Abstract of the educational and methodological complex of the discipline
"Standardization, metrology and certification" Specialty 080401.65 “Commodity research and examination of goods” (by area of application)
The educational and methodological complex of the discipline “Standardization of metrology and certification” was developed for 2nd year students of specialty 080401.65 “Commodity science and examination of goods” (by area of application) in accordance with the requirements of the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in this specialty and the regulations on educational and methodological complexes of disciplines educational programs higher professional education.
The discipline “Standardization, metrology and certification” belongs to the disciplines of the federal component of the OPD cycle - General professional disciplines.
The total labor intensity of mastering the discipline is 150 hours. The curriculum includes lectures (34 hours), laboratory classes (34 hours), and independent student work (82 hours). The discipline is implemented in the 2nd year in the 4th semester.
The discipline “Standardization, metrology and certification” covers the following range of issues:
goals, objectives, objects, subjects, principles, means, methods, systems, legal framework for standardization, metrology, certification, quality control;
fundamentals of measurement theory: equations, scales, measurement errors, methods for detecting and eliminating measurement errors;
verification: concept, procedure;
assessment and confirmation of conformity: methods, distinctive features;
rules and procedure for certification of goods and services;
Abstract teaching complex subjects
"Standardization, Metrology and Certification"
Specialty 080401.65 "Commodity and examination of goods" (by application)
Educational-methodical complex "Standardization, Metrology and Certification" is designed for 2nd year students of the specialty 080401 "Commodity and examination of goods" in accordance with the requirements of state educational standards in this area and the position of the educational complex on educational programs of higher education.
Discipline "Standardization, Metrology and Certification" is included in the federal component of the CAP cycle - General professional disciplines - OPD.F.02.
The total complexity of the development of the discipline of 150 hours. In this case, the curriculum provides lectures (34 hours), laboratory exercises (34 hours), independent work of the student (82 hours). Discipline is implemented on 2 course in 4 semester.
The purpose of studying the discipline "Standardization Metrology and Certification" is to develop in students the knowledge, skills and abilities in these areas, the acquisition of skills in working with regulatory and legal instruments in these areas, the analysis of their structure, the correct application of the methods of standardization, metrology and certification, while ensuring quality of goods, products and services; sound feature selection of properties in assessing the quality of products, the formation of a specialist:
– The concept of quality assurance methods, based on the triad - Standardization, Metrology and Certification
– Skills to use the methods and rules of standardization, metrology and certification in their practice to ensure safety and quality of goods (works, services).
Discipline objectives:
– Study of methods, principles and rules of metrology, standardization and certification, their use in enterprises (organizations);
– The acquisition of skills in the regulatory, technical and metrological documentation;
– The study of national systems of standardization, metrology, certification procedures to ensure and improve the quality of products;
– strengthen skills in these areas to ensure the efficiency of the company.
The basis for the discipline "Standardization, Metrology and Certification" are subject PLO: "Physics", "Economy".
The development of the discipline is carried out in parallel and closely connected with the study of disciplines: "Theoretical Foundations and merchandising expertise", "Equipment enterprises", "Legal regulation of the profession", "Commodity and examination of homogeneous groups of products" , "Quality Management".
Training complex includes:
– working curriculum subjects;
– lecture notes (brief supporting lectures and collected in the form of multimedia presentations);
– materials for practical exercises;
– Materials for students" independent work contains guidance on their implementation;
– test materials;
– references (including online resources);
– glossary.
The author-composer educational complex
Associate Professor, PhD Cand. Sc. (Physics and Mathematics) Olga A. Chudnova
Head of the Department IQSS Tatiana Yr.Shkarina
annotation
The discipline “Standardization, metrology and certification” is included in the federal component of the OPD cycle - General professional disciplines.
Requirements for the mandatory minimum content of OEP in the discipline “Standardization, metrology and certification” (clause 4 of the State Standard for Higher Professional Education).
Total hours: 150 hours.
Goals, objectives, objects, subjects, principles, means, methods, systems, legal framework for standardization, metrology, certification, quality control. Fundamentals of measurement theory: equations, scales, measurement errors, methods of detecting and eliminating measurement errors. Verification: concept, procedure. Assessment and confirmation of conformity: methods, distinctive features. Rules and procedure for certification of goods and services. The international cooperation in the field of standardization, metrology and certification.
1. Goals and objectives of studying the discipline
Purpose studying the discipline “Standardization, metrology and certification” is to develop students’ knowledge, skills and abilities in these areas; acquire the ability to work with regulatory and legal documents in these areas; analysis of their structure, correct application of standardization methods, metrology and certification in ensuring the quality of goods, products and services; reasonable choice of product properties characteristics when assessing quality, formation of a specialist:
ideas about quality assurance methods based on the triad - standardization, metrology, certification;
the ability to use methods and rules of standardization, metrology, certification in their practical activities to ensure high quality of goods, works and services.
study of methods, principles and rules of standardization, metrology, certification, their application in the activities of enterprises (organizations);
acquiring skills in working with regulatory and technical documentation;
study of state systems of standardization, metrology; certification procedure to ensure and improve product quality;
consolidation of work skills in these areas of activity to ensure the efficiency of the enterprise.
2. Requirements for the level of mastery of the discipline content
As a result of theoretical study of the discipline, the student should know and be able to:
know the basic concepts, terms, definitions, legal basis of standardization, certification and metrology, components, structure;
be able to use theoretical knowledge acquired while studying the subject in professional or simulating activities, be able to work with standards and other regulatory documents that establish requirements for the quality of products, processes (technology) and services in trade;
be able to carry out information searches for necessary regulatory documents with the help of classifiers, catalogs of products and services, information indexes of standards;
be able to work with certificates of conformity;
be able to monitor the correctness of their preparation, carry out measurements and process the results.
3. Scope of discipline and types of academic work:
| Type of educational work | Total Hours/Credits | Semesters |
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| 4 | |||||
| Classroom lessons (total) | 68 | 68 | |||
| Including: | |||||
| Lectures (L) | 34 | 34 | |||
| Practical exercises (PL) | |||||
| Seminars (C) | |||||
| Laboratory exercises (LR) | 34 | 34 | |||
| Independent work (SWS) (total) | 82 | 82 | |||
| Including: | |||||
| Course project (work) | |||||
| Calculation and graphic works | |||||
| Essay | |||||
| Other types of SRS | |||||
| Mastering the recommended literature, preparing for classes | |||||
| Type of intermediate certification (test, exam) | exam | exam | |||
| Total labor intensity | 150 | 150 | |||
Topic 1.1. Subject goal of the task, course structure (1 hour)
Key concepts of the course: metrology, standardization and certification
The history of the emergence of metrology, standardization and certification in the country. The importance of these types of activities in the development of the country's economy.
Justification of the need to apply work on metrology, standardization and certification to ensure quality. The essence of product quality, product quality requirements, product quality assessment, quality system.
FIRST HIGHER TECHNICAL INSTITUTION OF RUSSIA
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
federal state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education
"NATIONAL MINERAL RESOURCES UNIVERSITY "MINING"
ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE PROGRAM
"METROLOGY, STANDARDIZATION AND CERTIFICATION"
Direction of preparation:
220700 Automation of technological processes and production
Training profile:
Automation of technological processes and production in mining
Qualification (degree) of the graduate: bachelor
Form of study: full-time
Compiled by:
Associate Professor, Department ATPP A.S. Simakov
SAINT PETERSBURG
1. Goals and objectives of the discipline:
1.1. The purpose of the study discipline is to prepare students for production and technical activities aimed at ensuring the quality of raw materials and finished products at all stages of production.
1.2. Objectives of the discipline:
studying methods and means for studying the properties of raw materials and finished products;
study of methods and means of assessing the quality of measurements and measuring instruments;
study of the standardization system, regulatory technical documentation and methods and rules for standardizing product parameters;
studying the organizational, scientific, technical, normative and methodological foundations of certification of products and services.
2. The place of discipline in the structure of OOP:
The discipline "Metrology, standardization, certification" refers to general professional disciplines and is the basis for the training of bachelors in specialty 220700 - "Automation of technological processes and production."
3. Requirements for the results of mastering the discipline:
The process of studying the discipline is aimed at developing the following competencies:
design and engineering;
production and technological;
organizational and managerial,
scientific research;
service and operational;
special types of activities.
As a result of studying the discipline, the student must:
Know:
legislative and regulatory legal acts, methodological materials on standardization, metrology and quality management;
system state supervision, interdepartmental and departmental control over product quality, standards and uniformity of measurements;
methods and means of product quality control, organization and technology of product certification; rules for testing and acceptance of equipment;
methods for analyzing product quality, organizing statistical quality control and managing production processes;
fundamentals of economics, labor organization, production and management, fundamentals of legislation and labor protection standards;
the procedure for the development, approval and implementation of standards, technical specifications and other regulatory and technical documentation;
quality systems, the procedure for their development, certification, implementation and audit.
Be able to:
carry out normalization control of technical documentation
develop new and revise existing standards, technical specifications and other documents on standardization and certification;
carry out a systematic check of the standards and other documents on standardization, certification and metrology used at the enterprise;
control the implementation of standardization work by enterprise divisions.
4. Volume of discipline and types of educational work
The total labor intensity of the discipline is _____ 3 ______ credit units.
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Including: |
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Course project (work) |
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Calculation and graphic works |
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Metrology
1. Subject and tasks of metrology.
Metrology and its place among other sciences. Basic concepts and terms. Metrology structure.
2. Quality of measurements and ways to achieve it.
Physical quantities. Classification of physical quantities. The concept of a unit of physical quantity and measurement. International System of Units (SI). Standards of SI units. Transfer of the size of units from a standard to working standards and working measuring instruments. Verification diagrams. Standard samples.
Measuring. SI quality indicators. Metrological characteristics of measuring instruments. Accuracy classes of measuring instruments.
Measurements. Types of measurements. Direct, indirect and cumulative measurements. Equal and unequal measurements. Single and multiple measurements. Measurement errors. Causes of errors. Random, systematic errors. Methods for eliminating systematic errors. Gross errors and ways to eliminate them.
Basic concepts of the theory of random errors. Definition of probability. Laws of probability distribution for multiple tests. Distribution parameters of a random variable. Methods for describing random errors. Methods for checking the normality of the distribution of random errors. Confidence intervals.
Processing of measurement results. Processing the results of direct measurements with multiple observations. Processing of several groups of measurements.
3. Metrological support.
The concept of metrological support. Metrological service Russian Federation. Organizational, scientific and methodological foundations of metrological support. State metrological control and supervision of measuring instruments. State testing of measuring instruments. State system appliances. International metrological organizations.
4. Legal basis ensuring the uniformity of measurements.
State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Regulatory documents regulating metrological activities. International Organization of Legal Metrology. Basic provisions of the law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements".
5. Metrological service of the enterprise.
Metrological support for the industry. Departmental metrological services. Structure and functions of the metrological service of an enterprise, organization, institution that is a legal entity.
b. Russian system verification (calibration).
Methods for verifying measuring instruments. Types of verifications. Organization of verification (calibration) of measuring instruments. Verification diagrams and verification equipment. Interverification (intercalibration) intervals. Verification quality.
7. Repair and adjustment of measuring instruments.
Types of repair. Organization of repair and adjustment of measuring instruments.
Standardization
8. general characteristics standardization.
The essence of standardization. Historical foundations of the development of standardization. Goals, principles and functions of standardization. Basic terms and definitions in the field of standardization.
9. Standardization and product quality.
Standardization, its role in improving the quality of products, its development at the international, regional and national levels. Use of systems and sets of standards.
10.Legal basis of standardization.
Regulatory documents on standardization. Categories of standards. Application of regulatory documents and the nature of their requirements. The main provisions of standardization in the Law of the Russian Federation "On technical regulation". Responsibility for violation of standards.
11. International and regional standardization.
Objectives of international cooperation in the field of standardization. Standardization within the European Union. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), its structure and tasks.
12. Basic provisions of the State System of Standards (GSS).
General characteristics of the standardization system. Standardization bodies and services in the Russian Federation. General characteristics of standards of different categories and types. The procedure for developing standards.
Information about normative documents on standardization. Mandatory requirements of state and international state standards, used in the Russian Federation.
13. Systems of standards for ensuring product quality.
Applications, composition, designation and content of standards systems: ESKD, ESTD, ESTPP, GSI.
14. Scientific basis of standardization. Carrying out standardization work.
Stages of development, implementation and revision of standards. Principles governing scientific organization standardization work. Standardization methods. Ordering of standardization objects. Parametric standardization. Comprehensive standardization, advanced standardization. Unification, aggregation.
15. Determination of the optimal level of unification and standardization.
Standardization of preferred number series and parametric series. Determination of environmental friendliness of production and indicators of the level of standardization and unification. Determination of the standardization effect as a share of the total effect.
16. Technical regulations. Purposes of adoption of technical regulations. Contents and application of technical regulations. The procedure for development, adoption, amendment and cancellation of technical regulations. A special procedure for the development and adoption of technical regulations. State control and supervision of compliance with the requirements of technical regulations.
Certification
17. Main goals and objects of certification.
History of the development of certification in the Russian Federation and abroad. Certification development trend. Industry specifics of certification.
18.Terms and definitions in the field of certification.
Basic terms and definitions. Standardization of terms and definitions in the field of certification.
19. Product quality and consumer protection.
Product quality criteria. Legal support for product quality management. Regulation of product quality taking into account consumer requirements. Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights".
20. Legal basis for certification.
Standardization of certification objects in the form of regulatory documents for products, services, quality systems. Regulatory documents regulating the activities of certification bodies and testing laboratories.
21. Areas of application of certification.
Mandatory and voluntary certification. Types of products and services subject to mandatory certification. Objects of voluntary certification. Regulatory documents applied and establishing the rules for voluntary and mandatory certification.
22. Rules and procedure for certification.
Rules for constructing a certification system. Product certification schemes. Main stages of product certification. Basic rules for certification. Type and content of the certificate of conformity for the product. Application of the conformity mark. Inspection control of certified products.
23. Certification bodies and testing laboratories.
The structure of the certification body and the organization of its work. Structure and organization of testing laboratories. Requirements for testing laboratories and the procedure for their accreditation. Inspection control over their activities.
24.Basics of certification tests.
Test task. Types of control. Classification of main types of tests. Structure of certification tests. Certification of test methods, metrological support of tests and control. Guide to the quality of certification bodies and testing laboratories.
25. Accreditation and mutual recognition of certification.
Goals and objectives of accreditation of testing laboratories and certification bodies. The structure of accreditation systems in Russia, Europe and their harmonization. Activities of accreditation bodies.
26. Certification of services.
Main stages of service certification. Requirements for the content of the certificate of conformity for services.
27. Certification of quality systems.
The main stages of certification of quality systems: preliminary assessment of the documentation of quality systems, drawing up an examination of the elements of quality systems and an inspection report, a decision on certification. Working documentation of the certification body "Certification system GOST R. Registration of quality systems". Series of standards GOST P. 40.001- 40.005
5.2 Sections of the discipline and interdisciplinary links with the provided (subsequent) disciplines
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Name of the provided (subsequent) disciplines |
No. No. of sections of this discipline, necessary for the study of the provided (subsequent) disciplines |
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Technical measurements and instruments |
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Technical automation equipment |
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5.3. Sections of disciplines and types of classes
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Name of the discipline section |
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Metrology |
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Standardization |
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Certification |
6. Laboratory workshop
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No. of discipline section |
Name of laboratory work |
Labor-capacity |
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Study of temperature measurement errors. |
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Study of flow measurement errors. |
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Study of force measurement errors. |
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Study of position measurement errors. |
7. Practical classes (seminars): no
8. Approximate topics of course projects (works): no
9. Educational, methodological and information support of the discipline:
a) basic literature
Krylova G.D. Fundamentals of certification, standardization, metrology. Textbook for Universities. - M.: UNITY-DANA. 2000. - 711 p.
Lifits I.M. Fundamentals of standardization, metrology and certification: Textbook for universities: 2nd ed.: revised. and additional - M.: Jurayt. 2001, - 268 p.
Standardization and product quality management: Textbook for universities / V.A. Shandar, V.P. Panov, E.M. Kupryakov and others; ed. prof. V.A. Shandara. - M.: UNITY-DANA. 2000. - 487 p.
b) additional literature
Popov Yu.V. Metrology, standardization, certification: Textbook for university students / Voronezh. State. technol. acad. - Voronezh, 1999. - 168 p.
Sergeev A.G., Krokhin V.R. Metrology: Tutorial for university students. - M.: Logos. 2000. - 408 p.
Sergeev A.G., Latyshev M.V. Certification; Textbook for university students. Ed. 2nd revision and additional - M.: Logos, 2001. - 264 p.
c) software: no
d) databases, information, reference and search systems: no
10. Material and technical support of the discipline:
Laboratory of technical measurements and instruments – room. 3331.
Developer:
__department ATPP _______ ______assistant professor ______ _A.S. Simakov ________
(place of work) (position held) (initials, surname)
________________ ________________ _________________
Experts:
________________ ________________ _________________
____________________ ___________________ _________________________
(place of work) (position held) (initials, surname)
________________ ________________ _________________
The concept and definition of metrology. Classification of measurements and basis of certification. Standardization, categories and types of standards. The main types of normative documents on standardization. Determining the authenticity of goods by the barcode of the international standard.
Federal agency of Education
St. Petersburg State University of Service and Economics
Test
Discipline: “Metrology, standardization and certification”
Completed:
1st year student
Specialty: 0502-u
Kuryashova Svetlana Nikolaevna
Checked:
Kolpino 2009
INTRODUCTION
Theoretical part
1. Basic concepts and definitions of metrology
1.1. Classification of measurements
3. Basics of certification
I. Practical part
1. Main types of normative documents on standardization
2. Determining the authenticity of a product using an international European standard barcode
3. Selection and justification of a product certification scheme and design required documents for certification
4. Selection and justification of the certification scheme for the service and execution of the necessary certification documents
INTRODUCTION
Standardization, metrology and certification are the instruments for ensuring the quality of products, works and services.
For all countries, regardless of maturity market economy, the quality problem is pressing. To become a participant in the world economy and international economic relations improvement needed national economy taking into account global achievements and trends.
Russia's transition to a market economy determines new conditions for the activities of domestic firms, enterprises and organizations, both in the domestic and foreign markets.
The right of enterprises to independence does not mean permissiveness in decisions, but makes them study, know and apply in their practice the “rules of the game” accepted all over the world. International cooperation in any direction and at any level requires the harmonization of these rules with international and national norms. Standardization, certification and metrology, as it was in the planned economy, not only did not fit into the new working conditions, but also slowed down or simply made it impossible for Russia to integrate into the civilized economic space.
The Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights", "On Standardization", "On Certification of Products and Services", "On Ensuring the Unity of Measuring Instruments" created the necessary legal framework for introducing significant innovations in the organization of these most important areas of activity for the economy.
To date, the manufacturer and its reseller, seeking to raise the reputation of the brand, win the competition, enter the world market, are interested in fulfilling both the mandatory and recommended requirements of the standard. In this sense, the standard acquires the status of a market incentive. Thus, standardization is a tool for ensuring not only competitiveness, but also an effective partnership between the manufacturer, customer and seller at all levels of management.
Standardization creates the organizational and technical basis for the manufacture of high-quality products, specialization and cooperation of production, gives it the properties of self-organization.
A standard is a sample, a standard, a model taken as initial ones for comparison with other similar objects. As a normative and technical document, the standard establishes a set of norms, rules, requirements for the object of standardization and is approved by the competent authorities.
I. Theoretical part
1. Basic concepts and definitions of metrology
Metrology (from the Greek metron - measure, logos - teaching) is the science of measurements, methods and means of ensuring their unity and ways to achieve the required accuracy. The subject of metrology is the extraction of quantitative information about the properties of objects with a given accuracy and reliability. A metrology tool is a set of measurements and metrological standards that provide the required accuracy.
Metrology studies:
Ш methods and means for accounting for products according to the following indicators: length, mass, volume, consumption and power;
Ø measurements of physical quantities and technical parameters, as well as properties of the composition of substances;
Ш measurements for control and regulation of technological processes.
Unity of measurements is a state of measurements in which their results are expressed in legal units and errors are known with a given probability. Unity of measurements is necessary in order to be able to compare the results of measurements taken at different times, using different methods and measuring instruments, as well as in different geographical locations.
The uniformity of measurements is ensured by their properties: convergence of measurement results; reproducibility of measurement results; correctness of measurement results.
1.1 Classification of measurements
According to the accuracy characteristics:
Ш Equally accurate measurements - a series of measurements of a certain quantity made using measuring instruments that have the same accuracy, under identical initial conditions;
Ш Unequal measurements are a series of measurements of a certain quantity made using measuring instruments of equal accuracy under identical initial conditions.
Bymethodsreceivingresults measurements are divided into:
Ш Direct - when a physical quantity is directly associated with its measure;
Ш Indirect - when the desired value of the measured quantity is established based on the results of direct measurements of quantities that are related to the desired quantity by a known dependence;
Ш Cumulative - when systems of equations are used, compiled from the results of measuring several homogeneous quantities.
Ш Joint - produced with the aim of establishing a relationship between quantities. With these measurements, several indicators are determined at once.
Bytypechanges in measured value:
Ш Static - associated with determining the characteristics of random processes => the required number of measurements is determined by static methods.
Ш Dynamic - associated with quantities that change during measurements (t environment).
By number of measurements:
Ш Single-use;
Ш Multiple (> 3);
Byway of presenting the result:
Ш Absolute - (use direct measurement of one basic quantity and physical constant).
Ш Relative - based on establishing the ratio of the measured quantity used as a unit. This measured quantity depends on the unit of measurement used
2 . Standardization, Tocategories and types of standards
Standardization is the activity of establishing norms, rules and characteristics in order to ensure:
Ш safety of products, works and services for the environment, life, health and property;
Ш Technical and information compatibility, as well as interchangeability of products;
Ш Quality of products, works and services in accordance with the level of uniformity of measurements;
Ш Savings of all types of resources;
Ш Safety of economic facilities, taking into account the risk of natural and man-made disasters and other emergency situations.
In Russia, the following categories of normative and technical documentation have been established that define the requirements for standardization objects:
Ш state standards (GOST);
Ш industry standards (OST);
Ш republican standards (RST);
Ш enterprise standards (STP);
Ш standards of public associations (STO);
Ш technical conditions (TU);
Ш international standards (ISO/IEC)
Ш regional standards;
Ш interstate standards;
Ш national standards.
State standards (GOST) are developed for products, works, services, the needs for which are intersectoral in nature. The standards of this category are accepted by the State Standard of Russia. The standards contain both mandatory and advisory requirements. The mandatory ones include: the safety of a product, service, process for human health, the environment, property, as well as industrial safety and sanitary standards, technical and information compatibility and interchangeability of products, unity of control methods and unity of labeling. Mandatory requirements must be observed by government bodies and all entities economic activity regardless of the form of ownership. The recommended requirements of the standard become mandatory if they are referenced in the agreement (contract).
Industry standards (OST) are developed in relation to the products of a particular industry. Their requirements must not contradict the mandatory requirements of state standards, as well as the rules and safety standards established for the industry. Such standards are adopted by government authorities (for example, ministries), which are responsible for compliance of industry standards with the mandatory requirements of GOST R.
The range of applicability of industry standards is limited to enterprises subordinate to the government body that has adopted this standard. Implementation control mandatory requirements organized by the agency that has adopted this standard.
Republican standards (RST) are established in agreement with Gosstandart and the relevant leading ministries and departments for assigned product groups, on certain types products manufactured by enterprises.
The RST establishes requirements for products that can be produced by enterprises located on the territory of the republic, but are not the subject of state and industry standardization.
RSTs are also established for consumer goods manufactured by enterprises located on the territory of the republic, regardless of their subordination, in cases where there are no state or industry standards for the products.
PCTs are mandatory for all enterprises located on the territory of the republic that produce and consume these products.
Enterprise standards (ESS) are developed and adopted by enterprises themselves. The objects of standardization in this case are the components of organization and production management, products, components of products, technological equipment, general technological standards of the production process. This category of standards is mandatory for the enterprise that has adopted this standard.
Standards of public associations (scientific and technical societies, engineering societies, etc.). These regulatory documents are developed for fundamentally new types of products, processes or services; advanced testing methods, as well as non-traditional technologies and production management methods. Public associations pursue the goal of disseminating promising results of world scientific and technical achievements, fundamental and applied research.
These standards serve as an important source of information on best practices and are adopted on a voluntary basis by the enterprise itself for use in the development of enterprise standards.
Standardization rules (SR) and standardization recommendations (R) by their nature correspond to normative documents of methodological content. They may relate to the procedure for agreeing on document norms, providing information on accepted standards of industries, public and other organizations to the State Standard of the Russian Federation, creating a standardization service at an enterprise, rules for conducting state control for compliance with the mandatory requirements of GOST and other organizational issues. PR and R are developed by organizations subordinate to the State Standard of the Russian Federation and the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation.
Technical specifications (TS) are developed by enterprises and other business entities in cases where it is not practical to create a standard. The object of specifications can be one-time products produced in small batches, as well as works of artistic crafts. The peculiarity of the procedure for accepting specifications is that during acceptance new products their final approval takes place acceptance committee. Before this, the draft specifications are first sent to those organizations whose representatives will be at the acceptance of the products. The specifications are considered finally agreed upon if the acceptance certificate for the pilot batch (sample) is signed.
International standards (ISO/IEC) are developed by international standardization organizations in order to eliminate technical barriers to trade, that is, to harmonize the requirements for products and services in accordance with the requirements of international standards.
If the standard is harmonized with an international standard, then product certification can be carried out according to it.
Regional standards are developed by regional standardization bodies. For example, such an organization is EOKK (European Organization for Quality Control).
National standards are developed by national standardization organizations. For example, Gosstandart of Russia. National standards are valid only in Russia.
Interstate standards are mandatory for CIS member countries.
Types of standards.
The following types of standards exist:
Ш fundamental standards;
Ш product standards;
Ш standards for work and processes;
Ш standards for testing methods, control, analysis;
Ш technical conditions.
Fundamental standards, in turn, are divided into:
Ш general technical standards;
Ш organizational and methodological standards.
General technical standards that regulate definitions, designations, and the nomenclature of quality indicators perform the function of ensuring information compatibility and unambiguous understanding of the object of standardization. General technical standards regulating General requirements and (or) norms perform the function of ensuring technical unity and interconnection of standardization objects. Standards governing methods are established common methods design of production preparation, testing, storage, transportation, operation and repair of products.
Organizational and methodological standards that regulate the basic (general) provisions establish general requirements that ensure the organizational and technical unity of standardization objects. Standards regulating the order (rules) ensure the unity and interconnection of management processes in various areas activities. Standards regulating the construction (presentation, design, content) ensure information compatibility of documentation.
Product standards regulate product requirements and are divided into:
Ш standards of general technical requirements;
Ш standards of general specifications;
Ш standards of technical conditions.
The standards of general technical requirements and general technical conditions establish comprehensive requirements for a group of homogeneous products for their development, production, circulation and consumption (operation).
Standards regulating parameters and (or) sizes, types, brands, assortments, designs establish requirements for standard size and parametric series that ensure unification and interchangeability of products.
Standards regulating acceptance rules, control methods, labeling, packaging, transportation, storage, operation and repair of these products perform the function of ensuring the specified quality of products during their production, maintaining quality during their transportation and storage, full use of products during consumption, and restoration of products.
Technical specification standards regulate requirements not for a group of homogeneous products, but for specific manufactured products.
Standards for work and processes establish rules for carrying out various types of work and processes. Their main requirement is to ensure the safety of life, health and property during these works (processes).
Standards for testing, control, and analysis methods regulate the requirements for test methods, conducting research work, and testing for product certification.
Technical specifications are a normative document that has industry subordination and is of temporary significance until the introduction of GOST for a given product.
3. Certification Basics
The certification procedure is aimed at confirming the compliance of the certification object with the standards and requirements imposed on it. The concept of certification follows from the etymology of the word “certificate” (from the Latin certum - true and facere - to do), i.e. done right.
Certification is carried out as in without fail, and on a voluntary basis. There are three parties involved in the certification procedure:
Ш manufacturer or seller of products,
Ш buyer or consumer of products,
Ш independent body.
The certification body is a legal entity or individual entrepreneur, accredited in the prescribed manner to carry out certification work.
The objects of certification are: consumer goods, services, processes, workplaces, personnel, quality system, etc.
As a result of laboratory research and testing, a test report is drawn up on the compliance or non-compliance of the research object with the necessary requirements of the standard or technical specifications. If the object of certification conforms to the protocol, a certificate of compliance of the object under study with the required quality parameters is issued, as well as a license giving the applicant the right to use a mark of conformity (labeling of certified products, containers and accompanying documentation).
In a market economy, a manufacturer struggles for the competitiveness of its products. In pursuit of quick profits, unscrupulous manufacturers offer products that can harm human health and the environment.
The state, represented by the legislative branch, establishes legal, administrative and civil liability for the introduction into circulation of substandard products, and also determines the basic mandatory requirements for the characteristics of the product as a whole and its individual parameters.
All certification work is carried out by a certification system headed by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation on the basis of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Certification of Products and Services”.
A special role in certification work is given to the development of enterprise quality systems and environmental protection systems in accordance with international standards ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 series.
Certification of goods and services is carried out at the international, state (national) and regional levels.
The GOSTR mandatory certification system, created and managed by Gosstandart of Russia, includes:
Ш certification systems for homogeneous types of products;
Ш certification systems for homogeneous types of services.
The voluntary certification system consists of more than one hundred voluntary certification systems.
Currently in Russia preference is given to mandatory certification, while abroad - voluntary certification.
The certification system may include enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership, as well as public associations. Mandatory confirmation of compliance is carried out in the following forms: Ш
acceptance of a declaration of conformity (declaration of conformity); III mandatory certification. The priority form of mandatory confirmation of conformity is the declaration of conformity, carried out in accordance with the requirements of technical regulations. Mandatory certification in technical regulations should only be included in justified cases. The conformity confirmation form determines the procedure for documentary certification of products or other objects technical regulation requirements of technical regulations, provisions of standards or terms of agreements. Voluntary confirmation of conformity is carried out in the form of voluntary certification. Voluntary certification is carried out at the initiative of the applicant under an agreement between the applicant and the certification body that conducts voluntary certification. It is carried out to establish OTR compliance with national standards, organizational standards, voluntary certification systems or contract terms. A certification system means a set of rules for performing certification work, its participants and the rules for the functioning of the system as a whole. It can be created legal entity(persons) or individual person(s). It defines a list of objects subject to certification and their characteristics for compliance with which voluntary certification is carried out, rules for performing work and their payment, and applying a mark of conformity. A certain combination necessary when carrying out the certification procedure of inspection and control actions constitutes a certification scheme. The main task when choosing a certification scheme, it is necessary to provide the necessary evidence of certification. With mandatory certification of services, the certification scheme is established by the certification body. In case of voluntary certification of services, the certification scheme is determined by the applicant in agreement with the certification body. All certification schemes verify compliance with the Rules of Service.II. Practical part1.
Main types of normative documents for standardization
and types of standards
GOST R.1.0-92GOST R.1.2-92GOST R.1.4-93GOST 1.5-92These GOSTs are fundamental standards. These are regulatory documents on the organization of the State Standardization System in Russia. One regulatory document can be a set of standards that unites interrelated standards if they have a common goal orientation and establish agreed upon requirements for interrelated standardization objects. Thus, a set of fundamental standards, essentially being a union of interrelated normative documents of a methodological nature, contains provisions aimed at ensuring that the standards applied at different levels of management do not contradict each other and the law, ensure the achievement of a common goal and the fulfillment of mandatory requirements for products, processes, services. GOST R 1.0 - 92 (1997)- State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Basic provisions This standard establishes general organizational and technical rules for carrying out work on standardization, forms and methods of interaction of enterprises and entrepreneurs (hereinafter referred to as business entities) with each other, with government agencies management. The provisions of the standards of the state standardization system of the Russian Federation are applied by state governing bodies, business entities, scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations, including technical committees for standardization. A standard is a normative document on standardization, developed, as a rule, on based on agreement, characterized by the absence of objections on significant issues from the majority of interested parties, accepted (approved) by a recognized body (enterprise). The most important results of standardization activities are an increase in the degree of conformity of products, works (processes) and services to their functional purpose, eliminating barriers to trade and promoting scientific, technical and economic cooperation. This is necessary for the safety of products, work and services for the environment, life, health and property. In 1996, a change was made to the fundamental standard GOST C 1.0-92, according to which technical regulations are added to the list of regulatory documents applied in Russia. Complete Compliance with international rules in this matter can be achieved when laws appear in Russia that establish mandatory requirements and standards, similar to the Directives in force in the European Union. In the EU, a technical regulation becomes a mandatory document if there is a reference to it in the relevant Directive. The difference in the Russian approach to technical regulations can be seen in the very text of the above change: “technical regulations should include legislative acts and regulations of the government of the Russian Federation, the content of requirements, norms and rules of a technical nature; state standards of the Russian Federation in terms of the mandatory requirements established therein; rules and regulations federal bodies executive power, whose competence, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, includes the establishment of mandatory requirements. The technical regulations contain technical requirements either directly (for example, mandatory requirements of state standards), or by reference to the standard, or by including the content of the standard." GOST R 1.2 - 92 (1997)- State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Procedure for the development of state standards This standard establishes requirements for the development, coordination, approval, state registration, publication, updating (amendment, revision) and cancellation of state standards of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as standards). The provisions of this standard are subject to application by technical committees for standardization, government organizations management, enterprises, entrepreneurs, scientific, technical, engineering and other public associations. GOST R 1.4 - 93 (1997)- State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Industry standards, enterprise standards, standards of scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations. This standard establishes general provisions on the development, adoption, registration, publication, application, monitoring of compliance with mandatory requirements, amendment and abolition of industry standards, as well as objects of standardization and general rules development and application of enterprise standards, standards of scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations. The provisions of this standard are applied by government bodies located on the territory of the Russian Federation, enterprises and associations of enterprises, entrepreneurs (hereinafter referred to as business entities), scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations, including technical committees for standardization. GOST R 1.5-92 State standardization system of the Russian Federation. General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards This standard establishes general requirements for the construction, presentation, design, content and designation of state standards of the Russian Federation, industry standards, enterprise standards, standards of scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations (hereinafter - standards) and amendments to the standards. The provisions of this standard will not be used by technical committees for standardization, government bodies, enterprises and entrepreneurs (hereinafter referred to as business entities), scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations. 2. Determining the authenticity of the product by barcodeDN international European standard Assignment: calculate the check digit to determine the authenticity of the product based on the drawing. Fig.8 check digit1. Country of origin - Germany (code 40)2. I add up the numbers in even places: 0+4+4+5+1+3=173. I multiply the resulting amount by 3: 17*3=514. I add the numbers in odd places without a check digit: 4+0+1+8+2+7=225. I add: 51+22=736. I discard the tens: 37. From 10, I subtract the number from point 6: 10-3 = 78. 7 is the check digitB in this case check digit matches checksum barcode means the product was produced legally, which guarantees its quality. 3.
Selection and justification of a product certification scheme,
and registration necessaryrequired certification documents Task: Certification Scheme No. 8 Scheme 8 provides for testing each product manufactured by the enterprise in an accredited testing laboratory and then making a decision by the certification body to issue a certificate of conformity. Scheme 8 is recommended to be used when the production or sale of this product is of a one-time nature (batch, single products). Scheme 8 is based on the use of conformity (non-compliance) as evidence established requirements declaration of conformity with documents attached to it confirming the product’s compliance with the established requirements. A condition for applying certification scheme 8 is that the applicant has all the necessary documents that directly or indirectly confirm the product’s compliance with the stated requirements. If the specified condition is not met, then the certification body invites the applicant to certify these products under other certification schemes or with possible consideration of individual evidence of compliance from the submitted documents. This scheme is advisable to use for certification of products of small businesses, as well as for certification of non-repetitive batches of small volumes of domestic and foreign products. Schemes 8 are recommended to be used in the following cases: when certifying a non-repeating batch of a small volume of imported products manufactured by a company that has established itself in the world or Russian markets as a product manufacturer high level quality. For certification of a single product from a set (complex) of products purchased designated purpose for equipping domestic production or other facilities, if the safety of the products can be judged from the presented technical documentation; Scheme 8a is recommended to be used instead of Scheme 8 if the certification body does not have information about the possibility of producing a given product to ensure the stability of its characteristics, confirmed by tests. See below. sample Application for product certification and sample Certificate of Conformity for products. 4.
Selection and justification of a certification scheme for a service,
and designrequired certification documents Assignment: Service certification scheme No. 3. Scheme 3 provides full check service result. The scheme can be used to certify material services (repair and manufacturing of products for individual orders). Inspection control is carried out through a random check of the result of the service. The certification body evaluates the service provider (personnel)
assessment of the process of providing services, selective checking of the result of socio-cultural services, carries out inspection control through random checking and/or control of the service provider (personnel), and/or control of the process of providing services. An accredited testing laboratory carries out a random check (test) of the result of material services. Scheme 3 is used for certification of services, the safety and quality of which are determined by the skill and/or qualifications of the personnel providing the services and the stability of the process of providing services (for hairdressing services, tourism services, the quality and safety of which are determined by the capabilities of the service provider and the stability of the service provision process (tour operator services, excursion services); hotel (motel) services; services for repair and maintenance of household radio-electronic equipment (BREA), household electrical appliances and machines (BEP), services for maintenance and repair of cash registers and special computer systems, services for servicing motor vehicles). See below for a sample Application for certification services and a sample Certificate of Compliance for the service. Bibliography
1. Krylova G.D. Fundamentals of standardization, certification and metrology. - M.: “UNITY”, 1998.2. Nikiforov O.N. Certification of products, goods and services. Legal aspects. /Manual for students, teachers, sellers and buyers and for entrepreneurs. - St. Petersburg, 1996