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Option 1
1. The main factors (resources) of production include:
a) capital b) trade c) price d) demand
2. Prices of goods indicate where demand is greater. This is where resources flow
production. This situation is typical for the economy:
a) traditional b) command c) crisis d) market
3. Establish a correspondence between factors of production and types of income:
a) salary 1) land
b) profit 2) labor
c) rent 3) capital
4. Are the following judgments about spheres true? economic life?
A. Economic sphere regulates the organization of government
B. The economic sphere ensures the satisfaction of material needs
society
5. K indirect taxes applies:
a) income tax b) excise tax c) income tax
6. Income in the state budget brings:
b) subsidies to enterprises
c) benefits to public funds
d) customs duties
7. In the state of N. production resources distributed through planned
8. The expenditure side of the state budget includes:
a) servicing government debt
b) state duty
c) excise duty
d) income tax
9. At its meeting, the government decided to increase prices for meat and
meat products due to their shortage. This situation is typical for the economy:
a) traditional b) market c) team d) mixed
10. In the country of M., all washing powders are produced at three enterprises -
giants. Large enterprises absorb small ones in other areas of production.
This is the process:
a) privatization b) nationalization c) monopolization
Unemployment
If a person is given freedom to choose his type of activity and place of work,
every this moment some workers find themselves in a position “between
works." Some leave on their own in search of more interesting or better paid work.
There are those who are fired. There are also those who enter the labor market for the first time (this applies
primarily to young people). All these varieties are united by the concept
It also happens that the demand for certain types of professions decreases sharply. Most often this
arises due to changes in demand for goods and services and, as a consequence, demand for labor
strength. As a result, many people who are unable to quickly master other skills
find themselves among the unemployed. For example, many years ago
highly skilled glassblowers were left unemployed due to the invention
machines on which bottles are made. This type of unemployment is called structural.
The number of unemployed is growing and in a certain phase economic cycle, in crisis
production. This kind of unemployment is called cyclical. In this case it is distributed
unemployment is uneven among various categories working population.
Full employment does not mean the absolute absence of unemployment. Unemployment rate
at full employment called the natural rate of unemployment. It arises then
when the number of job seekers equals the number of available places. If the number of job seekers
exceeds the available vacancies, there is a shortage of demand and, as a result, unemployment. WITH
on the other hand, when there is excess demand, there is a shortage work force. In such
situation, the unemployment rate is below the natural rate.
Thus, some level of unemployment is inevitable. Some economists and
sociologists even consider this phenomenon as positive, healthy and
stimulating the development of the economy as a whole.
title each one.
for social science and historical knowledge, give two specific examples situations,
in which unemployment in a particular country was significantly higher than natural
C5. In the 80s of the last century average level unemployment in the US was approximately
10%. At the same time, among workers it was equal to 14%, “white collar” workers - 5%, and in the age group
group 16-19 years old – 23%. What point of the text does this data illustrate? Relying on
social science knowledge, other social information, indicate one of the reasons for this
high level youth unemployment.
C6. The text notes that some researchers view unemployment as
positive phenomenon. Do you agree with this point of view? Give two arguments in
substantiation of your point of view.
Test on the topic “Economic Sphere”
Option 2
a) volumes of industrial production b) expenses and income
c) national economic proportions d) economic growth indicators
2. Are the following statements about inflation correct?
A. Losses from inflation among the middle strata of the population are greater than among the poor.
B. Inflation involves rising prices for goods and services.
a) only A is true b) only B is true
c) both judgments are correct d) both judgments are incorrect
3. B market economy, in contrast to the command:
a) resources of production are freely sold and bought
b) a fixed exchange rate of the official currency is established
c) leading positions are occupied by state property
d) economic proportions develop
4. In 1992, income federal budget amounted to 350 billion rubles, and expenses -
357 billion rubles. These data indicate:
a) maintaining planned principles in the economy b) increasing tax revenues
5. Which of the following refers to factors (resources) of production:
a) labor b) goods c) exchange d) demand
6. Distinctive feature market economy is:
a) centralized distribution of resources b) free pricing
c) introduction of income tax c) commodity shortage
7. Direct taxes include:
a) excise duty b) customs duty
c) property tax d) sales tax
8. What will happen to the prices of goods if their supply, all other things being equal
conditions will increase:
a) prices will decrease b) prices will remain unchanged
c) prices will increase d) there will be an inflationary jump in prices
9. The economic sphere of society in addition to production, exchange, consumption
material goods includes:
a) creation of spiritual values b) exchange of cultural achievements
c) distribution of material wealth d) preservation of traditions and customs
10. The following can help overcome the state budget deficit:
a) reduction in income tax
b) increase in size state duty
c) expansion of education funding
Read the text and complete tasks C1-C6
Market economy
For the emergence of market relations, an important role is played by the presence or
lack of private property rights to economic resources. In various
eras of history, small-scale farms created best conditions For
formation market system with its classic signs of competition,
balance of supply and demand, free pricing. Destruction
traditions of private property destroys the market system itself...
The market is a universal system for using limited
resources. Limited resources do not allow the production of all types
consumer goods that people need. Limitations are inherent
minerals, capital, knowledge and technology information
production. The resources of the earth are also limited. And not only in the sense of the limits of the earthly
land or geographically designated territories of individual states. Earth
is characterized by limitedness in the sense that each of its sections is the same
time can be used either in the agricultural sector or in the mining sector
industry or for construction.
The role of the market as a regulator of economic relations is assessed differently.
Along with those who consider the market system the most efficient economic
model, there are many who see serious shortcomings in this system.
Critics of the market, in particular, draw attention to the fact that there are areas of life where
market regulation is inappropriate, does not achieve the desired goals (public
transport, defense, etc.).
C1. Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and
title each one.
C2. What three characteristics of a market system are indicated in the text?
C4. List four types of resources that are limited in the text. Which
does not mention the type of resources? Using a specific example, show the limitations of this type
resources.
nationalization of industry. This marked the beginning of the liquidation of the market
economy in the country. Give the position of the text in which this dependence is expressed.
Based on historical and social science knowledge, indicate one of the features of that
economic system that established itself in the country in the 20s 30 - e years of the 20th century.
C6. The text indicates that many researchers see in the market system
serious shortcomings. Do you agree with this market assessment? Based on text and
social science knowledge, give two arguments in defense of your position.
Test on the topic “Economic Sphere”
Option 3
1. What is characteristic of a command economic system:
a) diversity of forms of ownership c) freedom entrepreneurial activity
b) dominance of agriculture d) centralized pricing
2. Company R. produces carpet cleaning. The capital of the company includes:
a) carpets that the company cleans b) the company’s management
c) equipment and cleaning products d) tax deductions
3. Are the following judgments about economic systems true?
A. Traditional economic systems are characterized by a high level of development
commodity-money relations
B. A command economic system involves directive distribution.
factors of production
a) only A is true b) only B is true
c) both judgments are correct d) both judgments are incorrect
4. There are different meanings of the concept “economy”. What applies to
economics as a science:
a) production of economic means c) sale of real estate
b) forecasting energy prices d) gradual depreciation of money
5. As a result of absorption or exclusion from the services market cellular communication others
firms in country M. There is only one company left that provides such services.
Which economic phenomenon reflected in this example:
a) demand b) unemployment c) inflation d) monopoly
6. Employees of the company “Good owner” grow seedlings of fruit trees and
bushes, receive dividends from valuable papers of this enterprise. That's right
remains with them even in the event of dismissal. What form of ownership
This company represents:
a) joint stock b) private c) cooperative d) state
7. A person acts as a consumer when:
a) buys groceries b) composes music c) writes a book
8. Citizens of the state of I. pay income tax. What type of tax are they
pay:
a) indirect b) excise c) direct d) federal
9. Indirect taxes include:
a) enterprise profit tax b) customs duties
c) income tax d) property tax
10. The state budget receives revenue from:
a) excise taxes b) servicing public debt
c) subsidies to enterprises d) implementation of social programs
Read the text and complete tasks C1 - C6
Competition and monopoly
imperfect competition. Perfect competition is characterized by many
manufacturers who make the same products of the same quality.
One manufacturer cannot influence prices and demand. Perfectly competitive market
is a rare exception (the market for agricultural products and securities). He
Economics is a field of knowledge that studies
1) natural processes and phenomena
2) human behavior
3) methods of rational management
4) ways to protect the environment
What relates primarily to the economic sphere of society?
1) consumption of spiritual values
2) distribution of material goods
3) creation of legal norms
4) exchange of cultural achievements
Are the following judgments about the economic sphere of society correct?
The economic sphere, in addition to production, exchange, and distribution of material goods, also includes their consumption.
B. The economic sphere influences all other spheres of society.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Are the following statements about the economy true?
A. Economics studies the operation of objective laws of history.
B. Economics studies the laws of economic development.
Goods and services, resources and needs, limitations
1. Existence of a problem economic choice due to
1) the limitlessness of human needs and limited production capabilities
2) variability of human needs
3) limitless production possibilities and limited labor resources
4) limitations natural resources
2. Are the following judgments about the problem of limited resources in the economy correct?
Economic resources, their limitations. Economic choice
The problem of limited resources exists only for poor countries.
B. Producers and consumers are forced to make economic choices when resources are limited.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect
3. Are the following judgments about the problem of limited resources in the economy true?
A. The existence of the problem of limited resources determines the need for rational organization of human economic activity.
B. The problem of limited resources is that people's needs always exceed the resources available to satisfy them.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect
4. Are the following statements about limited resources true?
A. Economic choice is based on limited resources.
B. Natural resources are not enough to fully satisfy the needs of society.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect
Economic systems and property
1. In the state of N., production resources are distributed through planned targets, a firm exchange rate. These features are characteristic of the economy
1) traditional
2) market
3) team
4) mixed
In both market and command economies
1) there is a commodity shortage
2) economic proportions are established
3) leading positions are occupied by state ownership
4) labor is a commodity
In a market economy, unlike a command economy
1) production resources are freely sold and bought
2) a fixed exchange rate of the official currency is established
3) leading positions are occupied by state ownership
4) economic proportions develop
4. Are the following judgments about private property true?
A. The transfer of state property into private hands is called nationalization.
B. Private property is the basis of a command economy.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect
Transition process state enterprises in private hands is called
1) privatization
2) nationalization
3) modernization
4) socialization
The list below shows the similarities and differences between the role of the state in market conditions and in command economy. Select and write down the serial numbers of the similarity traits in the first column of the table, and the serial numbers of the differences in the second column.
1) collects taxes
2) sets prices for main types of raw materials
3) carries out redistribution of funds through the state budget
4) creates a legal basis for the development of competition
The company built greenhouses on a rented plot of land, where it grows vegetables and herbs throughout the year. The company's products are supplied to large stores in the city. Labor as a firm's production resource includes(s)
1) piece of land
2) company employees
3) manufactured products
4) greenhouses and equipment
Exchange, trade
Market and market mechanism.
Money
Direct taxes include
2) customs duty
3) property tax
4) sales tax
An indirect tax is
1) income tax
2) customs duty
3) property tax
4) income tax
3. Establish a correspondence between the example and the structural element of the tax: for each element given in the first column, select an element from the second column
4. The list below shows the similarities between straight lines and indirect taxes and the differences between direct taxes and indirect taxes. Select and write down the serial numbers of the similarity traits in the first column of the table, and the serial numbers of the differences in the second column.
1) collection from a specific person
2) dependence on income
3) gratuitous contributions
4) mandatory payments
GIA tasks line “ECONOMY”
Economics and its role in society
Economic resources are the means needed to produce goods and services. They have one common property - limitation.
Limited resources mean their insufficiency in relation to people's needs for them.
There are absolute and relative scarcity of resources. Absolute limitation means insufficient economic resources to simultaneously satisfy all the needs of all members of society.
But to satisfy some selected, specific needs, there are enough resources - this is the relative limitation of resources.
Economists have come to the conclusion that the absolute limitation of resources turns into a relative one due to the choice of needs to be satisfied. This fact formed the basis of the second axiom of economics:
Limited resources have a physical (objective) and economic (subjective) nature. This can be explained using the example of the main categories of economic resources:
Natural resources (factor “land”). Natural resources such as oil, coal, and zinc are physically limited. Arable, fertile lands are limited by their area. But most natural resources are limited as a result of government measures prohibiting free mining, or because low level technical capabilities of mining enterprises. This is a consequence of economic resource limitations.
Labor resources. The labor potential of society is limited by the size of the working population. The resources of the enterprise are limited by the labor limit. People's ability to work is limited by their physical, mental and mental capabilities.
Capital or investment resources. The physical capital of a society is limited by the number of operating enterprises and organizations, as well as the amount of tax revenues to the state budget.
Test paper on the topic “Market society”, grade 10
This prevents the implementation of large capital investments (investments) in the national economy.
Entrepreneurship (or entrepreneurial spirit). This is a very rare resource, which refers to the ability of some people to organize the effective operation of an enterprise. These people differ from others by having a new idea, complete freedom of action, unlimited responsibility and a high degree of risk.
Economists, as a result of analyzing the problem of limited resources, made 2 conclusions:
1. Since society’s resources are limited, the volume of production of goods and services at any given time is also limited, therefore, in order to increase the production of some goods, the production of other goods that require the same resources should be reduced.
2. Simultaneous and complete satisfaction of all people's needs is practically impossible. Therefore, they must make a choice in favor of the most efficient option for the production, exchange and consumption of goods.
The problem of choice in economics
At any given time, the available resources are limited, and this raises the problem of choice. The choice has to be made by the individual, the company, and the state.
The essence of the problem of choice is the following: if each economic resource used to satisfy diverse needs is limited, there is a problem of alternative use and search for the best combination of rare resources.
The definition of the problem of choice in a market economy is the formulation and solution of the following economic issues: “what to produce?”, “how to produce?”, “for whom to produce?”. The first question means which of the possible goods and services should be produced in a certain period of time. Society as a whole cannot get everything immediately: it must decide what it would like to have immediately, what it can wait to get, and what it can refuse altogether.
The second question is designed to determine with what combination of production resources, using what technology, the selected ones should be produced possible options goods and services.
Finally, the question “for whom to produce?” comes down to who will receive the selected goods and services, pay for them, and benefit from it.
The problem of choice is endless. The word “choice” itself means that there are many solutions from which the optimal one should be chosen, that is, the option that ensures the maximum product at the minimum cost.
Galina Bulygina
How are limited economic resources manifested?
Give at least three provisions.
ANSWER:
v limited arable land
v exhaustibility of mineral resources
v limited labor resources
The central problem being considered economic science, is the limitation of factors of production. Using three examples, show the limitations of such a factor of production as labor.
ANSWER:
1) Region Z is producing oil and gas. Due to the low population density, work has to be organized on a rotational basis.
2) In region A, with a low birth rate, the population of retirement and pre-retirement age has already amounted to about 40% of the total population. Under these conditions, large firms began to transfer their production to other countries or attract foreign workers.
3) In region S local population considers unskilled work to be unprestigious, so to perform it it is necessary to attract workers from other regions.
During the discussion, the opinion was expressed that the extensive path of economic development has exhausted itself. Give two arguments to support and one argument to refute this opinion.
ANSWER:
1) in support:
ü most of the land suitable for cultivation is already in agricultural use;
ü the construction of new industrial enterprises requires too much capital investment and is associated with a long period of commissioning industrial facilities;
2) in refutation:
ü in conditions open market labor remains possible to attract additional labor to expand production.
Illustrate with three examples the impact of financial stability in a country on success economic activity individuals and firms (enterprises).
Answer:
1) in a situation of economic recovery in the country, a stable exchange rate national currency and with low interest rates on the loan, the farmer took out a loan to organize a milk processing plant; a year later, he, together with other farmers, opened a company store in the city. This made it possible to return the money to the bank within several years and expand the range of products produced by the farm;
2) at individual entrepreneur, selling clothes on the market, there was a certain circle of buyers who were satisfied with the assortment and stable prices in conditions of a stable exchange rate of the national currency, and a few years later he opened his own store;
3) spouses, using cheap consumer loan, purchased the car that we had long dreamed of. Minor changes in prices for goods and services allowed them to save consumer spending repay the loan within a few years.
List three characteristic features of a command-administrative economic system.
Answer:
Ø Control over production and distribution by the state;
Ø predominance (dominance) of state ownership of the means of production;
Ø centralized pricing;
Ø administrative methods of management, etc.
In country Z, the main sectors of the economy are mass industrial production and the service sector. Which Additional Information will allow us to establish the type of economic system of country Z? Formulate three questions to obtain the necessary additional information.
Answer:
1) How are the main economic issues resolved?
2) What forms of ownership are predominant? Are they equal?
3) What is the role of the state in the economic life of the country?
“It was a time when we in Germany were making calculations, according to which there was one plate per capita every five years, a pair of shoes every 12 years, one suit every 50 years,” wrote L. Erhard. The government believed that based on calculations of raw materials “it is possible to determine the fate of the people for many years to come.”
What economic system is Erhard writing about? Give reasons for your conclusion. Based on knowledge from the social studies course, name another feature inherent in this system.
Answer:
The answer indicates that we are talking about command (administrative) economy. Arguments:
Ø implementation of centralized planning.
Other features of a command economy include:
Ø state regulation of prices for goods and services;
Ø predominance of state ownership.
Article 5 of the 1977 USSR Constitution stated: “Socialist property in the USSR has either the form of state property (national property) or the form of cooperative-collective farm property (property of individual collective farms, property of cooperative associations).” Name three forms of ownership that are fixed current legislation. What are the reasons for the changes in legislation?
ANSWER:
1) forms of ownership: private; state; municipal;
2) cause changes that have occurred – the transition to a market economy.
Read the statement of the scientist and economist V. Leontyev. “The free enterprise system can be compared to a giant computer that can solve its own problems automatically. But anyone who has dealt with large computers knows that they sometimes malfunction and cannot operate without supervision.” Name the type of economic system that V. Leontv is talking about.
Topic 2. Limited resources and the problem of choice in the economy
List two economic problems, which this system is capable of solving independently, and two economic problems that require government intervention.
Answer:
The type of economic system that V. Leontiev talks about is market economy.
Economic problems that this system able to decide independently:
- Creating conditions for the effective distribution of resources in the economy (in accordance with the volume and structure of needs);
- Ensuring freedom of choice for consumers and producers;
- Limiting the possibility of monopolies emerging;
- Creating incentives to work.
Economic problems that this system is capable of can't decide on his own:
- Ensuring production public goods(benefits that cannot be given to an individual without being provided to all other members of society);
- Providing all people with enough income to live;
- Regulation of external (side) effects.
The state can correct the situation associated with under- or overproduction/consumption of products as a result of external (side) effects, using tax instruments, subsidies and regulatory measures.
In a market economy, recessions and increases in production and business activity. Give three explanations of the reasons for the cyclical development of the economy in market conditions. Please specify any of these reasons.
ANSWER:
1) Reasons for cyclicity:
ü Periodic renewal of capital related to the achievements of scientific and technical progress and innovation activities;
ü Violation and subsequent restoration of the balance between the demand and supply of money;
2) Specification: banks reduce the requirements for providing loans to the population and enterprises, initially this leads to a rise in demand for goods and services, but in the future, with an increase in overdue loans, it may begin financial crisis, affecting the entire sphere of the economy.
Give examples of changes in macroeconomic indicators in the country that occur at different phases of the economic cycle. Name the three phases of the cycle and three examples of corresponding changes in macroeconomic indicators.
ANSWER:
Economic cycle— alternating alternation of ups and downs in the movement of real GDP.
Exists four stages or phases of the cycle.
1) Economic growth. Indicators: GDP growth, production growth, inflation growth, at a certain point aggregate supply begins to exceed aggregate demand.
2) Economic recession(recession). Indicators: rising unemployment, reduction in production, reduction in aggregate demand.
3) Depression (bottom). Indicators: Unemployment and production reaches its lowest point.
4) Revival. Indicators: increased investment activity, increased income of the population.
In the state of N., production resources are distributed through planned targets, and a fixed exchange rate is established. These features are characteristic of the economy
1) traditional
2) market
3) team
4) mixed
SOLUTION:
The traditional economic system (agrarian) is a way of organizing economic life in which land and capital are in common ownership, and the basis for resolving the issues of “what, how and for whom” are traditions passed down from generation to generation. In economic life, continuity is valued above all, giving the traditional system a certain stability and stability. Natural reigns supreme Agriculture, commodity-money relations are poorly developed, barter (exchange) is developed, and the extensive type of economic growth predominates.
However, there are also disadvantages of this method of management - the lack technical progress, weak production potential, undeveloped infrastructure, limited number of goods produced.
Command-administrative economy (Planned, centralized).
Signs:
The state manages all economic resources and organizes the production of goods in accordance with a plan previously adopted by it. A huge bureaucracy is working to draw up this plan.
The state is the owner of all means of production.
Economic management is carried out using command and administrative methods (orders, control, punishment, encouragement).
There is no independence of commodity producers in matters relating to the production and distribution of products, since such decisions are made by central government agencies. Prices are also set by the state and do not depend on the presence or absence of supply and demand for a particular type of product. In fact, there is a dictatorship of the manufacturer over the consumer.
Most of the profit received by the enterprise goes to the state budget, and each employee engaged in production receives a strictly fixed amount of wages. Economic situation producers under this system depend little on their initiative and enterprise; they lose incentives to efficient work. The inflexibility of the command system leads to economic stagnation and a shortage of consumer goods on the shelves.
Market economy is an economy based on the principles:
- free enterprise,
- variety of forms of ownership of the means of production,
- market pricing,
- contractual relations between business entities,
- limited government intervention in economic activities,
- intensive commodity-money relations.
Option 1
1. Such an organization of production, when an individual person is engaged in the production of a separate good, is called
1) labor productivity
2) division of labor
3) means of labor
4) labor participation
2. To the main tool monetary policy relate(s)
1) regulation of the bank interest rate
2) social benefits low-income
3) introduction planned indicators on production
4) control over compliance with GOSTs
3. In the state of N., production resources are distributed through planned targets, and a fixed exchange rate is established. These features are characteristic of the economy
1) traditional
2) market
3) team
4) mixed
4. Are the following statements about unemployment true?
A. Unemployment is a natural consequence market regulation economy.
B. Each country has its own level of unemployment, unchanged for many decades.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
5. The immediate negative consequence of inflation can be
1) weakening of competition between enterprises
2) reduction in the range of goods produced
3) a fall in the real value of personal savings
4) weakening government regulation economy
6. The remuneration that an enterprise is obliged to pay for the work of its employees is called
1) living wage
2) consumer basket
3) wages
4) dividends
7. Entrepreneur Z, having studied the situation on the market, found out that there is a high price for the product he produces, demand exceeds supply; as a result, in order to increase profits, he decided
1) increase wages hired workers
2) send some employees on unpaid leave
3) reduce production volumes
4) expand production
8. Are the following judgments about state ownership true?
A. State ownership can be maintained under market conditions.
B. Joint-Stock Company is a type of state-owned enterprise.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
9. For a long time in our country there was an administrative-command system Planned Economy. The following list shows the advantages and disadvantages of this economic system. Select and write down in the table first the serial numbers of the advantages, and then the negative properties of this type of economy.
1) full employment of the population
2) lack of production and commercial independence of the manufacturer
3) price stability
4) the predominance of administrative methods in economic management, underestimation of material incentives.
Answer_______________ 1324
Part 2.
Unemployment
If a person is given the freedom to choose his type of activity and place of work, at any given moment some workers find themselves in a position “between jobs.” Some leave on their own in search of more interesting or better paid work. There are those who are fired. There are also those who enter the labor market for the first time (this applies primarily to young people). All these varieties are united by the concept of “frictional unemployment.”
It also happens that the demand for certain types of professions decreases sharply. Most often this occurs due to changes in the demand for goods and services and, as a result, the demand for labor. As a result, many people who are unable to quickly master other skills find themselves among the unemployed. For example, many years ago, highly skilled glassblowers were left out of work due to the invention of machines used to make bottles. This type of unemployment is called structural. The number of unemployed also grows in a certain phase of the economic cycle, in conditions of a production crisis. This kind of unemployment is called cyclical. At the same time, unemployment is distributed unevenly among different categories of the working population.
Full employment does not mean the absolute absence of unemployment. The unemployment rate at full employment is called the natural unemployment rate. It occurs when the number of job seekers equals the number of available places. If the number of job seekers exceeds the available vacancies, there is a shortage of demand and, as a result, unemployment. On the other hand, when there is excess demand, there is a shortage of labor. In such a situation, the unemployment rate is below the natural rate.
Thus, some level of unemployment is inevitable. Some economists and sociologists even view this phenomenon as positive, health-improving and stimulating for the development of the economy as a whole.
According to the book K. McConnell, S. Brew "Economics". M., 1995. pp. 158-159
26. Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
The following semantic parts can be distinguished:
1) main types of unemployed;
2) natural rate of unemployment;
3) assessment of unemployment as an economic phenomenon.
Other formulations are possible that do not distort the essence of the fragment, and the identification of additional semantic blocks.
27. What types of unemployment do the authors identify? List three types.
The following types of unemployment must be indicated:
1) friction;
2) structural;
3) cyclical.
28. What categories of people are at risk of frictional unemployment? List three categories.
The answer indicates the following categories of people:
1) those who leave their jobs;
2) those who were fired by the administration;
3) those who enter the labor market for the first time. Categories of people can be named differently.
Other categories of people may be specified.
29. What, according to the authors, characterizes the natural rate of unemployment? Based on social science and historical knowledge, give two specific examples of situations in which unemployment in a particular country was significantly higher than the natural level.
1) characteristics of the natural level of unemployment: the number of job seekers is equal to the number of available places;
2) two examples of situations in which the unemployment rate is higher than natural, for example:
- economic crisis in Western countries in the late 20s - early 30s of the XX century;
- radical restructuring in the economies of Eastern European countries in the 1990s.
Other examples may be given.
30. In the 1980s, the average unemployment rate in the United States was approximately 10%. At the same time, among workers it was equal to 14%, among white-collar workers - 5%, and in age group 16-19 years old - 23%. What point of the text does this data illustrate? Based on social science knowledge and other social information, indicate one of the reasons for such a high level of unemployment among young people.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the provision of the text: “unemployment is distributed unevenly among different categories of the working population”;
2) the reason for the high unemployment rate among young people, for example:
- lack of experience;
- low qualifications;
- active search for a better job;
- high expectations.
Other reasons may be given.