separated from the Southern Federal District by decree of the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev on January 19, 2010 and includes 6 republics: Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic North Ossetia Alania, Chechen Republic and one edge- Stavropol region. This is the only Russian district in which Russians make up less than a third of the population (32.8%, 2,938,070 people).
Center of the Federal District - Pyatigorsk.
The Caucasus is one of the most favorite destinations of Russian travelers. Based on the totality of all natural factors, the resort area of the Caucasian Mineral Waters ( Stavropol region) has no analogues on the Eurasian continent! . This is a land of mountain peaks, amazingly beautiful valleys with unique vegetation, azure-blue waterfalls, clear rivers, numerous mineral springs, ancient monuments of exceptionally clean air, with the tart smell of resin and pine needles.. For several tens of kilometers from north to south there is a steppe plain Here it smoothly turns into a mountain landscape. Feather grass steppes give way to luxurious deciduous and pine forests, above which lie alpine meadows. Caucasian Mineral Waters is located in the middle of a seven-hundred-kilometer isthmus between the Black and Caspian seas on the northern slopes of the Main Caucasus Range, just 90 kilometers from the highest mountain in Europe, Elbrus. Caucasian Mineral Waters- one of the oldest resort areas in Russia. The first historical information about the “hot waters” of Pyatigorye dates back to the 14th century and belongs to the Arab traveler Ibn Batuta. Peter I showed scientific interest in healing waters. The beauty of the Caucasian Mineral Waters was highly valued by many great Russians - from members of the imperial family to the Russian creative elite spoiled by success. Caucasian Mineral Waters Resort is able to convince everyone of its unique exclusivity! The main wealth of the area is mineral waters. This is a unique, the only place in the world where about 130 mineral springs of 12 types of complex chemical composition have been identified in a relatively small area. Lake Tambukan has an important balneological significance; medicinal mud is extracted from it, which is rated as one of the best. The climate of the Caucasian Mineral Waters region has long been highly valued by balneologists and has been successfully used as a healing factor. The main advantages of the local climate are associated with the large number of sunny days (in Kislovodsk there are only 40 days a year without sun) and clean mountain air.
Resort towns of Mineralnye Vody
The resort of Kislovodsk is famous for its Narzan, mild climate, sunny weather (up to 300 sunny days a year) and, of course, its sanatoriums. Narzan owes its world fame to its unique taste and healing properties, as well as the unique set of mineral salts and trace elements it contains that are so necessary for humans. In Kislovodsk there is one of the largest parks in Europe; there are many tourist paths along it, forming special routes - health paths. The main profile of the sanatoriums in Kislovodsk is cardiological. The resort area of Caucasian Mineral Waters (Kavminvody) is located in Stavropol region. It includes such resort towns as Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk, and is the largest balneoclimatic resort in Russia. Caucasian Mineral Waters has about 130 mineral springs and reserves of silt mud, which is mined in Lake Tambukan. Each of the resort towns, depending on the composition of the sources and microclimate, specializes in the treatment of various diseases. Today, Kavminvod sanatoriums have modern diagnostic base and equipped with the latest technology. The regional center of the resort area is the city of Essentuki, and its main transport hub is the city of Mineralnye Vody (there is an international airport and a junction railway station of the North Caucasus railway). The Caucasian Mineral Waters are located on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, within which is the highest point in Europe - Mount Elbrus (5642 m). The resort area can be divided into two zones: the northern zone, which includes the cities Pyatigorsk, Essentuki and Zheleznovodsk, and the southern one, where the city of Kislovodsk is located. The resorts of the northern zone are located at altitudes of 500-600 m, and the city of Kislovodsk - at altitudes from 800 to 1069 m. Kavminvody is known for its healing microclimate with a lot of heat and moderate precipitation. The air here is clean and oxygenated. The city of Kislovodsk has the most favorable climate for treatment. This is the sunniest resort of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (there are about 300 clear days a year), it is surrounded on all sides by mountains that protect it from cold winds. The healing properties of Caucasian springs have been known to local residents since ancient times. Their study on state level began with Peter I and by the end of the 18th century people from different parts of the country began to come here for treatment. On April 24, 1803, Alexander I issued a decree on the improvement of balneological areas in the Stavropol region. This year is considered the year of the formation of the Kavminvod. The richest people in the country, as well as cultural figures, came here. M.Yu. Lermontov visited here more than once, and his novel “Hero of Our Time” describes these places. The main method of treatment at the Kavminvod resorts is the use of local mineral waters of various chemical and gas compositions. They are used for internal use (drinking mineral waters, gastric lavage, duodenal tubage (drainage), intraintestinal (rectal) procedures, inhalation of finely sprayed particles of mineral water) or for external use (baths, underwater spinal traction, shower massage, underwater shower). massage, sitz baths, rising showers, local hand and foot baths, head irrigation, swimming in the pool). In Kislovodsk there are deposits of carbonic sulfate-hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium waters "Narzanov"; in Essentuki - carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium waters "Essentuki"; in Pyatigorsk - carbon dioxide waters of the “Pyatigorsk Narzans”, carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide waters of complex ion-salt composition, radon waters, mineral waters of the Essentuki type, methane waters with a high content of iodine and bromine and low-carbon dioxide sodium chloride waters of the Arzni type; in Zheleznovodsk - the world's only hot calcium waters and carbonic sulfate-hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium waters. Also in the Kavminvod sanatoriums, mud therapy in the form of wraps and applications is widely used. The black silt sulfide mud of Lake Tambukan is rich in salts, sulfuric iron, and contains hydrogen sulfide, methane and carbon dioxide. In addition to these treatment methods, the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters practice hydrotherapy or hydropathy - external use of both fresh and mineral water for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes; climate therapy - the use of the healing properties of the climate, which includes aerotherapy (long or round-the-clock stay in the open air), heliotherapy (use of sunbathing) and thalassotherapy (treatment by swimming in open water); diet therapy (about 40 diets) and health path - dosed walking (alternating walking on level ground and rough terrain with different inclination angles in order to regulate blood circulation). The most diverse routes of health paths can be found in the Resort Park of Kislovodsk, the Medical Park and the Victory Park of Essentuki, in the Beshtaugorsky forest park of Pyatigorsk and in the Zheleznovodsk forest park, which is the only natural park in the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The main specialization of Kislovodsk sanatoriums is diseases of the cardiovascular system; today Kislovodsk is considered the leading cardiological resort in Russia. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and metabolism are treated in Essentuki; there is also a Center for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and one of the largest mud baths in Europe is open. Pyatigorsk is known for its success in treating diseases of the nervous system, musculoskeletal system, digestive system and skin diseases. Zheleznovodsk sanatoriums specialize in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system, kidneys, urinary tract and metabolic disorders. In addition, the Kavminvod resorts provide treatment for gynecological and urological diseases, respiratory diseases and ear, nose and throat diseases. Thus, all Kavminvod resorts are multidisciplinary.
Among the attractions of the Kavminvod, places associated with the name of M.Yu. are of particular interest. Lermontov. He visited here in his childhood and during his Caucasian exile, when the story “Princess Mary” was written. 3 km from Kislovodsk in the gorge of the Olkhovka River is the Lermontov Rock. It was these places that became the setting for the duel between Pechorin and Grushnitsky from the above-mentioned story. The State Museum-Reserve M.Yu. is located in Pyatigorsk. Lermontov, where in 1841 the poet lived the last two months of his life, the literary department of the museum - the Verzilin House, Diana's Grotto (Lermontov's favorite vacation spot), the infamous Site of the duel, where on July 15, 1841 the poet was mortally wounded by Major Martynov, Pyatigorsk necropolis with the original burial place of M.Yu. Lermontov, as well as the famous Proval, Aeolian Harp and Lermontov’s Grotto mentioned in the story “Princess Mary”. Pyatigorsk is one of the country's multi-profile resorts. Pyatigorsk is called the Natural Museum of Mineral Waters for its rare variety of mineral springs, concentrated in a small area around Mount Mashuk. Mineral waters of Pyatigorsk are combined into the following groups: carbonic waters (hot, warm and cold), carbonic sulphide, radon, mineral waters of the Essentuki type - salt-alkaline springs "Essentuki-4", "Essentuki-17". The main balneological wealth of the resort is hot hydrogen sulfide and radon waters. Nature’s generous gift to Pyatigorsk is the unique healing mud of Lake Tambukan. This mud has a tremendous healing effect and is used in the treatment of various diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Pyatigorsk is the cultural center of the Caucasian Mineral Waters region. In the city there is the largest museum-reserve of M. Yu. Lermontov in Russia, which includes the house where the poet spent last days life, place of duel. Zheleznovodsk is a picturesque resort town; its surroundings are called “little Switzerland”. The climate here is mountainous and forest, which has a beneficial effect on humans
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is located approximately midway between the equator and the North Pole. From the Greenwich meridian, the distance in degrees and kilometers is the same as from the Equator, i.e. the republic is equidistant from both the Equator and the prime meridian. Kabardino-Balkaria borders in the north with the Stavropol Territory, in the east and southeast - with the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and the Ingush Republic. The southern border of the republic is the border with Georgia, which is also the state border of Russia with Georgia with a length of 130.7 km. In the west, Kabardino-Balkaria borders on Karachay-Cherkessia. Kabardino-Balkaria and its capital Nalchik are an all-Russian and international center of tourism, mountaineering and skiing. An excellent feature of the republic is high level resort and recreational development. Thanks to the mild natural and climatic conditions, the presence of a variety of mineral waters and therapeutic mud, the balneological resort of Nalchik has received all-Russian and international recognition along with the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters - Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk. In the relatively small territory of Nalchik there are 18 mineral springs of various physical and chemical compositions. The city is widely known as one of the important centers of tourism and mountaineering in the North Caucasus. The land of sky-high snowy peaks, impassable rock gorges, picturesque valleys and fertile agricultural plantations in the floodplains of numerous rivers and watercourses is Kabardino-Balkaria. It is a small republic in terms of territory (12.5 thousand sq. km.) and population (about 790 thousand people). Russian Federation, is one of the centers of concentration of the economic and scientific potential of the North Caucasus region of Russia. The Caucasian mountainous country stretches for more than a thousand kilometers from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. Kabardino-Balkaria is part of this country. Its territory is twelve and a half thousand square kilometers, half of which are mountains, like in Switzerland and Austria. This area has been chosen for recreation by many generations of tourists and climbers, and now it is a Mecca for Russian skiers and snowboarders. Nature has generously endowed Kabardino-Balkaria with a wealth of unique attractions, which have been famous far beyond the borders of Russia since ancient times. First of all, these are the Caucasus Mountains, the double-headed peak Elbrus, as well as rare hot and cold mineral springs, used for internal and external use, rejuvenating and prolonging life for decades. The Djily-Su (Warm Water) tract has been known since ancient times as a balneological resort. Currently, carbon dioxide mineral springs are represented by two powerful outlets on the site of homemade swimming pools with a constant water temperature of +22.4 degrees. As underground carbon dioxide water moves to the surface of the earth, the pressure decreases, and eventually a state occurs when part of the carbon dioxide dissolved in water begins to be released from it into the atmosphere in the form of numerous bubbles, giving the water the appearance of boiling. The springs are located on the northern slope of Mount Elbrus in the upper reaches of the Malka River at an altitude of 2380 m. The Malka River is a large left tributary of the Terek. Kabardino-Balkaria thanks to its natural conditions And geographical location is deservedly considered one of the largest mountain tourism bases, the largest mountaineering base, and the Nalchik resort has the status of an All-Russian health resort. The most diverse and exciting excursions and hiking trips in the Caucasus are held within Kabardino-Balkaria - in the most high-mountainous part of the Central Caucasus, starting from Elbrus and further to the east. This part of the Caucasus is very popular among tourists and excursionists. In Kabardino-Balkaria there is the highest peak in Europe - Elbrus (5642 m), Oshkhamakho or “mountain of happiness”. More than 100 mineral water sources are concentrated within the republic. Based on the content of certain chemical elements in them, mineral waters are divided into five groups: carbon dioxide, sulfide, siliceous, radon, and waters without specific components. In Lake Tambukan (70 km from Nalchik) healing mud is extracted, which is used to treat the musculoskeletal system and gynecological diseases. The Elbrus region is famous for its picturesque gorges located at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level or more. The largest of them is Baksan. One of the oldest resort cities is the capital of Kabardino-Balkaria - Nalchik. The decoration of Nalchik is the park, merging with the surrounding forests. It is rightfully considered one of the best in Russia. Surrounded by shady alleys and 156 species of trees and shrubs, there is a whole system of flowing artificial reservoirs, a zoo, attractions, cafes and restaurants. Cable cars connect the park with the peaks of the surrounding hills - Malaya (600 m above sea level) and Bolshaya Kizilovka (750 m above sea level). Another resort town is Teberda. Dozens of hiking, mountaineering and excursion routes are laid from the city to the natural and historical attractions of Kabardino-Balkaria. Undoubtedly, the most important recreational resources of the resort are 18 mineral springs (bromoid, nitrogen-thermal, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) and medicinal mud delivered here from the shores of Lake Tambukan, located on the border with Stavropol. The presence of a large amount of mineral waters, a favorable climate, and the hospitality of the residents give great opportunities For further development existing resort, creation of new resort areas and industrial development of mineral springs for the purpose of trade.
There are many attractions in the Elbrus region, and here are some of them:
. Good Mountain. The top of Gud Mountain is an excellent place from which a stunning view of the nature of the Elbrus region opens.
. Springs of Djily-Su. There are two powerful outlets of mineral water and many small ones. Their mineral composition is slightly different from each other and therefore the therapeutic effect is also somewhat different. Here they drink mineral water and take baths. The water from the springs has a pronounced healing effect and therefore many people visit these places during the season.
. Not far from the springs there is a valley of “castles” with moraine remains of the most exotic forms.
. Above the springs on the Kyzyl-Kol River there is a waterfall about 30 m high. Here you can clearly see how the water has washed a passage for itself in the lava. Downstream Kyzyl-kol is another waterfall.
. On the Balyk-Su River there is a two-cascade waterfall right before its confluence with the Kyzyl-Kol. Below the confluence the river is called Malka.
. "German airfield". The “German airfield” is a huge plane located at an altitude of 2900 m, measuring at least 800 m in length and at least 500 m in width. local residents there is a certainty, not confirmed in any way by documents, that here during the Great Patriotic War German planes were landing. Most likely, this is a myth, but the modern An-2 calmly lands on this plane and takes off from it.
. Stone "mushrooms". Stone "mushrooms" are the product of exotic erosion, which resulted in stone pillars with flat caps that look like mushrooms. They are located at an altitude of 3200 m. Having arrived at the foot of Elbrus, you find yourself in the kingdom of the volcano, where nature has created many sculptures of the most intricate shapes from lava.
. If you have never sunbathed while standing in the snow, then here you can make your dream come true.
. Great place for skiers. Snow cover appears in November and persists until mid-spring. The slopes are very well equipped and are suitable for both experienced athletes and beginner skiers. These trails are considered some of the most beautiful in Europe. One of the most picturesque corners of the globe, Azau, is not without reason the most popular place in the Elbrus region. Azau in the Elbrus region is a majestic glacier, a wonderful clearing, and a comfortable hotel located at the foot of Elbrus. Elbrus region is a national park located in the depths of the Baksan Valley at the foot of the greatest double-headed mountain in the world - Elbrus. Here, in a small area, all the landscape and climatic zones characteristic of Russia are represented and, accordingly, various forms of flora and fauna, some of which are endemic and are not found anywhere else on the planet. There are more than 300 sunny days a year in the Elbrus region. Greater air transparency and a significant number of hours of sunshine create excellent weather conditions in summer and winter. Snow cover is established in November, in the valley it remains until about mid-April, in the alpine zone - until May - June. It is in this region that six of the seven “five thousand meters” - the highest mountains of the Greater Caucasus - are located.
Karachay-Cherkess Republic located in the north-west of the Caucasus. From the south it borders with Georgia and Abkhazia along the Main Caucasus Range, on the western side there is a border with the Krasnodar Territory, from the north and northeast - with the Stavropol Territory and from the east - with Kabardino-Balkaria. The length of the territory of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic from west to east is 170 km, from north to south – 140 km. Holidays in Karachay-Cherkessia are active tourism. Vacationers are attracted to the mountain slopes of the region. Here you can try your hand at both the most difficult types of extreme sports (mountaineering, mountain tourism, rock climbing, skiing, hang gliding) and the simplest ones that do not require complex preparation (excursions, walks along the slopes, just relaxing in the lap of mountain nature, picking mushrooms and berries, medicinal plants). In the Karachay-Cherkess Republic there is one of the most popular and famous domestic ski resorts - Dombay. This is an urban village located in the very center of the Teberda Nature Reserve. From mid-November to early April there is a stable snow cover on the trails, and this is the best time of the year for active winter tourism in Dombay. The slope reliefs here are varied, so tourists are offered ski slopes for every taste and level of training. The trails at the top are more suitable for beginners and lovers of quiet skiing. If you go lower, the paths are noticeably steeper, bumpier, and in the forest zone they are also narrow. You can also try your hand at skiing on the slopes of Arkhyz. There are several drag lifts in the vicinity of the village. These trails are more suitable for beginners and are short in length. IN last years Equestrian sports, rafting, cycling and other types of active recreation and tourism are also developing in the republic. There is a deltadrome in Dombay. Blue glaciers and bright carpets of subalpine meadows, foamy waterfalls and turquoise lakes, bizarre rocks and ringing streams create the unique appearance of this corner of our country. The Dombay ski resort is the most famous of Russian ski resorts, one of the modern recreation and sports centers, a mountaineering, skiing and tourist Mecca of the Greater Caucasus. In terms of the number of sunny days and the properties of clean, healing air, Dombay surpasses many internationally recognized ski centers. The slopes here also compete with many European ski resorts. Mount Cheget (3700 m) is one of the most difficult trails in the world. Cheget has 15 routes with a height difference from 2100 to 3550 m). Elbrus - 6 routes with a height difference of 2280-3800 m. The total length of the routes is about 35 km. Prielbrusye Prielbrusye is a ski resort, one of the top three in Russia in terms of popularity of ski tours to this region. The Elbrus region is located in the depths of the Baksan Valley - the heart of the Caucasus. Holidays in the Elbrus region provide an unusually strong healing effect thanks to the purest high-mountain air, saturated with ozone and phytoncides exuded by pine forests and herbs of alpine meadows; and mineral water sources. Teberda is a resort town in the Krachay-Cherkess Republic, on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus. The resort is surrounded on all sides by emerald mountains of bizarre shapes, and there are many picturesque gorges.
In the territory Republic of North Ossetia-Alania All 6 balneological groups of the generally accepted classification of mineral waters are localized. We can confidently say that due to the diversity of natural and climatic conditions and the presence of mineral water resources, unique in their volume and variety of types, the republic can serve as a base for the creation of a large sanatorium and resort agglomeration, comparable to the well-known Sochi-Matsestinsky and Kavminvodsky regions. Water reserves are about 15 thousand cubic meters/day. explored and more than 18 thousand cubic meters/day. forecast. These data indicate the possibility of treating more than 80 thousand people simultaneously.
The Republic of Dagestan- one of those territories on the world map that was inhabited by man in the most ancient times: the sites of ancient people on the territory of the modern republic date back to 1.4 million years ago. Naturally, the sights of the Republic of Dagestan are as ancient and amazing as the history of this land itself. One of the most interesting objects of the republic is Derbent, which is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities on the planet. Founded in the 4th millennium BC, Derbent was an important center of civilization, a meeting point of roads from the south, north, west and east, one of the largest cities on the Great Silk Road. The architectural ensemble of Derbent is impressive; it is impossible to describe all its monuments. Already Peter I drew attention to their value and ordered the first descriptions of especially significant objects of the city to be compiled. Particularly noteworthy is the Naryn-Kala fortress, whose age today exceeds 2 thousand years, and the walls have been preserved almost completely. Derbent, which had important strategic importance until the 20th century, was included in the list of World Heritage Sites in 2003.
The Republic of Ingushetia- a region of the Russian Federation that appeared on the map of the country later than all the others - only in 1992, on the border with Chechnya and Georgia, a new subject of the country, the smallest in territory, was formed. The area of the region was inhabited three thousand years ago - this is precisely the age of the oldest archaeological monuments in Ingushetia. The Ingush remained independent for a long time, although due to the aggressive activity of their neighbors, including Russia, they were forced to leave the plains for the mountains. The annexation of this part of the Caucasus to Russia was marked by the Caucasian War, which lasted almost 50 years, until 1864. To this day, Ingushetia is turbulent - the 20th and 21st centuries. here are accompanied by armed conflicts and massacres of civilians. Ingushetia is a hot spot on the map of the country. The sights of the Republic of Ingushetia perfectly illustrate all the events that accompanied the difficult fate of the region. For example, a large memorial complex in Nazran is dedicated to the tragic days of 1944, when the Ingush were forcibly resettled in Kazakhstan. It is a structure of 9 city towers combined together. According to the author of the project, it reflects the entire turbulent history of the Ingush people, filled with wars and suffering. Despite the fact that Islam is quite widespread in the Caucasus, among the attractions of the Republic of Ingushetia there is also a Christian temple, reminiscent of the long-standing influence of Georgia in the region - Thaba-Erdy. The building was erected in the 12th century and combines the traditions of Ingush and Chechen architecture. The monument, restored during the Soviet period, underwent new tests during the Chechen campaigns carried out by federal troops - the oldest church in our country found itself in the very center of military maneuvers. The region is located a large number of architectural and historical monuments, which, after stabilization of the situation in the region, can become excellent tourist sites.
IN Chechen Republic about fifty state natural monuments. Among them are ten reserves for protection individual species animals and plants. Picturesque mountain landscapes and lakes are of interest to travelers and tourists. And some Natural resources, such as mineral and mud springs, have medicinal value. In some reserves of the Chechen Republic, hunting, fishing and grazing are prohibited.
Tourist routes are carried out through natural reserves Chechen Republic:
Argun State Museum-Reserve
· Argun hunting reserve
· Vedeno hunting reserve
· Galanchozhskoye Lake
· Generalskoye Lake
· Dzhalkinskoye Lake
Lake Kazenoy-Am
· Ice Age monuments
· Parabochevsky hunting reserve
· Steppe hunting reserve
· Three springs
· Urus-Martan hunting reserve
· Shalinsky hunting reserve
Shatoisky hunting reserve
One of the special attractions of the mountainous part of the Chechen Republic is the stone towers rising above the terraces of mountain villages. They are recognized as the highest achievement of stone architecture of the Chechen Republic and have become a kind of stone chronicle for researchers. The time of construction of the towers is mainly from the 14th to the 18th centuries. Each era left its mark on their architecture.
North Caucasian federal district – administrative formation in the south of Russia, in the central and eastern parts of the North Caucasus, consists of 7 subjects. The North Caucasus Federal District was separated from the Southern federal district in January 2010.
The administrative center is the city of Pyatigorsk.
The district borders: the Southern Federal District, as well as Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia.
The area of the district is approximately 1% of the total territory of the Russian Federation (about 172 thousand 360 square kilometers) - the smallest federal district in Russia.
Large cities that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, with a population of over 100 thousand people: Makhachkala, Stavropol, Vladikavkaz, Nalchik, Grozny, Pyatigorsk, Nazran, Kislovodsk, Nevinnomyssk, Khasavyurt, Cherkessk, Derbent.
The North Caucasus Federal District includes:
Stavropol Territory and 6 republics: Kabardino-Balkarian, Chechen, Karachay-Cherkess, Dagestan, Ingushetia and North Ossetia-Alania.
The North Caucasus Federal District is the youngest federal district of the Russian Federation.
In general, the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District is dominated by agriculture and livestock raising; in some areas the mining industry, winemaking, and fishing are developed. Greatest contribution The district's economy includes: Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkess Republic and Kabardino-Balkaria.
In the economy of the Stavropol Territory, a significant role is played by: mining, oil and gas refining industries, mechanical engineering, electric power, chemical, food and light industries, and agriculture. In addition, the Stavropol Territory is home to the world-famous medical resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.
Kabardino-Balkaria has a fairly rich resource base: rare and non-ferrous ores, oil and natural gas, mineral and fresh waters. Agriculture, logging, and the production of industrial equipment are well developed in the republic.
In the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, mechanical engineering, light, chemical, mining and wood processing industries, agriculture, and sheep breeding predominate. Tourism, mountaineering and resort activities are also of great importance for the region.
The North Caucasus District has been experiencing an unstable political situation for many years, with armed conflicts occurring frequently. This has an extremely negative impact on the development of the region’s economy. Industrial production figures have dropped significantly compared to Soviet times. In addition, the situation is aggravated by the small amount of investment flowing into the region.
With the separation of the territories of the North Caucasus into an independent federal district, more attention was paid to the development of the region. It is expected that thanks to this, the complex political and economic situation, and the district will be able to compete in economic development with other federal districts of Russia.
There are 6 nature reserves located in the district:
Dagestan- The Republic of Dagestan
Kabardino-Balkarian
Caucasian- Republics of Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea, Krasnodar Territory
North Ossetian- Republic of North Ossetia (Alania)
Teberdinsky
Erzi- The Republic of Ingushetia
2 National Parks:
Alanya
Elbrus region- Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Federal reserves:
Agrakhansky- The Republic of Dagestan
Dautsky- Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
Ingush- The Republic of Ingushetia
Karachay-Cherkess GOKH- Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
Nalchik GOOH- Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Samursky- The Republic of Dagestan
North Ossetian GOOH- Republic of North. Ossetia (Alania)
Soviet- Chechen district
Tlyaratinsky- The Republic of Dagestan
Tseysky- Republic of North. Ossetia (Alania)
The North Caucasus is a historical and cultural region of the Russian Federation and is part of it under the name of the North Caucasus Federal District. It is located on the territory of the Ciscaucasia, as well as in the northern part of the slope of the Greater Caucasus Range (without the eastern part, which is under the jurisdiction of Azerbaijan) and the western part to the Psou River (the border of the Russian Federation and Abkhazia runs along it). It is one of the most multinational regions of Russia, most of whose territory is occupied by agricultural land (more than 70%).
The North Caucasus includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation: 2 autonomous territories (Krasnodar and Stavropol), 7 republics (Adygea, Dagestan; Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetian, Ingush and Chechen).
Population of the North Caucasus
The North Caucasus is one of the most densely populated regions of Russia; the population, according to the latest statistics, is 9.7 million people, which is 6.6% of the total population of the Russian Federation. Population density - 52 people per 1 km 2 (second highest density after the Central Federal District), urban population - 49.1%.
The North Caucasus Federal District is the only one in the country where it is not the Russian and Slavic population that predominates, but the titular nation, which includes a large number of nationalities, several ethno-linguistic families, which in turn are divided into groups. For example, in the Ingush Republic, the population is dominated by Ingush and Chechens, Russians are third in number, in the Dagestan Republic Russians are eighth. According to the latest census data in this region of Russia, Russian nationality made up 9.4% of the total population. In first place are the Chechens, then, in descending order, come the Avars, Dargins, Kabardians, Ossetians, Kumyks, Ingush, Lezgins, etc.
Industry of the North Caucasus
IN economically farming of this region belongs to the North Caucasus economic region of the Russian Federation. The leading industries of its market specialization are machine-building complex, food and light industries, coal and petrochemical production, cement industry, developed agriculture, as well as unique recreational resources, which have become the main basis for the development of the resort industry.
The electric power complex is the basis of the economy of this region. Mainly thermal and hydraulic power plants operate here, the largest thermal power plants operate in the Krasnodar Territory, Nevinnomyssk, Grozny, hydroelectric power stations - Tsimlyanskaya, Belorechenskaya, Baksanskaya, etc.
The oil refining complex is one of the oldest in the Russian Federation; traditional oil refining areas are concentrated in Grozny, Tuapse, Krasnodar, and new ones are in the Ciscaucasia. Gas production - Stavropol and Krasnodar territories, Chechnya and Dagestan - production of gas condensate, a very valuable raw material for the chemical industry. Coal is mined in the Rostov region, where the spurs of the Donbass Ridge, rich in fuel minerals, want to go.
Due to the availability of raw materials for development metallurgical complex in the region there are such enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy as an electrozinc plant in Vladikavkaz, a mining and processing plant in the Urup region of Karachay-Cherkessia, a tungsten-molybdenum plant in Tyrnyauz, various metallurgical enterprises producing steel, pipes and steel castings.
The mechanical engineering complex is represented by the following industries: production of agricultural machinery (the largest enterprise is OJSC Rostselmash in Rostov-on-Don), technological and drilling equipment for oil and gas fields, production of electric locomotive transport (in Novocherkassk), shipbuilding engineering (river and sea directions) . Sectors of precision engineering that are completely new to this region are growing and developing, such as instrument making, electrical engineering, and nuclear engineering (JSC EMK-Atommash in Volgodonsk, boiler plant in Taganrog). Production of helicopters, airplanes and seaplanes - OJSC Rostvertol, OJSC TANTK im. G. M. Beriev", automotive engineering - OJSC "TagAz" in Taganrog.
Cement production is the leader in the construction industry; the North Caucasus is the leading producer and exporter of cement in the region.
Light industry includes such industries as footwear, leather (enterprises in Rostov-on-Don, Nalchik, Shakhty, Vladikavkaz) and textile production. The production of knitted products and the clothing industry, the production of washed wool and fabrics and carpets based on it are well developed (Makhachkala, Krasnodar Territory).
The unique natural resources of the region (a large number of mineral springs, deposits of therapeutic mud, the mild climate of the foothills and beautiful landscapes) provided the basis for the development of the resort industry, which is one of the leading industries. There are two resort groups: Mineral and Black Sea. Here are the most famous Russian resorts such as Anapa, Sochi, Gelendzhik, 150 boarding houses and holiday homes. In the Stavropol Territory there is a group of resorts with healing mineral water springs, these are Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk. A large number of skiers and climbers annually visit the Dombay and Teberda areas in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, as well as the Baksan Gorge in Kabardino-Balkaria.
Agriculture of the North Caucasus
Agricultural products account for about 50% of all products produced in the North Caucasus region. Its basis is sufficiently developed agriculture, which has favorable climatic conditions for this.
Grain farming is a leading industry Agriculture, winter wheat is mainly grown here (Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region, western Stavropol Territory). Large areas of agricultural land are occupied by crops of corn and rice (Kuban plavni, irrigated lands of Rostov land and Dagestan). A large number of industrial crops are grown in the region: sunflower, sugar beets and tobacco; horticulture and viticulture are also developed here. The Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory is the only region of the Russian Federation where subtropical crops such as tea, persimmon, figs, and citrus fruits are grown.
Livestock farming is dominated by cattle breeding, pig farming and poultry farming. Important The region's economy has developed sheep breeding, especially its fine-fleece branch. Half of all Russian fine wool is produced in the North Caucasus region.
The North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD) was separated from the Southern Federal District in 2010 into an independent administrative unit. The region's territory occupies the eastern and central parts of the North Caucasus and the southern European part of the country.
The formation of the North Caucasus Federal District is the first stage of the program for changing federal districts, which began in 2000. That year the North Caucasian Federal District was called
General characteristics of the region
The occupied area of the district is about 1% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. The central city of the North Caucasus Federal District is Pyatigorsk. This is the only settlement in the Russian Federation that has not been given the status of an administrative center. Its area is not even the largest in comparison with other cities in the district.
The administrative unit borders the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan and Georgia are visible in the south of the district. The borders also run along the Rostov region, Kalmykia and Krasnodar region.
The composition of the North Caucasus Federal District consists of 7 republics.
Dagestan
This is the southernmost part of Russia and is located in the east of the North Caucasus, and on the east side it is washed by the Caspian Sea. In the west, the territory borders the Stavropol Territory and Chechnya. In the north with Kalmykia, and in the southwest with Georgia. The southern part is in contact with Azerbaijan. Makhachkala is recognized as the capital of the administrative unit. The republic occupies about 50.27 thousand m2. The date of formation is considered to be 1921. The region's population is about 3 million inhabitants.
The composition of citizens of the North Caucasus Federal District is multinational. The same can be said about Dagestan. There are few Russians in the republic - 3.6%, which is approximately 104 thousand. Avars are the most - 850 thousand, which is 29.4 percent. Next come the Dargins, who make up 17%, Kumyks - 14.9%, Lezgins - 13.3%, Laks - 5.6%, and so on. The least number of residents in the republic are Archa residents and Armenians, there are only 5 thousand of them each.
Ingushetia
The youngest republic within the North Caucasus Federal District is Ingushetia. Year of creation - 1992.
The republic borders with North Ossetia and Georgia. The climate here is continental, and in winter time The temperature does not drop below -5 degrees.
Population - 480 thousand people. The republic is dominated by Ingush, about 94%. About 4.6% are Chechens, and only 0.8% of the population are Russians. The remaining percentage comes from other ethnic groups.
Chechens live quite compactly, mainly in the Nazran region. Other nationalities do not have a specific territory of residence.
Only 42.5% of all residents of the republic live in cities. The population mainly lives in the Nuzha and Alkhanchur valleys, Achaluka, and this is only 25% of the entire territory. Only 5% of all residents live on the remaining 85% of the republic’s lands.
Kabardino-Balkaria
The North Caucasus Federal District includes the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, founded back in 1921, with its capital being the city of Nalchik.
The territory is located mainly in the mountains of the North Caucasus. It is in Kabardino-Balkaria that the stratovolcano Mount Elbrus is located, with the highest mountain peak in Europe and the Russian Federation. This figure is 5642 meters above sea level.
Despite the predominantly mountainous area, the territory of the administrative unit is home to 864 thousand people on 12.5 km 2 .
The climate of the republic is quite diverse: in the plains there is a humid and continental climate, and higher in the mountains the climate is similar to the Alpine.
National composition of the republic:
There are even Finno-Ugric and Kurds in the republic, although in a very small proportion in relation to the total population - no more than 0.03%.
Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Since 1957, the territory received the status of an autonomous region, and since 1992 - a republic with the capital Cherkessk. It borders on the Stavropol and Krasnodar territories, Abkhazia and Georgia.
The republic has a population of 466 thousand people. The titular nationalities are Karachais (40.67%) and Russians (31.40%). There are only 11.82% Circassians, and even fewer Abazas - 7.73%, Nogais - about 3.28%. Other nationalities are represented by less than 1%.
Ethnic composition of the North Caucasus Federal District in terms of cities of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic:
Nationality | City, district, % of population |
|||
Cherkessk | Karachaevsk | Abaza district | Adyge-Khablsky district |
|
Karachais | ||||
North Ossetia Alania
The territory of the republic is spread out on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus Range. The mountainous strip accounts for 48% of the entire territory. The capital is Vladikavkaz. total area administrative unit - 8 thousand m2. The area was recognized as a republic in 1936. North Ossetia occupies 4121 km 2. The climate is continental almost everywhere, and on the plains it is predominantly arid.
The republic has 1 city district and 8 municipal districts. To get to Moscow you will need to cover 2 thousand km, and to Pyatigorsk only 200 km.
The climate of the republic is classified as subtropical. There are 130-140 summer days a year. These factors have a beneficial effect on the development of resorts and tourist routes.
According to rough estimates, 706 thousand people live in the republic. Most of the citizens are in the city. This is approximately 451 thousand, the rest are in rural areas.
Composition The North Caucasus Federal District in part of North Ossetia is one of the most multinational territories. In terms of population density, the republic ranks after Moscow, St. Petersburg and Ingushetia.
There are about 100 national minorities here, but Ossetians account for more than 65%. In second place are the Russians. There are 21% of them. Third place in the list was taken by the Ingush - 4%.
List of national composition, number of persons exceeding 1 thousand:
Stavropol region
When it comes to this region, one immediately remembers the balneological resorts with which the territory is saturated. There are many health resorts located here in different cities: Essentuki, Kislovodsk and Zheleznovodsk.
Conventionally divided into two climatic zones:
- the northeast resembles semi-deserts and deserts;
- the northwest is plains with fertile lands.
In general, the climate of the region can be described as temperate continental.
The administrative center of the region is Stavropol, and there are 19 cities in total.
The total area of the administrative unit is 40.9 thousand km 2. The total number of residents is 2.7 million people. Urban residents account for 8.9%.
The territory is predominantly inhabited by Russians - there are about 2.2 million people. Armenians are second on the list. There are 161.3 thousand of them in the Stavropol Territory, which is 5.9%. The third place is occupied by the Dargins (as of 2015), previously this position was occupied by the Ukrainians. There are 49.3 thousand Dargins in the region. The fourth largest number of national minorities are Greeks. There are about 1.5% of them here.
Chechnya
It is hard to imagine the composition of the North Caucasus Federal District of Russia without She left the Russian Federation several times and last signed an agreement to join Russia in 2003.
The republic is predominantly inhabited by Chechens. There are 1.2 million of them, which is percentage To general composition population is 95.3. According to Rosstat, the total population of the republic in 2017 is 1,414,865 people.
Other nationalities are represented in fairly small numbers:
Southern and North Caucasian Federal District
Until 2010, these districts were a single territorial unit. According to the government, the allocation of the North Caucasus will allow the new federal district to accelerate the development of the southern regions. This makes it possible to resolve economic and ethnopolitical problematic issues.
If we consider National composition Southern and North Caucasus Federal District, it is quite colorful. In Dagestan alone there are about 130 nationalities. In the region you can find the most unique nationalities and quite small in number, even within Russia. These are Avars, Dargins, Kabardians and Lezgins, Circassians and Adygs, that is, representatives of the North Caucasian language group. In the republics of these federal districts there are representatives of the Altai people. These are Nogais, Karachais and Balkars. But if we take the general data, Russians still predominate in the two regions. There are about 62% of them here. Ukrainians are also included in this number.
North Caucasus Federal District(NCFD) – federal district in the south of the European part of Russia; one of the eight federal districts of the Russian Federation. The administrative center is Pyatigorsk.
The north of the district is located on the Stavropol Upland, which passes into the Terek-Kuma Lowland in the east. In the south are the slopes of the Greater Caucasus, which stretches from northwest to southeast for almost 1000 km. Here are the highest peaks of Russia - Elbrus and Kazbek. Modern glaciation has developed in the Caucasus Mountains.
The territory of the district is 170,439 km2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) is 9,718,001 people.
The district includes 6 republics (Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania and Chechnya) and 1 region (Stavropol).
Surface water resources
The flow of rivers in the North Caucasus Federal District is regulated by numerous reservoirs and ponds in the interests of energy, water supply and watering of territories. The largest reservoirs in the district are the reservoirs of the Don River basin in the Stavropol Territory - the reservoirs of the Manych cascade (Chograyskoye and Proletarskoye) and the Yegorlyk water tract (Sengileevskoye and Novotroitskoye). Large ones also include the Dagestan Irganai and Chirkey reservoirs and the bulk Kuban reservoir in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.
The largest lakes in the district and, in general, in the world are the Caspian Sea. Another large lake in the district is Manych-Gudilo on the border of the Rostov region and the Stavropol region.
The territory of the North Caucasus Federal District is covered with a dense network of canals of irrigation and water supply systems; the largest main canals in Russia are located here - the Bolshoi Stavropol, Alkhanchurt, Pravoegorlyk, Tersko-Kum, Canal named after the October Revolution and others.
On the territory of the federal district there is part of one of the largest