILO adopted Convention No. 102, which contains a whole concept of social protection. It proclaims the right of all members of society to social assistance, regardless of length of service and the amount of insurance contributions paid. This Convention also identifies nine areas in which this assistance should be provided: medical care, sickness benefits, unemployment benefits, old-age pensions, work injury pensions, maternity benefits, family benefits, disability benefits, survivor benefits.

As an economic category, social protection is a system of distribution relations, in the process of which public funds are formed and used at the expense of a part of the national income Money material support and services for citizens; this is the state’s concern for a person who has lost completely or partially the ability to work; the activities of the state to implement the goals and priority objectives of social policy, to implement a set of legally established economic, legal and social guarantees that ensure each member of society respects social rights, including a decent standard of living. However, in order to identify the significance of this area directly for citizens, it seems more appropriate to focus on identifying the essence of the category “social protection” in the narrow sense.

Recently, Russian authors are increasingly considering social protection as the protection of various population groups from potential social risks. So:

· V.V. Antropov believes that “the social protection system should be understood as a set of institutions and measures aimed at protecting individuals and social groups from social risks that can lead to a complete or partial loss of economic independence and social well-being”;

· according to A.N. Averina, social protection “represents a system of measures to comply with social rights and social guarantees, create conditions necessary for the normal functioning of people, and reduce the negative impact of factors that reduce their quality of life”;

· T.K. Mironova proposes to consider social protection as “the activities of state and non-state bodies and organizations to implement measures of an economic, legal, organizational nature that are aimed at preventing or mitigating negative consequences for a person and his family upon the occurrence of certain socially significant circumstances (including social risks ), as well as to maintain an acceptable level of their material and social well-being.”

Social risk is understood as an assumed probable event in a person’s life, the occurrence of which leads to permanent or temporary loss of ability to work. The main types of social risks include: illness, temporary disability, injury during the labor process, occupational disease, motherhood, disability, old age, loss of a breadwinner, recognition as unemployed, death of the insured person or disabled dependent family members.

This approach most fully reflects the category of “social protection” in relation to modern Russian realities. It is the existence of social risks that represent negative impact environment, necessitates the development, implementation and improvement of measures for social protection of the population.

In federal regulations Russian Federation The definition of the concept of “social protection” is fixed in relation to specific categories of citizens - its recipients or is expressed by listing specific targeted measures, but there is no general interpretation of this category. So, for example, according to the Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ “On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation”, “social protection of disabled people is a system of state-guaranteed economic, legal measures and social support measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) limitations in their life activities and aimed at creating opportunities for them to participate in the life of society equal to other citizens.”

In practical terms, social protection is represented by a complex of legal, economic, social guarantees, enshrined in legislation and in by-laws on state level using a two-stage system of legal acts - federal and regional legislation. At the same time, social protection also acts as a process of ensuring by state or other bodies the guarantees and rights existing in society that protect the individual, his economic, socio-political, social needs and interests in all spheres of society. In its action it extends to all members of society, but its functional manifestation in relation to different groups is not the same.

Summarizing all of the above, it seems possible to conclude that the meaning of social protection is to reduce the negative impact of factors that reduce the quality of life of the population, to mitigate the negative consequences caused by the onset of social risks, and the social protection system is a set of institutions and activities aimed at implementing these areas .

1.1 Principles and functions of social protection

The most important principles of social protection are humanism And social justice. To be humane and fair in the implementation of social protection means to recognize the intrinsic value of the human person, its right to freedom, the development of one’s abilities, a decent, full and happy life, regardless of national, racial, religious and other individual or social characteristics. This is the creation of selfless relationships between people based on mutual assistance, understanding and kindness.

To be fair and humane in social protection is to be able to correctly assess a person’s personal potential, his internal resources, to be aware of the main causes of life’s difficulties and to determine ways out of them. This is also an assessment of a person from the point of view of his ability to carry out specific self-defense activities, show initiative, and entrepreneurship. This is also important because it is necessary to protect the emerging system of social protection from the danger of its transformation into an instrument of general homogenization and the spread of general poverty at a time when it should be a means of helping and supporting a truly needy person. Justice and humanism in social protection are provision, on a legal basis, to all members of society, all layers and groups of the population, of equally accessible protective guarantees and benefits, taking into account the labor contribution. This means that the creation of social protection of the population is closely connected with the construction of a legal, democratic state, in which the potential opportunities for obtaining equally accessible protective guarantees and benefits exclude passive expectation of help and stimulation of dependent sentiments of individual members of society.

The social protection system is based on principles systematic And complexity. It is created as an ordered set of interacting components, as an integral formation made up of parts, as a complex of interconnected structural elements that, in the process of integration, form a certain integrity. The most important elements of the social protection system are subjects and objects, the content of which is revealed in goals, objectives, functions, and means. When forming a system, it is important to ensure that its objects represent a hierarchically organized, integral social system, that the subjects carrying out activities reflect this integrity, and that the link connecting the object and the subject - forms, methods, systems, technologies of social work - represents an interconnected process of providing help and support to a person in need.

Closely related to consistency in the organization and content of social protection is complexity, i.e. ensuring close unity of the entire range of economic, social, legal and other measures to ensure the state-guaranteed minimum level of social protection.

Based on an integrated approach, it is possible to link the solution of social protection with the implementation of the goals of social and economic policy of the state, to most effectively protect those who are at risk of crossing the poverty line, who find themselves in a difficult life situation, and to turn social protection into a factor in stabilizing economic and social development.

Of great importance principle preventive measures on social protection, which means that the causes of social ill-being should be prevented, revealed at the very initial stage of formation and eliminated. Preventiveness is not only and not so much proactive compensation in monetary and in kind low-income groups of the population in the event of rising prices or other social upheavals, and above all, the creation of such conditions when people themselves can cope with a difficult life situation, use personal resources in case of social risks: old age, illness, unemployment. Prevention of social risks is carried out through:

· assistance in finding a job for a pensioner or disabled person;

· development of home work;

· support of non-state social insurance systems;

· formation of the private sector based on voluntary contributions from citizens and other funds;

· development of various forms of population participation in the financing of social programs, for example, based on development mortgage lending, supporting the activities of insurance companies medical companies(helping a family or individual choose medical institution, doctor, necessary types medical services);

combinations of paid and free services, which helps ensure the reproductive capabilities of social protection subjects, creates additional systems for the accumulation of monetary savings by the population. And this means the emergence of new opportunities for implementing methods of self-defense and meeting social needs in the education and upbringing of children, strengthening their health, improving living conditions;

maintaining the value cash income at a level not lower than the subsistence level, which is ensured by a combination of various forms of social assistance, participation in the formation of the labor market, the use of public works, etc.

In this regard, it seems important that every decision on social protection of the population, every project undergoes an examination and is assessed from the point of view of the possibility of socially protecting people in the process of future implementation, from the standpoint of countering the development of negative social phenomena.

The most important principle of social protection is its targeting, i.e. implementation of a set of measures to support decent living conditions for specifically needy people who find themselves in difficult life situations, taking into account their individual needs and the ability to satisfy them in accordance with established criteria. It should be noted that in modern conditions, providing means of subsistence to old, sick people, as well as people in difficult life situations, is not always targeted and fair: benefits are often paid not to those to whom they should be allocated in the first place; assigned pensions do not fully take into account seniority citizens, the list of social services is narrow.

Targeted social protection, based on scientific methods and calculations and taking into account the individual difficult life situation of a particular person, is a means of ensuring social justice and a factor in activating his internal potential. Thanks to the targeted principle, it is possible to achieve the main thing - to help people who find themselves in difficult life situations, to encourage and support them social initiative and activity, their desire to independently resolve problems that arise.

In conditions of deterioration economic situation a need arose for criteria for assessing the need for material assistance and mechanisms to ensure targeting. The most optimal criteria for providing targeted social assistance are:

· the amount of total family or per capita income - it must be lower than the sum of the subsistence minimums established at the regional level for all family members by socio-demographic groups or the corresponding regional subsistence level (below the minimum wage, minimum pension, etc.);

· lack of livelihood;

· loneliness and inability to self-care;

· material damage or physical damage.

Principle adaptability the system of social protection of the population means that it must provide for a proactive revision of social standards in conditions of inflation and economic instability, and decreased employment; timely development of the legal framework organizational structures; updating implementation methods, etc. The adaptability of the social protection system means its ability to self-improvement, the development of self-protective activity and initiative of social subjects themselves, their ability to self-help, manifestation of social creative potential, use own funds social protection. This is especially important when it comes to socio-demographic, professional and other groups of the population, and regional communities.

The principle of social protection is its multi-subjectivity. The most important subject of social protection of the population is the state. It develops and implements social policy in the field of social protection, strives to make it strong and effective, and takes into account regional factors in its implementation. By implementing its most important functions - goal-setting and organizational influence on social processes in society, effective regulation and control of the social sphere - the state provides a minimum level of social guarantees, creates socially guaranteed conditions for people’s livelihoods, maintains optimal relations between the incomes of the active part of the population and disabled citizens, minimum sizes wages, pensions, scholarships, social benefits and the cost of living, creates conditions for strengthening the health of the population, increasing its education and culture, and solving housing problems.

These principles express the objective laws of the development of society, its socio-economic life, but they also have a subjective side. They are implemented in the process of creating and developing a social protection system, in the process of implementing the functions of social protection and enriching them with new content. Functions are relatively independent, but closely related types of activities for the social protection of a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation. The most important of them are:

· economic;

· household;

· psychological and pedagogical;

· social and medical;

· legal;

· cultural and leisure;

· labor organization.

In the process of developing the system of social protection of the population, the functions change and are filled with new content due to innovative technological techniques, the complexity of the services provided and the expansion of the scope of their application, increasing the professionalism of specialists.

This reflects the process of mastering the new content of social protection activities, its increasingly clear focus on providing multilateral support to a person in need, ensuring his personal participation in solving problems and difficulties that have arisen, improving relations between people within various systems assistance to the population.

It should be noted that the implementation of the designated functions and compliance with the above principles ensures the comprehensiveness of measures, which is the basis for building an effective system of social protection of the population in the state. Moreover, despite the fact that the development and strengthening of economic and rehabilitation measures is of great importance in the current conditions, it is necessary to pay no less attention to measures to prevent the emergence of social risks, since it is the effectiveness of the latter that guarantees the well-being of the population, the growth of the level and quality of life of citizens, and also, subsequently, reducing government costs in this area.

1.2 Subjects and objects of social protection

The state influences the functioning of the social protection system by approving the state budget, as well as the budgets of other state-owned sources of financing. In Russia these include off-budget social funds:

· Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (PFR);

· Social Insurance Fund (SIF);

· mandatory fund health insurance RF (MHIF).

By adjusting the income or expense items of budget projects, legislative bodies create the basis for the financial support of social protection projects (for example, by establishing wages for employees in budget-funded enterprises and organizations, social benefits, labor and other types of pensions, etc.). Legislative authorities specify the procedure social payments, prepare regulations regulating the activities of structures that accumulate and use funds intended for the social protection of citizens.

The state provides the legal basis for social protection, forms and organizes the work of public funds, and uses their capabilities to help socially vulnerable segments of the population. At the same time, one cannot ignore the experience of economically developed countries, which indicates that the parameters government regulation problems of life support of the population are limited to 5-10% of the population below the poverty line. Naturally, in our country, where almost a quarter of the population is below the poverty line, the state alone will not be able to provide protection for those in need. Yes, the state is not the only structure of civil society that protects the population. Among the subjects of social protection, trade unions occupy an important place, developing particularly vigorous activity directly at enterprises, institutions, and work collectives.

Development comprehensive plans social protection; implementation of its uniform principles; ensuring fair wages, taking into account the guaranteed minimum; creation of additional jobs by increasing shifts and developing subsidiary farms; organizing processes for retraining personnel and mastering new ones professional functions, reflecting the needs of a market economy; formation of emergency funds; ensuring the transparency of decisions made and the results of economic activity - all these functions of trade union organizations make them visible and productive in the system of social protection of the population.

An effective element of their impact on resolving issues of social protection of the population are collective agreements, which in market conditions become the main economic document. By implementing social protective functions, trade unions provide the necessary production and social conditions for the life activity of members of the collective of their social protection. The practice of social partnership between the state and trade union organizations and entrepreneurs is becoming an important condition for enhancing their role in social assistance and support for members in need.

The subject of social protection of the population are also public associations that provide public support and interested participation of millions of citizens in the creation and functioning of modern model social protection.

Another subject of social protection is employers. They provide mandatory conditions for social assistance and support for hired workers (minimum wages, compulsory insurance according to established standards, pension, social, medical, unemployment, social payments and compensation attributed to the wage fund, etc.). The potential of employers as active subjects of social protection is far from being fully used. With significant financial resources, many of them can create jobs at their enterprises, develop social infrastructure, provide various social benefits - free trips, lunches, issuing long-term interest-free loans.

The modern concept of social protection proceeds from the fact that it should not be reduced to free assistance and encouragement of passive waiting. Its essence should be to revive and encourage a person’s sense of ownership, to form motives for highly productive work and to involve him in such work; create relatively equal “starting opportunities” in society for all its members. That is why the most important subject of social protection is the person himself, realizing his potential and strength, protecting his vital needs and interests. Conditions must be created in society - economic, organizational, legal, financial, etc. - for the formation of self-awareness, a system of knowledge and value ideas about the role and place of a person in protecting their rights and protecting their fundamental vital interests, methods of their own self-realization and self-affirmation, interaction with others subjects and social protection.

Federal and regional legislation identifies the following categories of the population that are protected by certain legal acts, since without protective measures they will find themselves in a difficult life situation. Targeted assistance should be provided primarily to the following population groups:

· disabled people;

· single pensioners, single married couples who are not capable of self-sufficiency;

· elderly citizens aged 80 years and older;

· orphans, graduates of orphanages and boarding schools;

· families raising preschool children and disabled children;

· large and single-parent families;

· families of the unemployed;

· persons in extreme situations (refugees, homeless people, internally displaced persons, persons affected by natural Disasters, etc.);

· persons who cannot receive sufficient income from labor for objective reasons (caring for a disabled family member, disability, etc.);

· persons who do not have relatives obligated by law to support citizens incapable of self-care, etc.

The circle of people in need of social assistance can be expanded at the discretion of local authorities, taking into account the demographic, socio-economic, climatic and other characteristics of the region. The financial situation of these categories of people in need must also be checked using social criteria.

Social protection provides all disabled and socially vulnerable layers and groups of the population, in accordance with the procedure established by law, with advantages in the use of public consumption funds, direct social assistance, and tax reduction. Social protection not only has a clear targeted focus, but is also distinguished by the diversity of its methods and forms and is complex in nature. Along with social security, various forms of social assistance and support are used, including various forms of social services, counseling and psychological assistance. For able-bodied citizens, social protection guarantees equal opportunities for life support through personal labor contribution, economic independence and entrepreneurship.

2. Structure of the social protection system

In accordance with current legislation in Russia there is a system of social services based on various forms property, which includes:

· State social services that are the property of the Russian Federation or constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under their jurisdiction. These services are not subject to privatization and cannot be repurposed for other types of activities. They also do not have the right to rent out or pledge the property assigned to them. The types of social protection institutions are determined both in federal laws, for example in the Federal Law “On Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation,” and in the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

· Municipal organizations of social protection and social services of the population, which are under the jurisdiction of local governments and represent municipal sector social protection of the population. It should be noted that social protection bodies have been transferred to the jurisdiction of state authorities.

· Non-state social protection and social services are based on forms of ownership other than state and municipal. Non-state social services of various organizational and legal forms, as well as private individuals carrying out activities in the field of social services in accordance with the established procedure, represent the non-state sector of social protection and social services. The non-state sector also includes social service organizations formed on the basis of the property of public associations, including professional associations, religious and public organizations, activities related to social services.

Social service institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, use preferential taxation, and organizations and legal entities(banks, enterprises, institutions) that direct property, financial and intellectual values ​​to the development of social services and provide them with support, enjoy benefits, provided for by law RF.

The structure of the social protection system is extensive and includes the following components:

· social Security;

· social insurance;

· social assistance;

· social work;

· social support;

· rehabilitation and adaptation;

· social benefits and guarantees;

· self-defense and self-help;

· a system of social control over the functioning of social protection.

A feature of the structure of social protection is that its elements are simultaneously social institutions and the main functions of this system.

The central element and function of the social protection system is social security as a system created and regulated by the state and bearing the main burden of social protection.

Social security is a historically established institution in society through which the vital needs of people who need support from society are satisfied. The system of types of social security is a system of cash payments, in-kind assistance and services provided to citizens from special funds. It includes blocks that can be considered as relatively independent systems:

· pension;

· cash benefits;

· medical care;

· social services and social assistance.

Each of them also consists of components (pensions different types, benefits, in-kind distributions, services). Thus, the pension system includes old-age pensions, pensions: for disability, for the loss of a breadwinner, for long service, social; system of benefits: benefits: for temporary disability, for pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, for child care, etc.

Social help- is a system of social relations that develops between citizens (families) who have average per capita income below the subsistence level, and by state authorities regarding the provision of cash payments, in-kind assistance and services to citizens (families) in excess of the earnings they receive, scholarships, pensions, benefits, etc. in order to ensure a subsistence level and meet their basic needs.

Social support it also includes measures to provide assistance to individuals (families) who have an income not lower than the subsistence level, but who need additional support due to a difficult life situation. In accordance with the Federal Law of August 28, 1995 “On general principles organizations of local self-government in the Russian Federation", social support is the responsibility of local government.

Social insurance should remain state-owned, be mandatory and cover all citizens and stateless persons living and working in the territory of a given state.

Social needs, the satisfaction of which social policy is primarily aimed at, have a unifying significance. Their satisfaction must be guaranteed by society and the state to every person.

An important role in the social protection system belongs to the system of social standards and regulations, the creation and practical implementation of mechanisms for introducing social standardization and regulation at the federal, regional and municipal levels.

There are two types of social protection: limited and absolute. Limited social protection - providing all members of society with a guaranteed minimum standard of living, i.e. a certain minimum in food, housing and clothing, sufficient to maintain health and performance. This type security should not be seen as a privilege. This is a legitimate requirement of every member of society and a natural complement to the market system.

Absolute protection represents the provision by the state of guaranteed relative well-being to some person or category of citizens in order to insure individual members of society from what is the norm for the market - from a possible decrease in the level of their income. Providing the state with this type of security is, in essence, implementing “fair” remuneration, i.e. correlated with the subjective merits of a person, and not with the objective results of his work. Thus, this is the provision of a “deserved” or “due” level of income. Absolute security is characteristic of societies in which there is complete control over the market or market relations have been eliminated. In both cases we are dealing with a totalitarian type of society.

Social security- this is a set of real rights and freedoms of citizens that ensure a socially guaranteed level of safety and comfort for their life. The degree of social security is determined by the level of socio-economic development of the country and the created mechanisms to ensure security.

Social protection of the population covers a wide range of measures for state and public support of the population, including measures related to social security, understood as the activities of the state to provide material support for citizens in old age, in case of disability, in connection with the birth and upbringing of children, medical care and treatment.

3. Problems of the social protection system of the Russian population

In the field government controlled social protection of the population there are several global problems organizational and legal nature:

· policy in the field of improving housing conditions;

Regulatory policy pension provision;

· health policy;

· policy in the field of regulation of unemployment and employment.

PolicyVregionimprovementshousingconditions. In Russia, providing the population with housing and improving the consumer qualities of the living environment has been and remains one of the most pressing social problems - it is enough to compare the number square meters, per each citizen in Russia and, say, in Germany and the United States: 19.6 m 2 versus 35 and 70 m 2, respectively, not to mention the difference in the quality parameters of average housing.

At least 15% of the country's population huddles in housing that is unsuitable for living, and 12% have no public amenities at all. In relatively prosperous - by domestic standards - living conditions, that is, in separate house or an apartment with all public amenities, at the rate of 18 m 2 per person, is home to a quarter of the population of Russia.

The national project “Affordable and comfortable housing for Russian citizens” was largely focused on the fact that people will take out mortgage loans and purchase apartments. Unfortunately, in the current conditions, the majority of citizens who were counting on a mortgage will not be able to take one. Many banks have stopped issuing loans or changed the terms of agreements, since there is an unstable situation in the financial markets and there is a problem of low liquidity. According to experts, under the most favorable circumstances for the development of mortgages, no more than 7-8% of the Russian population will be able to actually use this financial and economic instrument.

Due to the sharp differentiation of the population by income level, the decision housing problem for most people who want it is more than difficult. At the same time, not only the poor, but also those who are able to purchase housing on their own, using a loan, or with partial assistance from the state, are in line. Sociological surveys show that 85% of Russians would like to improve their living conditions. But only 5-6% can do this immediately using already accumulated savings, without applying for a loan or loan. The majority of the population, due to lack of savings, cannot buy new house or an apartment, and are forced to postpone such a purchase for many years.

PolicyVregionregulationpensionprovision. The income of the Russian Pension Fund in 2014 decreased by 2% compared to 2013 and amounted to 6159.1 billion rubles.

At the same time, as a result of the implementation of measures in 2014, the average annual labor pension amounted to 11.6 thousand rubles from 10.7 rubles. in 2013. The ratio of the size of the old-age labor pension and the average wage in the Russian Federation during the forecast period will be maintained at 39%; the size of the old-age labor pension and the living wage of a pensioner - at the level of 182%; the average size social pension - at a level not lower than the living wage of a pensioner.

PolicyVregionhealthcare. However, social services and social assistance do not have a significant impact on the overall financial situation pensioners. There are more and more pensioners, their number increases by 600-700 thousand per year, the number of disability pensioners is increasing especially rapidly, which speaks not only of the aging of the population, but also of the quality of life in general. Pensioners make up a significant part of the population, savers and investors. The state, even in its own interests, must pay attention to their social well-being. In the healthcare sector, the practice of paying for medical services is becoming increasingly common - for last years every second family had to pay for them themselves. We are talking not only about the traditional private dental practice, but also about payment for diagnostic examinations and consultations with doctors. Paid treatment is of a compulsory nature: the level of well-being of families forced to pay for medical services is not the highest, and in conditions when the expansion of paid medicine occurs against the backdrop of falling incomes, many refuse treatment for material reasons. Over the years of reforms, medicines have ceased to be in short supply, but for many they are not accessible due to high prices. The pharmaceutical market is currently characterized by instability, sharp fluctuations prices for medicines and their growth, and prices are rising both for imported medicines and for domestic ones. The sales structure has changed towards cheaper ones medicines, the average bill in pharmacies has fallen in price, consumer demand for medical products, products that improve the quality of life, care products and others has decreased. Up to 35% of patients are forced to refuse to purchase prescribed medications.

The state introduced benefits for the free purchase of medicines, but due to the lack of financial support, this right turned out to be formal for the majority of “beneficiaries”. The situation is worsening, which is expressed in the gap between the officially proclaimed state guarantees of providing medical care to the population and real financing, incompleteness of health care reforms, and unsatisfactory coordination of all structures responsible for the situation in this area. The share of funds from the population in paying for medical services is constantly increasing; today it is equal to the share of the state. The most difficult situation with government funding- in small towns and villages where there is no broad tax base.

Priority national project“Health” envisaged the reorganization of the health care system over 2 years in such a way that standard set quality medical services were provided to all those in need. Unfortunately, the long lines of patients at the doors of city clinics, which now gather long before their opening, indicate that this idea has not been implemented in 2 years. For most health care workers, little has changed. In this regard, a practice has developed where the patient is actually forced to pay the doctor for the opportunity to gain access to free medical care. And if we consider that about 20% of Russians are below the poverty line, this means that a significant part of the population is actually deprived of the opportunity to receive medical care under their medical insurance policy.

PolicyVregionregulationlevelunemploymentAndemployment. Total unemployment in the Russian Federation in 2014 averaged 4.0 million people or 5.3% of the country's economically active population; in 2013 it averaged 4.3 million people or 5.7%. At the same time, as of February 2015, the unemployment rate increased to 4.4 million people or 5.8%.

Due to a significant increase in unemployment, restrictions maximum size benefits, leads to the fact that the value monthly payments the unemployed are 1.5-2 times lower than the level that would allow maintaining an acceptable standard of living for the population that does not have the opportunity to find a job.

In 2015, the unemployment rate will not exceed 8.3%. Such data is reported to analytical center under the government of the Russian Federation. According to the calculation results, under scenarios of a projected GDP reduction of 3 to 5%, the unemployment rate in 2015 will not exceed the 2009 level. In turn, the Minister of Labor and Social Protection Maxim Topilin noted that the level of overall unemployment still remains at an acceptable level.

According to Topilin, the draft budget provides for additional funds in case there is an increase in the number of unemployed. As the head of the Ministry of Labor noted, about 15 billion rubles have been reserved. In emergency cases, these funds can be used to support regions and provide unemployment benefits.

3.1 Ways to reform the social protection system of the Russian population

The introduction of economic sanctions against Russia, the weakening of the ruble and the surge in inflation that occurred last fall led to a decrease in real cash incomes of the population and the emergence of tension in the labor market of certain regions. Statistics from the beginning of this year indicate that there are serious challenges that executive authorities dealing with issues of labor, employment and social protection must overcome.

At the beginning of this year, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a Plan of Priority Actions to Ensure Sustainable Economic Development and Social Stability in 2015. First of all, it is necessary to ensure stable and positive development of the demographic situation.

This year, special attention must be paid to the issues of monetary income of the population, especially wages.

Last year, real wages in the country as a whole grew by only 1.3%. At the same time, in manufacturing sectors the growth was only 0.8%.

It was possible to achieve a positive result thanks to active work on the implementation of the program for the gradual improvement of the remuneration system in state (municipal) institutions. Overall, in education, health care, social services and culture, real wages increased by 3.0%. Growth in culture real wages amounted to 10.2%, in social services - 6.8%.

In the first two months of 2015, negative trends were observed in the dynamics of the situation with the monetary income of the population. Real disposable income of the population decreased by 0.7% compared to January-February 2014, and real wages - by 9.1%. Decreased due to high inflation purchasing power social benefits and payments to families with children, veterans and disabled people.

It was possible to contain a more significant drop in real cash incomes of the population thanks to the indexation of insurance pensions by 11.4% from February 1, 2015, as well as the indexation of benefits to families with children and maternity capital from January 1, 2015 by 5.5%.

From April 1, 2015, social pensions were indexed taking into account the growth rate of the pensioner's cost of living over the past year by 10.3% and monthly cash payments provided to certain categories of citizens by 5.5%.

The federal law adopted by the State Duma on March 27, 2015 provides for the indexation of child benefits, monthly social benefits and some other social payments from February 1, 2016 by the difference between the actual consumer price growth index for 2015 and the consumer price index established for 2015 ( 5.5%).

In 2014, preparatory work was completed to introduce a new pension mechanism for citizens from January 1, 2015. Conversion of rights was carried out according to the new pension formula.

As part of the second stage of implementation of the Strategy for the Long-Term Development of the Pension System of the Russian Federation, a bill has been prepared aimed at creating a mechanism for paying pensions to working pensioners depending on the amount of wages they receive.

Increasing the level of pension provision is directly related to the problem of legalizing labor relations, bringing citizens and businesses out of the shadows, and, accordingly, increasing the volume of insurance premiums paid.

A number of measures have been developed and submitted to the Government of the Russian Federation aimed at legalizing labor relations and increasing the collection of insurance contributions to extra-budgetary funds.

Among the events:

· allocation of state support (subsidies, subsidies, etc.) to both constituent entities of the Russian Federation and organizations, taking into account the legalization of labor relations and payment mandatory payments;

· establishing a mandatory condition for the complete payment of mandatory payments when executing government contracts;

· change in the mechanism of preferences for the payment of insurance premiums in Pension Fund Russian Federation separate categories policyholders, so that they are provided with state support measures that do not affect the compulsory social insurance system, by transforming the mechanism for providing benefits for the payment of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. Payment of insurance premiums must occur regardless of the type of activity carried out. economic activity, in the same size. Wherein governmental support, could be provided at the expense of funds federal budget addressed only to organizations that really need such support.

In 2014, a number of federal laws to ensure the state-guaranteed rights of insured citizens to compulsory social insurance benefits.

The Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation is entrusted with the obligation to provide citizens with free assistance in drawing up applications, complaints, petitions and other legal documents, as well as to represent the interests of insured persons in the courts.

From January 1, 2015, the duration of payment of temporary disability benefits in the case of caring for seriously ill children aged 15 to 18 years has been increased.

In the near future, it is planned to transform the system of compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases.

The purpose of this work is to shift the emphasis from payments to citizens who have already suffered health damage due to industrial accidents and occupational diseases, to financing measures to prevent the occurrence of these insured events and return the victims to work.

In order to protect employees of bankrupt organizations, benefits will be paid to such employees directly by the territorial bodies of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation.

The situation on the labor market in 2014 was stable. Throughout the entire period, labor market indicators were at historical lows.

The overall unemployment rate decreased from 5.5% in 2013 to 5.2% of the economically active population. In the fall of 2014, approximately 800 thousand unemployed people were registered, which is 180 thousand people less than in 2013.

At the beginning of 2015 the situation changed. The overall unemployment rate increased from 5.2% to 5.8% of the economically active population. The number of unemployed people registered with the employment service has reached 1 million people.

In accordance with the Plan of Priority Actions to Ensure Sustainable Economic Development and Social Stability, measures were developed to prevent a sharp deterioration in the situation on the labor market, support effective employment and achieve a balance in the labor market of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Subsidies from the federal budget have been allocated to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the implementation of these activities. Subsidies are provided for regional programs that provide temporary employment, advanced vocational training and internships for employees of organizations at risk of dismissal and citizens looking for work, stimulation of youth employment in the implementation of social projects, and social employment of people with disabilities.

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Identification of features of social protection of certain population groups. Problems of social protection of the population and the activities of local governments on social protection issues. Organization of work with persons in need of social support.

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Characteristics of social protection of the population and its forms as an object of regional social management. Studying the practice of implementing forms of social protection of the population in the regions of the Russian Federation. Analysis of problems in managing social protection of the population.

course work, added 07/22/2013


Features of social protection of families in the Russian Federation at the present stage. State family policy measures: main directions of development of the social sphere. Mechanisms and tools for its implementation. Problems of social protection of families.

course work, added 08/11/2016


Social protection system: functions and principles. Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Features of medical and social examination. Medical rehabilitation of disabled people. Law on compulsory social insurance.

course work, added 12/18/2014


Government bodies social protection of the population, sources of its financing. Implementation of social security of the population federal authorities state power. The role of the employment service in the Russian Federation, the reasons and prerequisites for its creation.

course work, added 05/10/2015


The essence of the social protection system, directions of work in this direction. Financial and legal regulation of social protection of citizens. Basic approaches to financial support social protection, their regulatory and legislative justification.

course work, added 05/22/2014


Characteristics and forms of social protection in the Russian Federation. Functions public service population. Development Management Tools and Techniques social sphere region. Municipal programs in the field of population protection in Saratov.