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National composition of Chuvashia for the year. The population of Chuvashia continues to age. Cheboksary city photo. Photo of Cheboksary

10:16 — REGNUM

In Chuvashia, the population continues to decline, but at the same time the birth rate is growing, life expectancy is increasing and the migration decline is slowing down. This is stated in the state report on the state of health of the population of the republic in 2014, the correspondent reports. IA REGNUM with a link to the document.

According to the report, at the beginning of 2015 there were 1.238 million people in Chuvashia, which is 0.2% (1,913 people) less than in 2014. The reduction occurred due to a decrease in the rural population (by 1.5%), while the number of urban residents increased by 0.7%. The largest decrease in population occurred in the Shumerlinsky, Krasnochetaisky, Alatyrsky, Kozlovsky and Krasnoarmeysky districts (from 3.4 to 2%), an increase was recorded in Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk. The population density as of January 1, 2015 was 67.5 people per 1 sq. km (in Russia as of January 1, 2014 - 8.4).

The share of people of working age in total number The population of Chuvashia decreased by 1.7% compared to 2012 and amounted to 59.5% at the beginning of 2014. On average, in 2014 the economically active population was 683.7 thousand people.

“The number of older people and their share in the total population, following the global trend, is increasing: from 21.7% in 2012 to 22.7% in 2014. The number of children under the age of 15 increased by 0.7% compared to 2012 and amounted to 17.8% of the total population at the beginning of 2014,” the report says.

The share of city residents in the population structure is 60.7%. IN rural areas the share of people over working age is 1.3 times higher than in urban areas (25.9 and 20.7%, respectively). The largest proportion of older age groups was noted in Poretsky, Alatyrsky, Yalchiksky, Krasnochetaisky and Shumerlinsky districts (from 33.6 to 30.4% of the total population), the smallest (up to 21.8%) - in Cheboksary, Kanash, Novocheboksarsk, in the Cheboksary and Ibresinsky districts.

The average age of residents of Chuvashia over the past three years has increased by 0.25 years, amounting to 39.15 years at the beginning of 2014, including men - 36.53, women - 41.43 years. Life expectancy of the population last year increased to 70.62 years (by 0.31 years compared to 2012). Life expectancy for men was 64.59 years, for women - 77.19 years.

Last year, 107 boys were born per 100 girls, and this ratio has been maintained for a number of years. As of January 1, 2014, the number of men in Chuvashia was 577.7 thousand people (46.6% of the population), women - 662.3 thousand people (53.4%). There are 1,146 women per 1,000 men, including 1,225 women in urban areas and 1,037 in rural areas. The number of elderly women exceeded the number of men of the same age group age group, which officials associate with a higher mortality rate among the male population.

In 2014, 17,224 babies were born in Chuvashia, the birth rate was 13.9 per 1 thousand population (Russia - 13.3, Volga Federal District - 13.4). The number of births decreased by 248 compared to 2012.

Cheboksary is a city in Russian Federation, it is the capital of the Chuvash Republic, as well as the scientific, administrative, cultural and industrial center of the Chuvash Republic. The population has been growing since 2009 and as of 2013 is approximately 464 thousand people. The main population of Cheboksary is the Chuvash, who number more than sixty percent, and the rest of the Russians in the city, about thirty-five percent. The city is located on the upper part of the Cheboksary Hydroelectric Power Plant. On national language- in Chuvash it sounds like Shupashkar.
The city also has a satellite city called Novocheboksarsk. A referendum was held to merge the two cities in March 2008, but the majority of satellite city residents voted against the merger.

Population of Cheboksary for 2018 and 2019. Number of inhabitants of Cheboksary

Data on the number of city residents are taken from the Federal State Statistics Service. The official website of the Rosstat service is www.gks.ru. The data was also taken from the unified interdepartmental information and statistical system, the official website of EMISS www.fedstat.ru. The website publishes data on the number of residents of Cheboksary. The table shows the distribution of the number of residents of Cheboksary by year; the graph below shows the demographic trend in different years.

Cheboksary population change chart:

Cheboksary city photo. Photo of Cheboksary


Information about the city of Cheboksary on Wikipedia:

Link to the Cheboksary website. You can get a lot of additional information by reading it on the official website of Cheboksary, the official portal of Cheboksary and the government.
Official website Cheboksary

Map of the city of Cheboksary. Cheboksary Yandex maps

Created using the Yandex service People's Map (Yandex map), when zoomed out you can understand the location of Cheboksary on the map of Russia. Cheboksary Yandex maps. Interactive Yandex map of the city of Cheboksary with street names, as well as house numbers. The map has all the signs for Cheboksary, it is convenient and not difficult to use.

On the page you can find some descriptions of Cheboksary. You can also see the location of the city of Cheboksary on the Yandex map. Detailed with descriptions and labels of all city objects.

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The population of the republic, according to Rosstat, is 1,238,071 people. (2015). Population density - 67.50 people/km2 (2015). Urban population - 60,7 % (2015).

  • 1 Population
  • 2 Demographics
  • 3 Age and gender composition
  • 4 Migration
  • 5 National composition
    • 5.1 Chuvash
    • 5.2 Tatars
  • 6 General map
  • 7 Notes

Population

Population
1926 1928 1959 1970 1979 1989 1990
894 479 ↗903 300 ↗1 097 859 ↗1 223 675 ↗1 292 486 ↗1 336 066 ↗1 337 182
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
↗1 339 822 ↗1 344 014 ↗1 347 818 ↘1 345 489 ↘1 345 431 ↘1 343 966 ↘1 341 946
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
↘1 339 194 ↘1 338 819 ↘1 334 219 ↘1 327 743 ↘1 313 754 ↘1 311 737 ↘1 304 984
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
↘1 299 306 ↘1 292 236 ↘1 286 239 ↘1 282 567 ↘1 279 359 ↘1 251 619 ↘1 250 518
2012 2013 2014 2015
↘1 247 012 ↘1 243 431 ↘1 239 984 ↘1 238 071

250 000 500 000 750 000 1 000 000 1 250 000 1 500 000 1928 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Demography

Fertility (number of births per 1000 population)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
18,3 ↘18,2 ↘17,3 ↗18,6 ↘15,7 ↘10,2 ↘10,0 ↘9,4 ↗9,8
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
↘8,9 ↗9,1 ↘8,9 ↗9,7 ↗10,1 ↗10,5 ↘10,1 ↗10,3 ↗11,6
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
↗11,7 ↗12,6 ↗12,9 ↗12,9 ↗14,0 ↗14,0 ↘13,9
Mortality rate (number of deaths per 1000 population)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
8,9 ↗9,9 ↗10,7 ↘10,6 ↘10,1 ↗13,0 ↘12,4 ↘12,3 ↘11,7
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
↗13,3 ↗13,8 ↗14,1 ↗14,8 ↗15,3 ↘14,9 ↗15,2 ↘14,7 ↘14,5
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
↘14,4 ↘13,7 ↗14,5 ↘13,5 ↘13,3 ↘13,2 ↗13,3
Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
9,4 ↘8,3 ↘6,6 ↗8,0 ↘5,6 ↘-2,8 ↗-2,4 ↘-2,9 ↗-1,9
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
↘-4,4 ↘-4,7 ↘-5,2 ↗-5,1 ↘-5,2 ↗-4,4 ↘-5,1 ↗-4,4 ↗-2,9
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
↗-2,7 ↗-1,1 ↘-1,6 ↗-0,6 ↗0,7 ↗0,8 ↘0,6
at birth (number of years)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
70,3 ↘70,0 ↘69,3 ↘66,9 ↘66,2 ↗66,2 ↗67,2 ↗67,6 ↗68,7
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
↘66,9 ↘66,4 ↘66,0 ↘65,8 ↗65,9 ↗66,3 ↗66,4 ↗67,0 ↗67,4
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
↗67,8 ↗69,0 ↘68,5 ↗69,7 ↗70,3 ↗70,8

Age and sex composition

According to the 2002 census compared to the 1989 census - age structure The population changed towards an increase in the proportion of people over working age (17.6% in 1989 and 19.6% in 2002) and a decrease in people under working age (26.9 and 19.9%, respectively). The share of people of working age increased throughout the republic as a whole from 55.5% in 1989 to 60.3% in 2002.

The gender structure of the population is characterized by a predominance of women, and there is a downward trend in the proportion of women in the total population. Thus, according to the 1959 census, this share was 57.3%, and according to the 2002 census - 53.7%. Thus, there is a process of equalizing the ratio of men and women.

Migration

The decline in the population of Chuvashia is not only due to natural movement(fertility and mortality), but also due to population migration. The main regions of departure of the population of Chuvashia are Moscow and the Moscow region, Tatarstan, Nizhny Novgorod Region,Ulyanovsk region.

The national composition of those arriving in Chuvashia from regions of Russia is characterized by approximately equal numbers of Chuvash and Russians. The number of Russians leaving Chuvashia is almost 2 times greater than the Chuvash ones.

National composition

Ethnic map of Chuvashia
1939
people		 % 1959
people		 % 1989
people		 % 2002
people		 %
from
Total		 %
from
indicating-
shih
national
nal-
ness		 2010
people		 %
from
Total		 %
from
indicating-
shih
national
nal-
ness
Total 1076810 100,00 % 1097859 100,00 % 1338023 100,00 % 1313754 100,00 % 1251619 100,00 %
Chuvash 777202 72,18 % 770351 70,17 % 906922 67,78 % 889268 67,69 % 67,87 % 814750 65,10 % 67,70 %
Russians 241386 22,42 % 263692 24,02 % 357120 26,69 % 348515 26,53 % 26,60 % 323274 25,83 % 26,86 %
Tatars 29007 2,69 % 31357 2,86 % 35689 2,67 % 36379 2,77 % 2,78 % 34214 2,73 % 2,84 %
Mordva 22512 2,09 % 23863 2,17 % 18686 1,40 % 15993 1,22 % 1,22 % 13014 1,04 % 1,08 %
Ukrainians 3629 0,34 % 3837 0,35 % 7302 0,55 % 6422 0,49 % 0,49 % 4707 0,38 % 0,39 %
Mari 397 0,04 % 755 0,07 % 3799 0,28 % 3542 0,27 % 0,27 % 3648 0,29 % 0,30 %
Belarusians 648 0,06 % 1113 0,10 % 2198 0,16 % 1881 0,14 % 0,14 % 1417 0,11 % 0,12 %
Armenians 108 0,01 % 142 318 0,02 % 1261 0,10 % 0,10 % 1290 0,10 % 0,11 %
Azerbaijanis 41 0,00 % 181 422 0,03 % 857 0,07 % 0,07 % 891 0,07 % 0,07 %
Tajiks 9 0,00 % 135 0,01 % 383 0,03 % 0,03 % 644 0,05 % 0,05 %
Gypsies 42 0,00 % 58 0,01 % 452 0,03 % 701 0,05 % 0,05 % 602 0,05 % 0,05 %
Uzbeks 47 0,00 % 129 210 0,02 % 356 0,03 % 0,03 % 565 0,05 % 0,05 %
Moldovans 15 0,00 % 68 0,01 % 250 0,02 % 359 0,03 % 0,03 % 461 0,04 % 0,04 %
Germans 322 0,03 % 291 0,03 % 376 0,03 % 520 0,04 % 0,04 % 404 0,03 % 0,03 %
Udmurts 66 0,01 % 76 0,01 % 558 0,04 % 453 0,03 % 0,03 % 332 0,03 % 0,03 %
Jews 545 0,05 % 1003 0,09 % 690 0,05 % 393 0,03 % 0,03 % 317 0,03 % 0,03 %
Bashkirs 53 0,00 % 280 0,02 % 318 0,02 % 0,02 % 295 0,02 % 0,02 %
Georgians 100 0,01 % 108 0,01 % 151 0,01 % 405 0,03 % 0,03 % 240 0,02 % 0,02 %
Kazakhs 84 0,01 % 67 0,01 % 194 0,01 % 240 0,02 % 0,02 % 190 0,02 % 0,02 %
Greeks 16 0,00 % 199 0,01 % 200 0,02 % 0,02 % 166 0,01 % 0,01 %
other 513 0,05 % 752 0,07 % 2061 0,15 % 1854 0,14 % 0,14 % 2129 0,17 % 0,18 %
indicated nationality 1076742 99,99 % 1097843 100,00 % 1338012 100,00 % 1310300 99,74 % 100,00 % 1203550 96,16 % 100,00 %
did not indicate nationality 68 0,01 % 16 0,00 % 11 0,00 % 3454 0,26 % 48069 3,84 %

Chuvash

Main article: Resettlement of the Chuvash in Russia

Tatars

Main article: Settlement of Tatars in Russia

Tatars live compactly in the Batyrevsky, Kozlovsky, Komsomolsky, Shemurshinsky, and Yalchik districts. Chuvashia has 24 Tatar, 5 mixed settlements. There are 19 schools teaching the Tatar language, 24 mosques (as of 1997). There are the All-Tatar Social Center of Chuvashia (Cheboksary, since 1992), the Tatar Social and Cultural Center of Chuvashia (Shygyrdan village, Batyrevsky district, since 1993). The newspaper “Vakyt (newspaper of Chuvashia)” is published (since 1996). The Tatar People's Theater (village of Polevye Bikshiki, Batyrevsky district, since 1965) and the folklore and variety ensemble "Mishar" (village of Urmaevo, Komsomolsky district) perform.

General Map

Map legend (when you hover over the marker, the real population is displayed):

Mari El Nizhny Novgorod Region Tatarstan Mordovia Cheboksary Novocheboksarsk Kanash Alatyr Shumerlya Tsivilsk Kugesi Vurnary Kozlovka Yadrin Mariinsky Posad Ibresi New Lapsary Poretskoye Urmary Batyrevo Shygyrdan Komsomolskoye Krasnoarmeyskoye Shemursha Novoe Atlashevo Morgaushi Yantikovo Ishley Alikovo (Alikovsky district) Krasnye Chetai Yalchiki Bolshoi Karachura Shorki stry Arabosi Turmyshi Toburdanovo Urmaevo Tarkhany Trekhbaltaevo Suguty Stemasy Napolnoe Buinsk Klimovo New Churashevo Kirya Burtasy Kalinino Cherepanovo Tyurlema ​​Churachiki Populated areas of Chuvashia

Notes

  1. 1 2 Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015. Archived from the original on August 6, 2015.
  2. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2015 and average for 2014 (published March 17, 2015)
  3. All-Union Population Census of 1926. M.: Publication of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR, 1928. Volume 9. Table I. Populated areas. Cash city and rural population. Retrieved February 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015.
  4. Statistical reference book of the USSR for 1928.
  5. All-Union Population Census of 1959. Retrieved October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013.
  6. All-Union population census of 1970. The actual population of cities, urban-type settlements, districts and regional centers of the USSR according to census data as of January 15, 1970 for republics, territories and regions. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013.
  7. All-Union Population Census 1979
  8. All-Union population census of 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Resident population as of January 1 (persons) 1990-2010
  10. All-Russian population census 2002. Volume. 1, table 4. Population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - regional centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand or more. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
  11. All-Russian population census 2010. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, settlements of the Chuvash Republic. Retrieved March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015.
  12. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities. Table 35. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
  13. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2013. - M.: federal Service state statistics Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Table 33. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, urban settlements, rural settlements). Retrieved November 16, 2013. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013.
  14. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
  16. 1 2 3 4
  17. 1 2 3 4
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
  19. 1 2 3 4 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
  20. 1 2 3 4 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
  21. Birth rates, mortality rates, natural increase, marriages, divorces for January-December 2011
  22. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
  23. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
  24. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
  26. 1 2 3 4 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
  27. 1 2 3 4 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
  28. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
  29. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
  30. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
  31. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Life expectancy at birth, years, year, indicator value per year, entire population, both sexes
  33. 1 2 3 Life expectancy at birth
  34. Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1939. National composition of the population by region of Russia: Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
  35. Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1959. National composition of the population by region of Russia: Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
  36. Demoscope. All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population by region of Russia: Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
  37. All-Russian Population Census 2002: Population by nationality and Russian language proficiency by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
  38. Official website of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
  39. All-Russian population census 2010. Official results with expanded lists by national composition of the population and by region: see.
  40. Tatar encyclopedic dictionary. - Kazan, 1999.
Chuvashia

Capital: Cheboksary
Cities: Alatyr | Kanash | Kozlovka | Mariinsky Posad | Novocheboksarsk | Tsivilsk | Shumerlya | Yadrin

Municipal-territorial division:

Districts: Alatyr | Alikovsky | Batyrevsky | Vurnarsky | Ibresinsky | Kanashsky | Kozlovsky | Komsomolsky | Krasnoarmeysky | Krasnochetaysky | Mariinsko-Posadsky | Morgaushsky | Poretsky | Urmarsky | Tsivilsky | Cheboksary | Shemurshinsky | Shumerlinsky | Yadrinsky | Yalchiksky | Yantikovsky

Articles: Geography | Coat of arms | Anthem | History | Population| Administrative division | Flag

Population of Chuvashia Information About

(Analytical review based on official data from government statistical bodies)

About the potential of Chuvashia in the Russian Federation in 1990-2015

The population of the republic as of January 1, 2016 was 1 million 236.6 thousand people, or 0.844 percent of the total population of Russia, taking into account the Crimean Federal District. For 2006-2015 The population of Chuvashia was declining at a faster rate than the population of the Russian Federation as a whole. In 1990, the population of the Chuvash Republic was equal to 0.904 percent of the total population of the RSFSR (excluding Crimea and Sevastopol).

As of January 1, 2016, the level of general unemployment in our republic was 5.0% of the total number of employed, which is higher than the indicators for the Volga region as a whole federal district, equal to 4.8%.

During the years of “reforms” (1991-2015), the economic potential of Russia, as well as its constituent entities, decreased significantly, since the ongoing “reforms”, privatization and appropriation of national wealth by oligarchs and other representatives of the alliance of the bourgeoisie, officials and criminals destroyed enterprises, organizations, collective farms and state farms.

At the same time, the fall economic potential Chuvashia was higher than the Russian average. This can be clearly seen from the following table:

Share of Chuvashia in the indicators for the Russian Federation as a whole in% (RF=100%) 1990 2005 2010 2013
Population 0,904 0,905 0,879 0,863
Gross regional product 0,800 0,426 0,408 0,416
Cost of fixed assets (at the end of the year) 0,779 0,610 0,529 0,486
Industrial output volume 0,783 0,439 0,396 0,363
Agricultural production 1,192 0,991 0,858 0,940
Scope of work capital construction 0,739 0,600 0,421 0,541
Investments in fixed capital 0,763 0,536 0,466 …
Retail trade turnover 0,567 0,423 0,498 0,506
Public catering turnover 1,000 0,500 0,688 0,699
Busy staff scientific research and developments 0,439 0,173 0,128 0,177

For example, if in 1990 the volume of industrial products produced at the enterprises of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was equal to 0.783 of the total volume in the RSFSR, then in 2005 it amounted to only 0.390% of the all-Russian total, i.e. the rate of decline in Chuvashia was 2.0 times greater than in the country. At the end of 2013, the volume of industrial production of the republic was equal to only 0.363% of the all-Russian total. The fall continues.

The gross regional product, which in 1990 amounted to 0.800 of the total volume in the Russian Federation, decreased to 0.416% in 2013. The volume of capital construction work, accordingly, over these years decreased from 0.739% to 0.541% of the total volume in the Russian Federation. The value of fixed assets of the Chuvash Republic in 1990 was 0.779% of their total value in the Russian Federation as a whole; in 2013 this figure decreased to 0.486%.

The volumes of retail trade turnover and public catering in 1990 in Chuvashia amounted to 0.567% and 1.000% of the total volume in the RSFSR, respectively. And in 2013 they were equal to only 0.506% and 0.699%, respectively.

In general, in the Chuvash Republic in comparable prices at the end of 2015, industrial production amounted to only 69.5%, agricultural production - 76.8%, volume construction contract– 39.3% of their 1990 level, respectively.

Comparison of the standard of living of the population of Chuvashia and

Russian Federation in 1990 – 2015

A more rapid decline in the economic potential of Chuvashia in 1990–2015 compared to the Russian average was accompanied by a significant relative decrease in cash income and wages population of the republic compared to the Russian Federation, as can be seen from the following table:

Subjects

Russian Federation

 Average per capita income of the population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as a percentage of the indicators for the Russian Federation as a whole (per month)
1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
Russian Federation 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00
83,11 87,80
Republic of Bashkortostan 83,41 76,11 85,01 93,59 107,20
Mari El Republic 78,80 46,82 41,74 53,98 56,30
The Republic of Mordovia 85,71 49,45 51,24 58,53 57,30
Republic of Tatarstan 86,18 79,48 90,38 90,85 107,20
Udmurt republic 88,48 66,37 57,56 65,78 78,50
Chuvash Republic 76,04 49,98 48,67 58,00 58,10
Perm region 88,02 105,26 101,38 102,83 98,50
Kirov region 91,71 59,58 56,62 70,87 73,20
Nizhny Novgorod Region 91,24 75,32 75,56 86,61 102,20
Orenburg region 89,86 63,61 62,13 70,94 77,80
Penza region 86,18 55,24 53,75 67,24 71,10
Samara Region 93,55 114,20 115,59 107,37 89,4
Saratov region 90,78 67,51 61,67 63,33 66,60
Ulyanovsk region 87,10 55,98 56,28 68,33 69,20

Over the years of “reforms”, the monetary incomes of the population decreased both in the Russian Federation and in individual regions of the country, including those included in the Volga region. federal district. But these rates of decline varied. Thus, if in 1990 the average per capita monetary income in the Czech Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was 76.04% of the level in the RSFSR, then at the end of 2015 they amounted to only 58.10% of the Russian average. To compare and evaluate the results of the “reforms,” we present indicators for other subjects of the Volga Federal District.

Similar trends are typical for the indicators of the average monthly nominal accrued wages of workers (see table):

Subjects

Russian Federation

 Average monthly nominal accrued wages in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as a percentage of the indicators for the Russian Federation as a whole
1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
Russian Federation 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00
Volga Federal District 88,78 80,19 75,67 74,52 75,70
Republic of Bashkortostan 88,78 86,93 77,29 78,17 76,00
Mari El Republic 83,83 52,39 57,72 60,38 64,90
The Republic of Mordovia 81,85 49,82 59,16 56,72 65,10
Republic of Tatarstan 88,78 90,41 82,62 82,81 86,30
Udmurt republic 94,72 78,33 74,50 68,21 74,10
Chuvash Republic 78,22 53,80 59,30 62,07 62,90
Perm region 93,07 109,46 90,58 83,23 83,10
Kirov region 92,41 68,44 66,58 63,44 64,80
Nizhny Novgorod Region 87,79 76,35 76,37 77,93 78,70
Orenburg region 93,07 83,15 72,05 72,54 72,10
Penza region 82,84 56,58 60,86 68,84 68,20
Samara Region 90,76 99,58 90,77 78,65 80,10
Saratov region 87,13 62,58 63,58 69,46 66,30
Ulyanovsk region 87,46 64,27 62,46 63,66 67,10

The table shows that in 1990 the average salary in Chuvashia was equal to 78.22% of the average salary in the RSFSR. At the end of 2015, this figure decreased to 62.90%.

Something else is also important. With each subsequent year, the gap in the level of wages and monetary income of the population in absolute terms increases. Thus, in 2000, the average salary in the Russian Federation was 2234 rubles, and in Chuvashia – 1196.2 rubles. (the gap is 1037.8 rubles). In 2006, the average salary in the Russian Federation was 10,727.7 rubles, and in the Czech Republic – 6,407.2 rubles. (gap – 4320.5 rubles). At the end of 2015, for the Russian Federation - 33981.0, for Chuvashia - 21360.0 rubles. (gap – 12611.0 rubles). This is already a significant gap.

The program of the Government of the Chuvash Republic to increase wages does not reduce this gap, but increases it. Our republic is falling further and further behind the Russian Federation.

The same is true for cash income. If in 2001 the average per capita cash income in Chuvashia was 1140 rubles, in the Russian Federation - 2281 rubles. (the gap is 1141 rubles), then at the end of 2006 the income amounted to 5294.4 rubles, respectively. and 9947.3 rub. (in Chuvashia less by 4652.9 rubles). At the end of 2015, the figures were respectively equal to 18,508 rubles. in Chuvashia and 30,306 rubles. In Russian federation. That is, the gap has already increased to 11,798 rubles.

The most acute social problem Poverty remains for most of the population of Chuvashia. Almost all pensioners belong to the poorest category. In 1990 the average size assigned monthly pensions amounted to 101 rubles, including pensions for age - 108 rubles, for disability - 89 rubles, for the loss of a breadwinner (for each disabled family member - 68.6 rubles), for long service (teachers, doctors etc.) – 102 rubles, social pensions – 60.7 rubles. It was significantly higher living wage, which was about 46 rubles. At the same time, a loaf of bread then cost 18 kopecks, a ticket on public transport – 5 kopecks, rent for a 2-3-room apartment – ​​12-18 rubles. per month.

In 2015, pensions in the republic amounted to 10,901.4 rubles, which is practically lower than the real minimum subsistence level (survival threshold), taking into account inflation.

Moreover, in most cases, these pensions must also support other unemployed family members, children and grandchildren.

IN Soviet period(1990), the population with incomes below the subsistence level was no more than 4-6%, and at the end of 2015 - 16.3% of the total population of the Chuvash Republic.

Conclusions:

The relative underestimation of wages and the reduction of pensions and social guarantees to the population from the state and private capital that accompanied the “reforms” over the past 20 years tend to decrease in subsequent years. The conclusion is this: the governments of the Russian Federation and the Chuvash Republic and private capital(the union of oligarchs, officials and crime) continues to use financial levers to redistribute income from workers and pensioners in favor of the rich for their further accumulation of capital at the expense of the bulk of the population. And in this matter, the population of our republic is losing more and more compared to the average for the Russian Federation.

For example, if in 1990 the average salary in Moscow was 337 rubles, then in Chuvashia it was 237 rubles. per month, i.e. the gap is 1.42 times. In 2006, respectively – 18698.6 rubles. and 6407.2 rub. The gap is 2.92 times. In 2015, salaries were 64,324 and 21,360 rubles, respectively. The gap is 3.01 times, i.e. has become even bigger and will continue to grow. Added to the problem of poverty is the problem of social inequality.

Over all these years, some growth in wages in the republic was accompanied by a rapid increase in prices for essential goods.

Thus, at the end of 2015, the average salary in Chuvashia, as we have already announced, amounted to 62.90% of average salary in the Russian Federation. But at the same time, the cost of the minimum set of food products in Chuvashia in December 2014 was 87% of the average Russian cost. Fixed set cost consumer goods and services, respectively, amounted to 87% of the Russian average.

It turns out that prices for the same goods in Chuvashia are 43% more expensive relative to Russia when comparing the actual purchasing power accrued salaries in the Chuvash Republic and the Russian Federation.

This is the inconsistency of the policies of the current government. We need another program that would serve not the oligarchs, but the working people.

THIS PROGRAM WAS PRESENTED TO THE PEOPLE BY THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.

State Duma Deputy

Russian Federation

V.S. SHURCHANOV.

Population size and distribution

As of January 1, 2009, 1296.2 thousand people lived in the republic, which is 0.9% of the total population of the country. Russia is dominated by subjects in which the population varies from 1 to 2 million people, including Chuvashia.

The rural population within Chuvashia is unevenly distributed, amounting to about 40%. The northern and central regions of the republic are more densely populated; their population density exceeds 30 people per km 2 .

The rural population of Chuvashia lives in villages that differ in population and location. In Chuvashia, there are 1,727 rural settlements with a population of 526,100 people, therefore, on average, about 300 people live in a village. In the republic, villages are located mainly in river valleys, on watersheds of rivers and ravines, and along roads.

The urban population grew especially rapidly from 1959 to 1989: the number of city residents increased 3.1 times, thanks to which by 1970 it exceeded the rural population. In 2001, the share of city residents was 61.4%. The growth of the urban population of the republic occurred due to Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk, therefore their share in the urban population of Chuvashia is 71%. At the same time, the share of small towns in the total urban population of the republic is decreasing - from 51.9% in 1959 to 27.2% in 2000.

There are 17 urban settlements on the territory of Chuvashia: 9 cities and 8 urban-type settlements.

According to population, the classification of cities in the republic is as follows:

* Big City(250-500 thousand people) - Cheboksary;

* large city (100-250 thousand people) - Novocheboksarsk;

* average city(50-100 thousand people) - Kanash;

* small towns (20-50 thousand people) - Alatyr, Shumerlya;

* small towns with a population of less than 20 thousand people - Kozlovka, Tsivilsk, Yadrin, Mariinsky Posad.

Urban-type settlements include Kirya, Buinsk, Vurnary, Kugesi, Ibresi and Urmary. The villages of New Lapsary and Sosnovka are part of the Cheboksary City Council.

Urban settlements are unevenly distributed throughout the republic; there are more of them in the northern part of Chuvashia. It is no coincidence that the Cheboksary urban agglomeration was formed in the north of the republic, which included Novocheboksarsk, Tsivilsk, Kugesi, as well as all settlements within the Cheboksary region and part of the villages bordering this area. The core of the agglomeration is the city of Cheboksary.

In the last decade, the urban population has practically not increased and is about 60%. In some settlements there was even a decrease in it, these include the cities of Kanash, Shumerlya, Alatyr, Kozlovka, villages

The ethnic composition of Chuvashia is heterogeneous

National and religious composition

In general, the national composition of the population in Chuvashia continues to maintain its historical character, which is the key to stable and positive processes in the field of interethnic relations. There are 19 national cultural centers in the republic, which actively cooperate with government bodies of the republic and neighboring regions. A peculiarity of the Chuvash Republic is the historically established fact that, on the one hand, the titular nation makes up the majority of the population, on the other hand, about half (45.7%) of the Chuvash are settled in compact groups and dispersed outside the territory of the republic, in other regions of the Russian Federation. This determines the emergence and active work of more than 60 Chuvash national-cultural autonomies and socio-cultural centers in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. The population of Chuvashia and the Chuvash living compactly outside the republic were and are distinguished by a high degree of interethnic and social tolerance. In Chuvashia and the Chuvash, the level of interethnic marriages is quite high. National culture was and is one of the main components of the preservation and development of ethnic groups. It is obvious that only with awareness of the main features and characteristics of a particular ethnic group is it possible for it to fit into the multinational environment of modern Russia.

Throughout the 20th century, Chuvash people left the republic, forming Chuvash diasporas in other regions of the country. At the same time, representatives of many nationalities live in the republic: Chuvash - 67.7%, Russians - 26.5%, Tatars - 2.7%, Mordovians - 1.2%, other nationalities - 1.8%. In total, citizens of 97 nationalities and 9 ethnic groups live together in Chuvashia. There are three ethnographic groups of Chuvash: the upper (Viryal, Turi) live in the northern and northwestern regions of Chuvashia, the lower (Anatri) - in the south of the republic and beyond, the middle (Anat Enchi) - in the northeastern and central regions. The Chuvash language consists of two mutually intelligible dialects: the upper one (the okaya dialect) and the lower one (the ukaya dialect).

The main problem with language proficiency questions was the definition of mother tongue. Moreover, to a greater extent this difficulty was characteristic of the Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians and other ethnic groups living in Cheboksary. The younger generation in such families often speaks less (or does not speak at all) their parents’ native language than Russian.

The traditional Chuvash faith was a natural pagan faith. After the voluntary entry of the Chuvash region into the Russian state in 1551, the Christianization of the Chuvash people began. Currently, 95% of the population adheres to the Orthodox religion, 3% to Islam, 1% to Protestantism, 1% to other religions and denominations.

Demographic situation

By the 60s of the last century, in Chuvashia, as in most regions of Russia, the demographic transition to modern type reproduction, that is, the birth rate gradually decreased. Therefore, in the period 60-80s. the rate of natural increase ranged from 14.7 to 7.6 people per 1000 inhabitants.

Since the 90s, the republic has experienced an unfavorable demographic situation: since 1992, the mortality rate has exceeded the birth rate. The rate of natural population decline has increased over the last decade and in 2000 amounted to 9.8 people per 1000 inhabitants

The decline in the birth rate and increase in mortality in the republic is associated with economic and demographic reasons. The conditions of the transition period negatively affect the residents of Russia.

In the republic, as throughout the country, there has been a sharp decline in the standard of living of the population: constant rise in prices, inflation and unemployment are holding back the birth rate and increasing mortality from disease, accidents and suicide. At the same time, in Chuvashia, as in most regions of Russia, the proportion of people of retirement age is increasing, which in turn reduces the birth rate and increases mortality. IN last years there is a decrease in life expectancy. In 1989, this figure was 70.3 years (for men - 65.4, for women - 75.2), and in 1995 - only 66.1 years (for men - 60.2, for women - 72 ,1).

On the territory of the republic, the demographic situation is not the same everywhere. A relatively favorable demographic situation is observed in the capital of the republic, Cheboksary, and in the cities of Novocheboksarsk and Tsivilsk. This is explained by the increased share of the working-age population in the age composition of city residents. Large cities with developed infrastructure and higher educational institutions attract young people from rural areas aged 16-35, who subsequently settle in there, start families, adding to the number of city residents. There is a natural population decline in all regions of the republic. This figure is low in the southeastern regions of the republic. Traditions are still preserved here large families. Certain influence on demographic situation Religion also plays a role, and in the southeast of the republic part of the population professes Islam. The highest rates of natural population decline are observed in the city of Alatyr and in the Alatyr region.

The sex and age structure of the population is “imprinted demographic history.” A significant decline is observed at the age of 50-60 years old (the first echo of the war, these are the “children of war”) and a slight decrease is observed among the 20-30-year-old residents of the republic (the second echo of the war, these are the children of the “children of war”). The ratio of men and women in different age groups is not the same.

Men predominate between the ages of 0 and 20, and women predominate at retirement age. By 2003, the number of women in the republic exceeded the number of men by 88 thousand people, but from year to year the difference between the number of men and women is decreasing. For example, in 1990 there were 1,164 women per 1,000 men, and in 2000 - 1,137.

Currently, a gradual process of aging of the republic's population is taking place. The population over working age increased from 1990 to 2000. by 12.4%. The share of people of retirement age in 2000 was 19.5%. The proportion of pensioners is especially high in the Shumerlinsky district (37.3%), their smallest share is observed in Cheboksary (13.9%) and Novocheboksarsk (12.5%) (see Table 5 in the Appendix). Simultaneously with the increase in the population of retirement age, there is a decrease in the number of children. For the period from 1990 to 2000. the number of people under working age decreased by 16.5%. The highest proportion of children is observed in the Ibresinsky district (26.1%), and the lowest in the Shumerlinsky district (18.9%).

Urbanization and migration. Labor resources

The decrease in the population of Chuvashia is not only due to natural movement (fertility and mortality), but also due to population migration. The main regions of departure of the population of Chuvashia are Moscow and the Moscow region, Tatarstan, and the Nizhny Novgorod region. Among the regions where the population most comes from, one can note the Ulyanovsk region.

The national composition of those arriving in Chuvashia from regions of Russia is characterized by approximately equal numbers of Chuvash and Russians. The number of Russians leaving Chuvashia is almost 2 times greater than the Chuvash ones. The labor force of the republic is considered to be the population of working age, with the exception of people with disabilities, as well as working pensioners and teenagers. The number of labor resources and their qualitative composition is variable and depends on many reasons. So, for example, in terms of gender, men predominate, and in terms of age, people from 30 to 44 years old; in terms of education, people with secondary and special education.

Within Chuvashia, migration growth of the population is uneven (Fig. 26). The main flows of migrants are directed to the north of the republic, to large cities - Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk. Mostly rural residents of the republic, especially young people, come here. The southern regions of the republic have a negative migration balance, that is, the number of people leaving these regions is less than the number of people moving here for permanent residence. In the last decade, the flow of migrants from the northern and eastern regions of the country has increased into the republic.

Holidays and traditions

The main role in the preservation and development of folk artistic traditions in the republic belongs to club-type cultural institutions. Today, 514 folklore groups operate in 887 club institutions in Chuvashia, mastering and promoting national folk traditions, customs and rituals. Of these, 35 bear the title “national”. Club institutions of the republic are doing a lot of work to revive and update the calendar holidays and rituals “Surkhuri”, “Savarni”, “Vaya”, “Ker Sari”, etc.

Surkhuri is an ancient Chuvash holiday. It was celebrated during the winter solstice. Later, this New Year holiday coincided with Christian Christmas (rashtav) and continued until baptism (kasharni). During the celebration of Surkhuri, rituals were held that called for ensuring economic success and personal well-being of people, a good harvest and offspring of livestock in the new year.

During surkhuri, from Christmas to baptism, mummers (svetka) walked around in the evenings and acted out all kinds of humorous scenes.

Closer to midnight, fortune telling began. Young people sought to predict their future, to find out what changes awaited them in the new year. Guys and girls went to the sheepfold at midnight and grabbed sheep by the hind legs in the dark in order to recognize the signs of their future husband or wife by their color and age. The very name of the holiday comes from this ritual: in direct translation, surah uri means “sheep’s foot.”

There were a great many ways of fortune telling. Young people usually made wishes about their betrothed, while adults were interested in the prospects for the harvest.

Savarni (Maslenitsa)

In 2008, it is celebrated on March 9th. For the Chuvash people, Savarni is a holiday of honoring the sun. On this day, they bake pancakes, organize horseback riding around the village in the direction of the sun, and burn an effigy of “Savarni Karchak”.

Celebrated on June 30th. Akatui (translated from the Chuvash language means “wedding of the plow”) is one of the main national holidays of the Chuvash people. It is dedicated to the end of spring field work. Since ancient times, the Chuvash gathered on this day to congratulate each other, join a common round dance and sing their favorite songs, and swim in the river. Men organized sports competitions: kereshu - belt wrestling, running, horse racing. The children also tried their hand at various games: pole climbing, sack running, and tug of war.

The Uyav holiday is held in the spring and summer. It is based on games and round dances. The essence of the national celebration is communication after the sowing season, getting to know the betrothed, singing round dance songs, in which, in one form or another, there were appeals to the forces of nature with a request for a rich harvest, abundant rain. The word "uyav" literally means "observance", initially it meant the observance of traditional ritual life, and later this began to be called any holiday, ritual celebration. In 2007 it was celebrated on July 7-8.

National costume, cuisine

The residents managed to preserve their original culture, traditions, crafts and crafts: unique embroideries, unusual costumes, unique women's headdresses, ritual holidays associated with the ancient beliefs of the pagan Chuvash, and the preparation of the national drink - Chuvash beer.

National traditions in clothing have great vitality. By comparative analysis individual parts of clothing and jewelry, our ethnographers came to the conclusion that the Chuvash preserved the ancient style of clothing better than anyone else. Until the mid-19th century, the Chuvash mainly used home-made fabrics. This was facilitated by the isolation of subsistence farming. While home-made vegetable paints were used, dyeing yarn was a rather complex and labor-intensive process and the canvas was white. But white clothes quickly get dirty, and as soon as aniline dyes penetrate into the everyday life of the Chuvash, and along with the decomposition of the natural economy, the steadfastness of antiquity weakens, yarn dyeing begins. Even at the end of the 18th century, the lower Chuvash people began to weave motley fabrics.

Despite the close relationship of the peoples of the Volga region with the Russian people and among themselves, their artistic cultures, while experiencing a certain mutual influence, nevertheless retain their specific characteristics. And in this regard, Chuvash embroidery stands out. Deifying natural phenomena, the ancient ancestors of the Chuvash reflected their pagan ideas in the patterns of clothing and utensils. Thus, the universe was depicted in the form of a quadrangle, the image of the great goddess through the great tree of life, the sun - in the form of a circle or rosette, etc. Thus, the ornament very realistically reproduced the worldview of our ancestors.

The ancient festive women's costume is very complex; it consists of a tunic-like white linen shirt and a whole system of embroidered, beaded and metal decorations. In completing the costume, headdresses and decorations made of beaded shells and coins play an important role. In the distant past, they undoubtedly played the role of amulets and talismans, and later they began to denote age and social affiliation owner. Beads and shells as decoration appeared among the ancestors of the Chuvash in very ancient times. But during the Mongol-Tatar yoke, some of the craftsmen were taken to the Golden Horde, and some died. The Chuvash, who took refuge in the forests, still have a tradition of decorating themselves with jewelry from precious metals and, most likely, it was then that this replacement of temple rings, coins, various pendants, and coins took place. The Chuvash used beads to make maiden headdresses tukhya and women's headdresses hushpu, which have survived to this day, and neck ornaments. It was used to string pendants for braids, tassels for back and waist decorations. The frame of the tukhya and khushpu was made of thick woolen or canvas fabric, sometimes leather, and beads were sewn onto it with a harsh thread. The pattern of beadwork is similar to the geometric pattern of embroidery. The main colors of beads are red and green (from dark blue to light blue), white and yellow.

To decorate headdresses, craftswomen chose coins not only by their size, but also by their sound. Coins sewn to the frame were attached tightly, while coins hanging from the edges were attached loosely, and there were gaps between them so that during dances or round dances they would make melodious sounds.

Khushpu women's headdresses had a unique shape. They come in two types: cone-shaped and helmet-shaped, and have a “tail” - a part going down to the back. There are two types of tukhya girls' headdresses - pointed and without a point, they do not have a back part. The artistic techniques used in sewing are rich and varied. The craftswomen placed each coin and bead with great skill and taste. Among the items made of silver and beads, on a par with tukhya and hushpu, there are women's and girls' chest jewelry shulkeme. In some ethnographic subgroups they were also called pendants to the supran or ama. The girl's decoration, unlike the women's, did not have a triangular part used to attach the surpan and was single-tiered. Among the upper Chuvash, the shulkeme consisted mainly of two identical parts and had a square shape, while among the lower and intermediate Chuvash it was semi-oval and rectangular. Among items embroidered with silver and beads, a special place is occupied by women's and girl's jewelry - tevet. It was worn over the left shoulder. Women wore tevet mainly at weddings, and girls wore it during the spring ritual of “maiden arable land”, in round dances and at autumn holidays dedicated to sheep, first bread and flax. One of the traditional holidays was “girl beer” - in honor of hops and new beer, when all participating girls must wear tevet.

Chuvash costumes and their ornamentation differed among the three ethnographic groups. Grassroots patterns were embroidered on homespun white canvas, always large and polychrome. The main ornament was often made with wide stripes of madder color and was accompanied by a small pattern. The ornamentation is characterized by monumental features. Virial craftswomen, in addition to white canvas, also used a colored base and loved small, filigree ornaments. Their costume differed in the way it was worn. Black onuchi were an indispensable accessory to their toilet. The costume and patterns of the middle grassroots are closer to the grassroots. Women's shirts were distinguished by rich ornamentation on the chest. It was decorated with patterns and rosettes. The rosettes consisted of spoke-shaped figures superimposed on each other. The patterns were in the shape of a diamond. Of great interest among them was a complex ornament with an asymmetrical composition, which is found only in the embroidery of married women’s shirts. The ornamentation of the women's costume was subordinated to the overall composition. The hem, compared to other parts of the shirt, was embroidered more modestly, and a clear rhythm was observed in its decoration. An important role was played by the rhythmic alternation of wide and narrow stripes, including stripes and geometric patterns. Chuvash craftswomen revealed their natural gift and skill in decorating leg guards. They were worn both on holidays and on weekdays. Silk and wool threads were used to create patterns. The embroidery was one-sided, and patches were widely used. A long fringe, brown or blue, enriched the legguard when moving, playing against the white background of the shirt, enlivening the woman’s entire costume.

Girls from the age of five to six learned needlework. By the age of 12-14, many of them, having mastered the secrets of craftsmanship and a variety of techniques, became excellent craftswomen. The girl's costume did not have chest rosettes. shoulder pads sleeve patterns. Young girls embroidered their outfits, intended for holidays or spring round dances, modestly. They put all their skill and skill into embroidering wedding clothes. One of the accessories of the wedding attire was the bride's veil - a large cloth with embroidery in the corners. During the wedding, the veiled bride was supposed to sit, surrounded by her close friends, in the front corner of the hut, separate from the groom. At a certain point in the wedding, a ceremony took place to remove the veil and dress the bride in the costume of a married woman. The embroidery of the bedspreads amazes with the richness of their shapes and the variety of decor. Masmak women's headbands come in two types: among the Anatri Chuvash they are wide, with a trapezoidal pattern composition on a white canvas, and among the Viryal they are narrow, embroidered with small geometric shapes, usually on a strip of colored fabric.

Men's clothing was distinguished by the richness of embroidery and variety of ornaments. One of the most interesting accessories of men's clothing was the shupar - a robe made of homespun white canvas. In the last century, it was worn mainly by elderly men and wedding leaders, and even earlier, priests were supposed to wear such a robe during sacrifices. In addition to embroidery, silk stripes were used liberally in decorating a man's robe. The craftswomen especially diligently executed the patterns on the back - they were large, expressive, always with monumental features. The patterns of the ancient men's robe, placed around the chest slit, on the shoulders, on the chest, on the back, on the sleeves, on the hem, were subject, as on the women's shirt, to a single compositional structure. But their ornamental motifs almost did not repeat the patterns of women's clothing. The robe was embroidered with a one-sided seam according to the thread count. The figures of the ornament resemble images of horses, plants, and human hands, which are often accompanied by symbols of “arable land.” One of the features of the decoration of robes is also the abundance of “fire” signs in them, made with silk stripes. The girls put all their skill, all their skill as embroiderers into making the groom’s scarf. The girl gave a scarf to the groom on the day of matchmaking, expressing her consent to marry him, as well as demonstrating her skills. The groom wore a folded scarf around his neck during the wedding. Since the middle of the 19th century, embroidered clothing has been gradually replaced by motley clothing. At the beginning of the 20th century, this process intensified. Natural dyes are being replaced by aniline ones. Weaving mills appear in villages. The motley costume (shirt, scarf, apron) is becoming widespread mainly among the lower Chuvash people. At first, such a suit was work clothes, and later it became festive. In the costume of the riding Chuvash, the motley found no place for itself. The woven pattern in them is developed in the manufacture of women's and men's elegant belts.

Chuvash cuisine is very similar to Tatar and Bashkir. Simple meat is used, but lamb still prevails among meat products. A very characteristic feature of Chuvash cooking is the use of vegetables for preparing first courses with cheese, and not in sautéed form. An extremely rich assortment of flour products. Meat and fish filling and onions are added raw and brought to readiness during baking. The filling is often complex: layers of potatoes, meat, onions and other products alternate.

Traditional dishes mainly consist of agricultural and livestock products. Porridge (pgtg), oatmeal (tinkele), flour jelly (kesel, nimer), soups (yashka, shyarpe) in fish or meat broth with seasonings from cereals, vegetables and herbs were widely consumed. Popular among the Chuvash were soup with dumplings (salma yashki, zgmakh yashki), sausage made from a sheep's stomach stuffed with meat and lard (shgrttan), boiled sausage stuffed with cereals, minced meat or animal blood (tultarmsh, sukta). Dairy products were consumed in the form of whole (set) and sour milk (turgh), buttermilk (uyran), cream (khgyma) and curd cheese (chgkgt). The Bashkir and Orenburg Chuvash also made kumys (kgmgs). The baked goods were varied: bread made from rye flour (zgkgr), often with the addition of malt; for the festive table, the Chuvash people prepared hgparta - fluffy wheat bread; pies (kugl), khuplu - a large round pie with a complex meat and cereal filling, pancakes (pelem) and pancakes (eclipse ikerchi), flat cakes (pashalu, yusman, surkhuri, ikerche, vetya), cheesecakes with potato or curd filling (pyaremech, tgpgrchg ikerchi), koloboki (ygva) made from wheat flour, khurgn kukli - small pies like dumplings or dumplings (they were cooked in a cauldron).

Honey (ardor) was traditionally present on the Chuvash table. Favorite drinks are beer made from barley or rye malt (sgra), mead or mash (sim-pyl, kgrchama).

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