Every borrower has come across the concept of “loan collateral”, which has a direct impact on the lending conditions offered by the bank, and in some cases this is mandatory requirement credit institution (for example, real estate collateral for mortgage lending). Let's consider what it is and what types of security are there?

Loan collateral. What it is?

Loan collateral is a guarantee of the fulfillment of the borrower’s obligations to repay the debt to the lender.

The bank can reduce the risk of non-repayment of debt by securing the loan with collateral of movable or non-movable property. movable property, as well as in other ways, provided for by law or an agreement. In accordance with Article 33 federal law No. 395-1-FZ, if the borrower violates the obligations under the agreement, the bank has the right to demand early repayment of the loan and interest accrued on it, as well as foreclose on the pledged property.

As a rule, the bank softens the conditions for those who provide such guarantees (for loans without collateral, interest rates are usually higher).

Types of loan repayment security

All guarantees accepted by the bank as security for loan repayment are divided into basic and additional.

The main ones include:

• real estate;
• movable property (transport, special equipment, etc.);
• equipment;
• farm animals;
• inventory items (TMV).

Additional forms of loan security include:

• bank guarantee;
• rights of claim under the contract;
• bills and deposits;
• insurance;
• surety

Additional types of security also include property collateral associated with the encumbrance of antiques, jewelry and other valuables.

Let's consider each type of loan collateral in more detail.

Real estate

Any property can be pledged to the bank as collateral. Be it residential premises, agricultural buildings or commercial areas. They are reluctant to lend against buildings that are the borrower’s only home. Indeed, by virtue of the law, such premises cannot always be seized and sold at auction.

When pledging real estate, the borrower must confirm his rights to own and dispose of this property. To do this, the bank provides:

• certificate of ownership;
• documents confirming the method of acquisition (sale or exchange agreement, certificate of inheritance, privatization agreement or shared construction and so on.);
• extract from the unified state register of rights to real estate and transactions with it (USRE).

Some banks may require additional documentation.

An agreement to transfer real estate as collateral (another name is a mortgage agreement) in mandatory registered with Rosreestr authorities. From the moment of such registration, an encumbrance is placed on the property. That is, an entry appears in the certificate of ownership that the property is pledged, and from that time on it can neither be sold, nor gifted, nor otherwise transferred to third parties.

Movable property

The most common example is the pledge of transport and agricultural machinery. In this case, you must provide the bank with the original PTS, certificate of state registration Vehicle and purchase and sale agreement. In this case, the vehicle passport will be kept in the bank along with a second copy throughout the entire loan period. loan agreement. It will be issued only after all obligations have been fully fulfilled.

Loan programs designed for legal entities, imply the introduction own funds. As a rule, their size is 10-20%. As part of such a loan, you will need to bring the original or a certified copy of the payment order for the payment of this contribution to the supplier to the bank.

Equipment, animals and goods and materials

The equipment pledged should not be stationary and unique, as this is an obstacle to its possible sale. In addition, all its components must be in working condition, and the year of manufacture and degree of wear must comply with the requirements of a particular bank.

When pledging equipment financial institution will definitely require you to provide inventory cards for each unit. This is necessary for its further identification. After all, the bank will periodically carry out on-site inspections of the collateral to ensure its availability and safety.

There are also a number of requirements for pledging agricultural livestock. The age of the animals should not exceed 5 years, and for the entire loan period the pledgor must provide them with normal living conditions. For example, one of the documents that is required as part of such lending is a certificate of availability of fodder. In case of forced slaughter of one or more animals, the pledgor must make an equivalent replacement of the pledge. That is, transfer other livestock, identical in their characteristics, as a burden to the bank. To check the presence and safety of the deposit, inventory lists are used indicating the tag of each animal.

In order to ensure loan repayment, financial organizations will also accept certain inventory items as collateral: raw materials, materials, goods for resale, etc. This type of asset has an increased risk of loss, so it cannot be the only security measure. As a rule, “in addition” to the inventory and materials, the bank will require another guarantee.

Documentation confirming ownership here includes purchase and sale agreements, invoices and invoices. In the event of the necessary sale of the collateral or its use in production activities the pledgor must replenish the composition collateral property due to goods and materials equivalent in cost and characteristics.

Bill and deposit

A bill of exchange is a security document (executed and legally certified), for which funds can be received from the person (the drawer of the bill) who signed it without any special problems. In addition, the holder of the bill can also receive interest on it (if such conditions are specified in the bill). That is why financial institutions love and gladly accept these securities as collateral.

A standard deposit in the same bank can serve as one of the additional forms of collateral. There is only one nuance here - the loan documentation will contain the borrower’s order to write off regular payments from the deposit in the event of insufficient funds in the loan account.

Rights of claim under the contract

This security measure implies that the borrower transfers to the bank the right to demand payment under the contract from the buyer. Such a right is pledged at its residual value, i.e. from total amount contract, all advance payments are deducted.

A prerequisite for this form of collateral is the opening of a current account with the creditor bank, which will receive the proceeds.

Bank guarantee

Here, a third party enters into a credit relationship - a bank, which assumes certain obligations in the event that the borrower is unable to repay the debt. This is a kind of guarantee issued by a financial institution.

For issuance bank guarantee the borrower must provide the guarantor (the person giving the guarantee) with a package of documents to analyze its financial and economic activities. You need to understand that no financial organization will simply vouch for you. To issue a guarantee document, the bank must verify the reliability and solvency of the applicant.

Insurance

One of the additional guarantees of debt repayment is insurance. There are 2 design options available:

1. Insurance against accidents and loss of work. Applies to individuals who act as borrowers under a lending agreement.

2. Insurance of the collateral. The risks here include damage to property by third parties, theft, theft, exposure to natural disasters and man-made disasters. The specific list of risks depends on the lending program and the form of collateral. For example, when taking out a car loan, the main condition is the registration of CASCO insurance.

When advancing insured event The insurance company is responsible for paying the debt.

Surety

It is taken into account under any lending program. This may be something familiar to us within the framework consumer lending, and guarantees of legal entities.

When applying for a loan for business needs, the following must be guarantors:

• Head of the organization;
• founders with a share in the authorized capital of more than 25%;
• enterprises included in a group of related companies.

In some cases, a guarantee is possible municipality. But this “works” if there is an appropriate agreement between the Moscow Region and the creditor bank.

Calculation of the security deposit

Any type of guarantee has its own cost, which is taken into account when calculating the adequacy of the security. An amount that is able to cover the principal debt, loan fees and interest payments during the billing period established by the bank is considered sufficient. As a rule, this period is 3 months. or six months.

For example, it is planned to conclude loan agreement under the following conditions:

• loan amount – 250,000 rubles;
• rate – 19% per annum;
• commission for servicing a loan account – 1% per annum;
• billing period– 3 months (or 92 days).

We get the following:

250000+(19+1)/100*92/365*250000=250000+0.2*0.25*250000=262500 rub.

We have now calculated the so-called collateral value, which is taken into account when analyzing the adequacy of collateral.

But on full cost no bank will take property as collateral. So-called adjustment factors are applied, which adjust the price of the collateral. This is done in order to eliminate possible risks associated with a decrease in the market value of the property or the impossibility of its quick sale.

Each bank sets its own coefficient scale, but in the average version it looks like this:

• real estate – no more than 0.8;
• equipment – ​​no more than 0.7;
• office equipment and personal valuables – no more than 0.6;
• vehicles – no more than 0.7;
• Inventory and materials and finished products – no more than 0.5.

These numbers mean that things are accepted as collateral in an amount not exceeding 80% (70%,60%,50%, etc.) of the cost.

Dividing the collateral value by the correction factor, we get the necessary market value provision.

In our example it will look like this:

• 262500/0.8= 328,125 rub. (when pledging real estate);
• 262500/0.7= 375,000 rub. (in relation to equipment and Vehicle);
• 262500/0.6= 437,500 rub. (when transferring office equipment and personal valuables to the bank);
• 262500/0.5= 525,000 rub. (if goods and materials are pledged).

In simple words, the market value of the collateral must be at least RUB 328,125. (depending on the form of collateral), but the loan documentation will include a collateral value of RUB 262,500.

Pledge is one of the effective ways to ensure loan repayment. In civil law, pledge is understood as the right of the creditor (pledgee) to receive compensation from the value of the pledged property in priority over other creditors.

Pledge relations are regulated by the Civil Code, the Pledge Law, and the Civil Procedure Code.

The subject of the pledge is any property that can be alienated from the pledgor. Depending on the material content, collateral items are divided into the following groups:

• pledge of fixed assets (movable and immovable property);
• pledge inventories(raw materials, materials, fuel, spare parts);
• pledge of finished products and goods;
• pledge of securities;
• pledge precious metals and products made from them, objects of art;
• pledge of deposits (ruble, foreign currency);
• pledge of property rights.

Property accepted by the bank as collateral must meet a number of requirements:

1. Availability of ownership of this property, confirmed by relevant documents (state registration and others).
2. The ability to alienate, confirmed by documents confirming the absence of other pledges on this property and debts to pay for it, registration and consent of residents to the pledge (for residential premises), and the possibility of pledge (for state-owned enterprises).
3. Monetary valuation of collateral items. Most collateral is valued at market value. The assessment of the value of property must be carried out by appropriately qualified specialists. In case of monetary valuation, by agreement of the parties, indexation of the pledged property is sometimes provided.
4. Liquidity of the collateral, i.e. ability of property to be sold. It depends on the quality of the collateral, location, market demand, etc.
5. Possibility of control over the safety of the pledged property.
6. Emergency insurance for certain collateral items.
7. Sufficiency of collateral. The collateral amount must be greater than the loan amount. This is due to the fact that from the amount of the pledged property not only the principal debt to the bank and interest on it must be repaid, but also the costs of monitoring and possible sale of the property. The bank's accounting of different amounts (percentages) of the value of the pledged property also depends on its type, wear and tear, quality, and possible decrease in market value.

All collateral requirements must be met, otherwise the bank may reject the customer's loan application. Usually commercial banks are developing documentation regulations for the provided collateral for borrowers, which allows them to more easily navigate the bank’s requirements for collateralizing property. Let's look at one of these regulations.

Documents on the provided security:

Mortgage pledge agreement:

• title documents for the building ( non-residential premises) (for example, a purchase and sale agreement, a privatization plan, etc.);
• certificate of registration of ownership;
• floor plan of the property (technical passport);
• document on territorial boundaries land plot(copy of site boundary drawing) issued by the Committee for land resources and land management;
• title documents for land (for example, purchase and sale agreement, privatization plan, etc.);
• certificate of registration of land ownership;
• certificate from the registration authority and technical inventory real estate object;
• a balance sheet indicating the date the property was placed on the owner’s balance sheet, its initial and residual book value;
• acts of inspection of pledged property;
• insurance policy.

Vehicle pledge agreement:

• registration documents (technical passport, registration certificate);
• expert assessment of the market value of the collateral;
• insurance policy;

Pledge agreement for goods in circulation:

• documents confirming the presence of inventory items and their value, a statement of the balances of these assets, invoices, invoices, warehouse receipts;
• turnover sheet - the balance of goods in the warehouse for the last 5-6 months;
• expert assessment of the market value of the collateral;
• act of checking the pledged property.

Equipment pledge agreement:

• documents confirming ownership of the pledged item;
• contract with specification;
• shipping documents;
• documents confirming payment of customs duties (for import);
• documents confirming payment for equipment (if necessary);
• technical passports (copies of pages where the main technical characteristics are indicated);
• a copy of the rental agreement for the premises where the equipment is installed (in case of rental);
• commissioning certificate or acceptance certificate;
• expert assessment of the market value of the collateral;
• act of checking the pledged property.

Providing incomplete, distorted information or its reduction is considered by the bank as a reason for termination of consideration of the loan application.

In practice, there are two types of collateral depending on where the property will be located while the borrower uses the loan:

1. the pledged property remains with the pledgor;
2. the pledged property and property rights are transferred to the pledgee (bank).

The first type of pledged property is most widespread in practice, as it allows the borrower to continue to conduct economic activity, using the mortgaged property in it. In this type of pledge, the following forms are distinguished: pledge of goods in circulation, pledge of material assets in processing and pledge of fixed assets.

Pledge of goods in circulation is typical for trade and supply and sales organizations. The latter can replace one type of pledged goods with another of the same or greater value during the period of using the loan. However, the time for the sale of previously pledged goods and their replacement with new ones may not coincide and therefore this pledge is not accompanied by a full guarantee of loan repayment.

Pledge of goods in processing is typical for construction, agricultural enterprises, processing enterprises, and transport. With this type of collateral, the borrower can process the pledged valuables, but if he fails to fulfill his obligations, the bank’s right will extend to finished products. With this pledge, the company usually gives a special calculation of the cost of the pledged assets, the time of their processing and the cost of the output products. However, here the bank’s control over the collateral is difficult to implement and is also not always accompanied by a full guarantee of loan repayment (especially in the presence of circumstances beyond the control of the borrower, for example, weather conditions).

Pledge of fixed assets (buildings, structures, machinery, equipment, computer equipment, vehicles, land plots and environmental management objects acquired by the enterprise into ownership, etc.) in Lately is being widely developed. Fixed assets transfer their value to manufactured or added products in parts in the amount of accrued depreciation, while maintaining their original physical form. According to the rules accounting fixed assets include items with a cost per unit on the date of acquisition of more than one hundred times the amount established by law Russian Federation minimum size monthly payment labor and a service life of more than 12 months.

Among fixed assets, mortgages can be distinguished. In accordance with the law on mortgage, it is considered to be real estate related directly to land or the right to use it (buildings, structures, apartments, cottages, garages), and movable property with a very high value (sea, river, aircraft, space objects).

Collateral in the form of real estate is characterized by the following features: receipt of income from operation and independent disposal of it by the borrower (in excess of the covered obligations to the bank); the possibility of obtaining several loans as collateral; ease of control due to the preservation of the natural material form of property; mandatory notarization and registration of mortgages in land registers and bodies of the State Property Committee. Mortgage as collateral is used mainly when issuing long-term loans to legal entities and individuals.

The second type of collateral - a collateral with its transfer to the bank for the period of use of the loan - is called a mortgage. A mortgage is used more often in cases where the mortgagor is not well known to the bank or his creditworthiness does not inspire confidence. Mortgages include such forms as firm pledge and pledge of rights.

A hard pledge involves the transfer of property to the bank and its storage in the warehouse (safe) of the bank. This type of collateral could be considered more preferable based on the possibility of control and guarantee of loan repayment. However, most banks do not have warehouse facilities. Mortgages in the borrower's warehouse (locked by the bank) often do not suit either the borrower or the bank. Foreign banks practice storage of pledged property in warehouses of specialized organizations involved in warehousing and storage of valuables (warehouse companies, firms). There are few such organizations in Russia (there are in Moscow and some other large cities).

Given the availability of storage capabilities and speed of implementation, Russian banks They prefer to mortgage property that meets such requirements as low capacity, easy sale and the possibility of long-term storage. The most convenient objects of hard collateral for a bank are currency values, precious metals and products made from them, securities.

The collateral can be highly liquid securities, securities: securities of the state and local authorities, securities of the banks themselves. The valuation of the securities pledged is carried out by the relevant division of the bank based on current stock exchange quotations or at par value, depending on the level of liquidity. Some commercial banks consider it necessary to have an amount of securities pledged exceeding the loan amount by 1.5-2 times.

Lately, the pledge of commodity and commodity-transport documents (duplicates of railway invoices, bills of lading of shipping companies, receipts of transport organizations) has become somewhat widespread.

Pledge of rights - new form collateral that appeared only in market conditions economy. Here, documents used to assess the borrower’s rights to own and use property and intellectual property (copyrights, patents, trademarks, software, know-how, etc.). The mortgagor of the right can only be the person to whom this right belongs.

An important point when concluding a loan agreement is the question of the relationship between the loan and the collateral. More low percentage collateral loans reduces credit risk bank, but alienates customers; more high percent attracts customers, but increases the bank's risk. In some foreign countries began to increase the share of the loan as collateral. Thus, if in the USA several years ago it was considered normal to provide a loan in the amount of 50% of the assessed value of the collateral, then recently the loan has begun to reach 80% of the collateral.

The practice of domestic banks previously assumed a loan limit of 75% of the value of the property accepted as collateral. In domestic banking practice, the quality of collateral is taken into account when creating a reserve for possible loan losses. The instruction of the same name states that the quality of collateral is assessed based on the collateral if its real (market) value is sufficient to compensate the bank for the principal amount of the loan, interest on it and possible costs associated with the sale of the collateral and lien rights. In addition, the correctness of the legal documentation is taken into account, allowing, if necessary, the implementation of the pledge no later than 150 days from the date of the start of this procedure.

The basis of collateral transactions is the collateral agreement, which reflects the entire complex of legal relationships between the bank and the borrower. It must meet certain requirements in form, be notarized (for real estate and property rights) and registered (for a mortgage) with the territorial bodies of the State Property Committee.

The pledge agreement specifies the type and form of the pledge, its value and location, the rights and obligations of the parties, taking into account the essence of the execution of the claim secured by the pledge, depending on the specifics of the pledge. The right of collateral is exercised by the bank if the borrower does not repay the loan secured by a specific collateral on time.

According to Russian legislation, the bank's claims are satisfied from the value of the property by court decision. The sale of pledged property is carried out by selling it at public auction. If the amount received from the sale of the pledged property exceeds the amount owed to the bank, the difference is credited to the borrower's current account. If the amount of proceeds is insufficient, then the bank has the right to receive the missing amount from the sale of other property of the debtor, but without the benefits based on the pledge agreement. Until the property is sold, the borrower has the right to prevent its sale by paying off promissory note on loan.

Current page: 2 (book has 17 pages total) [available reading passage: 4 pages]

1.2. Monitoring of collaterals. The bail bondsman is not a doctor, but he will definitely take a look

1.2.1. Inspection of collateral and subsequent monitoring

The check has not been carried out. The owner of the car is on sick leave with a fracture of the rear right leg.

From the collateral monitoring report

The pledge agreement has been signed. The collateral was transferred to the bank's collateral service for maintenance. Periodic “monitoring” of the collateral begins. When this term was first introduced to me, the first association was rows of computers, like on commodity exchange, and the analysts sitting behind them. I imagined that these specialists were conducting market research and understanding trends in the value of mortgaged property. In practice it turned out to be both simpler and more difficult.

The essence of monitoring is to diagnose the safety of the quality and constancy of the cost characteristics of the pledged property. If we are talking about material types collateral, that is, movable and immovable property, then monitoring means physical visits to inspect the collateral, analysis of a certain set of documents and signing inspection reports. When intangible assets- everything is the same, only without leaving, and the inspection reports are unilaterally endorsed by the bail service.

A detailed definition of collateral monitoring technology includes, in addition to monitoring the qualitative and cost parameters of the collateral, quantitative control, checking the legal status, storage and maintenance conditions, as well as compliance with the terms of the collateral agreement. The need to monitor collateral is legislated in the following documents:

Regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 254-P dated March 26, 2004, clauses 2.3, 5.4, 6.4 (revaluation of collateral and its liquidity must be confirmed by monitoring results);

Letter of the Bank of Russia No. 26-T dated March 23, 2007, Appendix 2, Table. 3;

Resolution of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation No. 58 of July 23, 2009, paragraph 1.

In table Table 1.4 provides a classification of the types of monitoring carried out by the bail service.

Table 1.4. Classification of types of collateral monitoring and their definition

We will begin to examine the practice of monitoring collateral with the technologies of initial inspection. And in order to immediately get a feel for the specifics of the work, I will give a training case.

You arrive in the pledgor's vehicle at the place where the collateral is stored. Your task is to check several pieces of equipment. This is the software you are checking for the first time. In the case of initial monitoring, you have in your hands an extract from account 01 “Fixed Assets” and a certificate of absence of encumbrances, in the case of post-monitoring – a pledge agreement with attachments. What is your first step when it comes to checking your collateral?

Put the book down. Talk through what you already know about bail monitoring and the basic principles of how a bail bondsman works. Formulate your answer. If you have firmly grasped the second basic principle collateral work (see Fig. 1.5), then I am sure that your answer is correct. The first step should be to check the address references of the place where the collateral is stored. You must make sure that you have arrived at the same company that is declared as the pledgor, and the verification address corresponds to the details of the pledge agreement or certificate of absence of encumbrances.

1.2.1.1. Primary inspection technology. Equipment and technological lines

For the purpose of inspecting the equipment, the bank’s collateral service requests the pledgor to 8
– In the case of post-monitoring of equipment/technical lines, the list of requested documents does not differ.

The following documents:

1. An extract from account 01 “Fixed Assets” or another property accounting account (not provided by PBOLE, an individual, individual entrepreneurs, legal entities with a special taxation regime).

2. Certificate of absence of encumbrances (the form is given in Appendix 2).

3. Extract from the book of pledges (the form of the order to enter a book of records of pledges and the form of an extract from the book of pledges are given in Appendix 3).

4. Documents establishing the location of the property.

5. A list of property proposed for collateral, indicating identification characteristics (the document can be combined with a certificate of absence of encumbrances and an extract from the property account).

In the case of collateral for a production line, it is optimal to have a technical passport or other document that allows you to determine the composition of the line.

Upon the arrival of the pledger at the place where the equipment is stored, the actual address references are verified with the address indicated in the documents for the location of the property 9
– Foundation documents: certificate of ownership, lease/sublease agreement, custody agreement, gratuitous use agreement, etc.

If there are no address signs directly on the building (territory), you can check the address landmarks of the nearest buildings, and if there are none, find out the location address from uninterested persons. The mortgagor must make sure that he will inspect the property of the legal entity or individual entrepreneur that is declared as the mortgagor. The name of the enterprise is checked on any available information media: signs, employee uniforms, signs, information boards. The presence of fire and physical protection, the quality of the conditions of maintenance and storage of equipment are determined. These measures are universal when monitoring any type of collateral and will not be repeated in subsequent sections.

The next step in checking the equipment offered as collateral is to verify the identification characteristics and confirm its functionality. Equipment identification features: manufacturer, brand, year of manufacture, serial number. Verification of these signs is required in order to record them in the annex to the pledge agreement and ensure the possibility of foreclosure on the pledge. If bank representatives and bailiff If they cannot, when seizing a seizure, identify a specific machine based on its individualizing characteristics, then interim measures may be denied.

Individualizing features on the nameplate 10
Schild– information plate for marking equipment, contains the serial number. The serial number is an auxiliary feature, just like the inventory number. The inventory number alone is not a sufficient identification feature due to the possibility of its change according to accounting rules.

They are checked character by character with the data stated in the list of property for collateral. If there are no identification features in the list, they must be identified and recorded. A typical mistake of a pledgor is to verify identification features that are not available for direct visual control by voicing them to the pledgor’s representative. The numbers on the nameplate must be told to you, or you must see them in person. A common situation is when equipment in a package (box) is presented for inspection. The pledger must have a clear understanding that if he has inspected the box, then the box is also used as collateral. The pledge service representative is obliged to insist on opening the package and proper identification of the pledge or to record in the conclusion the absence of an actual inspection of the pledged item. When pledging complex equipment, not only the serial number on the case, but also the factory and serial numbers on individual components (for example, numbers of PBX boards 11
ATS– automated telephone exchange.

Or IT server).

To check the performance of the equipment, a basic psychological technique can be used. Question about the machine: “It breaks down often, right?” - asked with a sympathetic intonation in a conversation with a worker servicing the equipment, it allows you to find out from the source its true working condition. More than once I have had situations where, after a simple question to the mortgagor’s representative, “Is the property in working order?” it turned out that dozens of pieces of equipment were not in use.

In my practice there was a precedent characterizing the importance of adherence to technology initial check. A large Moscow woodworking enterprise was laying out a technological line for veneering interior doors. The line is imported, costing several hundred thousand euros. The inspection went perfectly. The mortgagor apparently knew what and how the mortgagor was checking. All nameplates are in place, identification marks are readable and strictly correspond to the declared ones. The pledgor's representative was so kind that he even stopped the line. “So that the smell of paint doesn’t bother you,” he explained. This was confusing. Further inspection revealed that the line was defective and the pledgor was suing the manufacturer. The work was stopped so that I would not see that at the finishing stage there was uneven painting and the workers were finishing the doors by hand.

Nervousness of the mortgagor’s employees, avoidance of questions, and confinement of contact to one representative are “red flags” for the mortgagor. In Fig. 1.8 provides a situational analysis and description of the actions of the bail service when monitoring equipment.

1.2.1.2. Monitoring of goods in circulation

What type of security is easiest to secure as collateral? The predominant response from the bank's lending division would be "goods in circulation." For the pledger, inventory and materials are the most problematic type of collateral. Analysis of the free balance, subsequent monitoring and, God forbid, foreclosure when collateral with goods and materials are total risk areas.

By uniting international standards accounting (IAS) and Civil Code(Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part I, Art. 357), the following definition can be given.

Product in circulation(inventory holdings) is a type of property classified into categories: raw materials (animals for growing and fattening), work in progress (materials, semi-finished products, inventory), finished products (goods for resale, shipped goods).

When pledging goods in circulation, the pledgor is not limited in the actions of selling and purchasing the pledged property, as well as in the right to change the composition and natural shape subject of collateral. However total cost Inventory and materials cannot decrease relative to that fixed in the collateral agreement. In case of fulfillment of part of the obligation secured by the pledge, it is allowed, unless otherwise provided by the pledge agreement, to reduce the value of the pledged inventory and materials.

Inventory and materials, if they are not issued in the form of a mortgage or firm pledge 12
Mortgage– a pledge agreement, under the terms of which the pledged property is transferred into the possession of the pledgee. Federal Law “On Pledge” No. 2872-1 dated May 29, 1992, Art. 5 and 49.
Hard deposit- a pledged item left with the pledgor under lock and key and sealed by the pledgee. It is possible to impose signs indicating a mortgage. Federal Law “On Pledge” No. 2872-1 dated May 29, 1992, Art. 49.

They remain with the pledgor and are not limited in circulation. From the moment the economic management or operational management of a third party is transferred into ownership, goods in circulation cease to be the subject of a pledge, and goods newly acquired by the pledgor, specified in the pledge agreement, become the subject of a pledge from the moment the right of ownership or economic management arises. In the event of a violation of the terms of the pledge of goods and materials, the pledgee has the right, by imposing his marks and seals on the pledged goods, to suspend operations with them until the violation is eliminated.

If there are signs of problems with a loan product, the pledgor may prevent monitoring of the collateral. In this case, a documented notification of the bank's requirement to monitor the collateral is required. The monitoring notification form is given in Appendix 4.

The pledgor's business activities may require the storage of goods in circulation at several points. When drawing up a pledge agreement for such goods in circulation, you should indicate all possible storage locations with the number of inventory items at each point. It is recommended to include in the pledge agreement a provision regarding the possibility of inter-address replacement of goods.

Rice. 1.8. Situational analysis of equipment monitoring

Comments

1. A typical fraud scheme is the replacement of nameplates on equipment in order to declare it as more expensive. To exclude this, the pledger must study in advance appearance And design features equipment that is to be inspected. Directly upon inspection, you should compare the year of manufacture and the degree external wear, pay attention to non-essential markings.

2. Inseparable improvements to real estate that cannot be isolated and sold as an independent object are not equipment from the point of view of collateral. Their consideration is advisable only in case of simultaneous collateral of the property.

3. The possibility and cost of dismantling/transporting equipment is analyzed. Potential costs for these operations should not exceed a reasonable amount of the cost of the equipment. Otherwise, the corresponding risk is indicated in the expert report.

The documents requested by the bank's collateral service from the pledgor to control inventory items are given in table. 1.5.

Table 1.5. List of documents requested during inventory control

The first stage of checking inventory items during primary monitoring includes interviewing responsible persons and studying the warehouse accounting system. In order to ensure the bank's control over the pledged goods in circulation, an assessment of the warehouse accounting system is carried out (Table 1.6).

Table 1.6. Assessment of the warehouse accounting system during primary monitoring of inventory items

Studying the warehouse accounting system allows the pledger to develop an understanding of the following:

1. Where and how to look for the product that is being deposited in the jar. What kind of time is required for this? s e costs. The obtained result is entered into the monitoring map and is used when constructing the logistics of the next checks.

2. Does the warehouse have warehouse accounting that allows you to adjust accounting data during the audit.

Having dealt with the warehouse accounting system, we proceed to reconcile the declared volume of goods and materials and the actual number of goods in the warehouse. We hold in our hands a warehouse certificate or a list of inventory items with the indicated identification characteristics. A decision must be made on the method of recalculation.

The most commonly used method for recalculating inventory items is “selective”. Application of this method requires the use of sampling criteria. An experienced head of the monitoring department knows how to check whether his employee carried out a recount of goods or not. If the pledger cannot clearly answer how he formed the sample when counting goods, and confirm this with marks in the warehouse certificate, most likely he did not count inventory items at all or limited himself to checking two or three item items.

Three options for forming a sample when recalculating inventory items are as follows:

All product items are subject to verification, the total cost 13
All three sampling options use book value for calculation.

Each of which exceeds 10% of the collateral volume.

Positions are selected whose total value must be at least 50% of the value of the collateral.

Product groups whose volume exceeds 10% of the total quantity of inventory items are recalculated.

During the next inspection, the principle of sampling can, and sometimes should, change. The fundamental point is the independent selection by the pledger of nomenclature items to form a sample. It is unacceptable if the sample is formed by the mortgagor and the property that is “convenient to look at now” is checked. Such checks end with the fact that one day it turns out that all other goods are not and never were in the warehouse. In the case of post-monitoring of inventory items at large warehouse terminals, online selection of product items may not be possible. For example, a stacker or container opening is required. In this case, on the eve of the inspection, the bail service requests in electronic format list of goods and materials, marks the nomenclature of goods and materials for verification and sends a sample to the pledgor.

Brief scheme for monitoring inventory items

We check the address of the location of inventory items and the name of the pledgor → We look into the presence of fire and physical security → We analyze the warehouse accounting system → We correlate V warehouse and V goods → We determine the algorithm for recalculating inventory items → We select a recalculation method, form a sample, calculate

The sample has been formed. We proceed directly to the recalculation of goods. We approach the pallet. Please open your own selected box. At this moment, representatives of the pledgor may show terrible dissatisfaction with the need to open the package. The pledger must be able to explain that his task includes recalculating and confirming the quantity of inventory items. Therefore, until he sees the product with his own eyes, he will not be able to sign the inspection report. If the storekeeper is not authorized to open the package, then the manager must be invited. warehouse The box has been opened. The products in the box are counted individually. Identification marks on the product and on the box are checked. Identification features of goods and materials: name, brand, article, GOST, TU, etc. We recalculate the number of boxes in one row of the pallet and multiply by the number of rows in height. We multiply the resulting number of boxes by the number of units of product in one box. We record the number of goods and materials in one pallet. We count the number of pallets in the nomenclature and multiply the resulting values.

When goods are stored in pallets, they are easy to count. There may be atypical cases, and knowledge of recalculation technology cannot be avoided. It was a revelation for me to count vegetables at the wholesale grocery store. Imagine boxes of 15–20 tons of potatoes or cabbage. How will you check the quantity? In such cases, self-confidence and acceptance of responsibility based on the “just by eye” principle are unnecessary. It is necessary to find out from the representative of the mortgagor the algorithm for calculating property. Do you need tools for this? How are the results of the recount documented? The information received must be verified with data from public sources.

Fraud schemes when pledging goods and materials consist of concealing the real ownership of the goods or falsifying their quantity. Cases of transfer to a third legal entity or removal of inventory items when the bank attempts to foreclose are also, unfortunately, typical.

I will give examples of possible forms of fraud and a set of simple actions of the collateral service that will secure the bank (Fig. 1.9).

Rice. 1.9. Algorithm for recalculation of inventory items

1. – “Empty boxes on pallets.” The declared goods may be missing, or the packaging may contain empty containers. The pledger must personally verify the presence of the collateral. We require you to open a random box. We indicate the box ourselves. If possible, weigh the pallet. The maximum load capacity of a Euro pallet (EUR stamp, size 800 × 1200 × 145 mm) is up to 1500 kg. The carrying capacity of a certified financial pallet (FIN stamp, size 1000 × 1200 × 145 mm) is up to 2500 kg. These data are convenient to use for express analysis of the amount of inventory items. Thus, when the pledgor declares 60 tons of goods and materials in 20 europallets in a warehouse without recalculation, an attempt to mislead the bank is understandable 14
For reference: the volume of the Eurotruck is 82 cubic meters. m, load capacity 20–25 t, accommodates up to 33 euro pallets. A 40-foot sea container holds 25 euro pallets, a 20-foot container – 11 euro pallets.

2. – “The pallet is empty in the center.” Please pull out a few boxes and see if the pallet is full. As an option, we take a ladder and look from above to see what is in the center of the pallet. If the pallets are in tight rows or in boxes, you will have to climb onto the pallets and see if there are any voids or incomplete pallets.

3. – “Property of third parties”.

A. – “Attention to detail”– when conducting an inspection, pay attention to the markers on the boxes/pallets, accompanying documents/tags, and labels on the shelves. If the names of legal entities other than the pledgor (consignee, buyer, etc.) are identified, it is necessary to record this information and request an explanation from the mortgagor’s representative.

B. – « Feedback from employees"– we constantly interview people present during the inspection: “Is this property on your commission?”, “Which organization is the owner of this product?”, “Did I understand correctly that starting from here the property is not yours?”

IN. – “Updating property rights”– verification of ownership of goods and materials should be carried out not only at the stage of issuing a loan product, but also subsequently on a selective periodic basis.

G. – “Hidden Buyer”– contact the pledgor via public telephone numbers or send a pledge service employee under the guise of a buyer. The goal is to find out who is selling the goods and materials, as well as the details of the real “seller,” that is, the owner.

4. – “Amount of property.” Before starting the inspection, compare the volume of the warehouse and the volume that the property should occupy, based on the data in the warehouse certificate.

5. – “Red flags”. Based on the statistics of “problem loans” secured by goods and materials, we can additionally identify “red flags” for the collateral:

– gratuitous storage agreement for inventory items;

– document establishing the location of goods and materials – sublease agreement;

– the lease agreement for the location of goods and materials was concluded for an indefinite period.

Identification of these factors does not automatically classify the pledgor as unscrupulous, but you should pay more attention to the documents provided and to checking the property in the warehouse.

1.2.1.3. Contents of monitoring of cars and self-propelled vehicles

At first glance, the vehicle monitoring procedure does not pose any difficulties. In general, this is indeed true. A standard set of documents is requested.

1. Copies of PTS/PSM 15
PTS– vehicle passport, PSM– passport of a self-propelled vehicle.
General banking practice is the mandatory transfer of original PTS/PSM for storage to the bank for the duration of the loan product.

And a list of property to be pledged (primary monitoring) or an appendix to the pledge agreement (post-monitoring).

2. Extract from the list of fixed assets or other property accounting account (signed by the sole executive body the pledgor or his authorized person, sealed with the seal of the organization).

3. Certificate of absence of encumbrances and an extract from the book of pledges.

4. Copies of documents confirming the basis for the location of the collateral (primary monitoring), and extended documents for the basis of location, including documents confirming payment (post-monitoring).

During monitoring, the pledger’s task is to make sure that the vehicle is available and in good condition; to do this, we do the following:

We check the list item by item and the actual availability of vehicles.

We verify the declared data (name, brand, state number, VIN number 16
VIN number location: on windshield, under the hood, on the right door side, in the cab (for self-propelled vehicles).

Year of manufacture) with actual identification features and information in the PTS/PSM.

We make sure it works. Please start the engine and drive a couple of meters.

We record mileage or engine hours (primary monitoring).

Self-propelled machines - mining equipment

We analyze the possibility of dismantling, transportation and installation in another location

For example: rotary excavator ERSHRD-5250 – for transportation (if it can be disassembled) a train will be required.

The obvious simplicity of the verification procedure hides details, knowledge of which comes with experience.

1. – “Attachments”. An example is the initial inspection of a combine harvester or truck crane. It is necessary to find out whether all attachments are reflected in the PSM. If it is not included in the standard package and is listed on the company’s balance sheet on a separate line, it is necessary to conclude an equipment pledge agreement. Otherwise, only the base chassis may be pledged.

2. – “Trailers and semi-trailers”. We remember that trailers must have a separate title and state number. Inspecting a trailer is similar to a vehicle.

3. – “The car is in flight.” A copy of the waybill or an extract from the log of cars allowed for the flight is requested. The waybill checks: the date and name of the company, the car make and license plate number, the place of departure and mileage data. The waybill must be signed by authorized persons of the pledgor, affixed with the seal of the organization and a mark indicating that the car is allowed to travel. Failure to submit a pledged vehicle for physical inspection for more than two inspections in a row most often means that the equipment is faulty or has been sold.

4. – “Checking the convoy.” The peculiarity of this monitoring is that large quantities vehicles and the complexity of a one-time inspection of all units of equipment. Step-by-step technology checks:

a) – early in the morning, before the transport leaves, we take a post at the checkpoint of the motor depot;

b) – to the “joyful”, “full of support” cries of the drivers, we record in the account statement 01 “fixed assets” / list of property for collateral (primary monitoring) / annex to the collateral agreement (post-monitoring) all the cars leaving for the trip. We do not carry out performance checks, since faulty equipment will not be released from the base;

c) – the check is carried out using license plates, and, if possible, VIN numbers are selectively checked;

d) – we go to the repair shop and exclude all the cars offered for collateral and located in this workshop. Once the equipment is in good working order, the bank can return to the issue of considering it as collateral.

The item may or may not be transferred to the pledgee. The fact that the pledged property is with the pledgor or pledgee affects their rights and obligations in the pledge legal relationship. Therefore, the legislation, depending on whether the subject of pledge is transferred to the pledgee or not, establishes two types of constructions: pledge and pledge without transfer of property to the pledgee (pledge in the proper sense of the word).

Accounting press and publications 2008

Question: The bank entered into a loan agreement. The loan repayment is secured by the pledge of inventory assets in circulation. To minimize risks, the bank entered into an insurance agreement: for the duration of the loan agreement; for a period exceeding the term of the loan agreement. How are the costs of insuring the collateral of goods in circulation taken into account? (“Tax Bulletin”, 2004, N 12)

Question: The bank entered into a loan agreement.

Doverus. RU

A collateral receipt is a document that is drawn up in the event of the provision of Money as a loan from one person to another secured by material assets. According to the law, the mortgagee, in the event of failure by the borrower to fulfill its obligations, has the right to receive sum of money, equal to the loan amount through the sale of the pledged property. This right of the mortgagee takes precedence over the rights of other creditors of the borrower.

Pledge agreement for material assets

Credit transactions are the most profitable item banking business. As security cash loan may be goods, material assets, the presence of which the debtor guarantees the opportunity... The loan amount is from 1 ruble. Military ID or document.

The loan is provided on the day of application simultaneously with the provision of property for registration during a direct visit to the pawnshop.

Deposit of goods and materials

Finally, let’s mention one more option consumer loan- the so-called pawn loan, or a loan secured by material assets. The most characteristic feature of this type of consumer loan is that the decision to provide it is made by the bank without taking into account the solvency of the potential borrower, since in fact the solvency of the borrower is confirmed by the documents submitted to the bank by him, indicating the ownership of the material assets transferred to him: measured ingots of precious metals, shares (bonds) ), precious jewelry.

Lombard bank loan

The size of a pawnshop loan does not depend on the borrower’s solvency, since only the value of the item is taken into account. offered to the bank c. Obviously, the loan applicant must identify himself by presenting a passport and is obliged to prove his ownership rights material assets.

As a rule, banks most often accept gold bars, precious metal products, expensive jewelry, stocks and bonds, etc. as collateral.

Pawn loan: money secured by material assets

A pawnshop loan is the receipt of funds secured by some material assets. This loan applies to short-term types lending – repayment period borrowed money is usually no more than 12 months. The maximum possible loan size is determined depending on estimated value collateral property. Wherein credit limit, most often, is 80-90 percent of the price of the item provided as security.

Consumer loan secured by material assets (pawn loan)

The most characteristic feature of a pawn loan or a loan secured by material assets is that the decision to provide it is made by the bank without taking into account the solvency of the potential borrower.

In fact, the solvency of the borrower under a pawnshop loan is confirmed by documents submitted by him to the bank, indicating that he owns the material assets pledged as collateral for the pawnshop loan: bullion bars of precious metals, shares (bonds), precious jewelry.

Tatfondbank reduced the interest rate on business loans secured by goods and materials

AIKB "Tatfondbank" is holding a promotion for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs: interest rate under the “Loan secured by goods and materials” program is reduced to 16% per annum. The promotion is valid until December 31, 2011.

Tatfondbank issues loans secured by goods and materials (inventory assets) for replenishment working capital and acquisition of fixed assets. The loan can be obtained for a period of up to one year in an amount from 300 thousand to 5 million.

Before the crisis, banks were quite bold in providing loans secured by goods in circulation. Such collateral often covered up to 50% of the loan amount, and in some cases - 100%. For some time now, the task of obtaining funds secured by goods in circulation has been considered non-trivial. Does this mean unsolvable?

Taking into account the tightening requirements for borrowers, attracting bank loan exclusively for goods in circulation seems rather unrealistic (we are not talking about cases where the decision to provide resources is made due to the presence of personal connections, with virtually no assessment of the borrower’s risks). Today, loans in the amount of more than 3-5 million rubles with 100% collateral in the form of goods in circulation are provided by a few banks. Of these, we can note “Alfa Bank”, “Uralsib”, “Master Bank”. At the same time, you need to understand that the credit institution will be quite demanding of the business reputation and financial position of the potential borrower.

Why banks don't like goods in circulation

• Goods in circulation are a rather risky type of collateral, which requires special efforts and measures to guarantee loan repayment. They are difficult to identify and control; When handling, storing and selling goods, there is always a risk of damage or loss. In fact, a loan provided on the security of goods in circulation is blank (without collateral securities or material assets; Blank loans are used by clients who have a long-term business relationship with the bank and have high solvency). Considering that goods in circulation mean inventory, raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, finished products, etc., intended for exchange (sale), the nature of this type of collateral is in a sense virtual - the collateral is in continuous movement, so there is always the risk of a decrease in the volume of inventory in the warehouse. In addition, the law allows the pledgor to change the composition and physical form of the pledged property, provided that the total value of the pledged property does not become less than that specified in the pledge agreement.

  We emphasize that the bank controls the risk by establishing the minimum balance of finished products in the warehouse based on monthly statements of accounts 40, 41, 43 (balances of goods / finished products in the warehouse) and on-site inspections specialists of the collateral service or survey company at the address where the goods are located.

• As practice shows, the bank is often unable to collect collateral in the form of goods in circulation due to their lack of stock or as a result of a change in the composition of the pledged property. As a rule, the situation looks like this: we arrived at the address specified in the agreement on the pledge of goods, the warehouse is standing - there is no goods. Nobody knows where it went. The owner throws up his hands and refuses to initiate a criminal case due to the lack of corpus delicti. Indeed, the most difficult thing in this situation is to prove that the mortgagor had intent and deliberately hid the collateral from the bank. When communicating with the investigator, the pledgor will tell a plausible story about how two weeks ago he shipped all the goods and was waiting for the delivery of a new batch with the same nomenclature, but the supplier did not deliver the goods. In this case, the story will be confirmed by relevant documents (prepayment, etc.). Or he will report that the goods were stolen, and he “literally wrote a statement about the theft yesterday.” The following options are also possible: there is a product in the warehouse, but not the right one; Not only the goods, but also the warehouse may turn out to be the wrong one (it happens that during the initial inspection of the collateral, the credit inspector is invited to a “foreign” warehouse).
• The most preferable, from the point of view of protecting the interests of the bank, is a mortgage. A mortgage is a pledge of movable property when it is transferred by the mortgagor into the possession of the mortgagee. This option is also possible: the pledge remains with the pledgor (“hard pledge”), but under the lock and seal of the pledgee or with the imposition of signs indicating the pledge. The mortgage is subject to the rules of Art. 334-358 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on pledge, but taking into account the features arising from the essence of the pledge itself. The pledgee, if the pledged property comes into his possession, can use the pledged property only when this is provided for in the agreement (clause 3 of Article 546 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), the income received in this case can be used to cover the costs of maintaining the pledged property or counted towards the repayment of the secured pledge debt or interest on debt. The pledge does not apply when pledging goods with a limited shelf life or storage (food and medicine). It should be understood that the borrower cannot provide the bank with goods as collateral due to the very nature of this type of security. Taking out a loan to replenish working capital in order to increase sales volumes and at the same time making a mortgage is, to say the least, illogical.

Risk analysis

When accepting goods in circulation as collateral, as a rule, the bank analyzes the following documents:

• agreement (contract) for the purchase of goods indicating the price and relevant specifications (with all additions and appendices to it);
• acceptance certificates, delivery notes, invoices (in accordance with the terms of the agreement);
• payment documents confirming the fact of payment by the mortgagor for the pledged property;
• customs declarations with a mark on the passage of customs control (if the goods entered the territory of the Russian Federation from abroad);
• quality certificates and certificates of conformity;
• statements of accounts 40, 41, 43 on accounting warehouse inventory balances for the six months preceding the date of application to the bank;
• detailed transcript of the balance line " Inventory» to the last reporting date and the remaining goods in the warehouse at the time of consideration of the application;
• information on the purchase price, suppliers (copies of agreements, contracts), shipments and sales for the month, and the selling price;
• documents confirming the rights of the mortgagor to the premises where the property is installed or stored (ownership, lease, storage, use, etc.);
• documents confirming the presence of security and anti- fire alarm, contracts with security companies;
• an extract from the pledge book indicating the name of the pledgee, the pledge agreement number, the subject of the pledge, the amount of credit and pledge obligations, the terms of the encumbrance;
• other information allowing to determine the possible market value of goods.

When analyzing the risks of accepting goods in circulation as collateral, the bank takes into account the conditions affecting the storage and sale of goods (seasonality, turnover, period and specifics of storage, condition of warehouse premises, availability of security, fire alarms, etc.). The factors that reduce the liquidity of goods in circulation include:

• goods in circulation have a limited shelf life (for example, food and medicine);
• goods assume special conditions storage (refrigeration units, separate premises, etc. are required);
• unsatisfactory condition of warehouse premises in which goods are stored;
• lack of a permanent security post and fire alarm in the premises where the goods are stored;
• inability to separate the pledged item from the total mass of goods stored in the warehouse (for example, in the same closed boxes there may be miscellaneous goods);
• the validity period of the lease agreement for the premises in which the collateral is stored is less than the validity period of the loan agreement;
• there are no quality certificates;
• there are no documents required when accepting goods as collateral;
• there is a possibility that the collateral will be sold within a period exceeding 180 calendar days from the moment the basis for foreclosure on the collateral arises.

The main risk is the risk of double collateral. In accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 357 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the pledgor must keep a book of records of pledges, which includes information about the conditions of pledge of goods and about all operations involving a change in the composition or natural form of the pledged goods, including their processing, on the day of the last operation. But arbitrage practice showed the following: it is almost impossible to attract the pledgor to criminal liability for providing false information in the pledge book, which makes this type provision is high risk in this part.

What to do

If the only thing the borrower can offer the lender as collateral is goods in circulation, then when communicating with a bank representative you should remember a few simple recommendations.

• First, apply for a loan from the bank where the current account is opened. Accordingly, before making a decision in which bank to open a current account, we recommend that you do not carefully calculate the costs of cash settlement services, but analyze credit products jar.
• Secondly, remember that the bank will definitely pay attention to the “stale” goods. Therefore, if there is one, then it is better to get rid of it so as not to spoil the impression of the rest of the nomenclature.
• Thirdly, come out of the shadows, move from simplified to traditional system taxation. After all, a bank representative thinks like this: not only does he offer goods in circulation as collateral, but he also “sits” on a “simplified” currency. At a minimum, high-quality management reports should be submitted to the bank.
• Fourthly, conclude not framework agreements, but agreements with a specific supply volume. In this case, it will be easier for the bank to analyze the sources of loan repayment. If this is not possible, provide documents confirming stable monthly shipments (if this is the case) and support the data on the state of the business with industry analytics (emphasize the absence of industry risks that negatively affect sales volumes at the time of lending).

In a word, prove to the bank that even if you do not have liquid collateral, then you are, at a minimum, a solvent and conscientious borrower.

Features of pledging individual goods

• When pledging precious metals, it is necessary to have licenses to gold transactions and with jewelry, as well as other products containing gold and silver. In addition, it is necessary to obtain an assay inspection report for each unit of the product.
• Upon pledge medicines The pledgor company must have the following documents: special licenses for the right to carry out the relevant activities; documents on certification of warehouse premises; quality certificates; the list of drugs must correspond to the list of drugs included in the State Register of Russia.
• When pledging stock exchange and commodities(lumber, paper, Construction Materials, agricultural products, petroleum products, metal, metal products, etc.) it is necessary to take into account the average exchange prices (quotes) for goods in a particular region.
• Pledge of goods that will be delivered to the pledgor during sea transportation in the future is allowed only if the pledge agreement and the order bill of lading are simultaneously executed in the name of the bank. If the borrower fails to fulfill its obligations to the bank, the latter has the right to receive the goods from the transport organization.
• When accepting animals for growing and fattening as collateral, the following factors are taken into account: the farm’s availability of a stable feed supply, as well as weighing equipment adapted for weighing live cattle; the period of expected sale or other disposal of collateral property (mass slaughter of livestock, which is usually carried out in the fall, transfer of young animals to the main herd, etc.); the presence of procurement organizations and meat processing facilities in a particular region; availability of government support for the industry. The borrower must also provide the following documents: veterinary certificate; acts for the registration of offspring of animals, invoices for the purchase of young animals from the population, books for recording the movement of animals in the form No. 304-APK and No. 223-APK, feed consumption sheets, inventory sheets, statements analytical accounting animals according to form No. 73-APK, records of animals kept by individual citizens for cultivation, according to form No. 75-APK, acts and agreements for the contracting of livestock from the population. Animals must be insured against diseases such as rabies and foot and mouth disease.

Maximum amount

The maximum collateral amount of goods (with a collateral coefficient of 0.5) will be no more than the balance of goods in the warehouse established by the bank. For example, no more than daily balances for the last six months or no more than 75% of average monthly balances.

Portrait of an “ideal” borrower

A borrower who wants to attract a loan, for example, for 50 million rubles secured by goods in circulation, must meet the following requirements:

• have a positive conclusion from the SES (service economic security jar)
• operate for at least a year
• have good financial position
• the debt/revenue ratio for the last four reporting periods should be no more than 0.5-0.75
• the debt/EBITDA ratio for the last four reporting periods should be no more than 3 for production organizations and no more than 6 - for trading companies
• the ratio of debt/balance sheet currency should be no more than 0.6 (excluding investment-related debt load)
• The volume of minimum balances in the warehouse must be no less than the loan amount + 25%.