Siberian Federal District. Industry of Siberia. Ethnic composition Territory of the SFO

Date of formation - May 13, 2000. The Siberian Federal District includes 12 constituent entities of the Russian Federation (From January 1, 2007, the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous District and the Evenki Autonomous District are part of the united Krasnoyarsk Territory. From January 1, 2008, the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District is part of the united Irkutsk Region. On March 1, 2008, as a result of the unification of the Chita region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the Trans-Baikal Territory was formed).

The territory of the Siberian Federal District makes up 30% of the territory of Russia, the population is 20.06 million people. On the territory of Siberia are concentrated: 85% of the total Russian reserves lead and platinum, 80% coal and molybdenum, 71% nickel, 69% copper, 44% silver, 40% gold. Gross regional product is 11.4% of Russia's GDP. The share of the district in the total industrial production of the Russian Federation in 2001 was 12.4%. The share of the Siberian Federal District in the total length of Russian railways is 17.5%.

general characteristics

Composition of the Siberian Federal District

12 subjects of the Russian Federation , including:

4 republics (Altai, Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia);
3 regions (Altai, Trans-Baikal, Krasnoyarsk);
5 regions (Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk).

Administrative center- Novosibirsk city

Administrative-territorial division

Total 4190 municipalities, of them:

municipal districts - 320,
urban districts - 79,
urban settlements - 261,
rural settlements - 3530.

Territory

total area

5114.8 thousand km2 (30% of the territory of Russia).

Territory length

north to south - 3566 km;
from west to east - 3420 km.

The county borders

in the north - with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which is part of the Tyumen region;
in the west with Tyumen region, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug;
in the east - with the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Amur Region;
in the south - with the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Mongolia, the People's Republic of China.

The length of the state border

7269.6 km,

including:

with the Republic of Kazakhstan - 2697.9 km;
with the Republic of Mongolia - 3316.2 km;
with the People's Republic of China - 1255.5 km.

Characteristics of the state border

border outposts - 120;
checkpoints across the border - 63;
customs posts - 71.

Population - 20,062.9 thousand people.

Population density - 3.9 people. per 1 km2.

The share of urban population - 71.1%, rural - 28.9%.

National composition

Russians - 87.38%
Buryats - 2.13%
Ukrainians - 1.86%
Germans - 1.54%
Tatars - 1.26%
Tuvans - 1.20%
Kazakhs - 0.62%
Belarusians - 0.41%
Khakass - 0.36%
Altaians - 0.33%
Chuvash - 0.31%
Azerbaijanis - 0.30%
Armenians - 0.30%

Natural resources

Mineral resources

On the territory of Siberia are concentrated:

85% of all-Russian reserves of lead and platinum;
80% coal and molybdenum;
71% nickel;
69% copper;
44% silver;
40% gold.

Land resources:

59.0% of land under forests;
8.1% - swamps;
11.1% - agricultural land;
3.3% - water bodies;
18.5% - other lands.

Of all the lands under reindeer pastures - 11.0%.

forest resources

The total area of the forest fund is 371,899 thousand hectares;

including the area occupied by coniferous species - 190,268 thousand hectares.

The total stock of standing timber is 33,346 million m3.

Specially protected natural objects

The district is located:

21 state natural reserves (42.3% of the area of Russian reserves);
6 national parks (35.9% of the area of Russian national parks).

hunting grounds

The area of hunting grounds of the district is 30.7% of the total area of hunting grounds in Russia.

Economy

The leading sector of the SFO economy is industry.

Gross regional product - 715.2 billion rubles. (or 11.4% of GRP in Russia).

Gross regional product per capita - 34.5 thousand rubles. (in Russia - 43.3 thousand rubles).

Industry

The share of the district in the total volume of industrial production of the Russian Federation in 2001 was 12.4%.

Leading Industries:

non-ferrous metallurgy;
electric power industry;
forestry and woodworking;
ferrous metallurgy;
chemical and petrochemical;
food and flour milling;
fuel;
building materials;
mechanical engineering and metalworking;
light.

Agriculture

The share of the district in the total volume of agricultural production in Russia in 2001 was 16.2%.

The most important branches of agriculture: animal husbandry, grain production, vegetable growing.

The volume of agricultural production in 2001 was 161,875 million rubles, including products:

crop production - 83933 million rubles;
animal husbandry - 77942 million rubles.

Foreign trade activity

Foreign trade turnover in 2006:
(according to customs statistics)

36984.5 million US dollars (including the volume of exports - 31949 million dollars; imports - 5035.5 million dollars).

The Siberian Federal District is the main transport hub of Russia

The unique geopolitical position of Siberia (together with the Far East) as a bridge between Europe and Asia.

The main transit flows of Russia (freight and passenger traffic) from the European part of the country to the Asian one pass through the Siberian Federal District.

Share of Siberian federal district in total length:

railways of Russia - 17.5% (2nd place);
motor roads (general and departmental use) of Russia - 16.8% (3rd place);
navigable inland waterways of Russia - 29.7% (1st place).

Territory attractive for international cooperation

On the territory of the district there are representative offices of 7 foreign states:

Federal Republic of Germany (Novosibirsk - Consulate General of Germany);
Mongolia (Irkutsk, Kyzyl (Republic of Tyva), Ulan-Ude (Republic of Buryatia) - Consulates General of Mongolia);
Poland (Irkutsk - Consulate General of Poland);
Israel (Novosibirsk - Israeli cultural and information center);
Italy (Novosibirsk - department for the development of trade exchange of the Embassy of Italy);
Republic of Belarus (Novosibirsk - branch of the Embassy of the Republic of Belarus);
Bulgaria (Novosibirsk - Consulate General of Bulgaria).

The Siberian Federal District includes territories with extreme living conditions

To the districts Far North and areas equated to them include a significant part of the territory of the Siberian Federal District:

Republic of Tyva, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) municipal district, Evenki municipal district; partly the territory of 6 subjects - the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Altai, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Irkutsk, Tomsk Regions. About 70 thousand people live in the district. 18 nationalities of the indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia (more than one third of the 45 indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia living in the Russian Federation).

social complex

The science

On the territory of the district there are Siberian branches of 3 Russian Academies of Sciences - SB RAS (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), SB RAAS (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences), SB RAMS (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences), which include more than 100 research organizations, as well as a network of scientific and experimental stations.

Education

The number of daytime general education institutions - 11168 (including 77 non-state);
The number of state secondary specialized educational institutions - 401;
The number of higher educational institutions is 110 (including 28 non-state ones).

The largest number of universities is concentrated in Novosibirsk (24), Omsk (18) regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory (15), Irkutsk (14), Kemerovo (10) and Tomsk (8) regions. The total number of students in various types of educational institutions of the district is 4045.0 thousand people. (14.8% of the total number of students in Russia),

including:

in daytime educational institutions - 2919.9 thousand people. (15.0% of students in Russian schools);
in secondary special educational institutions- 369.8 thousand people (15.3% of the number of Russian college students);
in universities - 755.3 thousand people. (13.9% of the number of Russian university students).

healthcare

Number:

hospital institutions - 1847;
hospital beds - 234.6 thousand units;
medical outpatient clinics - 3644 with a capacity of 507.6 thousand visits per shift;
doctors of all specialties - 96.3 thousand people;
nursing staff - 218.1 thousand people.

In terms of the number of doctors per 10,000 population (46.5), the district ranks 4th, and the number of nurses per 10,000 population (105.5) ranks 6th in Russia.

culture

the number of theater viewers per 1000 population - 205 (3rd place in Russia);
number of museum visits per 1000 population - 342 (3rd place in Russia);
library fund of public libraries per 1000 population, copies - 6465 (5th place in Russia);
issue of newspapers per 1000 population (one-time circulation, copies) - 283 (7th place in Russia).

Physical education and sports

The number of sports facilities - 23557;

including:

stadiums with stands for 1500 or more seats - 375 (3rd place in Russia);
sports planar structures (grounds and fields) - 14469 (4th place in Russia);
sports halls - 8323 (3rd place in Russia);
swimming pools - 390 (3rd place in Russia).

Industries of market specialization . The basis for the formation of the economy of the Siberian Federal District is fuel and energy complex, it plays the most important regional-forming role. The branch of market specialization is the coal industry. In the Kuznetsk and Gorlovsky basins, power and coking coals are being developed. In terms of production scale, the Kuznetsk basin is the leading one in the country. From here, coal is delivered to the European part of the country and is exported. The coals of the Kansk-Achinsk basin are also used to generate electricity, on the basis of which the Kansk-Achinsk territorial production complex is being formed. Due to the high concentration of reserves and convenient for development open way conditions of occurrence, the largest coal mines were built here: Nazarovsky, Irsha-Borodinsky and Berezovsky. In the future, a significant increase in the capacity of the Berezovsky open pit and the construction of a large new open pit Borodinsky-2 is possible. The basin has excellent technical and economic indicators of coal mining: it has the lowest cost and the highest labor productivity in the industry. One of the country's largest Nazarovskaya GRES and Berezovskaya GRES-1 operate on the coals of the Kansko-Achinsk basin. Further concentration of such large thermal power plants in a small area can have serious environmental consequences. Therefore, new energy-technological methods for using coals from the Kansk-Achinsk basin are being developed. The task is to develop and implement new technology obtaining liquid synthetic fuel from the coals of the basin.

The branch of market specialization in the region is hydropower (Table 23.4).

Table 23.4. Major HPPs in the Siberian Federal District

Hydropower capacities in Eastern Siberia far exceed heat and power, which makes the energy system unstable in dry years. In the West Siberian part of the Siberian Federal District, thermal power engineering, using coal resources and natural gas from the Ob-Irtysh region, prevails sharply. The hydropower potential is shown in fig. 23.9.

Rice. 23.9. Hydropower potential of the Siberian Federal District

Ferrous metallurgy also has a national significance. Russia's largest West Siberian and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants operate here, producing cast iron, steel and rolled products. The West Siberian plant is a monopolist in the production of railroad rails. Partial cycle metallurgy is represented by the Guryev conversion and Novosibirsk sheet-rolling plants, in Eastern Siberia by conversion plants in Krasnoyarsk and Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky, steel smelting at machine-building plants.

In the Siberian Federal District, developed non-ferrous metallurgy . The richest reserves of copper-nickel, lead-zinc, tungsten-molybdenum, tin, cobalt ores are being developed, gold is mined.

Of great importance in the region as an industry of market specialization is aluminum production . The production of alumina on the basis of the Kiya-Shaltyrsky nepheline deposit is carried out by the Achinsk Combine, which provides 20% of the needs of Siberian refineries in alumina. Alumina for the production of aluminum comes to factories from other regions of the country, and even from abroad.

The production of metallic aluminum is located near the hydroelectric stations of the Angara-Yenisei cascade, which supply cheap electricity. These are the world's largest plants for the production of primary aluminum - Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Sayan, Irkutsk. They mainly use imported alumina. In Sayanogorsk there is a plant for the production of aluminum foil. Metallic aluminum from Eastern Siberia is of very high quality and the lowest cost of production in Russia.

The polymetallic industry is mainly represented by the extraction and enrichment of lead-zinc ores. Metallic zinc is produced in small volumes in Belov (Kemerovo Region). Mining of ores and production of concentrates is carried out in the Altai ( Altai region), Salairsky (Kemerovo region), Gorevsky (Krasnoyarsk Territory) mining and processing plants, Nerchinsk (Chita region) polymetallic plant.

Rice. 23.10. Production of metallic tin by the Novosibirsk Tin Plant

Approximately 80% of the country's molybdenum concentrate is produced in Khakassia and the Trans-Baikal Territory, while Buryatia and the Trans-Baikal Territory produce 20% of the tungsten concentrate.

Extraction and processing of copper-nickel and platinum-containing ores is carried out at the unique complex of the Norilsk mining and smelting plant, as well as at the Nadezhda metallurgical plant (Krasnoyarsk Territory). An acute problem of non-ferrous metallurgy in Siberia is the imbalance in the production of products along technological chains. For example, the production of alumina For aluminum production - only 29% of the total Russian production, the production of primary aluminum - 84, and rolled aluminum - 9, the extraction of marketable lead-zinc ores - about 60%, of which lead concentrates - 32% and zinc - 14, and metallic zinc - only 5%.

The non-ferrous metallurgy of Siberia is poorly focused on meeting intra-regional needs, mainly works for export to the regions of the Urals, the European North, Central Russia and for export. Currently, many metallurgical enterprises, and primarily export-oriented ones (aluminum plants, the Norilsk copper-nickel plant), are successfully operating in market conditions, while mines and mining and processing enterprises have found themselves in an extremely difficult situation. Their products are significantly (2-2.5 times) inferior to the products of other countries in terms of the content of a useful component (lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum) in the ore. In addition, they have lost their traditional support from the state budget. As a rule, these enterprises are characterized by high wear and tear of equipment, high production costs. Domestic demand also declined due to economic crisis. To solve the problems of the industry, it is necessary to create vertically integrated structures that have already begun to be created in the country, for example, the Siberian-Ural Aluminum Company.

Timber industry complex (LIK) Siberian Federal District is of interdistrict importance. All major sub-sectors are widely represented here: logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemistry. The timber industry has a rich raw material base both in terms of volume and quality in most of the territory, but logging is carried out mainly along rivers and railways. In this case, the allowable cut is used by 10-20%, in contrast to European regions, where this figure is 50-60% or more.

In the West Siberian part of the federal district, Tomsk, Kemerovo regions, and Altai Territory are distinguished by the scale of logging (Table 23.5).

Table 23.5. Timber industry SFD

Timber centers are Tomsk, Asino, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Barnaul, Biysk. In Eastern Siberia, the volumes of production of the timber industry complex are especially large, it accounts for 22% of the export of timber and the production of sawn timber in Russia.

The centers of the pulp and paper industry are Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Baikalsk, Selenginsk, Ust-Ilimsk. It should be noted that there is no pulp and paper industry in the West Siberian part of the region. One of the areas of wood chemistry - the production of ethyl alcohol for the production of artificial rubber and the subsequent production of tires has received significant development in the district; the production complex is located in Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk.

In general, there is a disproportion in the functional structure of the timber industry complex: 80% of the products are harvested, the "upper floors" are poorly developed, so the production of paper and furniture in the structure of the complex is negligible, the bulk of the timber is exported in an unprocessed form. During the years of the economic crisis, there was a sharp decrease in the volume of logging (three times in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, 10 times in Buryatia, Tuva), which is associated with a decrease in effective demand both within the country and from neighboring countries, the rapid growth of transport tariffs, cost of equipment, vehicles.

The problem of rational use of forest resources, the introduction of low-waste and waste-free technologies, huge losses from fires, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich sometimes reaches 2.5 million km 2, and the fight against forest pests is poorly conducted.

An important branch of market specialization of the district is fur trade. The region holds the first place in Russia in the extraction of such valuable fur-bearing animals as squirrel, sable, ermine, silver-black fox, blue fox, etc. Fur farms have been created for breeding fur-bearing animals. Cellular fur farming has gained particular importance. The famous Barguzinsky State Reserve is located in the region, where work is underway to resettle sable, to grow its breeding breeds and to rationalize hunting. IN last years muskrat fishing has received great development; work is underway to expand the food base for the muskrat by breeding swamp vegetation. The industry has an export value.

Has a high level of development chemical industry, with cheap raw materials and fuel. A huge role in its development is played by the factor of combining production. For example, in Kemerovo, based on the processing of Kuznetsk coal, a large coke production, production of nitrogen fertilizers, plastics, and medicines was formed, in Belov, on the basis of non-ferrous metallurgy waste, a sulfuric acid production. Represented in the region are petrochemistry and related industries operating on its own raw materials, large centers - Omsk and Tomsk. The coal and petrochemical complex in Angarsk produces, in addition to liquid fuels, lubricating oils and organic chemistry products. An oil refinery has also been built in Achinsk. Oil is supplied to these enterprises by pipeline from Western Siberia. In Cheremkhovo, on the basis of mined coal, semi-coke is produced, from which nitrogen fertilizers are obtained in Achinsk. The complex of electrochemical production produces Kuchuk, Mikhailovsky, located in the Altai Territory, and in Eastern Siberia - Usolye-Sibirskoye and Zima, where table salt, caustic soda, liquid chlorine are produced based on local deposits of mineral salts. In the Siberian Federal District, there are all conditions for the intensive development of the chemical industry, which can become an industry of market specialization.

IN building materials industry the leading place is occupied by the production of cement. New technologies for the production of cement are used based on a combination with thermal power and chemical industries.

Tab. 23.6 shows how light industry is represented in the Siberian Federal District.

Table 23.6. Light industry SFD

Agro-industrial complex . Grain production is highly efficient in the West Siberian part, where the share of grain reaches 70% in the structure of sown areas (Fig. 23.11).

Rice. 23.11. The structure of sown areas in the Siberian Federal District

The main crop here is spring wheat; rye, oats, barley, and buckwheat are also grown. In Eastern Siberia, grain is mainly used for fodder needs, here the main industry is animal husbandry. animal husbandry The district also has significant territorial differences. If in the west it is mainly represented by dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding and pig breeding, then in the east it is represented by semi-fine and fine-wool sheep breeding, meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding.

Agricultural suburban areas are developing around industrial centers, specializing in production of milk, vegetables, potatoes . In the northern and eastern parts of the district, agriculture only partially provides the population with the necessary food.

Branches of the processing industry are presented in table. 23.7.

Table 23.7. Sectors of the processing industry of the Siberian Federal District

Transport complex. The transport complex in the Siberian Federal District is underdeveloped, and this hinders the further development of its productive forces.

The main mode of transport is railway . The most important highways providing transportation "west - east" are Siberian (Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok), South Siberian (Pavlodar - Barnaul - Novokuznetsk - Abakan), Central Siberian (Kostanay - Barnaul). The Turkestan-Siberian Railway runs from Novosibirsk through Barnaul to Semipalatinsk. The Ust-Kut - Taishet - Abakan - Novokuznetsk railway, the western section of the BAM, also operates in this direction. In the south-north direction, transportation is carried out mainly along the Yenisei, a small meridional section of the Achinsk-Lesosibirsk railway has been completed. Small branches depart from the main railway lines to the development sites natural resources and Mongolia, China.

Water transport It is represented mainly by transportation of timber, mineral, construction cargo along the Ob, Yenisei, Angara, Irtysh, Lena and their tributaries, as well as along Baikal. Of great importance is the Northern Sea Route, which ensures the supply and export of products of the northern territories. In the future, its role may also increase in international transit traffic from Europe to Japan (the cost of transportation is 40% lower, savings in terms of 15 days compared to the option through the Suez Canal).

The road network in the region is poorly developed. automobile transport serves domestic transportation.

Pipeline transport It is represented by the main oil pipelines Nizhnevartovsk - Anzhero-Sudzhensk - Krasnoyarsk, Tuimazy - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Angarsk. Small gas pipelines operate in the region (Messoyakha - Norilsk).

Topic: Development and location of the leading industries of the Siberian Federal District

Plan

Introduction. 3

1. Composition and place of the Siberian Federal District in the country's economy. Features of the economic and geographical position. 5

2. industrial complex districts. Development and placement of branches of market specialization of industry. eleven

3. Modern problems and main directions of innovative socio-economic development of the district. 22

Conclusion. 24

List of used literature.. 26

Application. 27

Introduction

Relevance of the chosen topic. Due to the historical conditions and geographical location of each of the 12 subjects of the Siberian Federal District, industrial enterprises are located on the territory of the district with different densities. Basically, a well-developed industry is concentrated in the Novosibirsk, Tomsk and Kemerovo regions, in the Krasnoyarsk and Altai regions, as well as in the Republic of Buryatia. The basis of the economy of the republics of Tyva and Altai is mainly agriculture and tourism. The industry of the region is developing rapidly and is of significant importance for the entire region.

The area of the territory is 5,114,800 km², which is 30% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation.

The administrative center of the Siberian Federal District is Novosibirsk.

The Siberian Federal District includes 12 subjects of the Russian Federation:

4 republics: Altai, Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia

3 regions: Altai, Trans-Baikal, Krasnoyarsk;

5 regions: Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk.

Among the 132 cities of the Siberian Federal District, the largest are: Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Tomsk, Omsk, Ulan-Ude and Chita.

According to the All-Russian population census of 2002, there are 20,062.9 thousand people in the Siberian Federal District, which is 13.77% of the Russian Federation.

The mineral resources of Siberia are:

85% of all-Russian reserves of lead and platinum;

80% coal and molybdenum;

71% nickel;

44% silver;

40% gold.

The leading sector of the Siberian economy is industry, whose share in the total volume of industrial production in the Russian Federation is 12.4%. Gross regional product (GRP) - 11.4% in Russia.

Purpose - to analyze the development and distribution of industries in the Siberian Federal District.

Identify major industries

Consider the main economic regions

To identify the prospects for the development of industry in the Siberian Federal District

The object of the study is the economy of the Siberian Federal District.

The subject of the research is the development and placement of industries in the Siberian Federal District.

Research methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison.

1. Composition and place of the Siberian Federal District in the country's economy. Features of the economic and geographical position

The Siberian Federal District was formed on May 13, 2000. It consists of 16 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: 4 republics (Altai, Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia), 2 territories (Altai, Krasnoyarsk), 6 regions (Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Chita), 4 autonomous districts (Aginsky Buryatsky , Taimyr, Ust-Orda, Evenki). In terms of the number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Siberian Federal District ranks second after the Central Federal District. The administrative center of the Siberian Federal District is the city of Novosibirsk.

The total territory of the district is 5,114.8 thousand square meters. kilometers (30% of the territory of Russia). The length of the territory from north to south is 3,566, and from west to east - 3,420 kilometers. In the north, the Siberian Federal District borders on the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which is part of the Tyumen Region, in the west - on the Tyumen Region, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, in the east - on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Amur Region, on in the south - with the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Mongolia, the People's Republic of China. The length of the state border in the Siberian Federal District is 7,269.6 kilometers, including with the Republic of Kazakhstan - 2,697.9, the Republic of Mongolia - 3,316.2, China - 1,255.5.

According to the All-Russian population census of 2002, 20.63 thousand people live in the Siberian Federal District (13.8% of the population of Russia). The population density is 3.9 people per 1 sq. km. kilometer (in Russia - 8.4). The urban population is 71.1%, rural - 28.9%. Representatives of more than 130 nationalities live in the Okrug, including about 70 thousand people of 18 nationalities of the indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia (more than one third of the 45 indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia living in the Russian Federation). More than 500 national-cultural autonomies and centers, more than 1,800 religious organizations and about 40 confessions operate in the Siberian Federal District.

The basis of the economic complex of the region is a unique natural resource potential. On the territory of Siberia, 85% of the all-Russian reserves of lead and platinum, 80% of coal and molybdenum, 71% of nickel, 69% of copper, 44% of silver, 40% of gold are concentrated. The total area of the forest fund is 346,321.7 thousand hectares.

The natural resource potential of the Siberian Federal District determines the industrial specialization of the region. The leading sectors of the economy are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, electric power, chemical and petrochemical industries, production of building materials, mechanical engineering and metalworking, fuel, light, forestry and woodworking industries, fur trade, food and flour-grinding industries.

The Siberian Federal District is an important transport hub of Russia, through which the main transit flows (freight and passenger traffic) pass from the European part of the country to the Asian one. The share of the Siberian Federal District in the total length of Russian railways is 17.5% (II place), public and departmental roads in Russia - 16.8% (III place), navigable inland waterways of Russia - 29.7% (I place).

The natural conditions of Siberia are diverse - from the Arctic
tundra to dry steppes and semi-deserts. In most of the territory, they are severe and unfavorable for human life and economic activity due to the sharp continentality of the climate and its inherent large amplitude of annual and daily temperatures, openness to the influence of cold air masses of the Arctic Ocean, and widespread permafrost. The relief of the region is diverse: the southern part of the West Siberian Plain, the mountains of Altai, the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Salair Ridge are located here, the Central Siberian Plateau occupies a vast territory, which is replaced by the North Siberian Lowland to the north, and to the south by the system of mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Sayan. , mountains of Transbaikalia. The basis of the economic complex of the region is its unique natural resource potential, and primarily the reserves of hard and brown coal, oil and gas, hydropower, coniferous wood. A significant part of the ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and large reserves of chemical raw materials are also concentrated here.

The fuel and energy resources of Siberia are enormous: according to various estimates, coal reserves range from 3.8 to 4.4 trillion tons, and potential reserves of hydropower are about 1 trillion kWh. A large number of coal deposits contains a variety of quality and quantity, conditions of occurrence of coal. Among them, the Kuznetsk Basin, unique in terms of geological reserves, quality and conditions of occurrence of hard coals, stands out. Coal reserves are estimated at over 600 billion tons, the thickness of the seams is on average up to 4 m, and individual seams are up to 25 m, coals have a high calorific value - up to 8.6 thousand kcal / kg, are characterized by low ash and sulfur content, lie relatively shallow, which makes it possible to develop them not only by mine, but also by open pit. The value of the basin is also high due to the presence of coking coals (approximately 30% of all reserves), which are a scarce technological fuel for ferrous metallurgy. In terms of the variety of brand composition, the pool also has no analogues. The cost of coking coal mining in the basin is the lowest in the country. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of Kuzbass in the country's economy; it is the main coal basin in Russia.

Another brown-coal Kansk-Achinsk basin is also unique. The total geological reserves of coal amount to 600 billion tons. The basin stretches for 800 km, its width reaches 200 km in places. Coal seams ranging in thickness from 14 to 100 m lie shallow and almost horizontal, which makes it possible to use the most economical open-pit mining method. The high concentration of coal reserves makes it possible to create 200 powerful open pits with a total annual production of 1 billion tons. %) and low-sulphurous (less than 1%), but contain an increased amount of moisture (21 - 44%), freeze at low temperatures in winter, and crumble into dust when dried, acquire the ability to ignite spontaneously and therefore are poorly adapted for transportation, it is advantageous to use them in place. The position of the basin in the most populated and economically developed part of Eastern Siberia - along the Trans-Siberian Railway - allowed its intensive use to begin. The largest coal deposits in the west are Berezovskoye, Nazarovskoye, Itatskoye, in the east - Irsha-Borodino and Abanskoye.

Other coal deposits of the Siberian Federal District are of regional significance. Among them, the Gorlovsky basin, the Irkutsk basin with black coals of the Cheremkhovskoye deposit and brown coals of the Azeyskoye deposit, the Minusinsk basin in Khakassia, the Kharanorskoye deposit in the Chita region, Tugnuiskoye and Gusinoozerskoye in Buryatia should be noted.

The territory of the district is very promising in terms of oil and gas. In Western Siberia, on the territory of the district, gas fields of the Vasyugan oil and gas bearing region are allocated - Myldzhinskoye, Severo-Vasyuganskoye, Luginetskoye. So far, small deposits have been discovered in Eastern Siberia on the Upper Lena, natural gas from the Messoyakha field in the lower reaches of the Yenisei.

The hydropower resources of the region are enormous, Eastern Siberia is especially rich in them. The hydropower potential has no analogues in the world not only in terms of its total reserves, but also in terms of their high concentration. The reserves are estimated at 848 billion kWh. Powerful sources of hydropower are the Yenisei, Angara, Ob and Irtysh rivers. The region also has rich reserves of water resources. On its territory there is Lake Baikal - the largest lake in terms of fresh water resources, which is a national treasure of Russia.

The Siberian Federal District has significant iron ore reserves. Mountain Shoria, Kuznetsk Alatau and Altai are rich in magnetites with an iron content of 40-45% (the deposits of Sheregesh, Tashtagol, Inskoye, Beloretskoye). In the southern part of the West Siberian iron ore basin, the geological reserves of the Bokcharskoye deposit alone (38% of iron) are estimated at NO billion tons of iron ore. In Eastern Siberia, the bulk of the iron ore reserves are dispersed in small deposits, which significantly increases the cost of their exploitation. Among the large ones is the Angara-Pitsky iron ore basin in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (deposits Nizhneangarskoye, Ishimbinskoye, Udorongovskoye). In the Angara-Ilimsk iron ore basin, large deposits of Korshunovekoe and Rudnogorsk are distinguished. There are also iron ore reserves in Khakassia and Transbaikalia. A favorable combination of iron ore with resources of non-metallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy: limestone, dolomite, refractory clay, magnesite, etc. Ferrous metal ores also include manganese ores, the reserves of which in the district make up more than 70% of the country's reserves (Usinskoye deposit in Kuznetsk Alatau, etc. .).

Ores of non-ferrous metals in the western part of the district are represented by polymetallic (Salair), nepheline (Kiya-Shaltyr) and mercury (Altai). In Eastern Siberia, in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, there is the Norilsk copper-nickel region, the largest in Russia, with the Norilsk-1, Norilsk-2, Talnakhskoye, and Oktyabrskoye deposits. Along the way, the ores of these metals contain cobalt, gold, silver, platinum, etc. In the Lower Angara region, a large deposit of lead-zinc ores, Gorevskoye, was discovered, and there are lead-zinc ores in Buryatia. In the north of the Chita region there is one of the richest copper ore deposits in the country - Udokanskoye. Tin ores of the Khapcheranginsky and Sherlovogorsky deposits are known in the Chita region, deposits have been discovered in Buryatia. The large deposit of cobalt ores Khovu-Aksinskoe is located in Tuva. There are also reserves of molybdenum and molybdenum-tungsten ores in the Minusinsk depression. The Krasnoyarsk Territory and Buryatia have stocks of raw materials for aluminum production. Reserves of bauxite ores in Siberia are very limited, their quality is much lower than in the Urals and Kazakhstan. Titanium ores are rich in Chita region (Kruchinskoye deposit) and Buryatia (Arsentievskoye deposit). The region is known for large gold deposits in the Lensky region, in Transbaikalia. In general, over 85% of Russian reserves of lead, platinum, palladium, about 70% of nickel, copper, zinc, over 40% of gold and silver are concentrated in the region.

The mining and chemical and construction mineral base is distinguished by large deposits and great diversity: phosphate ores (Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Buryatia), potassium salts (Nepsky potassium-bearing basin), table salt (Taseevskoye, Usolskoye, Ziminskoye deposits, numerous self-sedating lakes of Western Siberia), hydrofluoric spar (Chita region). Significant reserves of limestone, foundry and glass sand, refractory clays.

The bowels of the region are also rich in asbestos (Molodezhnoye deposit in Buryatia), graphite (Krasnoyarsk Territory), mica (Irkutsk region), talc (Gornaya Shoria).

Forest resources are extremely important for the economic development of the Siberian Federal District. The reserves of forest resources are especially large in the East Siberian part of the district, they are estimated at 28 billion m3. Very favorable for use in the national economy, their natural and age structure: coniferous species predominate, 80% of the total are mature and overmature forests. In the south of the West Siberian part, small-leaved species are also widely represented. The forests of the district are rich in furs.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin is one of the largest in the world. Brown power coal is being mined here. The resource base of the basin is capable of providing annual production of up to 500 million tons for 100 years, which exceeds the current level of coal production by about 13 times. On present stage these coals are supplied to large thermal power plants located within the Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex. Their long-distance transportation is impossible both for economic reasons (high ash content, low calorific value) and technological (they have the property of spontaneous combustion).

The Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin of brown and black coals with balance reserves of over 20 billion tons is a major energy base of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, providing fuel for rail transport, power generation and public utilities.

2. Industrial complex of the district. Development and placement of industries of market specialization of industry

The Siberian Federal District is characterized by a high level of endowment with natural resources, which include both mineral minerals and biological and hydropower resources (Appendix). Main types mineral resources is significant reserves of ores of various metals and coal, which contributes to the development of metallurgy.

The Siberian Federal District has significant reserves of hydropower resources, which contributes to the development of hydropower. On the territory of the district there are the largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia - the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station and the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station.

The structure of the economy of the Siberian Federal District is dominated by industry, with a fairly developed agriculture in a number of regions. The share of industry (“mining”, “manufacturing”, “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water”) accounts for about 35% of the district's GRP (31% in the Russian Federation as a whole). In terms of the share of industry in the structure of the economy, the Siberian Federal District ranks third in the Russian Federation after the Ural and Volga federal districts.

The structure of industry is dominated by manufacturing industries. The share of manufacturing industries in the GRP structure is 20.5%. Among the federal districts, the share of manufacturing in the GRP structure is higher only in the Northwestern Federal District. The most developed industries are metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, woodworking industry.

At the end of 2012, the index of industrial production in the Siberian Federal District amounted to 108.0%, which practically corresponds to the all-Russian growth rate (108.2%). The most significant industrial production growth was observed in the Republic of Buryatia, Altai Territory and Irkutsk Region. Decreased industrial production in the Altai Republic.

One of the distinguishing features of the Siberian Federal District is a rather high share of the electric power industry. The share of the industry "production and distribution of electricity, gas and water" in the structure of GRP is 5.0% (4.6% in Russia as a whole). This is the second figure after the Central Federal District. In addition, it can be noted that in the Siberian Federal District the share of agriculture in the GRP structure is also higher than in the country as a whole - 7.4% versus 4.9%.

Another feature of the Siberian Federal District is a rather high share of transport and communications in the GRP structure (almost 13%), which is due to the geographical location of the district. The main transit flows of Russia (freight and passenger traffic) from the European part of the country to the Asian one pass through the Siberian Federal District.

The branches of market specialization of the West Siberian economic region are part of the fuel and energy complex (fuel), metallurgical (ferrous metallurgy) and machine-building complexes. The fuel industry of Western Siberia is of national and global importance due to the extraction, transportation and processing of unique oil and gas and coal resources. Oil and gas produced here master a significant part of investments in the Russian industry and provide regular foreign exchange earnings in the federal and regional budgets.

Western Siberia is the main oil production base in Russia.

The total length of the Western Siberian oil transportation system is about 35 thousand km. 10 main oil pipelines were built from the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, transporting oil towards Russian cities: Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Omsk, Kirishi (Leningrad region) and Almetyevsk, as well as abroad - to Ventspils (Latvia), Chimkent (Kazakhstan) ), to Odessa (Ukraine). Currently, oil has begun to flow to the coast of the Gulf of Finland, where terminals for oil export have been put into operation.

One of the best oil refineries in the country is located in Omsk, which stands out for its record depth of oil refining for Russia - about 80%. Oil is also processed in the Tyumen region. - in Tobolsk. There are favorable conditions for processing oil and associated gas in oil production areas - in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, for which it is planned to build economical mini-refineries designed to meet local fuel needs.

Natural gas production is concentrated in the Nadym-Purtazovsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Gas transportation systems originating in this area follow three corridors to the southwest - to the center of Russia and further towards Ukraine, Central and Western Europe. The largest Urengoy and Yamburg deposits, according to most experts, will remain the base in the region for the foreseeable future.

Gas production in the northern regions of Western Siberia is planned to be significantly increased through the development of the Yamal gas field. The first stage of the development of the Yamal deposits takes place on the basis of the use operating system gas pipelines laid from the Nadym-Purtazovsky district, with the connection to it of new gas pipelines of the Yamal-Europe system, the first pipeline of which has already been partly built. Gas production on the Yamal Peninsula should fully meet Russia's domestic needs and increase exports.

The coal industry of Western Siberia is concentrated in the Kemerovo region, where the Kuzbass deposits and brown coals of the Itatsky deposit of the Kansk-Achinsk basin are actively developed.

Coking coal from Kuzbass is delivered to large iron and steel enterprises in Western Siberia (Kemerovo region) and the Urals. Thermal coals of Kuzbass and the Kansko-Achinsk basin provide not only West Siberian, but also the majority of the markets of the European part of Russia.

The electric power industry of Western Siberia is mainly thermal, operating on associated gas: Surgut GRES 1 and 2 and Nizhnevartovskaya GRES in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, as well as on coal: YuzhkuzbassGRES, Belovskaya and Tom-Usinskaya IES, several large thermal power plants in the Kemerovo region, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Tomsk. The construction of a large gas power plant in the city of Urengoy, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, is nearing completion. There is the only large Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station on the river. Ob (400 MW).

Scoop metallurgy of Western Siberia is concentrated in the Kemerovo region: Novokuznetsk metallurgical plant and the West Siberian plant of a full cycle, Guryev conversion plant. The production of finished long products and steel pipes is located in Novosibirsk.

Machine-building complex, the largest centers of which are located in the Novosibirsk, Omsk, Kemerovo regions. and the Altai Territory, includes: machine tool building (production of looms), power, agricultural and radio engineering (Novosibirsk), coal (in the cities of Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Kiselevsk, Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo Region); enterprises for the production of machine tools, steam boilers, diesel engines, freight cars and tractors (in the Altai Territory). In the Omsk region the aerospace association Polet is developing.

In the Altai Territory, priority is given to expanding the production of diesel engines at Altai motor plants, as well as tractors and power equipment.

Chemical and petrochemical industry. Modern petrochemical complexes are being developed in the cities of Tobolsk (Tyumen region), Omsk and Tomsk, where the production of various polymers, synthetic resins and plastics is established. Synthetic rubber and tires are also produced in Omsk. Artificial fibers are produced in Novosibirsk and Barnaul, Kemerovo region. Large-scale production of nitrogen mineral fertilizers with the parallel production of sulfuric acid and other chemical products on the basis of coke chemistry at JSC Azot in the Kemerovo region. In the same region, in the city of Prokopievsk, the production of rubber products is developing. In the city of Seversk, Tomsk region. The Siberian Nuclear Chemical Plant is currently setting up the production of rare earth elements.

The agro-industrial complex stands out for its size - it is 1/6 of all agricultural land in the country, compactly located, mainly in the zone of the South Siberian steppes and forest-steppes of Omsk, Novosibirsk and the south of the Tyumen region. Local agriculture has a grain and livestock direction.

By the beginning of the 2000s. agriculture ZSER produced about 11%.

In the region, work is underway to irrigate the Kulunda steppe and drain the Baraba forest-steppe. Agriculture has a special focus in the northern regions, where reindeer breeding, fishing, fur trade and fur farming are widespread, as well as in the regions of the Altai Mountains, where antler reindeer husbandry, harvesting of medicinal plants and beekeeping predominate.

The transport complex of Western Siberia has received the greatest development in the southern steppe zone, where the latitudinal Trans-Siberian and Central Siberian railways pass with a branch towards South Kazakhstan (Turksib).

In the north, the rail network continues to take shape. From the previously built railway to the oil production centers Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk, a main line was laid to Urengoy (the center of the largest gas production area).

The most important highways: Tyumen - Omsk, Tyumen - Surgut, Kemerovo - Barnaul, the motorway towards Krasnoyarsk, as well as the Chuisky tract towards Mongolia. Railways serve mainly inter-regional and transit traffic, and road transport is mostly engaged in intra-regional transportation.

River transport in Western Siberia performs the main function - the delivery of various cargoes to the areas of oil and gas production in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts. A significant part of the northern delivery, carried out with the help of river vessels, occurs during the spring flood, when goods are delivered by high water along small and medium rivers to the deep regions of Western Siberia.

Maritime transport is in little demand in Western Siberia due to the impossibility of sea vessels entering the shallow Ob Bay.

The branches of market specialization of Eastern Siberia are non-ferrous metallurgy, electric power industry, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. Together they ensure the production of almost 78% of the total industrial output of the region. Non-ferrous metallurgy, which has a particularly advantageous position in the markets of its products in Russia and the world, has by now managed to raise its share in the industry of the region to 60%.

The best dynamics of development in recent years was observed in non-ferrous metallurgy, which had the most guaranteed sales of products, including export products (aluminum, copper, nickel). The share of the chemical industry has stabilized, mainly due to petrochemistry.

The power industry of Eastern Siberia, one of the most powerful in the country, includes Russia's largest Angara-Yenisei cascade of hydroelectric power plants with a total capacity of 22 million kW, which includes the following HPPs: Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarskaya, Bratskaya, Ust-Ilimskaya and Boguchanskaya, which is under construction.

Large capacities are concentrated in the thermal power industry: at Nazarovskaya, Irsha-Borodino and Berezovsky GRES 1 and 2 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Gusinoozerskaya and Kharanorskaya GRES in Transbaikalia. Thermal power plants in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, like hydroelectric power plants, are distinguished by high economic efficiency associated with the use of cheap Kansk-Achinsk coal. However, further construction of new super-large condensation-type stations in this zone was suspended, in particular, due to environmental pollution by coal combustion products. The integrated energy system of Eastern Siberia meets the needs of large energy consumers in the region, primarily the aluminum industry, creating commercial associations with the latter, for example, the Sayan aluminum plant and the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. Despite the presence of large energy consumers, Eastern Siberia currently has excess capacity. In this regard, China may become a buyer of local electricity.

The fuel industry of Eastern Siberia is in the process of formation and reconstruction. During this time, large oil refineries in Achinsk and Angarsk have reduced primary oil refining, but plan to significantly increase it after the completion of their technical re-equipment, taking into account the growing demand for petroleum products in the east of the country.

Currently, crude oil enters the territory of Eastern Siberia via an oil pipeline from Western Siberia. However, as it formed in the territories of the Middle Angara region and the north of the Irkutsk region. new large oil and gas production areas, local hydrocarbons, together with West Siberian ones, will both be sent for processing to nearby enterprises in the cities of Achinsk and Angarsk, and transported to the Far East, and also exported to East Asian countries - China, South Korea through new (currently being designed) oil and gas pipelines.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is, of course, the most priority industry in Eastern Siberia, providing the region with a large part of budget revenues.

The aluminum industry includes a clay and earth production in the city of Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory, which processes nepheline from the Kiya-Shaltyrskoye deposit, Kemerovo Region. (Western Siberia), as well as aluminum plants (centers for the production of aluminum metal) in Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk (Republic of Khakassia), Bratsk and Shelekhov (Irkutsk region). Aluminum smelters are close to sources of cheap electricity - HPPs of the Angara-Yenisei cascade. At present, conditions are being created in the region for the merger of aluminum enterprises with the electric power industry into holdings for the production of finished aluminum, alumina and hydropower.

In the aluminum industry, the integration of enterprises located in various regions of the country is developing. Thus, the Irkutsk Aluminum Plant, together with the Ural Plant (Kamensk-Uralsky), went to create the Siberian-Ural Aluminum Company. The Sayansky plant is merged with the Volga-sky Samara aluminum processing plant, etc.

The copper-nickel industry is based on the sulfide ores of the Taimyr Peninsula, concentrated in the Norilsk-1, Oktyabrskoye and Talnakhskoye deposits. Enrichment of these ores is carried out at the Norilsk and Talnakh concentrating factories, which are part of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine. These enterprises are shareholders of RAO Norilsk Nickel and are united on the basis of a common technological scheme processing of copper-nickel ores. In addition, RAO Norilsk Nickel is the main supplier to JSC Krasnoyarsk Non-Ferrous Metals Plant.

The Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine produces more than 85% of the products of RAO Norilsk Nickel, and 15% are produced by enterprises located on the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk Region), where ore and its concentrate (matte) are delivered by the Northern Sea Route through the port Dudinka on the Yenisei. Commercial products of the plant: metallic nickel, copper, cobalt, concentrates of precious metals, including gold and platinum, matte and copper-nickel ore.

Special mention should be made of the unique resources of the Udokan copper ore deposit, located on the BAM route and remaining in the reserve of the copper industry as a potential source of raw materials for Russia's domestic needs and exports.

The chemical and petrochemical industry is developing in Eastern Siberia based on the processing of hydrocarbon raw materials, wood, table salt, and nuclear materials. Its share in the region's industry is over Lately stabilized.

A large-scale production of plastics and synthetic resins (about 10% in Russia) - Angarnefteorgsintez operates in the city of Angarsk, Irkutsk Region. based on the received West Siberian oil. The production of nitrogen fertilizers is also established here. Synthetic rubber is made in Krasnoyarsk on the basis of the wood hydrolysis process. Ready-made synthetic rubber is used in the rapidly growing tire industry. The production of chemical fibers and threads in the Krasnoyarsk Territory reaches 10% of the all-Russian production and is developing on the basis of oil refining products.

In the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk region. on the basis of the country's largest industrial reserves of table salt, chlorine and soda production, as well as the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, are developing. The task of the electrolysis chemical plant in the city of Angarsk and the Mining and Chemical Combine in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk is to ensure the processing of waste and spent fuel from nuclear power plants.

The timber industry complex of Eastern Siberia has the richest resource potential. It produces 22% of the volume of marketable products of the timber industry in Russia. Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region stand out for the production of timber products, where large timber processing complexes have been created, leading in the harvesting of commercial timber and sawn timber. The production of paper (cardboard) in the volume of no more than 8% in Russia is established at pulp and paper mills in Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Baikalsk, as well as in the Republic of Buryatia at the Selenginsky Combine.

The priority areas for the development of the regional forestry complex include: strengthening the material base of the logging industry; reconstruction of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (Irkutsk region) due to the introduction of a water circulation system that does not harm the lake. Baikal; modernization of all pulp and paper mills, including on the basis of the introduction of advanced and environmentally friendly chlorine-free pulp bleaching technology; reconstruction of woodworking enterprises in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The machine-building complex is developing in Eastern Siberia in the conditions high level costs and the outflow of highly qualified personnel, which imposes certain restrictions on its scale and specialization. The leading directions of development and restructuring of the machine-building complex are: the production of machines and technological equipment for the fuel and energy complex and primary processing various kinds natural raw materials: forests, metal ores, etc., as well as the production of machinery and equipment for agriculture.

Most of the mechanical engineering is concentrated in Krasnoyarsk: the Sibtyazhmash plant, the heavy excavator plant, the Krasnoyarsk combine harvester plant, the Krasnoyarsk refrigerator plant. Among the most important investment projects for the Krasnoyarsk Territory - the development of rocket and space technologies on the basis of the State Enterprise Krasnomashzavod, the organization of the production of combines of the Kedr family, the production of electricity metering devices at the Divnogorsk plant of low-voltage equipment, etc.

In Irkutsk, heavy engineering plants are operating, producing dredges and metallurgical equipment, an aircraft plant, which is scheduled to launch a new production of the Be-200 amphibian aircraft.

In the Republic of Khakassia, in the city of Abakan, the largest plant for the production of freight cars was built, which will be further developed after the construction of the Abakan steel plant for the production of steel car castings. A complex of electrical engineering enterprises has been created in Minusinsk. In Transbaikalia - the Republic of Buryatia and the Chita region. - at present, the technological conversion of military-industrial complex enterprises is being carried out, on the basis of which, in particular, aviation equipment and heat supply systems will be produced.

The agro-industrial complex of Eastern Siberia is relatively small and is concentrated in the southern part of the region, where there is the necessary natural resource base for this. The branches of regional specialization include grain growing (growing of spring wheat, rice, barley, oats), as well as sheep breeding (12% of the number of sheep and goats in Russia). Due to the harsh climatic conditions, industrial crops are almost not grown. In northern autonomous regions(Taimyr and Evenk) develop reindeer breeding, fur and fishing, which are engaged in by the indigenous population.

The transport complex is of great importance for the connections of Eastern Siberia with other regions. It is relatively developed in the south of the district and has no frame network in the north. The average density of railways is about 2 km per 1000 km 2 of territory, and paved roads are about 11 km, which is several times less than the average Russian density of such roads.

Railways cross the region mainly in the latitudinal direction: the Trans-Siberian Railway, the western part of BAM - from Ust-Kut to Udokan in the north of the Chita region. Meridional (to the north along the Yenisei) railways are just being formed: Reshety - Boguchany (to the Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station) and Achinsk - Abalakovo (to a new logging area. An isolated polar railway connecting the city of No- rilsk with the port of Dudinka.

Automobile roads connect Eastern Siberia with Western Siberia and Transbaikalia, from where a highway should soon be laid to the Far East. For the economy of the Republic of Tyva, which does not have railways, the Usinsk tract is very important, connecting the city of Kyzyl with the city of Abakan.

Importance for the economy of Eastern Siberia, it has river transport, which provides seasonal (summer-autumn) shipping on the river. Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk to seaport Dixon in the Kara Sea. Seaports operate in the deep-water lower reaches of the Yenisei: Igarka, which transships timber cargo from river to sea vessels, and Dudinka, through which copper-nickel ore is sent along the Northern Sea Route towards Murmansk.

The role of air transport is extremely great for Eastern Siberia, since only thanks to it there is a connection between the northern regions and the mainland - Krasnoyarsk, Moscow. It is of particular importance in winter for the life support of the Norilsk industrial hub. The territory of Eastern Siberia attracts the attention of foreign airlines in connection with the possibility of transit communications between Western Europe and East Asia, as well as North America and Southeast Asia through the Arctic Ocean.

3. Modern problems and main directions of innovative socio-economic development of the district

Today, there are serious problems in the region that complicate its further development. These are primarily socio-demographic problems - low density population, uneven distribution (mainly along Trans-Siberian Railway, in the south of the region), lack of labor resources for the development of the natural resources of the region, a difficult demographic situation, a strong lag social sphere, which does not contribute to the retention of migrants here, the high mobility of the population, the insufficient level of qualification of personnel for the development of complex industries.

In addition, there is an uneven distribution of production potential (85% is concentrated in the south of the region), intra- and inter-industry disproportions, resource-saving technologies are poorly implemented (currently, 30 to 50% of the resources involved in economic turnover are irretrievably lost), and the pace of renewal of fixed assets is very low. , the need for technical modernization of production. Crisis phenomena in the economy of the region are also associated with low level complexity of production and underdevelopment of industries that complement the complex, and infrastructure. The local food base is also insufficiently developed to meet the needs of the region (although it seems possible due to own resources meet the needs for vegetables by 70%, milk - by 80%, meat - by 85%, grain products and potatoes - by 100%). Possibilities foreign economic relations to strengthen economic potential Siberia are used incompletely; further involvement is needed foreign investment, organization of joint ventures, development of construction of enterprises on a compensatory basis.

The most important problems of rational nature management and environmental protection arise in connection with air pollution, especially powerful thermal power plants, enterprises of ferrous, non-ferrous metallurgy and chemistry; the withdrawal of large areas of agricultural land for industrial construction, as well as the need for land reclamation, the elimination of huge ash and slag dumps; with pollution of the water basin by industrial and domestic wastewater, mole rafting of wood; with the integrated use of non-ferrous metal ores, forest and other resources, etc. In agriculture, an important place is occupied by the fight against water and wind erosion, soil salinization. Special attention is paid to the protection of Lake Baikal, the role and uniqueness of which is expressed in the huge reserves of fresh water, its purity, in the diversity and endemicity of biological resources, and the uniqueness of natural landscapes. A regime of special nature management has been established there, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe lake there are two reserves, about thirty reserves.

Much attention is paid to environmental protection in the region: major financial resources are underway Scientific research, environmental protection measures cover the listed areas. However, the severity of the problem is not being removed, but on the contrary, due to the accelerated development of the wealth of the Siberian Federal District, it will increase.

Conclusion

Thus, with the transition to market relations and the developing trend of economic independence of the regions, the position of the Siberian Federal District is relatively stable. The region can ensure its further socio-economic development at the expense of finances formed on its territory. As the main directions for the further development of the productive forces, one can single out the deepening of specialization in the fuel and energy, ferrous, non-ferrous metallurgy and timber industries, improving their structure through the development of the upper floors, the introduction of scientific and technological progress. The development of chemical industries is also promising, especially the production of potash and phosphate fertilizers, chemical soda, chlorine, magnesite; increase in capacity at the hydroelectric power stations of the district - Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Irkutsk, thermal - Berezovskaya, Gusinoozerskaya. It is necessary to develop energy links between Siberia and other regions, to increase the fuel and energy base through coal and oil, to boost machine building and metalworking through the development of the aviation industry, transport, mining engineering and the effective conversion of the military-industrial complex, the further formation of the Kansk-Achinsk and Sayan territorial production complexes; large-scale development of the Udokan copper ore deposit and the formation of an industrial hub. The development of the fuel and energy complex of Transbaikalia is required to fully meet the internal needs of the territory in its products; creation of new energy-intensive industries (enterprises of non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and pulp and paper industries); development of mechanical engineering for the branches of market specialization of the region; it is promising to create a new base for oil and gas production in the south of Evenkia and the north of the Irkutsk region. At the same time, the powerful industrial potential of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region, as well as the defense enterprises of Transbaikalia, should be used. Further development of the light industry of the region should be oriented towards the use of local raw materials produced by the agro-industrial and chemical complexes. It is necessary to develop the agro-industrial complex in order to reduce dependence on the import of food products, to strengthen agriculture in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in Khakassia, to develop animal husbandry in Tuva, Buryatia, and the Chita Region, to develop the integration of agriculture with the processing industry; development of the transport network, especially in the south-north direction; expansion and qualitative improvement of industrial, housing, cultural and household construction.

List of used literature

1. Andreev A. V. Fundamentals of the regional economy: a textbook for universities / A. V. Andreev. - M.: KnoRus, 2012. - 334 p.

2. Andreev A.V. Regional economy: textbook for universities / A. V. Andreev. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2012. - 464 p.

3. Vakhromov E.N. Regional economy in the multi-level structure of the market economy / E.N. Vakhromov // Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. 2009. - No. 2. - S. 26-30

4. Ivanova M.V. Regional economy in the context of Russian federalism / M.V. Ivanova//The North and the market: the formation of an economic order. - 2011. - V. 2. - No. 28. - S. 146-149.

5. Kistanov V.V. Regional Economy of Russia: Textbook / V.V. Kistanov, N.V. Kopylov.- M.: Finance and statistics, 2011. - 584 p.

6. Kozieva I. L. Economical geography and regional studies: textbook / I.L. Kozeva, E.N. Kuzbozhev. - M.: KNORUS, 2012. - 346 p.

7. Kuzbozhev E. N. Economic geography and regional studies (history, methods, state and prospects for the placement of productive forces): textbook. allowance / E. N. Kuzbozhev, I. A. Koz’eva, M. G. Svetovtseva. - M.: Higher education, 2009. - 540 p. - (Fundamentals of Sciences).

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The Siberian Federal District includes the republics: Altai, Buryatia, Tuva and Khakassia; Altai and Krasnoyarsk Territories; Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Chita regions; Aginsky Buryat, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenetsky), Ust-Ordynsky Buryat and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs.

The center of the federal district is the city of Novosibirsk.

The Siberian Federal District is located on the territory belonging to two economic regions. The Okrug unites the southeastern part of the West Siberian economic region and the East Siberian economic region.

The Okrug covers an area of 5118.4 thousand km2, which is approximately 30% of the territory of the Russian Federation, located between the economically developed European part of the country and the Far East. In the north it is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean, in the south its territory adjoins the state border with Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China.

In the inter-district territorial division of labor, the federal district specializes in the production of fuel and electricity, products of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry, logging and processing of timber, and furs.

The Siberian Federal District is one of the most important agricultural regions of Russia. It specializes in the cultivation and processing of grain, the production of a variety of livestock products.

conditions for economic development. The Siberian Federal District has an exceptionally unfavorable eco-geogr. position:

* removed from the main centers economic life countries;

* Access to the seas of the Arctic Ocean with a short navigation period is also an unfavorable factor.

Russia's largest reserves of coal, non-ferrous metal ores, coniferous trees, hydropower resources are the main wealth of the district.

The extremely harsh climate and low transport development of the territory complicate and increase the cost of developing the district's natural resources.

Population. The Siberian Federal District is one of the most sparsely populated regions of Russia. The average population density is 4 people. per km2. It is smaller only in the Far East. The share of the urban population is 71%, which is slightly lower than the national average. The ethnic composition of Siberia is diverse: in addition to Russians and Ukrainians, who make up the majority of the population, representatives of the titular ethnic groups - Tuvans, Evenks, Dolgans, Buryats, etc. - live on the territory of the Tuva, Buryat, Khakass republics and autonomous regions. 1 million inhabitants. In Kuzbass, a polycentric urban agglomeration is being formed - the only large agglomeration in the entire territory of the district.

Branches of economic specialization:

* coal mining industry;

* electric power industry;

* non-ferrous metallurgy;

* branches of the forest complex;

* energy-intensive branches of the chemical industry;

* grain farming;

* sheep breeding.

The Siberian Federal District participates in the all-Russian territorial system of the division of labor with the products of the fuel and energy complex and fuel and energy industries. It is the largest coal-mining region in the country.

The largest basins of the district in terms of coal production:

* Kuznetsk (stone, including coking coal);

* Kansk-Achinsk (brown, thermal coal);

* Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo (hard and brown coal);

* Minusinsk basin (coal).

Kuzbass is the largest basin in the country in terms of coal production (about 100 million tons per year). It supplies high-calorific coal, including most of the coking coal grades mined in Russia. The mining method prevails.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin is the main supplier of brown coal in Russia. All lignite in this basin is mined by open pit mining.

On the basis of mined coal and hydropower resources, a powerful electric power industry has been created in the district. Both in terms of absolute volumes of electricity generated and in terms of its production per capita, Siberia ranks first in all of Russia. Thermal power plants predominate, the largest of them, with a capacity of more than 2 million kW each, are located in Kuzbass and the Kansk-Achinsk basin. A number of large thermal power plants at oil refineries operate in Omsk, Tomsk, Achinsk and Angarsk. They work on oil. All large hydroelectric power plants of the district are confined to the Angara-Yenisei cascade:

* Sayano-Shushenskaya - with a capacity of 6.4 million kW;

* Krasnoyarsk - with a capacity of 6 million kW;

* Bratskaya - with a capacity of 4.6 million kW;

* Ust-Ilimskaya - with a capacity of 4.3 million kW;

* Boguchanskaya - with a capacity of 4 million kW;

* Irkutsk - with a capacity of 0.7 million kW;

* Kureyskaya - with a capacity of 0.7 million kW;

* Khantai - with a capacity of 0.7 million kW.

The abundance of fuel and cheap electricity served as the foundation for the development of a large group of fuel- and energy-intensive industries:

* non-ferrous metallurgy (production of alumina, metallic aluminum, nickel, cobalt, copper, lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum and other non-ferrous metals);

* chemistry of organic synthesis (production of synthetic resins and plastics, rubber, synthetic fibers);

* pulp and paper industry.

The natural conditions of the Siberian Federal District are diverse: from arctic tundra to dry steppes and semi-deserts. In most of the region, they are severe and unfavorable for human life and economic development of the territory due to the sharp continentality of the climate and its inherent large amplitude of annual and daily temperatures, openness to the influence of cold air masses of the Arctic Ocean, and widespread permafrost. The relief of the federal district is varied: the southern part of the West Siberian Plain, the mountains of Altai, the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Salair Ridge are located here; a huge territory is occupied by the Central Siberian plateau, which is replaced by the North Siberian lowland to the north, and to the south by the system of mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Sayan, the mountains of Transbaikalia.

The basis of the economic complex of the district is its unique natural resource potential, and above all, the reserve of hard and brown coal, oil and gas, hydropower, coniferous wood, a significant part of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores and large reserves of chemical raw materials are also concentrated here. The fuel and energy resources of Siberia are enormous. Coal reserves, according to various estimates, range from 3.8 to 4.4 trillion. tons, potential reserves of hydropower - about 1 trillion. kW * h. Numerous coal deposits contain coals of various quality and quantity, conditions of occurrence. Among them, the Kuznetsk Basin, unique in terms of geological reserves, quality and conditions of occurrence of hard coals, stands out.

The territory of the federal district is very rich in oil and gas. In Western Siberia, the gas fields of the Vasyugan oil and gas region are distinguished - Myldzhinskoye, Severo-Vasyuganskoye, Luginetskoye. In Eastern Siberia, small deposits have been discovered so far on the Upper Lena, natural gas from the Messoyakha field in the lower reaches of the Yenisei.

The hydropower resources of the county are enormous; Eastern Siberia is especially rich in them. The hydropower potential has no analogues in the world not only in terms of its total reserves, but also in terms of their high concentration. The reserves are estimated at 848 billion kWh. Powerful sources of hydropower are the Yenisei, Angara, Ob and Irtysh rivers. The region also has rich reserves of water resources. On its territory there is Lake Baikal - the largest lake in terms of fresh water resources, which is a national treasure of Russia.

The Siberian Federal District has significant iron ore reserves. Ores of non-ferrous metals in the western part of the federal district are represented by polymetallic (Salair), nepheline (Kiya-Shaltyr) and mercury (Altai). In Eastern Siberia, in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, there is the Norilsk copper-nickel region, the largest in Russia, with deposits of Norilsk-1, Norilsk-2, Talnakhskoye, Oktyabrskoye. Along the way, the ores of these metals contain cobalt, gold, silver, platinum, etc.

The bowels of the region are also rich in asbestos (Molodezhnoye deposit in Buryatia), graphite (Krasnoyarsk Territory), mica (Irkutsk region), talc (Gornaya Shoria).

Forest resources are extremely important for the economic development of the Siberian Federal District. The reserves of forest resources are especially large in the East Siberian part of the district, they are estimated at 28 billion m3. Their natural and age composition is very favorable for use in the national economy: coniferous species predominate, 80% of the total amount is ripe and overmature forests.

Of the mechanical engineering industries in the Siberian Federal District, power engineering (the production of turbines, generators, boilers), the production of equipment for the coal industry, and machine tool building are developed.

Aluminum production is of great importance in the region as an industry of market specialization. The production of alumina on the basis of the Kiya-Shaltyrsky nepheline deposit is carried out by the Achinsk Combine, which provides 20% of the needs of Siberian refineries in alumina. Alumina for the production of aluminum comes to factories from other parts of the country and even from abroad. The production of metallic aluminum is located near the cheap electric power of the hydroelectric stations of the Angara-Yenisei cascade. These are the world's largest plants for the production of primary aluminum - Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Sayan, Irkutsk, mainly using imported alumina.

The polymetallic industry is mainly represented by the extraction and enrichment of lead-zinc ores. Metallic zinc is produced in small volumes in Belov (Kemerovo Region). Mining of ores and production of concentrates is carried out at the Altai (Altai Territory), Salair (Kemerovo Region), Gorevsky (Krasnoyarsk Territory) mining and processing plants, Nerchinsk (Chita Region) polymetallic plant.

The tin industry is represented in the Siberian district by the Sherlovogorsky (Chita region) GOK, which produces 6% of tin concentrate. Metallic tin (approximately 80% of the total Russian production) is produced by the Novosibirsk Tin Plant, which uses mainly Far Eastern concentrates. Khakassia and the Chita region produce approximately 80% of the country's molybdenum concentrate, while Buryatia and the Chita region produce 20% of the tungsten concentrate.

Extraction and processing of copper-nickel and platinum-containing ores is carried out at the unique complex of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant, as well as at the Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant, using the energy base of the Ust-Khantayskaya HPP, gas from the Messoyakhskoye deposit and local coals.

An acute problem of non-ferrous metallurgy in the Siberian Federal District is the imbalance in the production of products along technological chains. The non-ferrous metallurgy of Siberia is poorly focused on meeting intra-regional needs, and mainly works for export to the regions of the Urals, the European North, Central Russia and for export. At present, export-oriented enterprises, such as aluminum smelters, Norilsk Combine, have basically decided their production and financial difficulties and successfully operate in market conditions, while the mines and GOKs were in an extremely difficult situation. The mined ore is 2-2.5 times inferior to ore from non-CIS countries in terms of the content of the useful component (lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum). Mines and GOKs have lost their traditional support from the state budget, as a rule, they are distinguished by obsolete equipment and high wear and tear of equipment, high production costs. Not the last role is played by the reduction of domestic demand in connection with the economic crisis. To solve the problems of the industry, it is necessary to create vertically integrated structures, one of which, for example, the Siberian-Ural Aluminum Company, is already operating.

The basis for the formation of the economy of the Siberian Federal District is the fuel and energy complex, which plays the most important regional-forming role. The branch of market specialization is the coal industry. In the Kuznetsk and Gorlovsky basins, power and coking coals are being developed. In terms of production scale, the Kuznetsk basin is the leading one in the country. From here, coal is delivered to the European part of the country and is exported. The coals of the Kansk-Achinsk basin are also used to generate electricity, on the basis of which the Kansk-Achinsk territorial production complex is being formed. Due to the high concentration of reserves and favorable conditions for open pit mining, the largest coal mines have been built here: Nazarovsky, Irsha-Borodinsky and Berezovsky.

In the building materials industry of the Siberian District, the leading place is occupied by the production of cement. New technologies for the production of cement are used based on a combination with thermal power and chemical industries.

The light industry of the Siberian District is represented by wool (Ulan-Ude, Chita, Chernogorsk), silk (Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo), cotton (Barnaul, Kansk), leather (Omsk, Novosibirsk, Chita, Angarsk, Chernogorsk), footwear (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk). ), fur (Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita) industries.

Due to the extreme natural and biological conditions in most of the territory, agriculture in the Siberian Federal District is concentrated in its southern zones, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Nevertheless, the importance of agricultural production in the region is great - it is one of the most important areas for grain production and animal husbandry. In the west of the district, arable land prevails in the structure of farmland, and in the east - hayfields and pastures. Grain production is highly efficient in the West Siberian part, where the share of grain reaches 70% in the structure of sown areas. The main crop here is spring wheat; rye, oats, barley, and buckwheat are also grown. In Eastern Siberia, grain is mainly used for fodder needs, here the main industry is animal husbandry. The cattle breeding of the district also has significant territorial differences. In the west of the district, it is mainly represented by dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding and pig breeding, and in the east - semi-fine and fine-wool sheep breeding, meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding.

But the development of a resort and recreational complex in the Siberian District is impossible, since in most of the region natural conditions severe and unfavorable for human life and economic development of the territory due to the sharp continentality of the climate and its inherent large amplitude of annual and daily temperatures, openness to the influence of cold air masses of the Arctic Ocean, and widespread permafrost.

An important branch of market specialization of the Siberian Federal District is the fur trade. The region holds the first place in Russia in the extraction of such valuable fur-bearing animals as squirrel, sable, ermine, silver-black fox, blue fox, etc. Fur farms have been created for breeding fur-bearing animals. Cellular fur farming has gained particular importance. The famous Barguzinsky State Reserve is located in the region, where work is underway to resettle sable, grow its breeding breeds and rationalize hunting. In recent years, the muskrat fishery has received great development; work is underway to expand the food base for the muskrat by artificial cultivation of swamp vegetation. The industry has an export value.

The population of the Siberian Federal District is 20.7 million people, or 4.3% of the country's population. Its main part is concentrated in the south. The average population density is low -3.4 people. per 1 km2, but due to uneven distribution, the population density ranges from 1 person. per 1 km2 or less in the northern districts of the district up to 50 people. per 1 km2 in the Kuznetsk basin. Of the subjects of the Federation, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is distinguished by the lowest average density - 1.3 people. per 1 km2, the largest - Kemerovo region - 31.4 people. per 1 km2. The Siberian Federal District is distinguished by a high proportion of the urban population - 85.3%, although fluctuations are also significant - from 86% in the Kemerovo region to 25% in the Altai Republic.

The national composition is dominated by Russians (over 80% of the population). Relatively numerous are Ukrainians, Altaians, Shors, Buryats, Khakasses, and Tuvans. Numerous peoples of the North live on the territory of the region: Evenks, Selkups, Kets, Nganasans, Dolgans, etc.

The age composition is characterized by a high proportion of young working age. But, despite this, the federal district is deficient in terms of labor resources. The average annual number of people employed in the economy is 13.8% of the Russian figure. This factor hinders the economic development of the district, the development of rich natural resources. The introduction of benefits and district coefficients does not compensate for the difficult socio-economic living conditions of the population, therefore, high migration and labor turnover are observed here. The location of labor-intensive industries is limited for these reasons. In the future, it is necessary to radically improve the living conditions of the population of the district, it is important to pursue an active labor-saving policy (high automation and mechanization of production processes).

International and foreign economic activity of the regions of the Siberian Federal District is an integral part foreign policy Russia and really influences the formation and implementation of the country's foreign policy, filling international relations with concrete content.

In the field foreign economic activity the main prospects are connected with the expansion of trade with China, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia, as well as with the development of cooperation between Siberian business circles and entrepreneurs from Italy, France and Germany.

It is not the first year that the Siberian Federal District has been demonstrating a colossal disproportion between exports and imports of goods, $15 billion and $2.5 billion respectively (in January-October 2004). The positive balance reaches its peak in the Kemerovo region - 94% of exports against 6% of imports. The most powerful export components of Norilsk Nickel, the aluminum industry and timber industry complex. The coal and chemical industries are beginning to increase momentum. The weight of other industries is not so significant. In addition, an economy built on the export of raw materials is a sign of an underdeveloped country.

The export of Siberian products takes into account the fact that all Siberian resources are very transport-intensive: ore, coal, oil, gas require high transportation costs. The ego weighs down the cost of products. The competitiveness of Siberian resources, despite their demand, is achieved with great difficulty - mainly by reducing costs due to large volumes. At the same time, the smaller the transport component in the price of these resources, the more competitive they will be. Thus, over time, SFD exporters have to focus more and more not on the US, European or Japanese market, but on the much closer China - a country with a growing economy that needs coal, timber, oil and minerals.