Undoubtedly, one of the most important factors determining the credit and investment potential banking system, is the state of the money and credit market, the level of its liquidity. It is interesting to see how closely interconnected the monetary aggregate M2 and the amount of funds provided by credit institutions to their clients in Russia - individuals and legal entities V various forms. To do this, you can calculate the correlation coefficient, which helps to clarify the tightness of the relationship between data series. Calculation of the correlation coefficient for the period 2010-2016 (Table 1), which is estimated at the level of 0.978, showed a high degree of interdependence between the volumes of bank lending, investment and the M2 aggregate, which characterizes the money and credit market. This suggests that banks during 2010-2016. actively worked on the redistribution of cash and non-cash funds in the accounts of the economy.

	M2 (billion rubles)	Volume of funds provided by banks commercial organizations, individuals and other credit institutions
Coefficient correlations

The lending and investment potential of the bank is largely determined by the amount and timing of funds raised from the population, which should be directed, among other things, for investment purposes.

2016 fiscal year characterized by a significant increase in volume bank deposits of the population - by 19%. At the same time, the share of household deposits amounted to 29.5?% of liabilities banking sector. The volume of loans issued by banks also increased: in January 2012, their amount amounted to 17,966 billion rubles, and a year later - 31,582 billion rubles. Thus, with an increase in the volume of deposits of the population in banks for the period 2012-2016. by 72.7%, the total loan portfolio of the banking system of the Russian Federation increased by 75.8%.

This indicates a readiness to provide funds to the economy at a rate that outpaces their mobilization. Analysis of the relationship between the volume of placed funds of the population in Russian credit institutions and the size of the total loan portfolio domestic banks from 2010 to 2016 also carried out through the calculation of the correlation coefficient, the size of which was 0.94. This confirms the obvious high degree of dependence of credit investments of Russian banks on the volume of attracted funds from the population. However, a closer relationship between the volume of investments of banks and the monetary aggregate M2 suggests that the funds of organizations play an important role in the formation of sources of credit and investment resources.

Summarizing the correlation of the M2 monetary aggregate, taking into account the total portfolio of household deposits and the size of the total loan portfolio of the banking sector, one can assert not only the presence of a credit investment potential banking system of Russia, but also the fact that the mechanism for the redistribution of free Money population in the Russian economy through the banking sector, in principle, works, or rather, works in its credit part. However, credit potential is difficult to develop in an unfavorable environment. The latter is being discussed for over 15 years investment climate, the problems of improvement of which are still relevant today. The investment climate is a more complex category than the lending and investment potential. Its formation depends not only on credit institutions, other areas of business, the current situation financial markets different scales and other things, but also from the government monetary policy. At the same time, the norms required reserves are one of the toughest tools monetary regulation. Mitrokhin V.V., Lukshina A.A. Tools to support the sustainable development of commercial banks

Reserve rates, among other things, are set by the regulator for foreign capital inflows into national economy. The lower the reserve ratio, the higher the efficiency of investments and the more attractive the economy for foreign investors. The tightening of the requirements of the Bank of Russia since the beginning of 2011 has reduced the investment opportunities and liquidity of banks. Even before the sanctions, it became unprofitable for non-residents - owners of capital to place capital in Russia due to the presence of high costs of various kinds, as well as the low efficiency of investments.

The third factor determining the lending and investment potential of banks in terms of their own capabilities of credit institutions is the size own funds. It is also important from the standpoint of the level of economic development, as well as the investment climate, because ensures the reliability and stability of the development of banking and payment system. The general trend in the development of banking systems over the past ten years is to increase equity banks, the importance of which has been proven during the global financial crisis. The growth of own funds allows banks to increase lending volumes real sector economy.

During 2013, banks' own funds increased by 14% to RUB 6.975 trillion, and in 2014 to RUB 7.1 trillion, i.e. only by 1.8%. This is due to the fact that at the end of 2012? The Bank of Russia introduced changes to the requirements for the amount of own funds (capital) of banks and increased the burden on credit institutions in 2013. In this regard, banks began to actively increase their own funds in order to avoid violations of regulations, as well as to have an opportunity for further development. On the one hand, this is a positive fact in terms of assessing the credit and investment potential and the investment climate. On the other hand, it confirms high level the passivity of banks in taking care of their potential.

■ J w w w ^ w

Investment potential of the Russian banking system and factors for its increase

I'M WITH. golandr,

graduate student, professor departments economic analysis, Statistics and Finance, Kuban State University (350040, Russia, Krasnodar, Stavropolskaya st., 149; e-mail: [email protected])

A.V. Penyugalova,

Doctor of Economics Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Economic Analysis, Statistics and Finance, Kuban State University (350040, Russia, Krasnodar, Stavropolskaya str., 149; e-mail: [email protected])

Annotation. The article examines three approaches to understanding the investment potential of banks: banking, market, relative. The authors identified and analyzed the factors that have a positive and negative impact on the banking investment potential. The factors that increase the investment banking potential include the growth of the capitalization of the banking system, the reliability of investments, the stability of the economic situation in the market, governmental support, increase in the volume of attracted savings of citizens in the banking sector. Negative factors include an increase in the cost of sources, an unfavorable investment climate, insufficient liquidity in the banking sector, and a decrease in investor confidence in the economy. The article deals with possible ways growth of banking capitalization and ways to strengthen the stability of the Russian banking system.

abstract. This article covers three aspects of understanding the economic potential of the Russian banking system. They include banking, market and relative aspects. Authors determined and analyzed positive and negative factors that influence investments into the Russian banking sector and their potential. Factors increasing the potential of investments in the banking system of Russian Federation include growth in the capitalization of the banking system, reliability of investments, economic stability, government support, and a rise in total deposits by the public sector. An increase in cost of capital, adverse investment climate, insufficient liquidity of the banking system, and lack of investors" confidence in the Russian financial system are among negative factors. The article focuses on possible ways to boost the growth of capitalization and to strengthen the stability of the Russian banking sector.

Key words: investment potential, banks, banking system, investment capital, investments, capitalization of the banking system.

Keywords: investment potential, investment capacity, banks, bank system, investment capital, investments, capitalization of a bank system.

In the development of the investment activity of the state, the banking system and its participants, in particular commercial banks, play a significant role, one of the activities of which is the formation and distribution investment capital. One of the main tasks of the banking system is the redistribution financial flows and capital mobilization.

For the stable development of the banking sector, in particular, and the country's economy as a whole, a steady growth of the investment potential of the banking sector is necessary.

The investment potential of the banking system is one of important factors financial sector development Russian economy. IN modern science several approaches to understanding the investment potential of the banking system have been formed.

First, the banking approach, which characterizes the credit and investment potential in the context of the financial, economic and institutional conditions for the functioning of the banking system. According to this approach, the investment potential can be expressed as the sum of its constituent elements:

IPBSb \u003d I IP b | + I IP k + I IP mbkP + I IP bst, (1)

where IPBSb is the investment potential of the banking system;

I IP B1 - the sum of the invested potentials of banks, I , where I - the number of banks in the banking system;

I IP k - investment potentials of corporations, which include banks, ], where L - the number of corporations, which include banks;

I IP mbcp - growth of investment capital, taking into account the possibilities of bank capital flow, n , where N - the number of operations on interbank capital flow (for example, the number of interbank loans);

I IP BST - the accumulated potential of the banking system as a whole (the attractiveness of creating new banks, government incentives and budgetary financing of the banking system, etc.), which can be assessed by experts, where M is the number of transactions that form the accumulated potential of the banking system.

This approach helps to determine the size of the investment potential of the banking

system, taking into account the growth of investment capital in the banking sector, government stimulation of the banking system, increasing the level of investment potential of banking corporations, the degree of interaction between investment banks.

Secondly, banking investment potential can be described using a market approach, which accumulates the conditions for its increase from the point of view of investment consumers. The investment potential of banks from the standpoint of the market approach can be represented as a formula:

IPBSr \u003d I Us b + I Y L d + I UB an + I US Fri (2)

where IPBSr - investment potential of the banking system;

I Us in: - the amount of long-term loans issued by the banking system, I , where I - the number of banks in the banking system;

I Yb d - the total value of debt securities circulating on the market, ] , where ^ is the number of debt valuable papers On the market;

I Ub up - the total volume of the market, as well as assessed value over-the-counter market for shares and shares, n, where N is the number of share and share securities in the market (including the exchange);

I US pt - the total capacity of the derivatives market financial instruments, t , where M is the number of derivative financial instruments on the market.

Thus, the market approach, unlike the banking approach, takes into account the amounts of a number of market instruments: long-term loans, shares, shares, debt and derivative securities.

The difference in potentials calculated using two different approaches makes it possible to determine the real increase in the credit and investment potential of the banking system:

L IPBS = IPBSr - IPBSv (3)

Thirdly, there is a relative approach, according to which the factors influencing the investment potential of banks are divided into two categories: increasing and decreasing its value.

The factors that increase the investment banking potential include strengthening the process of capitalization of the banking system, investment reliability, stability external environment, governmental support.

Among the factors that have a negative impact on the investment potential of banks are: an increase in the cost of sources for the formation of commercial banks' funds, an unfavorable investment climate, insufficient liquidity of the banking sector, and a decrease in investor confidence in the banking system.

Using the relative method, it is possible to assess the dynamics of the impact of

calculated and other factors on the change in the investment potential of the banking system:

IP \u003d 1 (x1; x2; xs; x4) / d (x5; x5; xy) (4)

where 1 (...) is a function of factors that have a positive impact on investment potential;

q (...) is a function of factors that have a negative impact on the investment potential.

An analysis of the dynamics of factors that have a positive and negative impact on investment potential makes it possible to identify further development credit and investment potential of the banking system.

In order to strengthen the investment potential of Russian banks, it is necessary, in particular, to increase the level of capitalization of the banking system, the stability of the economic market situation, and the growth of capital in the banking sector by increasing the volume of attracting citizens' savings.

An increase in the capitalization of the banking system, in other words, an increase in the equity capital of commercial banks, strengthens the stability of the banking system and creates the basis for long-term banking investments.

It is advisable to consider the factors affecting the capitalization of the national banking system, dividing them into factors of the macro environment, meso level and micro environment (Figure 1).

According to Figure 1, the components of the macro environment are the general economic indicators of the state as a whole, such as market conditions and its elements, political and social stability of the country, which affect the level of capitalization of individual commercial banks. The reasons for the growth or decline in the level of capitalization at the mesolevel are the elements of the banking system and its infrastructure. As part of given level The degree of capitalization can be affected by: the state of the banking sector, its infrastructure, as well as the policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the state in relation to the banking segment of the economy. The microenvironment implies the activity of the directly considered commercial bank and its internal mechanisms of work, which include the goals and objectives set for the organization, the ways to achieve them, the costs and risks associated with their implementation.

Analyzing the capitalization of the country's banking system, it is necessary to study the structure of equity of the Russian banking system and the factors of growth and decline in the capital of the banking sector, which are presented in Figure 2.

The very structure of equity in the banking sector is presented in Table 1.

Rice. 1. Factors affecting the level of capitalization of the Russian banking system.

Fators. affecting the level of gshpdpri

fact-Dpy pcirra capital

onini factors? capital

Rajuep statutory ka-ltala

Subordinated

The increase in the value of property due to geo-valuation

Neiatheriapy-s a<глвы

Purchased own shares (shares)

Sources of public * funds, the application of which is used

lower sources of supplementary capital

Investments of credits

Or ^ NI ^ a TsII B 5 (_ | II [shares)

Rice. 2. Factors of growth and decrease in own funds of the banking system of the Russian Federation.

0

Coursework by discipline

"Organizational activity of commercial banks"

Topic: "Credit and investment activities of banks: state and prospects"

(on the example of Rusfinance Bank LLC)

annotation

The course work contains 47 pages, including 11 figures, 27 sources.

This course work presents the theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities of commercial banks , credit activity of commercial banks and Analysis of credit and investment activity of commercial banks on the example of Rusfinance Bank LLC.

In writing the work, the works of scientists such as Bukato V.I., Panova G.S., Voloshin K.S. were used. and others. As well as Federal Laws and the Civil Code.

Course work includes 46 pages, including 11 figures, 27 sources.

In this term paper, the theoretical aspects of lending and investment activities of commercial banks, credit activity of commercial banks and analysis of lending and investment activities of commercial banks as an example of "Rusfinance."

In the writing of this paper were used works of scientists such as Bukato VI Panova GS, Voloshin KS et al. as well as federal laws and the Civil Code.

Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ...... 6

1 Theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities

commercial banks .................................................................. ............................... 7

1.1 The essence of the lending activities of commercial banks .............................. 7

1.2 Features of the investment activities of commercial banks ...... 11

1.3 Assessment of lending and investment activities of commercial banks 18

2 Analysis of lending and investment activities of commercial banks

on the example of LLC "Rusfinance Bank" .............................................. ................. 22

2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the bank .............................. 22

2.2 Analysis of the lending and investment activities of the bank .............................. 25

2.3 Evaluation of performance indicators of credit and investment

bank operations .................................................................. ............................................. 32

3 Problems and prospects for the development of credit and investment

activities of commercial banks .............................................................. ............... 38

Conclusion................................................. ................................................. ..43

List of used sources .................................................................. ............. 46

Introduction

The innovative activity of commercial banks is a characteristic of their successful policy in terms of providing services to their customers. It would not be an exaggeration to call innovations the basis of managing not only the cycle of banking operations, but also the bank itself.

Thanks to innovations, the management of a commercial bank has the opportunity to look at its own stage of development, as if from the outside, in comparison with other banks. Of course, the very process of developing and implementing innovative technologies forces a commercial bank to mobilize and make a number of investment decisions that are associated with risks. But such a step can be considered justified, provided there are real tools for assessing the level of economic efficiency of banks' lending and investment innovations.

In order to improve the methods for calculating the economic efficiency of design solutions, and the commercial feasibility of investing in the innovative development vector of a commercial bank, it is necessary to address a number of issues that are related to the area of ​​adaptation of selected innovations. At the same time, the question of assessing the level of economic effect remains open.

The presence and variety of various scientific works that highlight the issues of innovative processes in banking institutions, as well as the presence of critical points of view of practitioners, indicate that the problem raised has a certain level of relevance and is a matter of paramount importance for the development of a modern bank.

In support of the above, it is advisable to refer to the scientific works of such scientists as L.L. Antonyuk, T.A. Vasilyeva, S.B. Egorycheva, Ya.N. Krivich, S.V. Leonov, F.S. Mishkin and others. Their scientific research reveals various aspects of credit and investment innovations of banks, however, the current situation that has developed in the economy and the financial sector of Russia indicates the expediency of deepening individual elements of the study by improving the evaluation apparatus.

It is this approach that adapts the existing tools for assessing the economic efficiency of banks' lending and investment innovations, taking into account the changes caused by the existing financial processes in the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the study is to study the theoretical platform of the methodology for assessing the level of economic efficiency of the credit and investment activities of a commercial bank and its adaptation in modern deposit organizations that are representatives of the banking sector.

The key objectives of the intended area of ​​research are:

1) study of theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities of banks;

2) study of the lending and investment activities of the commercial bank Rusfinance Bank LLC;

3) disclosure of prospects for the development of credit and investment activities of a commercial bank.

The object of the course work was Rusfinance Bank LLC.

The subject of the course work is the process of credit and investment activities of banks.

The sources of information on writing a term paper were the works of specialists and bank employees; statistical data; research articles in periodicals on the organization of banking activities, as well as financial statements of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2011 - 2013, presented on the bank's official website - http://www.rusfinancebank.ru

1 Theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities of commercial banks

1.1 The essence of the lending activities of commercial banks

A modern commercial bank is a universal credit organization that provides customers with a huge range of services. At the beginning of their emergence and development, commercial banks performed only traditional operations for a credit institution: attracting deposits, providing loans and making settlements. But at present, in the conditions of fierce competition in the banking system, a commercial bank is forced to expand the range of operations performed in order to obtain sufficient profit for normal functioning.

Modern banks are the main participants in the securities market, the foreign exchange market, they offer clients various types of trust and consulting services, provide insurance services through related insurance companies, expand operations related to plastic cards, perform real estate transactions through representatives, etc. .[ 8].

In certain periods of time, depending on the political and economic state of the country and the international situation as a whole, various active operations are more or less profitable. So, with the instability of the foreign exchange market, sufficiently high incomes can be brought by foreign exchange transactions. Crises in the securities market, followed by the stabilization of the stock market, give banks a good opportunity to "earn" on the execution of arbitrage transactions with securities. The crises of the banking system itself allow large banks to receive good profits for a short period of time, placing in the interbank market the money necessary for small and medium-sized banks to fulfill their current obligations.

But, despite the attractiveness of certain banking operations in certain periods, banks constantly carry out their main function - lending operations. Thus, a sound credit policy allows rational and efficient use of all elements of the credit mechanism, which largely ensures the successful operation of the bank and its further development.

The purpose of the credit policy expresses the end result of the bank's activities, which follows from its purpose - to satisfy the needs of customers in obtaining additional funds, while making a profit and ensuring the stability of the credit institution. The objectives of the credit policy are more specific: they may be related to improving the composition of credit products, the quality of the loan portfolio, reducing the share of overdue debt, increasing the share of secured loans, reducing the risk of loans credit policy is not something once and for all determined in bank. It should be revised depending on changes in economic realities in the state, the "rules of the game" in the banking market.

Based on the tasks set by the credit policy, as well as the available resources, the credit institution determines the current tasks:

2) technology for the implementation of credit operations;

3) credit risk management;

4) control in the process of lending.

To keep the bank's credit policy up to date, it is necessary to regularly study the provisions set forth in it. Revision of the policy of credit institutions is carried out, as a rule, at least once a year. In the current rather rapidly changing economic situation, credit policy is reviewed even more often. Revision is possible both "from above" and "from below". Who, if not a loan officer, who daily encounters various, often non-standard situations in working with clients, sees the "thin" places in the policy and can make rational proposals for its adjustment. Banks try to adhere to the credit strategy as close as possible to the realities of modern life.

The credit policy of the bank is a system of monetary measures carried out by the bank to achieve certain financial results, and is one of the elements of banking policy.

For its successful implementation, the bank needs to keep a record of all the factors that affect the implementation of the inflow of funds from the credit potential. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the main factors affecting the effectiveness of the bank's policy in terms of the formation of credit potential funds.

The main forms of increasing sources of credit potential include:

Increasing the number of bank customers;

Increasing the funds of existing participants and clients in the bank;

Growth of the bank's organizational network;

Consolidation of funds of participants and clients of the bank for the intended purpose (for example, the creation of a general fund for housing construction).

For banks, a greater number of regular customers is of particular importance, since in this case, deposits in the bank and its liquidity are more stable. The credit policy, on the other hand, determines the general strategy of actions in lending activities and represents the general conditions for strategic planning, as well as the bank's current decisions on granting or not granting a loan.

How to ensure the financial stability of the bank in conditions of financial instability. An important role in this is given to the credit policy, which is based on the risk-return ratio acceptable to the bank for ongoing operations. A sound credit policy contributes to the optimization of credit risk, the provision of high-quality and most suitable loan products for the client, generating the main income of the bank.

Classification of banking risks depending on the state of each of the listed elements: type (kind) of the bank and risks.

The factors that determine the bank's credit policy are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Factors that determine the credit policy of a commercial bank

Currently, taking into account the direction of activity of banks, there are three types (types) of commercial banks: specialized, sectoral, universal. The set of risks for these banks will be different.

The sphere of occurrence and influence of banking risks. Depending on the scope of occurrence, banking risks are classified into: country risk; the risk of financial reliability of an individual bank (risks of insufficient capital of the bank, unbalanced liquidity, insufficiency of required reserves); the risk of a particular type of banking operation (the risk of non-payment, non-reimbursement, collection - a bank guarantee, legal risk, risk of unprofitable credit, etc.). Composition of the bank's clients and risk calculation methods. The composition of the bank's clients determines the risk calculation method and its degree. The small borrower is more exposed to the contingencies of the market economy than the large borrower. At the same time, large loans issued to a single borrower or a group of related borrowers, an industry, a region, or a country often cause bank failures. Therefore, one of the methods for regulating the risk from the provision of large loans is to limit its size to 10-15% of the bank's authorized capital.

The correct choice of the preferred client for the bank is also essential. Typically, such partners include enterprises with a high degree of financial stability and with good liquidity and solvency of balance sheets, a sufficient level of profitability, and well secured by their own funds.

In modern conditions, the principles of rational lending are of particular importance, requiring a reliable assessment of not only the object, subject and quality of collateral, but also the level of margin, profitability of lending operations, and risk reduction. It also becomes important to comply with lending technology, the rules for issuing and repaying loans, current monitoring and analysis of credit operations.

At present, it is difficult to predict how bank lending in Russia will develop in the future. But we can say with confidence that there is no serious alternative to this: the state does not have enough funds even to support the social sector, which is why lending to enterprises and other legal entities is an impossible task for it. Therefore, the greatest success in this type of banking business will be achieved by those credit institutions that will enter this market earlier than others and create appropriate internal mechanisms that allow them to work objectively on it.

The credit policy of the bank is determined, firstly, by the general guidelines regarding operations with the clientele, which are carefully developed and recorded in the memorandum on the credit policy, and, secondly, by the practical actions of the bank personnel who interpret and implement these guidelines. Therefore, ultimately, the ability to manage credit depends on the competence of the bank's management and the skill level of its rank-and-file staff involved in the selection of borrowers, specific loan projects and the development of the terms of loan agreements.

The bank, according to its purpose, should be one of the most reliable institutions of society, represent the basis for the stability of the economic system. In today's unstable legal and economic environment, banks must not only save, but also increase the funds of their clients almost independently, due to the lack of state support and support. Under these conditions, professional management of banking operations, prompt identification and consideration of risk factors in daily activities are of paramount importance.

1.2 Features of the investment activities of commercial banks

One of the fundamental infrastructural elements of the country's economic development has been (and will remain in the foreseeable future) the development of its credit and financial system.

The main direction of the impact of the banking system on the economy is investment activities carried out in the interests of the socio-economic development of the entire country. The mobilization of the savings of the population and their transformation into an investment resource remains a classic function of banks in the economic system. The significance of the banking system in terms of the efficiency of redistribution of capital may vary depending on the periods of economic development and the characteristics of a particular country.

In the study of the investment activity of banks, in our opinion, there is an urgent need to clarify the economic content of the concept of "investment activity of a commercial bank", since its interpretation in the economic literature requires additional disclosure.

In Soviet economic science, the investment activity of banks was considered to be the provision of long-term borrowed funds to subjects of the real sector of the economy. Under socialism, the banking sector performed the most important function of long-term lending to the most important sectors of the national economy; this view of the role of the banking system was largely inherited by modern Russian financial management.

In the process of development of market relations in the country, the view on the investment activity of banks has become more correlated with the activities of credit institutions in the field of investments in securities. To some extent, such an interpretation has become an objective reflection of the existing economic reality. It is customary to classify bank investments as securities with a maturity of more than one year, the main purpose of which is to generate income.

In this regard, I would like to note that it is unlawful to limit the investment activity of banks by the time frame for investing capital. The development of investment instruments currently makes it possible to "re-evaluate investments", i.e. carry out a regular review of the investment qualities of certain areas of investment.

A number of authors adhere to the broadest interpretation of the investment activities of a commercial bank, in particular, such an approach is disclosed in Instruction No. 17 of the Bank of Russia. In this document, investment activity is defined as "the acquisition or sale of tangible or financial assets intended to generate future income."

The second (narrow) point of view is set out in the accounting rules in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation when investing in securities in order to form a trading and investment portfolio. According to the requirements of this document, banks can make investments either “by directly investing their funds in production (by acquiring a share in one form or another); providing loans for the relevant purposes”, or for three main activities: “...serve the movement of funds belonging to investors - clients and intended for investment purposes; cooperate in mobilizing savings and savings and directing them for investment purposes through the securities market; to invest in the investment process own and borrowed resources” .

All currently existing studies in this area either operate with an extended interpretation, or narrow it down to the limits of a narrow range of operations with a certain category of securities. In our opinion, both existing approaches have the right to exist, since they objectively reflect the global trend towards the universalization of the activities of financial institutions. A broad interpretation describes the activities of the so-called. financial supermarkets that operate in diversified global markets. And the narrow interpretation of investment activity, therefore, reflects the main financial function of most Western banks - underwriting in the debt financing markets.

Domestic and foreign sources note microeconomic and macroeconomic approaches to assessing the bank's investment activities. From the standpoint of a microeconomic view, a bank is an economic entity operating with its own and borrowed funds in local markets in order to make a profit as the main goal of its activities.

From the point of view of macroeconomics, banks are an integral element of the global investment process, transforming the accumulation and savings of households and business entities into investment resources that are in demand by the real sector of the economy.

All investment activities of banks are traditionally divided into four main areas (a number of researchers highlight more): lending, investments in financial markets, production investments and investments in the bank's own activities.

Lending traditionally occupies a special place in terms of macroeconomic impact on economic processes in the country. Investment lending occupies a special place in the overall lending system due to the specifics of targeted lending, the use of project lending elements, a long lending period and, accordingly, a higher level of risk.

In the difficult conditions of the post-crisis development of the Russian economy, the share of investment loans is steadily increasing, which generally indicates the return of the former leading role to banks in the renewal of fixed capital in the real sector of the economy.

Financial investments of banks represent investments in securities and time deposits in other credit institutions. As the Russian financial market develops, investments in state and municipal securities, derivative securities (derivatives), as well as new financial instruments (transforming securities) are becoming increasingly important.

Banks' productive investments are the bank's investments in the economic activity of enterprises and organizations. Such investments can be made in the form of equity participation in the capital of an enterprise in the real sector of the economy, the implementation of joint activities. Such participation is carried out by the bank, as a rule, in the financial sector, where legal entities that carry out their activities using the financial resources of the bank (leasing and factoring companies, investment funds, insurance companies, non-state pension funds, depository and clearing institutions, etc.) .d.) .

The development of the bank's investment activity in this area, along with the presence of positive aspects (diversification of activities, development of new markets, etc.), can also carry a whole range of additional risks. In this regard, the activities of commercial banks in this area are associated with a number of additional legislative and regulatory restrictions.

Investments in own activities, as a rule, include investments in improving the material and technical base of the bank and its organizational level. The implementation of such investments is justified only if the logical result of such investments is an improvement in the rating position of the bank in the Russian and international markets, an increase in operational efficiency, an expansion of the client base and the level of customer service.

The development of forms of investment by credit institutions in the global economy proves the need to develop a flexible investment policy of the bank, able to effectively and quickly respond to changes in the macroeconomic situation, the choice of new forms and methods of investment. With regard to countries with economies in transition, the development of the main directions of investment policy is a serious problem, which is the object of special consideration in the professional environment. Among the influencing factors, it is imperative to take into account the degree of openness of the national economy, the degree of its real integration into the world economy and the degree of development of institutional mechanisms.

Analysis of foreign experience in the development of schemes for investment activities of credit institutions has led to the formation of two main models for building banking systems - segmented ("American") and universal ("German"). The main distinguishing features of both models were the specialization of credit institutions, the degree of their diversification and the strategy for the formation of their investment portfolios.

At present, it can be stated that, despite the ongoing process of development of the banking system of Russia, the scheme for building the financial system of our country based on the German model is gaining more influence.

The synchronous development of the processes of specialization and universalization in the banking sector has led to the formation of a new type of banks operating in the investment sector and possessing the following features: the global nature of operations, the ability to attract significant amounts of financial resources, a diversified range of services provided in the investment sector, owning a large private management business assets, merging with a network of small and medium-sized credit and brokerage institutions, the ability to provide a full range of related services in the investment field.

A characteristic feature of all investment activities of commercial banks is the presence of a significant share of borrowed resources in the invested funds, which makes the investment process for them much more dependent on the amount of profit received - the rate of return on invested capital. This feature can be noted first of all when compiling the characteristics of the modern investment process in Russia.

Secondly, it is necessary to note the risk factor as an integral part of the investment activity of commercial banks. Due to the significant dependence of banks on borrowed sources of funds, their investment activities are quite rightly subject to more stringent regulation both from the internal regulatory documents of banks and from the regulatory documents of the main regulator - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Thirdly, investments made by a credit institution must have a high degree of liquidity, i.e. the ability to be quickly converted into cash.

This feature of investment operations is inherent in a certain inconsistency - the actions of credit institutions in the field of investment investments are traditionally evaluated using the "magic triangle" "profitability-risk-liquidity", the main components of which have certain dependencies. So, with an increase in profitability, as a rule, the risk of operations inevitably increases. Consequently, the choice of appropriate forms of investment should be made on the basis of the developed investment policy of the bank, which includes the development and implementation of a set of measures for the implementation of investment activities according to a certain list of performance criteria. The direction and nature of investment investments will depend on the choice of one of the types of investment policy - conservative, moderate and aggressive.

Of particular importance is the active work of the bank to attract funds from the population, because. thanks to this source of liquid resources, savings are converted into an investment resource of the real sector of the economy along the shortest path, are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - The process of transformation of savings into investment resources

The relationship between investment and savings was studied by J. M. Keynes and presented by him in his work “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”. The starting points in Keynes's theory are the following: "Although the total amount of savings is the cumulative result of the actions of many individual consumers, and the amount of investment is the cumulative result of the actions of individual entrepreneurs, these two values ​​\u200b\u200bmust be equal to each other, since each of them is equal to the excess of income over consumption ". According to J.M. Keynes, the equality of savings to investments provides the country with stable economic development, therefore, the full implementation of the entire accumulation fund is expedient. Unfortunately, in our country, due to the underdevelopment of the mechanism of capitalization of savings, the latter are practically not involved in the investment process.

In the modern Russian economy, according to a significant number of domestic economists, there is currently a sufficient amount of potential resources that are not used for investment purposes and are thus excluded from effective economic turnover (even cautious estimates indicate the possibility of a twofold increase in investment potential).

At the same time, Russian commercial banks had quite a lot of attractive areas for investing funds, which were characterized by very high yields of tens and even hundreds of percent. In the current situation, the real sector of the economy cannot count on the growth of investments from the banking sector, according to many Russian economists, in particular S. Glazyev, in order to resolve this problem, it will be necessary to limit the access of market participants to highly profitable speculation.

Fourth, there is still a shortage of medium-term long-term resources in the composition of attracted funds from credit institutions. Despite the positive dynamics of the growth of bank deposits, it is too early to talk about the restoration of full confidence of citizens in the banking system in the conditions of post-crisis development.

Fifthly, the vast majority of loans provided are still of a short-term nature - this is due to the rather high need of enterprises for such loans, and the lack of effective investment instruments.

Domestic enterprises, having low rates of increasing profits (and, accordingly, their own funds), need to attract significant funds to replenish the amount of working capital and solve current production problems in paying for the services of product suppliers, acquiring raw materials, paying utilities, etc. .

Sixth, the budgetary policy pursued by the state should be attributed to the deterrent factors for the development of investment activity. In Russia, the budget surplus is not reinvested in the economy, but, in fact, withdrawn from it, being used to service the public debt, as well as to build up official gold and foreign exchange reserves. This reduces the basis for self-financing of economic growth, which is made more dependent on attracting resources from outside.

The balanced development of the banking system and the real sector of the economy is hampered by the lack of a systematic development of the country's legislative framework, which harmonizes the functioning and development of the modern economy.

At present, the main drawback of the current banking legislation is the weakness of liability mechanisms for assumed obligations at all levels of banking management. At the legislative level, such strategic principles of banking activities as protection of the interests and rights of investors, creditors, and depositors are not fully ensured; prevention of crimes in the economic sphere related to the performance of dubious operations and transactions, as well as the establishment by unscrupulous persons of control over credit institutions; the system of preferential taxation of banking activities has not been created.

From the foregoing, it follows that the impact of the banking system on the economy at present continues to be quite insignificant - this is expressed in the inability of existing financial institutions to become centers for transforming household savings into an investment resource for the real sector of the economy. Banks are not yet able to ensure real intersectoral competition for attracting credit resources in the conditions of a rather low effective demand of the population.

This can be partly explained by the poor financial condition of the end users of investment resources. In the context of declining inflation rates, its level still remains relatively high compared to the profitability of the real sector of the economy, which is reflected in high interest rates and the inaccessibility of bank loans for many producers. This is also due to the weak capitalization of the banking

system and the imbalance of their assets and liabilities in terms of maturity, insufficient resources for long-term lending and high lending risks, the presence of a disproportion in the distribution of capital: approximately 20 of the largest banks own 60% of all assets in the country and practically monopolize the banking market.

It should be noted that these are not the only problems by solving which we can achieve an intensification of the investment activity of commercial banks. However, ignoring them, it is easy to interrupt all positive trends in the correlational development of the banking system and the real sector of the economy, turning them into stagnation.

In the short term, the main problems that have a serious impact on the regional banking system will be a low level of equity, a high share of short-term liabilities that make long-term investments impossible, as well as a high degree of dependence of the banking network on the state of affairs in the real sector of the Russian economy.

1.3 Assessment of lending and investment activities of commercial banks

The problem of introducing innovations into the activities of commercial banks has been relevant for a long time. As evidenced by numerous studies, a significant part of scientists tried to solve this problem from the standpoint of the actual introduction of certain types of innovations, that is, banking products.

However, no less topical issues related to the evaluation of already existing credit and investment innovations of banks were considered and discussed to a limited extent.

At the same time, insufficient attention was paid to the study and disclosure of the relationship between the conceptual categories that characterize the process of evaluating banks' credit and investment innovations. This refers to the definitions of "the effectiveness of credit and investment innovations of the bank" and "innovative activity of the bank".

Previous studies show that there is a direct relationship between the concepts of "innovative activity of the bank" and "the effectiveness of the innovative activity of the bank". At the same time, the research, operational and strategic components of the bank's innovative activity /9/ are singled out and the importance of their simultaneous development as a guideline for the overall economic result of its activities is emphasized.

The relationship between these definitions is that the activities of the bank, regardless of the circumstances, should be aimed at a certain result.

In this case, the bank chooses an innovative mechanism on a credit basis. It is possible for a bank to achieve a certain level of efficiency in this activity if a number of conditions are met, which basically characterize the relationship between these categories.

The first condition is the research component, which is associated with the basic basis for the formation of the effectiveness of credit and investment innovations of the bank. The second and rather weighty condition is the motivational basis for the formation of the planned level of innovation activity efficiency.

The relevance of the second condition lies in the fact that the bank makes an attempt to make a loan investment based on the implementation of the principles of payback and efficiency. The operational and strategic components of the bank's innovation activities are the third condition for the relationship between definitions. It is these components that have the ability to implement the implementation of an innovative idea and, as a result, lead to an economic effect, that is, the productive stage is coming. As a result, the level of efficiency of credit and investment innovations of the bank depends on the quality of all the components that are involved in its emergence. So, the relationship between the definitions is established in such a way that without it, it makes no sense for a bank to master innovative technologies on a credit basis.

The importance of focusing innovative banking on the overall result and efficiency of the bank's activities is also confirmed by a critical analysis of the research results. From the point of view of methodology, the following are important: determining the main approaches to the strategy for introducing banking innovations in lending and investment activities; explaining the results of innovation and proving staff performance; development and implementation of innovative products and services in the work of the bank.

The task set is a rather complicated, but extremely important issue that needs to be addressed today, because the powerful waves of financial crises have become evidence that banks have not yet reached a sufficient depth of understanding of the phenomenon of innovation and do not have a systematic approach to adapting the mechanisms for their implementation. Therefore, it is advisable to start solving this problem from the interpretation of approaches to the basic strategies for introducing banking credit and investment innovations.

From the standpoint of a systematic approach, we consider the strategy for introducing banking credit and investment innovations as components of the overall strategy for the bank's innovative development. In turn, the strategy of innovative development in the plane of the general theoretical approach is interpreted as the main direction of the bank's movement in the long term, the result of which is the decision on the need to initiate banking credit and investment innovations and their nature, as well as the necessary resources.

Of course, banks are distinguished by their intellectual potential, a set of specific principles and tools for achieving certain development goals. In addition, the external environment and additional opportunities for further strengthening and expanding competitive positions in the market are different for each individual bank.

One should also take into account the natural results of the progress of science in the economy of the Russian Federation, as a result of which the processes of an interactive method of banking customer service are developing in the process of carrying out credit and investment operations of the bank. Innovative technologies that exclude direct communication between the bank and the client have found a large number of supporter banks. Therefore, the actualization of remote banking customer service technologies in the process of carrying out credit and investment operations in most domestic banks looks natural, therefore it is taken as the basis for determining the basic strategies from the standpoint of introducing banking credit and investment innovations.

The conducted studies show that the basic strategies for introducing banking credit and investment innovations as technologies for remote servicing of bank customers have distinctive characteristics, which are revealed from the standpoint of the main content and possible result. Thus, the traditional strategy involves improving the quality of service on the bank's existing technological base; opportunistic - characterizes the orientation of the bank to the leading innovative technology known on the market and does not require high costs for scientific research; imitation strategy means the purchase by the bank of a license with minimal costs for its own scientific research. With a defensive strategy for introducing banking innovations, a commercial bank seeks to keep up with others without claiming dominance, and with an offensive strategy, the bank strives for leadership in the market due to the high level of the innovation process.

The authors believe that from the point of view of measuring the economic efficiency of innovative processes in a bank, it is important to analyze additional financial flows generated as a result of the implementation of banking innovations, namely, innovations in lending and investment activities according to one of the scenarios proposed above and the chosen basic implementation strategy in the bank.

Additional financial flows generated as a result of the implementation of credit and investment innovations will be presented using the example of remote customer service technologies through a system of indicators in Table 1.

Table 1 - Algorithm for estimating additional financial flows of commercial banks

Index	Algorithm	Definition in the algorithm
The amount of the initial financial flow after the introduction of innovations in the bank (IFI)	IFP \u003d AHO + RSK + PR + CER	AHO - administrative expenses RSK - expenses on customer accounts PR - other expenses TCO - total cost of ownership
Total cost of ownership (TCO)	CNE \u003d YAR + HP	YaR - explicit (direct) costs HP - implicit (indirect) costs
Explicit (direct) costs (JR)	YR \u003d L + B + OP + B + DO	L - licenses for the use of software for remote customer service technologies in the process of credit and investment operations B - implementation of project technology OP - carrying out activities for personnel training B - maintenance of introduced technologies DO - additional equipment
Implicit (indirect) costs (IR)	HP \u003d TI + STD + DV	TI - technological changes RFP - wages of personnel involved in the implementation of innovations DV - additional payments (bonuses) to employees for overtime work
The amount of the input financial flow to the introduction of new remote customer service technologies (RFT) in the bank	WFP = OD + DRR + DPR	OD - operating income DRR - income from the allocation of resources DPR - income from the sale of resources

Research has established that profit from the implementation of banking credit and investment innovations can be obtained, firstly, by reducing costs, which new technologies will provide, and secondly, by increasing the bank's income. The reduction in bank expenses is measured both in terms of time and in financial terms and is associated with an increase in productivity and time savings for the execution of bank operations.

As a rule, an increase in the bank's income as a whole occurs due to the expansion of the bank's client base as a result of effective customer service in the process of lending and investment operations.

It is advisable to pay attention to the problem of financing the innovation cycle. Studies show that a number of positive aspects in this case has an investment loan, which can be provided by the NBU for an innovator bank. This type of loan, on the one hand, has a sufficiently high-quality package of guarantees, and on the other hand, it provides for the provision of external control in order to effectively use it. The participation of the state in the innovative development of a commercial bank provides a positive impact on the entire financial sector of the country.

Thus, in the economic and social development of the country, the lending and investment activities of banks contribute to: accelerating the growth of the total social product and its components - gross domestic product and national income; faster restoration and modernization of fixed assets of enterprises, thanks to the stimulation of the investment process in the form of capital investments, thereby improving the quality and competitiveness of services; productivity growth, etc.

Long-term credit also leads to an increase in solvent investment demand in related industries. As a result, there is a multiplier effect of increasing GDP and national income. An increase in national income entails a change in tax revenues to the budget and an expansion of the state's ability to implement measures provided for in the framework of socio-economic policy. Thus, the implementation of the policy of credit expansion, in addition to the impact on the money supply, also affects other macroeconomic indicators.

2 Analysis of the lending and investment activities of commercial banks on the example of Rusfinance Bank LLC

2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the bank

Rusfinance Bank specializes in issuing consumer loans through a network of more than 18,000 partners (retail chains and car dealers) and its own regional network in 63 regions of Russia from Kaliningrad to Vladivostok, and also provides remote loans through a contact center.

As one of the market leaders, Rusfinance Bank offers the most comprehensive range of consumer lending services:

1) car loans;

2) lending at points of sale;

3) issue of credit cards;

4) provision of cash loans.

Rusfinance Bank ranks third in terms of the volume of car loans issued in 2013 (RBC.Rating) and is among the top five in the consumer lending market at points of sale (Frank Research Group).

The bank has high-level credit ratings from three international rating agencies: Moody's - Ba1/Aa1.ru (Outlook Stable), Fitch - BBB/AAA (rus) (Outlook Negative), Standard & Poor's - BBB- / ruAA- (Outlook Negative) Fitch and Standard & Poor's ratings are investment grade.

Rosbank and Rusfinance Bank are part of the group Societe Generale- one of the largest international financial groups, which adheres to a diversified universal banking model that allows you to combine financial stability and sustainable development.

The Societe Generale Group was founded in 1864 and has over 154,000 employees in 76 countries serving 32 million customers worldwide.

The Group's activities include 3 main areas:

Retail banking business in France;

International retail business, specialized financial services and insurance with a presence in Europe, Russia, Africa, Asia and the French overseas territories;

Corporate and investment banking, asset management, wealth management and securities trading.

General license of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 1792 dated February 13, 2013.

Location of the bank's head office - Samara, st. Chernorechenskaya, 42a.

Branch in e - st. Zwillinga, d. 68.

The management bodies of the bank LLC "Rusfinance Bank" are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 - Management bodies of the bank LLC "Rusfinance Bank"

The General Meeting is the supreme management body of the bank, which makes decisions on the main issues of the bank's activities. The Annual General Meeting of Shareholders held on June 1, 2013 approved the Bank's Annual Report for 2012 prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Financial Markets Service of Russia and the Annual Report of Rusfinance Bank LLC prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Bank of Russia. Decisions were made on the distribution of profits and the payment of dividends for 2012, an independent auditor of statements for 2013 and the first quarter of 2014 was approved, and a new version of the Charter of Rusfinance Bank LLC was approved (Appendix 1).

The current activities of the Bank are managed by the Chairman of the Board of the Bank and the collegial executive body - the Board of the Bank. The procedure for electing the Chairman of the Management Board of the Bank and the Management Board of the Bank is set out in the Charter of the Bank.

Among the issues that were considered at the meetings of the Management Board in 2013: business planning; asset and liability management; adoption of an integrated risk management policy; the concept of managing subsidiaries and affiliates; classification of loans and advances to customers; changes in the organizational structure of the Bank; participation in charity events and other issues.

Rusfinance Bank LLC offers a wide range of products and services for individuals and small businesses: issuance of bank cards, consumer and mortgage lending, remote account management services, time deposits, money transfers, lending programs and cash management services for small businesses.

The main source of raising funds for Russian banks remains the deposits of individuals. In 2013, positive trends in the growth of the deposit base by banks continued. Thus, in 2013, the growth in the portfolio of deposits of individuals amounted to 19.0% (in 2012 - 20.0%, in 2011 - 20.9%), and the increase in funds attracted from organizations amounted to 13.7% (in 2012 11.8%, in 2011 25.8%). As a result, the share of household funds in bank liabilities increased from 28.8% at the end of 2012 to 29.5% of liabilities at the end of 2013 (28.5% at the end of 2011).

In 2013, the active growth of the loan portfolio of banks continued. Thus, the portfolio of loans granted to individuals increased by 28.7% in 2013 (by 39.4% in the year, by 35.9% in 2011) and amounted to 9,957 as of 01.01.2014 .1 billion rubles

The volume of the portfolio of loans granted to non-financial organizations increased by 12.7% over the year and amounted to 22,499.2 billion rubles. (growth for 2012 - 12.7%, growth for 2011 - 26.0%).

Thus, the share of loans to individuals in banks' assets continued to grow from 15.6% at the end of 2012 to 17.3% at the end of 2013 (13.3% at the end of 2011), organizations decreased from 40.3% at the end of 2012 to 39.2% at the end of the year (42.6% at the end of 2011).

Simultaneously with the growth of the portfolio of loans to individuals, in 2013 the share of overdue debt in banks' portfolios of loans to individuals increased from 4.0% to 4.4% (5.2% at the end of 2011). For loans provided to non-financial organizations, the share of overdue debt decreased from 4.6% at the end of 2012 to 4.1% at the end of 2013 (4.6% at the end of 2011).

Despite the slowdown in economic growth in 2013 compared to 2012 and increased competition from both the largest universal banks and actively developing monoliner banks, Rusfinance Bank LLC significantly increased the volume of the retail loan portfolio, the portfolio of attracted funds from individuals and its share in the respective markets.

The loan portfolio of individuals of Rusfinance Bank LLC grew by 45.7% following the results of 2013. The Bank's share in the retail lending market increased from 11.09% at the end of 2012 to 12.54% at the end of 2013.

Table 2, according to the accounting (financial) statements, presents the main results of the financial and economic activities of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2011 - 2013.

Table 2 - The main results of the financial and economic activities of the bank "Rusfinance Bank" LLC for 2011 - 2013, in thousand rubles.

Indicators				by 2011 in %
Interest income, total, including:
From the placement of funds in credit institutions

Continuation of table 2

From loans to customers other than credit institutions
From investing in securities
Interest expenses, total, including:
For borrowed funds from credit institutions
On attracted funds of clients that are not credit institutions
For issued debt
Net interest income
Net interest income after provision for possible losses
Net income
Profit before tax
Profit after tax
Unused profit for the reporting period

In 2014, no major negative changes are expected in the Russian banking sector. Growth in lending, both banking and corporate, will continue, although growth rates are likely to be lower than in 2012-2013.

The excess of the growth rates of retail lending over corporate lending will continue. The population will continue to be a net creditor of the banking sector, although the growth rate of attracted funds from the population will slow down a bit. At the end of the year, an increase in loans and deposits of the population is expected, both in real terms and relative to GDP.

2.2 Analysis of the lending and investment activities of the bank

The priority area of ​​activity for banks of Rusfinance Bank LLC is the offer of a wide range of banking retail products and services to the population and small businesses.

In 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC continued to implement its retail business strategy, which is based on a client-oriented approach to business development, aimed at improving the quality of customer service, combined with the pursuit of higher profitability.

At present, the product offer of Rusfinance Bank LLC is one of the widest on the market, covers most of its segments and is able to satisfy almost any need of customers.

During 2013 Rusfinance Bank LLC placed funds on the interbank market, increased lending to corporate clients, small businesses and individuals.

The volume of the loan portfolio of Rusfinance Bank LLC increased by 34.08% over the year, and the share of this type of assets (taking into account provisions for possible losses) in the total assets remained practically unchanged and amounted to 83% against 86% as of January 1, 2013 .

The change in the structure of loan and equivalent debt for the reporting period is represented by the following data indicated in table 3.

Table 3 - The structure of the loan and investment portfolio of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2012 - 2013

Indicators
Interbank loans and deposits
Loans to legal entities
Loans to individuals
Other placed funds

From the given data, it is obvious that the strategy of Rusfinance Bank LLC in the field of lending is consistent and has not undergone significant changes in the reporting year. Most of the loan debt is funds provided to clients - individuals.

Table 4 shows the sectoral structure of loans.

Table 4 - Sectoral structure of loans granted to corporate and individual clients-residents of the Russian Federation

Indicators
Loans to legal entities (including individual entrepreneurs), total, incl. by type of economic activity:
Mining
Manufacturing industries
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
Agriculture, hunting, forestry
Construction
Transport and communications

Table 4 continued

Wholesale and retail trade, repair of vehicles, household and personal items
Operations with real estate, rent and provision of services
Other activities, incl. for completing settlements
Of the total amount of loans granted to legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, loans to small and medium-sized businesses, of which:
For individual entrepreneurs
Loans to individuals, total, incl. by types:
Home loans
Mortgage loans
Auto loans
Other consumer loans

Lending to the population is one of the priority business areas of Rusfinance Bank LLC. This circumstance determines the structure of the loan portfolio, the main part of which (excluding transactions in the interbank lending market) is formed by loans granted to individual clients. As of January 1, 2014, the volume of loans to individuals reached 1,143.6 billion rubles, having increased by 44% in 2013. The largest increase was noted in housing loans (83%) and consumer loans (49%), in other areas of lending to individuals, the increase was - car loans (30%), mortgage loans (23%).

In 2013, more than 1 million consumer loans were issued in the offices of Rusfinance Bank LLC for a total amount of 329.7 billion rubles, which is 29% more than in 2012.

The products of the cash lending line of the population are distinguished by transparent financial conditions, short application processing times, large limits and long lending periods, a wide network of sales and service channels, as well as high quality service.

The main tasks of Rusfinance Bank LLC in the consumer lending segment in 2013 were: to ensure the growth of sales volumes, profitability, as well as to reduce the level of overdue debt. Also in 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC focused on working with corporate and payroll clients that demonstrate a lower level of credit risk, which had a positive impact on the profitability of Rusfinance Bank LLC.

In order to ensure sales volumes:

Promotions were held offering a reduced interest rate on loans for different segments of borrowers;

Expanded target audience of customers;

An offer has been introduced for clients from the market with a good credit history;

In all regions, a cash loan project has been launched that provides the client with the opportunity to receive an amount from one and a half to three times more than the requested one;

The Refinancing product has been modernized - the ability to refinance in Rusfinance Bank LLC, having a loan in another bank;

Pilot projects have been implemented to form pre-approved offers on new, more attractive terms for customers.

To reduce risks and the level of overdue debt, in 2013 the Bank offered its customers the opportunity to restructure debt.

Consumer lending products are provided in all regions where LLC Rusfinance Bank operates.

Positive trends in cash lending will continue in 2014. The main goal for 2014 is to increase the volume of lending and, as a result, to increase the share of Rusfinance Bank LLC in the lending market, primarily by optimizing internal business procedures related to the lending process and offering new attractive financial products focused on individual customer needs.

In 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC became the leader in the car loan market in terms of portfolio volume and market share. At the end of 2013, the car loan portfolio amounted to 124.8 billion rubles. (+31% to the figure as of December 31, 2012).

The volume of car loans in 2013 is 28% higher than in 2012, the increase in sales in units compared to 2012 was 32%.

In July, the state program for subsidizing rates was launched. At the end of 2013, the share of sales under this program exceeded 60%. A significant amount of disbursements under the state program led to a decrease in the average loan amount for the line, a decrease in the average loan term, and a decrease in the average rate for the portfolio. On December 31, 2013, the program was completed.

In October Rusfinance Bank LLC increased its securitized portfolio from 13 to 18 billion rubles as part of the current transaction, which allowed Rusfinance Bank LLC to continue diversifying funding sources. Along with other tasks, in 2013 the focus was on minimizing the level of overdue debts.

In 2013, within the framework of car loans, Rusfinance Bank LLC launched:

New programs for the purchase of additional equipment, motor vehicles;

New service products: GAP-insurance, Autocard;

New projects with car manufacturers Chevrolet (brand included in the TOP-5 foreign cars in terms of sales in the Russian Federation), SsangYong, UAZ.

In the reporting year, the housing lending market continued to grow steadily at a rate comparable to 2012. According to the results of 2013, the volume of the housing lending market reached 2,765 billion rubles, showing an annual increase of 30%. The volume of mortgage loans issued in 2013 amounted to 1,405 billion rubles, which is 1.3 times higher than in 2012.

Last year, the mortgage market showed an improvement in the quality of mortgage debt. Thus, during 2013, the level of overdue debt on housing loans decreased from 2.24% to 1.57%, which, among other things, was due to market growth.

During the year, the development of the mortgage market was positively influenced by the high activity of its participants and increased competition, which contributed to a positive impact on the availability of mortgage loans for the population and the development of mortgage programs operating in the market.

The main trend in 2013 is the reduction of rates in the housing lending market. At the end of the year, rates decreased by 0.7%, reaching 12.2%.

The past year 2013 was also characterized by a significant increase in the activity of financial organizations in the segment of lending to housing under construction. Demand for mortgages remained at a high level, the penetration of mortgage transactions into housing transactions increased. According to ROSREESTRA and AHML, the share of transactions in the housing market with mortgages in 2013 approached 25% compared to 21% a year earlier. In the segment of housing under construction, the value of this indicator reached 40% or more, depending on the class of housing.

In 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC continued to implement all previously existing mortgage lending programs, revising and significantly improving the conditions for some of them to increase their accessibility to the Russian population, and also launched new programs and carried out a number of pilot projects.

In the reporting year, Rusfinance Bank LLC reduced interest rates on foreign currency and ruble loans. For loans in rubles, the rates decreased by 1%, for loans in US dollars and euros, a single base rate of 9.5% was set, regardless of the size of the first installment and the term of the loan.

In the third quarter of 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC launched a promotion for the purchase of housing in a new building at a rate of 11.5% per annum, which does not depend on the size of the down payment, without a surcharge for the construction period for most new buildings.

The bank carried out a pilot project to reduce the interest rate for clients who received a mortgage decision from a competitor bank. The rate cut is no more than 0.31%.

In 2013, the acceptance of applications under the State Supported Mortgage program was limited and then stopped due to the completion of the program.

At the end of 2013, the mortgage portfolio of Rusfinance Bank LLC reached 483.5 billion rubles, demonstrating an annual increase of 46%. As of December 31, 2013, the mortgage portfolio consisted of 365,000 active mortgage loans.

In 2013, lending to legal entities continued to grow. The volume of this type of loan debt increased over the year by 54% and, as of 01.01.2014, was 210.4 billion rubles.

The growth rate of the small business segment of Rusfinance Bank LLC in 2013 exceeded the market growth by almost 3 times both in the field of lending and in terms of attraction products. The loan portfolio of small businesses grew 1.35 times, providing a 10% increase in the entire loan portfolio. The volume of the loan portfolio of small businesses as of 01.01.2014 amounted to 168.6 billion rubles. (including leasing). The volume of loans to small businesses in 2013 amounted to 143.9 billion rubles (including leasing), which is 1.2 times higher than in 2012.

In 2013, the following activities were implemented:

A new platform of the Bank-Client Online remote service system was replicated - a modern technological solution that meets the main needs of customers in increasing the efficiency and convenience of access to banking services and services, meeting the requirements for reliability, security and availability of the system. All the Bank's clients got the opportunity not only to carry out settlement transactions, but also to purchase products and services remotely;

In order to fully meet the needs of customers, the conditions and technologies of loan products have been optimized: product offers for targeted loans and overdrafts have been adjusted; a specialized program “Auto Dealer-Partner” was introduced; developed a system for quick credit decision-making for the most promising clients; on a regular basis, as part of promotions, customers are offered the most popular loan products on favorable terms;

In terms of settlement and commission products, new services have been introduced and services have been optimized: urgent payments BESP (Banking Electronic System for Urgent Payments), which make it possible to conduct client transactions online, bypassing the voyage system; the possibility of making transactions with the establishment of a preferential conversion rate for clients of the priority segment of small business was provided;

The system of powers for decision-making on credit and non-credit products has been optimized, which makes it possible to quickly generate demanded and timely individual offers to customers, making their experience of interaction with the bank convenient and comfortable;

The product line of bank guarantees has been updated - reducing the terms and significantly simplifying the mechanisms for providing guarantees within the powers of the territorial divisions of Rusfinance Bank LLC.

In 2014, Rusfinance Bank LLC plans to increase the portfolio of loans to small businesses by almost a third, and increase the volume of small business liabilities by 20%. To this end, special attention will be paid to the competitiveness of the product offer, as well as the development of additional services and new sales channels.

As part of these tasks, it is planned:

Further development of remote customer service for legal entities:

Operation of the Bank-Client Online system with popular browsers, convenient integration with 1C, implementation of a service for working with electronic forms of currency control and individual currency purchase / sale rates;

Implementation of a full service for credit products in the "Bank-Client Online" system;

Comprehensive revision of the parameters of express loans, as well as the introduction of a new sales administration system in the standard small business segment;

Building an effective cross-selling system based on understanding the potential and needs of each client;

Development of the product range with the possibility of combining products and services and customizing them to the needs of specific customers; introduction of additional opportunities for regular customers within the framework of complex loyalty programs;

Development and optimization of lending technologies aimed at significantly reducing the credit cycle;

Launch of a new deposit line with flexible terms, covering the main needs of clients in the placement of temporarily free funds;

Transition to a new contractual system for servicing small businesses - the introduction of a comprehensive contract for settlement and cash services, which will combine all cash and settlement services and optimize customer service;

Qualitative improvement of customer service when making payments under foreign contracts - expansion of opportunities to support transactions by professional currency controllers;

Establishing relationships with foreign banks in order to attract short- and medium-term financing.

At the end of the reporting year, the total number of cards issued by Rusfinance Bank LLC increased by 12%.

The positive dynamics of the issue of payment cards is associated with the attraction of new customers, which was facilitated by the optimization and improvement of the services offered. During the year, Rusfinance Bank LLC was engaged in improving the services provided for existing cardholders through various marketing activities carried out jointly with payment systems.

Investment activities of banks this is the implementation of investments, as well as all necessary measures and actions to translate these investments into income or a positive effect of some kind (social, environmental, etc.).

Under explicit or direct income from investments, it is customary to consider profit in the form of interest, dividends, etc.

Indirect income is the strengthening and improvement of the bank's position, its image, etc. This is expressed in the form of ownership of a controlling stake in an organization, which, in turn, gives the bank control over the management of this organization.

The objects for the investment activities of banks are various securities, newly created or modernized objects of working or fixed assets, intellectual property objects, cash deposits, etc.

2.3 Evaluation of the performance indicators of the bank's lending and investment operations

To ensure the stability of the banking system, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation establishes a number of economic standards, i.e. certain coefficients with a given level.

Centrally established economic standards include the following indicators:

Capital adequacy ratio;

Liquidity ratios for the balance sheet of a credit institution;

Standards for limiting major risks in the area of ​​attracting and allocating resources.

By means of economic standards, firstly, the absolute and relative level of equity capital of a credit institution is regulated, secondly, the liquidity of the balance sheet, thirdly, diversification of active and passive operations of a credit institution, fourthly, the creation of centralized reserves by each credit institution to ensure financial stability of the banking system as a whole.

In order to comply with economic standards, a system of analysis and control is being created in credit institutions. A similar work is done by a group of analysts, who develop special methods of analysis.

The analysis of economic standards is carried out in the following areas: comparison of the actual values ​​of the indicator with the normative one; consideration of the dynamics of changes in the analyzed indicator; identification of factors that influenced the indicators.

At the first stage of the analysis, a table is compiled that characterizes the actual level of economic standards in comparison with its limit value (table 5).

At the second stage, the compliance of each indicator with its normative level is checked.

At the next stage, a factor-by-factor analysis of significant deviations is carried out. With a stable negative trend, such an analysis is carried out for a number of dates in order to identify the causes of deviations.

Table 5 - Mandatory standards for the activities of the bank LLC "Rusfinance Bank" for 2011 - 2013

Index	Coefficient	standard
Bank's own funds (capital) adequacy ratio
Bank instant liquidity ratio
Bank's current liquidity ratio
Bank's long-term liquidity ratio
Maximum exposure per borrower or group of related borrowers
Maximum size of large credit risks
The maximum amount of loans, bank guarantees and guarantees provided by the bank to its participants (shareholders)
Aggregate exposure to bank insiders
Normative use of own funds (capital) of the bank for the acquisition of shares (stakes) of other legal entities

Analysis of the state of capital is considered in conjunction with the analysis of the indicator characterizing capital adequacy (H1).

(H1) is due to its two components: the amount of equity capital and the amount of the total risk of assets. The impact of these components on the normative coefficient under consideration is opposite: the capital adequacy ratio increases with an increase in the amount of equity capital and decreases with an increase in the risk of assets. The minimum value of the coefficient is 10% (for 2011 - 23.22%, for 2012 - 17.72%, for 2013 - 15.2%).

Analysis of liquidity ratios begins with the indicator H2. Its level depends on the volume of the total amount of liquid assets (cash and assets up to 30 days) and the amount of liabilities on demand accounts and for up to 30 days. Criteria level - 15% (for 2011 - 83.18%, for 2012 - 80.56%, for 2013 - 50.93%).

Along with the indicator of current liquidity (N2), in accordance with the Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 1, an indicator of instantaneous liquidity of a bank (N3) is introduced, which is defined as the ratio of highly liquid (money in cash and non-cash form) assets to fast-turning demand deposits. The minimum allowable value is 50% (for 2011 - 115.1%, for 2012 - 103.01%, for 2013 - 73.01%).

The bank's long-term liquidity is characterized by the H4 indicator. It is calculated as the ratio of long-term loans (with a term of more than one year) to the bank's equity capital and liabilities with a maturity of more than one year. The maximum value is set within 120%. As of 01.01.2012 - 73.54%, as of 01.01.2013 - 78.04%, as of 01.01.2014 - 87.11%.

One of the methods of regulating the activities of credit institutions, which has been developed recently. It is the limitation of large risks. In this regard, the Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 1 provides for a number of indicators (N6, N7, N9.1, N10.1), with the help of which the maximum amounts of certain active, passive, off-balance sheet operations by credit institutions are regulated.

The H6 coefficient characterizes the maximum amount of risk per borrower, as well as a group of economically or legally related borrowers. It is calculated as the ratio of the total amount of loans issued by a credit institution to one borrower or a group of related borrowers, as well as guarantees provided to one borrower (a group of related borrowers) to the volume of own funds of a credit institution.

A bank with a larger amount of equity capital may increase the maximum loan amount issued to one client or a group of related clients. The maximum allowable value is 25% (for 2011 - 16.05%, for 2012 - 17.9%, for 2013 - 17.2%).

The H7 coefficient limits the maximum risk of all large loans. At the same time, the total loan debt of one borrower or a group of interrelated borrowers, taking into account 50% of the amounts of off-balance sheet liabilities, exceeding 5% of the equity capital of a credit institution is considered large.

This indicator is defined as the ratio of the sum of all large loans in the bank's portfolio to the volume of its own capital. The criterion level is 80%. The indicators of Rusfinance Bank LLC amounted to 47% for 2011, 79.98% for 2012, and 124.36% for 2013.

Ratios N9.1 and N10.1 limit the maximum amount of loans, guarantees and guarantees provided by the bank to its participants (shareholders). Indicator H9.1 reflects the maximum risk per shareholder (shareholder) of the bank; indicator H10.1 - the maximum risk to its insiders, i. individuals who are either shareholders (have more than 5% of shares), or directors and members of the board, members of the credit committee, etc. and having or having previously been involved in lending issues.

Indicator H9.1 is calculated as the ratio of the total amount of the bank's claims in rubles and foreign currency (including off-balance sheet) in respect of one shareholder (shareholder) to the bank's equity capital. Cannot exceed: 50%. Indicators of Rusfinance Bank LLC for the entire analyzed period amount to 0.00%.

Indicator N 10.1 is defined as the ratio of the total amount of claims (including off-balance sheet claims) of a credit institution in rubles and foreign currency in respect of one insider of the credit institution and related persons to the bank's equity capital. The value cannot exceed: 3%. As of 01.01.2012 - 0.86%, as of 01.01.2013 - 0.9%, as of 01.01.2014 - 0.93%.

For the first time in Russia, an indicator is introduced that limits the share of using a bank's own capital to acquire shares (shares) of other legal entities. This indicator is H12, calculated as the ratio of the amount of invested and own funds of a credit institution. Investment is understood as the acquisition by the bank of participation shares and shares of other legal entities. The maximum allowable value of H12 is set at 25%. The indicators of Rusfinance Bank LLC as of the reporting period amounted to 0.01% as of January 1, 2012, 0.14% as of January 1, 2013, and 0.65% as of January 1, 2014.

Thus, based on the given data, we can conclude that no indicator exceeds the maximum / minimum allowable value. And, therefore, there is reason to believe that today Rusfinance Bank LLC is a financially stable and prosperous Bank.

For a more complete analysis, we will calculate and evaluate financial solvency ratios (Table 6).

Table 6 - Performance indicators of credit and investment operations of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2011 - 2013

Table 6 continued

Coefficient general stability
Coefficient return on assets
Capital adequacy ratio
Capital adequacy ratio
Coefficient full liquidity
Rate of return on capital
Return on assets
Yield ratio
The coefficient of the share of profit in the income of the bank

Thus, the instant liquidity ratio (K1) allows estimating the share of the bank's liabilities that can be repaid on demand at the expense of liquid assets of the "first order".

The level of earning assets (K2) shows what share of the assets is occupied by earning assets. Since almost all income-earning assets are risky, their extremely high share increases the bank's instability and the risk of non-payments, both for current operations and for its obligations. At the same time, the amount of earning assets should be sufficient for the bank to break even. It is considered normal if the share of profitable assets is 65-75% or lower, but on condition that the bank's income exceeds its expenses.

The overall stability coefficient (K4) allows you to compare multidirectional flows of interest received and paid by the bank, as well as income and expenses for all types of bank activities. In order for a bank to remain viable, the costs of operations and investments must be covered by the income generated, and if they are not sufficient, then the bank can be characterized as inefficient. The value of the overall stability coefficient should not exceed 1.

The return on assets ratio (K5) allows you to determine the level of profitability of all assets. A low rate of return may be the result of conservative lending and investment policies, as well as excessive operating costs. A high profit-to-asset ratio may be the result of a bank's efficient operation, high rates of return on assets. In the latter case, the bank may be exposing itself to significant risk. This is not necessarily a bad thing, since the bank is likely to be doing well with its assets, although potentially large losses are not ruled out.

The capital adequacy ratio (K6) shows what share in the structure of liabilities is occupied by the bank's own capital. The higher its share, the more reliable and stable the bank operates. The level of capital is considered sufficient if the bank's liabilities amount to 80-90% of the bank's balance sheet currency.

Full liquidity ratio (K7) characterizes the balance of the active and passive policy of the bank to achieve optimal liquidity. Moreover, liquid assets must exceed the value of the bank's current liabilities. On the one hand, this characterizes the bank's ability to pay its obligations in the long term or in the event of the bank's liquidation. It also indicates whether the bank spends the attracted funds (customers) for its own needs.

In addition, there are a number of coefficients characterizing the profitability and profitability of the bank.

The rate of return on capital. This ratio shows how effectively the funds of the owners were used. The optimal value is 0.1-0.2. For our example, the values ​​do not fall within this interval, which indicates that the funds of the owners are not used efficiently.

This coefficient reflects the efficiency of bank management and shows how much profit was brought by one monetary unit of the bank's funds invested in assets, i.e. the effectiveness of the bank's placement of its own and borrowed funds. Correlating the profit with the value of the bank's assets, we can judge the effectiveness of the investment policy pursued by the bank's management.

In turn, the profit of assets is directly dependent on the return on assets (Р3) and the share of profit in the bank's income (Р4).

The return on assets is characterized by the activity of the bank in terms of asset allocation, that is, the ability to create income.

Based on the data in Table 5, it can be concluded that the Bank can repay the share of required liabilities on first demand from available liquid funds.

Summing up the first section, we can say with confidence that Rusfinance Bank LLC is a reliable and stable bank and fully copes with the tasks set.

3 Problems and prospects for the development of lending and investment activities of commercial banks

Currently, the development of the Russian economy is taking place in conditions of extremely low lending and investment activity in the banking sector.

According to the data of the Federal State Statistics Service (Table 7), investments were made and continue to be made by Russian enterprises mainly at their own expense (profit, depreciation fund, etc.).

Table 7 - Sources of investments of Russian enterprises in fixed assets for 2010 - 2013

Indicators
	Amount, billion rubles		Amount, billion rubles		Amount, billion rubles		Amount, billion rubles
Investments in the main capital, including:
Own funds
Loans

A bank loan acts as the main form of external financing for enterprises, however, the share of bank loans in investment sources over the past four years has not exceeded 10%. This indicator is extremely low, despite the fact that attracting funds from external sources allows you to speed up the process of organizing a new enterprise, ensure the continuity of the reproduction process, and allows you to develop faster in quantitative and qualitative terms.

Banks, mobilizing funds of various volumes and terms, have the opportunity to make credit and investment investments in production in the amount and for the periods that borrowers need. However, there are a number of problems that impede the effective and massive lending and investment activities of banks. As a result of the study, issues such as:

High interest rates on loans provided;

Low share of long-term lending;

Reducing the share of investments in securities in favor of the loan portfolio, a small amount of the investment portfolio in the total volume of investments in securities.

Let's consider each problem separately.

1) The problem of high interest rates has remained relevant throughout the history of the existence of the Russian banking system. It is the reason for the restrained growth in the activity of borrowers, leads to an increase in costs and a decrease in profits in the real sector of the economy. For banks, this is reflected in significantly reduced growth opportunities and increased risks.

The average structure of the loan interest rate for the ruble loan portfolio of the bank is as follows: approximately 46% of the interest rate on the loan is determined by the availability of financial resources from the bank and their price. The remaining 56% of the interest rate is the bank's margin, and is influenced by deductions to reserves, staff costs, operating activities, taxes and profits.

There is an opinion that the key driver of high interest rates on loans is high bank margins (or overestimation of risks). However, lending rates only in theory depend on these factors. Risk assessment and margin are added according to the residual principle - depending on what are the rates for providing liquidity by the Bank of Russia.

The most important factor is the amount of liquidity that the Bank of Russia provides to the market. If, at the current level of liquidity, the bank lowers rates, then its free resources will run out very quickly. Banks in their interest rate policy are guided by the ratio of loans and deposits, which should tend to 100%, that is, the volume of loans should correspond to the volume of deposits.

Thus, the main reason for high interest rates is the lack of liquidity in the banking sector.

2) Long-term credit plays an important role in the country's economy as a source of funds for the formation and improvement of fixed assets of the national economy. For banks, long-term lending is no less important - by issuing long-term loans, banks form a completely stable clientele, there is no need for frequent negotiations with customers, and the risk is diversified.

At the same time, when long-term loans received by client enterprises are used for re-equipment and reconstruction, their production expands and profitability increases, which is also a positive factor for the bank. Every year the share of long-term lending by Russian banks is growing, but in 2013 it remained low and amounted to 41% of the total volume of loans issued.

For comparison, in the US and Western Europe more than 60% of loans are long-term.

To identify the reasons for the low share of long-term lending, let us consider the volume of deposits attracted by banks and loans issued by maturity (Table 8 and Table 9).

The statistics of the Bank of Russia do not indicate the terms of loans for individuals; therefore, the volume of issued mortgage loans is taken as the volume of long-term lending to individuals. their maturity in most cases exceeds 3 years.

Table 8 - The total volume of attracted deposits (deposits) of individuals and legal entities by banks of the Russian Federation by terms in 2010 - 2013, mln.

Deposit term
poste restante
for up to 30 days
for a period of 31 to 90 days
for a period of 91 to 180 days
for a period of 181 days to 1 year
for a period of 1 to 3 years
for more than 3 years

Table 9 - The total amount of loans issued to individuals and legal entities by banks of the Russian Federation, the maturity of which exceeds 3 years for 2010 - 2013, mln.

An analysis of tables 8 and 9 revealed a fundamental discrepancy in the terms of deposits and loans issued. In 2013, the volume of long-term loans issued amounted to 8,860,148 rubles, while the volume of long-term deposits for the same period amounted to only 2,064,090 rubles. There is obviously a significant shortage of long-term resources in the banking sector, which brings us back to the liquidity shortage discussed above.

The situation is different in lending to small and medium-sized businesses. According to statistical agencies, about 62% of the current portfolio of loans to small and medium-sized businesses today are short-term loans, another 20% - loans with a maturity of up to three years. Banks, having a limited amount of long-term resources, offer them to clients who seem to be the most important for the bank, and most often these are clients of the corporate sector. As for small businesses, banks are convincing customers in this sector that their financial needs can best be met through short-term loans. Gradually, the practice of issuing short-term loans to entrepreneurs who applied for a long-term investment loan with a promise to prolong the loan agreement became widespread in the banking sector of Russia.

3) Despite the wide variety of bank operations in the investment market, the banking sector of the national economy shows a tendency to reduce the volume of the securities portfolio in favor of the credit one. In 2013, the volume of financial investments by banks in securities amounted to 8,077 billion rubles. Investments in debt obligations prevail in the portfolio, accounting for approximately 70% of the total investment in 2013, while more than half of the debt securities of Russian banks are obligations transferred without derecognition, i.e. they are used as collateral for REPO transactions. Investments in equity securities account for only 9.7% of the total investment.

Thus, the stock market for Russian banks is an auxiliary tool for buying securities from the Lombard List of the Bank of Russia and obtaining additional liquidity against their security, and the investment component of investments in securities is very small.

Investing in securities is a direct alternative to lending activities. The securities market is a more modern and efficient system for attracting resources by enterprises.

In developed countries, according to existing estimates, up to 75% of external financial resources come from the securities market, while in Russia the bank loan remains the main source, and the stock market is an auxiliary tool for banks to obtain additional liquidity to issue more loans.

It is known that the stock market has a number of problems, such as underdevelopment, low investment attractiveness of a significant number of Russian issuer enterprises, a wide range of risks, etc. Banks, in our opinion, can become the main driver for the development of the stock market and overcoming its existing problems. To do this, it is necessary to find a significant source of liquidity for banks, which will allow them to reorient their activities in the stock market from the purchase of securities subject to pledge to investments in order to generate income in the future.

Thus, the main problem of lending and investment activities of Russian banks is the lack of liquidity.

A significant source of liquidity, in our opinion, could be the securitization of financial assets. In economically developed countries, securitization is one of the main and most efficient sources of resources for credit institutions. In the broad sense of the word, securitization means one of the forms of debt repurchase. In banking practice, it is understood as “the replacement of non-market loans with freely tradable securities, which entails the transfer of loan obligations to the credit institution that has carried out this”. In a narrow interpretation, this is “a technique whose main idea is to write off financial assets from the balance sheet of an enterprise and refinance them by issuing securities on the international and capital markets.”

Classic securitization looks like this. Banks (in international practice - originators) issue loans to individuals (borrowers), receiving real estate collateral - mortgage loans, the rights of claim on which are sold by SPV (according to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Mortgage Securities", to a mortgage agent). These banks create their own mortgages based on mortgages or buy them from other lending institutions. Such mortgages sold by the SPV form collateral for the mortgage bonds it issues. To reduce the cost of issuing these bonds and optimize taxation, the SPV is located offshore. From the proceeds from their placement, SPV pays for the acquired mortgages to the originator, who services the securitized assets, receives receivables, manages them and, if necessary, ensures their collection in court. And the money received by the originator from the borrowers is transferred to the SPV for settlements with investors, to whom it pays interest on mortgage bonds and the principal amount on time.

In Russia, securitization began to be used relatively recently and is not used enough. In recent years, more than 35 securitizations of Russian mortgage assets worth more than 200 billion rubles have been completed. The main limiting factor hindering the development of the securitization market is the small number of systemic investors who form the demand for mortgage and non-mortgage securities. There are only two of them in Russia - the State Management Company of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (Vnesheconombank), and the Agency for Housing Mortgage Lending, while their amounts of funds for investment are very limited. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the circle of systemic investors to attract private ones. An important step, in our opinion, could be the attraction of funds from non-state pension funds.

The cost of funding using securitization can only be determined after the placement of the securities. At the same time, according to experts, the results of placements by other banks can be used as a guideline. As a result of the analysis of securitization transactions conducted by other banks, it can be concluded that the price of additional financial resources received by the bank will be approximately 7-8.5%. The calculation of transaction costs depends on various factors: the life of the portfolio, the volume of the transaction, etc.

An approximate estimate is in the range of 0.4-0.8%. As a result, we have an average cost of funding approaching 8.35% per annum. For comparison, the cost of attracting household deposits by banks for a period of more than three years is approximately 9% per annum, which makes securitization a more profitable source of liquidity for banks. Additional funds can be used to reduce interest rates on loans, increase the volume of long-term lending, reduce investment in collateralized securities and increase investment in the stock market.

Conclusion

Banks are the dominant link in the country's financial system, which saturates the economy of the Russian Federation with financial resources. At the same time, they seek to maximize the level of efficiency of lending and investment activities by determining priority areas for investment.

The identification of the optimal ways of investment occurs in the process of modeling the credit and investment activities of the bank, which necessitates the development of a methodology that will be aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the credit and investment activities of the bank.

Since the correct choice of the bank's credit and investment strategy and its effective implementation directly depend on the correct understanding of the purpose of this management tool, determining the essence of this concept requires a deeper study.

In the economic literature, the term "investment" means, as a rule, funds invested in securities for a long period. This is a theoretical reflection of real-life economic relations, since investment mechanisms in a market economy are directly related to the securities market. Also, the term "investments" means: all directions of placement of the bank's resources; transactions for the placement of funds for a certain period in order to generate income. In the first case, investments include the entire range of active operations of a commercial bank, in the second, its term component.

The main directions of banking participation in investments are: investment of funds, both on behalf of the client and at the expense of the bank, in equity participations, shares, securities; accumulation by banks of funds for investment purposes; provision of investment loans.

Commercial banks carry out their investment activities at the expense of borrowed, attracted or own resources. Since banks form their resources by mobilizing their capital, customer savings and other free funds with the main goal of their profitable and profitable use.

One of the most important sources of bank profit is the implementation of lending activities. The emergence of bank lending is associated with the solution of a certain limitation. Building credit relations on the basis of the lender-borrower principle would hold back the expansion of credit limits and its attractiveness for subjects, because the organization of such relations would be much more expensive, slower, riskier and more inconvenient.

The need to overcome these contradictions led to the development of financial intermediation as an activity for the accumulation of free money capital and its placement among borrowers. Thus, the development of the credit activity of the bank is not due to the emergence of the need of business entities for a loan, but is a logical continuation of the function of financial intermediation.

In the economic literature, there is no clear definition of the concept of "credit activity of the bank", most scientists identify it with the concepts of "credit activity of the bank" and "credit operations of the bank". The impossibility of identification is due, firstly, to the difference in their content, and secondly, due to the difference in the interpretation of the words "operation" and "activity", because the latter in a broad sense means the application of one's labor to something, work, occupation, activity, deeds, the work of people in any area, etc.

The study of the economic literature made it possible to formulate a definition of the concept of "credit and investment activity of a bank" as an activity that is carried out in accordance with the concept of bank development based on a system of measures aimed at the effective use and coordination of available resources, technologies and competencies, taking into account the variability of the credit and investment climate in the country to gradually achieve the established goal of the bank's activities.

The implementation of the credit activity of the bank consists of the following stages: the formation of a credit policy; material and technical equipment of credit divisions; software development; implementation of credit operations; bank credit risk management; analysis of the credit activity of the bank.

In addition to interest expenses, it is necessary to spend considerable funds to ensure the preparatory stages and the next functional stages of the bank's lending activities. Even for the implementation of each individual operation, not only credit resources are required, but also the provision of credit procedures for the consideration and support of credit projects, which requires financial costs for the maintenance of bank personnel and equipment. Therefore, if non-interest expenses are additionally included in the calculations of the effectiveness of the bank's lending and investment activities, the result may even turn out to be negative, despite the high profitability taken into account with the inclusion of only interest expenses. Also, in modern conditions, the principles of rational lending are of particular importance, requiring a reliable assessment of not only the object, subject and quality of collateral, but also the level of margin, profitability of lending operations and risk reduction.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the bank's lending and investment activities occurs mainly at the level of the ratio of the difference between interest income and interest expenses to the volume of assets involved for this. At the same time, the implementation of all stages of the credit and investment activities of the bank gives grounds to assert that interest expenses are only one component of the overall cost structure of this activity.

Having studied the essence of the lending and investment activities of banks, we can draw the following conclusions:

For the efficient use of attracted resources, banks invest in securities. In order to obtain the maximum level of profit, highly profitable assets are bought with an optimal level of risk and liquidity;

The credit and investment activity of the bank has developed as a continuation of the function of financial intermediation of banks;

To ensure the optimal level of credit and investment activity, it is necessary to ensure the formation of a credit policy, provide the necessary resources to credit departments;

for the purpose of effective lending and investment activities, it is necessary to adhere to the principles of lending and objectively predict the level of profitability of lending operations, take measures to reduce credit risk.

In particular, for Rusfinance Bank LLC, the priority areas of lending and investment activities should be: lending to individuals and legal entities, as well as changing priorities in the composition of the securities portfolio.

To ensure the growth of the loan and investment portfolio, it is necessary to increase the volume of the bank's own capital and deposits of individuals.

For Rusfinance Bank LLC, we can recommend continuing to invest in securities and lend to legal entities. However, the share of transactions with securities should not exceed 30-35% of the volume of credit transactions, since they are less profitable.

For the growth of the loan and investment portfolio, we recommend increasing the volume of physical deposits. persons and liabilities, volumes of deposits of legal entities. This methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the bank's lending and investment activities can be used by the bank in the process of developing and modeling lending and investment activities.

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FINANCE OF THE STATE AND ENTITIES

UDC 336.71 DOI: 10.18413/2409-1634-2016-2-4-53-61

Kostrovets L. B. Kirizleeva A. S.

CREDIT AND INVESTMENT POTENTIAL OF BANKS. REGIONAL ASPECT

[email protected]. org

SEI HPE "Donetsk State University of Management", st. Chelyuskintsev, 163a, Donetsk, 283015

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To create and maintain banking institutions in a stable state, it is necessary to effectively manage all cash flows, which is reflected through the management of financial instruments, reflected in assets, liabilities, off-balance sheet claims and liabilities. Financial instruments that are valid in the present, past and future, including off-balance sheet claims and liabilities, banking institutions receive or pay in the future, which directly affects the results of operations and financial condition. The article reveals the features of effective banking; the indicators influencing its efficiency are investigated; the analysis of the functioning of commercial banks is carried out according to their main quantitative and qualitative indicators; examines the relationship of regional features and credit - investment activities of banks, their impact on the effective functioning of banks in different regions; analysis of the location of commercial banks on the territory of Ukraine is carried out. Key words: banking system; banking efficiency; profit; asset and liability management; bank investments; regional features; credit and investment activity; region

Larisa B. Kostrovets Alisa S. Kirizleeva

CREDIT-INVESTMENT POTENTIAL OF BANKS. REGIONAL ASPECT

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Donetsk State University of Management"

163a Chelyuskintsev St., Donetsk, 283015, [email protected] State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Donetsk State University of Management" 163a Chelyuskintsev St., Donetsk, 283015, [email protected]

To create and maintain the banking institutions in a stable condition all cash flows must be managed efficiently, which is reflected through the management of financial instruments, which are recognized in the assets, liabilities, off-balance sheet claims and liabilities. Financial instruments, which are applicable in the present, past and future, including off-balance sheet assets and liabilities, banking institutions receive or pay in the future, which directly affects the results of operations and financial condition.

The article examines the peculiarities of efficient banking operation, as well as the indices influencing its efficiency. It also analyzes the functioning of commercial banks of Ukraine by their main quantitative and qualitative indices; examines the connection of regional peculiarities and crediting and investment activity of the banks of Ukraine, their influence on efficient functioning of banks in different regions. The article also analyzes the location of commercial banks on the territory of Ukraine.

Keywords: banking system; efficiency of banking operation; profit; assets and liabilities management; banking investments; regional peculiarities; crediting and investment activity; region

Statement of the problem in general. In all countries, regardless of the economic system and the method of organizing social relations, the banking system plays a major role. It is not in vain that the banking system is often compared with the circulatory system of the state economy. After all, it is she who provides the economy with the necessary amount of financial resources, supplying the free movement of capital, the calculations of business entities, lending to the economy, as well as the performance of a number of other functions and tasks. It is hard to imagine a developed state economy without a developed banking system.

In the conditions of today's rapid development, the banking system of Ukraine is one of the most developed elements of the economic mechanism, since its reform began earlier than other sectors of the economy, which was determined by the key role of banks in solving the problems of transition to a market economy. It is banking institutions that play the main role in creating an optimal environment for the concentration and free movement of capital, piling up funds for the restructuring of the economy, privatization and the development of entrepreneurship.

Each region of Ukraine is distinguished by economic, natural, social, transport, geographical

features that are important in the organization of banks, their branches and departments, and the implementation of credit and investment

activity in general.

The study of regional features of the formation and use of credit and investment potential is important not only for banks, but for the entire banking system. This is due to the fact that the regional component of the development of each bank is the most important. Given it, banks can increase the volume of their activities and increase profits.

Analysis of recent research and publications. It is important to understand what the banking system as a whole is and its efficiency, which scientists have paid a lot of attention to. Lavrushin O.I. describes the banking system as follows: “The banking system is not, first of all, a random variety, a random

a collection of elements. ... It expresses properties that are characteristic of itself, in contrast to other systems functioning in the national economy. The specifics of the banking system is determined by its constituent elements and

relationships between them."

Lavrushina O.I. notes in the textbook: “The banking system is a necessary set of banks, non-banking institutions and banking infrastructure that are in close interaction with each other and ensure its sustainable development” .

“When analyzing the effectiveness of the banking system, the impact of the specific features of the state on the activities of banks is usually taken into account: the structure of the economy, the nature of the ongoing

macroeconomic policy, the specifics of structural and institutional reforms in the financial sector, and other features,” Novikova A.I. points out. .

Baburina N.O., indicates that: “the credit and investment potential of the bank is the ability of the bank to carry out credit and investment activities, due to the availability of appropriate resources: financial, labor, technical, technological, and the like.”

It is necessary to take into account regional peculiarities when developing a strategy for the lending and investment activities of the entire bank, individual divisions, as well as when implementing a lending and investment policy in a particular region.

Problems of credit and investment

activities of banks in Ukraine in the regional context studied by many scientists.

Vorobyov Yu.M. and Sribna K.A. They identified the main problems that complicate the provision of loans to entities

entrepreneurship.

The purpose of the article is to identify the features of effective banking; analysis

functioning of Ukrainian commercial banks in terms of their main quantitative and qualitative indicators. Significant are the studies of regional characteristics of credit

investment activity, influence

regional factors on the location of banks and the implementation of their activities and functions. The relevance of this issue arises in the context of the financial crisis, which negatively affects banks, borrowers, and investors.

Presentation of the main material. Substantiation of the obtained results. When analyzing bank performance, the influence of

specific features of the country on the work of banks. These include, for example, the structure of the economy, the nature of the ongoing macroeconomic policy, the specifics of structural and institutional reforms in the financial sector, and other features.

affecting the level of efficiency of banks is the ownership structure in the banking system, major changes in operating activities, the share of the bank in the deposit market, the capitalization of banks, etc.

In addition to the above approach, calculations are used that interconnect efficiency with indicators of the structure of banking assets and liabilities and certain types of operations.

Profit is the performance of income and expenses

the main indicator of the bank. Difference between commercial bank

constitutes its financial profit. It is the indicator of financial profit (that is, without taking into account the payment of taxes and the distribution of residual profits) that characterizes the effectiveness of a commercial bank.

All types of analysis are based on indicators, which include profit, bank assets, financial results, as well as the number of registered banks in the analyzed period and other indicators.

The data of the National Bank of Ukraine show that in 2014 there were 163 banks operating in the country, including 51 banks with foreign capital (19 with 100% foreign capital). The main performance indicators of the banking system are presented in the table. According to the NBU data, the share of foreign capital in the equity capital of the banking system slightly increased over the year and amounts to 32.5%.

Key performance indicators of Ukrainian banks

Main indicators of Ukrainian banks

Year Number of registered banks Assets of banks, mln. Issued loans, mln. Own capital, mln. UAH Liabilities, mln hryvnia Regulatory capital, mln hryvnia Net financial result, mln.

2007 175 599 396 485 368 69 578 529 818 72 265 6 620

2008 184 926 086 792 244 119 263 806 823 123 066 7 304

2009 182 880 302 747 348 115 175 765 127 135 802 -38 450

2010 176 942 088 755 030 137 725 804 363 160 897 -13 027

2011 176 1 054 280 825 320 155 487 898 793 178 454 -7 708

2012 176 1 127 192 815 327 169 320 957 872 178 909 4 899

2013 180 1 278 095 911 402 192 599 1 085 496 204 976 1 436

2014 163 1 316 852 1 006 358 148 023 1 168 829 188 949 -52 966

The main indicators of the development of both the country's economy as a whole and the second-tier banking system are both the value of the country's gross domestic product and, accordingly, the currency of the balance of commercial

banks. Let us analyze in dynamics over ten years the GDP and assets of Ukrainian banks (Fig. 1. Dynamics of development of GDP indicators, assets and net income of Ukrainian banks).

Rice. Fig. 1. Dynamics of development of GDP indicators, assets and net income of Ukrainian banks 1. Dynamics of GDP, assets and net income of Ukrainian banks

For ten years, the level of the country's gross domestic product amounted to UAH 1,566,728 million. in 2014, which is 3.55 times more than in 2005. But due to the economic crisis, the level of this macroeconomic indicator decreased in 2009 by UAH 34,711.00 million. compared to 2008. Considering the dynamics of the development of commercial banks, it can be noted that the active operations of Ukrainian banks increased by UAH 1,101,843.07 million. or 6.16 times, which is more than twice the growth of the country's GDP. Similar to the downward trend in the level of the country's GDP in 2009, there was also a decrease in the balance sheet currency of banks by UAH 45,160.72 million. or 1.06 times.

Despite a significant increase in the assets of commercial banks, over the ten years of the banking system, four years out of ten commercial banks, the purpose of which is to maximize profits, showed a negative financial result in their financial statements - a loss (2009 - -38,449.81 million .UAH, 2010 - -13,026.59 mln hryvnia, 2011 - -7,707.54 mln hryvnia, 2014 - -52,966.51 mln hryvnia). The most significant consolidated loss of banks is observed in 2014. It should be noted the negative trend in the state of the banking system of Ukraine: for ten years, if we calculate the total contribution of commercial banks to the country's economy - in aggregate, the financial result for ten years, then the banks had a loss of UAH 85,485.84 million. Most

large financial institutions of the country not only do not bring significant revenues to the budget revenues, but also give rise to risks of disruption of the stability of the credit system throughout the country, loss of assets of bank customers.

Using different methods of liquidity management, a banking organization seeks to find a rational ratio of assets and liabilities, which could provide an appropriate level of profitability and not jeopardize the bank's ability to meet its obligations.

Asset and liability management is carried out by different methods, while all three are used in today's practice.

Until the 60s of the last century, the board of banks used mainly management of only active operations. The method is based on who to provide credit resources in the first place and on what conditions. This approach could not bring maximum profit, since, on the one hand, the bank refuses to manage the attracted funds and, consequently, from influencing their value, and on the other hand, a significant part of bank assets must be in a highly liquid form to maintain a sufficient level of liquidity. , which ultimately leads to lower income.

In the 1960s and 70s, the banking industry eventually came to the conclusion that it was possible to manage liabilities as well. Advantage

is to increase profitability, in the possibility of greater accuracy in forecasting the need for liquid funds. In order for the bank to have the necessary volume, structure and level of expenses for passive operations, they resorted to price and non-price methods of managing attracted funds.

The big disadvantage of this method is that funds are attracted without taking into account the effectiveness of various areas of their placement.

The new approach to asset and liability management is that both income and expenses make up the bank balance, and therefore, by reducing the level of costs (the liability management approach), the desired level of profitability is achieved to the same extent as during the proceeds from active operations.

Thus, the efficiency of commercial banks depends on many factors, both external and internal: political, economic, social

the situation in the country, as well as quantitative indicators of banking activities,

rationality in the management of existing funds.

The priority task, which must be resolved primarily at the macro level, is to make decisions to stabilize the country's economy, create conditions for strengthening the reliability of commercial banks in order to prevent the loss of assets, savings, and wealth by legal entities and individuals.

Each region has its own, characteristic only for him, features that affect the lending and investment activities of banks. These features can be structured and grouped into separate groups.

Let's substantiate each group and type of regional features that affect the credit and investment potential of the banking system of Ukraine.

political features.

Political stability in the region_

It is characterized by stable political relations between various political groups, parties and the like. Political stability affects economic relations, contributes to the development of the economy, incl. banking sector, in particular credit and investment activities.

The level of interaction between regional authorities and state authorities

Effective interaction between regional authorities and state authorities makes it possible to have constant support from the central government. This makes it possible to ensure economic growth in the region, including through the formation and use of credit and investment

banks' potential

The level of interaction between regional authorities and entrepreneurs

With effective interaction between regional authorities and entrepreneurs, additional

opportunities for economic growth, which cannot be achieved without the active lending and investment activities of banks. The regional authorities have always tried to have good relations with

banks to provide financial prospects for the development of the region

The level of interaction between regional authorities and the population

The interaction of regional authorities with the population makes it possible to ensure the stability of socio-economic development. The population of the region is the voters, and, consequently, the regional authorities are trying to have positive relations with the population, which also has a good effect on the credit and investment opportunities of banks in

Rice. 2. Political features that affect the credit and investment activities of regional banks of Ukraine 2. Political considerations that affect the credit and investment activities of the regional banks in Ukraine

Organizational and managerial features.

1. Trust of individual investors and borrowers. It positively or negatively affects the terms and volumes of deposits, credit loans of the population and legal entities.

2. Location of banking institutions in the region. The largest concentration of banks is in large and medium-sized cities, where the formation of financial flows, income and expenses of business entities, the population takes place.

3. The presence of different groups of enterprises. Banks are created mainly where large and medium-sized, as well as small enterprises, which are the main consumers of resources, are located.

4. Professional abilities of bank personnel. The success of the formation and use of credit and investment potential depends on the effective work of credit managers, on their professionalism.

social features.

In regions with a large number of unemployed, problems arise with the formation of credit and investment resources, the number of borrowers decreases, and the population uses bank services less. With sufficient demand for labor resources, there are more opportunities for the population to increase their own income, save and use bank loans.

Propensity of the population to use borrowed funds

Influences the ability of the population

act as individual investors, in particular, invest free funds on deposits in the banking institutions of the region. Income

population significantly affect their ability to be borrowers of banks in the regions.

The population of richer regions has a greater propensity to use borrowed funds than the population of depressed regions. Although there are some specific differences in this issue related to the employment of the population.

Level of social conflicts

The level of solvency of the population in the region

Social conflicts reduce the stability of the region, negatively affect the economic relations of various

subjects, in particular the population and business structures. Often social conflicts are associated with the uneven distribution of resources, income, non-fulfillment of the requirements of the labor and civil legislation of the country.

The higher the level of solvency of the population in the region, the greater the opportunities for economic growth, and, consequently, the conditions for increasing the credit and investment potential of banks. The solvency of the population stimulates the demand for goods and services, which supports the supply. This

stimulates production, which cannot exist without the use of credit resources. With sufficient

solvency of the population in the region, conditions are formed for the growth of savings, which is also an important stage in the formation and use of the credit and investment potential of banking institutions

The level of social guarantees and social protection in the region

The high level of social guarantees and social protection in the region significantly reduces the labor migration of the population, contributes to a more active use of credit resources by the population. Fulfillment of obligations to comply with social guarantees and ensure social protection of the population enhances the credit and investment potential of banks, contributes to the effective formation and use of credit and investment resources.

Rice. 3. Social features affecting the credit and investment potential of commercial banks

in the regions of Ukraine

Fig. 3. Social features that affect the credit-investment potential of the commercial banks in the regions of Ukraine

Demographic features: population density in the region, number and proportion of the able-bodied population, gender and age factor, proportion of the local and rural population, level of education,

qualifications and professional characteristics, the level of growth (reduction) of the population, the level of mechanical migration of the population.

Financial and economic features.

Resource base of banks in the region

Financial and economic features

Types of economic activity that prevail in the region

The resource base of banks in the region depends on the presence of the population and legal entities, the level of income of the population and business entities, the state of development of the stock market, interest on deposits. The resource base of banks in the region significantly affects the formation of credit and investment potential.

The level of profitability of enterprises

An increase in the level of profitability of enterprises makes it possible, on the one hand, to more reliably provide conditions for repaying loans and form their own investment strategy, on the other hand, the growth of profitability encourages enterprises to use only their own funds, reducing the amount of borrowed financial resources.

Availability of real collateral for economic entities to obtain loans

Therefore, it is necessary

a more optimal ratio between the types of economic activities that require credit and investment resources, and those types that are providers of financial resources for the banks themselves.

Volumes and structure of financial flows in the region

A significant part of the population does not have or does not want to use the existing property as collateral. Legal entities that rent

fixed assets, practically do not have their own property, and therefore they have

problems with collateral, which affects the reality of obtaining bank loans. Lack of collateral or illiquid collateral does not provide an opportunity to stimulate the lending and investment activities of banks.

The volume and structure of financial flows affect the credit

investment activity through the formation and use of the resource base of banks.

The cost of bank loans in the credit market of the region.

The cost of loans in the regional credit market

depends on interbank competition, the general credit policy of banks, the cost of financial resources attracted by banks in the regions. The cost of loans significantly affects the interest

clients in the use of credit resources. Therefore, there is every reason for banks in the regions to adhere to more real interest rates, which are related to the level of income in the region.

Investment climate of the region

Favorable investment

The climate stimulates the growth of the number of investors and real borrowers. The growth in the number of investors stimulates competition between banking and non-banking institutions in terms of lending and investment activities, which provides conditions for increasing the size of the lending and investment potential of banks.

The level of competition between banks for the resource base and borrowers

In the pre-crisis period, a big struggle for customers had already begun between banks in the regions, that is,

individuals and legal entities. The financial and economic crisis somewhat changed the direction and pace of this struggle. But competition between banks at the regional level will intensify, which will negatively affect those banks that have an insignificant network, inefficient bank employees.

Rice. 4. Financial and economic factors of influence on the lending and investment activities of banks in the regions of Ukraine 4. Financial and economic factors affect the credit and investment activities of banks in the regions of Ukraine

Natural geographic features.

1. Natural and geographical risks affecting the lending and investment potential of banks: risks of flooding of settlements; earthquake risks; flood risks; risks of frosts, droughts, showers; risks of other cataclysms.

2. The presence of natural and geographical restrictions on the implementation of certain types of economic activity. For example, the impossibility of coal mining, flax cultivation, logging in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

3. Absence (presence) of natural resources that affect the livelihoods of the population and the production activities of enterprises. Thus, metallurgy develops where there are places where ore and coal are mined; mechanical engineering gravitates towards metallurgy enterprises.

Legal features.

1. The level of implementation of legislation in the region. Compliance with laws contributes to a favorable investment climate,

increase in the number of enterprises.

2. The level of criminalization in the region. The growth of criminal cases in the region reduces the likelihood of lending and investment activities of banks in this territory, as there are threats for both banks and borrowers.

3. The level of shadow economy. Almost all regions are involved in the shadow economy to some extent. The growth of the shadow sector and the participation of banks in it is inevitable, which negatively affects the credibility of banks.

4. The level of corruption in the region. The growth of corruption hinders the development of entrepreneurship, reduces the confidence of the population in the leadership of the region.

All these features significantly affect the credit and investment potential. Political, financial, economic, organizational and managerial features have the greatest influence.

Thus, in order to implement an effective credit and investment

activities, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the regions that directly affect the functioning of banking institutions.

Before the crisis, consumer lending to the population prevailed in the regions of Ukraine, to a greater extent mortgage lending for the purchase of cars and housing by individuals.

At the same time, banks began to lend less to Ukrainian car manufacturers and construction companies. This is one of the main reasons for the lending and investment activities of Ukrainian banks. Therefore, the state should take appropriate measures to support its own commodity producer when lending to individuals. That is, to provide preferential loans only when the loan funds are spent on the purchase of goods of national

manufacturers.

Each territory has its own specific features, which are the reasons for the differences in the credit and investment potential of each region.

Considering the geographical location of banking organizations, you can see that most of them are located in Kyiv and some large cities.

Kyiv occupies the first place in terms of the number of located banks. Why do many banks open in the capital? There are several reasons: in Kiev there are all state structures that play a huge role in ensuring economic activity; Since the beginning of the formation of an independent country, Kyiv has mobilized the main financial flows, which is very important for banks; the capital of Ukraine gathered most of the main offices of the largest domestic and foreign companies; in Kyiv there is a great opportunity to influence all regions; the population in the capital differs from the population of other regions in the highest level of personal finance.

The second place in terms of the number of banks is occupied by the city of Dnepropetrovsk. This region has 15 banks, of which the largest is PJSC Privatbank. During the financial crisis, only one bank was liquidated. The reason for the establishment of banks in this city is that it is a large industrial center that needs massive financial resources.

In third place is the city of Kharkiv, where 11 banks are located. Among them is one powerful bank. Explain the presence of a large number

banking institutions can be the same factors as in Dnepropetrovsk. The region needs its own banking institutions due to the presence of large enterprises and economic ties with Russia.

The fourth place in the ranking of regions belongs to Donetsk. 10 banks have been created in the city, 2 of them belong to the group of the largest. Donetsk is a large city with a developed industry and economic ties with other countries, in particular with Russia. During the financial crisis, not a single bank was liquidated.

On the fifth place - Odessa - 9 banks. Odessa does not have large banks, despite the fact that it is a large industrial and transport center. Around the city there are several seaports that provide transport links with many countries of the world.

The sixth place in the number of banks is occupied by Lviv. 5 banks were founded in the city, among which one is large and one that went through the liquidation procedure during the financial crisis. The city has no industrial significance, despite the fact that there are significant industrial enterprises here.

Bibliography

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Kostrovets Larisa Borisovna, Rector, Doctor of Economics PhD, Associate Professor

Kirizleeva Alisa Salavatovna, Associate Professor of the Department of Financial Services and Banking, Ph.D. PhD, Associate Professor

Larisa B. Kostrovets, Rector, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor

Alisa S. Kirizleeva, PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of Financial Service and Banking

The student must know: the concept of the credit and investment potential of the banking sector and the main factors that have a significant impact on its development; the importance of the capital of the banking sector, the savings potential of the population, attracted funds from enterprises and households, foreign capital, refinancing instruments in the formation of credit and investment potential; directions for analyzing the impact of these elements on the credit and investment potential of the banking sector.

Key words and terms: credit and investment potential of the banking sector, capitalization of the banking system, savings potential of the population, globalization, foreign banks, transnational banks, banks with foreign participation, refinancing, key rate.

Credit and investment potential of the banking sector: concept and factors

The credit and investment potential of the banking sector should be understood as the ability of the banking sector to redistribute financial flows, to carry out an intermediary function in the movement of capital both at the international level and between various sectors of the national economy. Due to the credit and investment potential, consumer demand is stimulated and the real sector of the economy develops.

Attracting resources to finance investments can be carried out both through the banking system using credit mechanisms, and in the capital markets.

The main ways and factors to increase the credit and investment potential of the Russian banking sector:

• increase in own capital - capitalization of the banking system from the following sources: profits, issue funds, revaluation of fixed assets;
• accumulation of savings of the population;
• attracting foreign investment in the banking sector;
• development of Bank of Russia refinancing instruments;
• development of the general economic situation.

The first factor influencing the credit and investment potential of the banking sector is the increase in own capital, the capitalization of the banking sector. The role of the source of "profits of banks" in increasing equity capital is currently small, since the average profitability of the banking business has been declining in recent years due to the financial crisis, rising interest rates and lack of liquidity. There is also concern about the risk of lower profit levels in the face of a rapidly increasing amount of arrears.

Issuance resources include funds of founders, shareholders and third parties. The most effective instruments for increasing equity capital are an IPO (the first public offering of a company's shares, also called an issue) or a direct sale of a part of the shares to a strategic investor.

The main constraint that determines whether a bank can conduct public offerings of shares is a sufficiently high credit rating. If the bank's reliability level implies more than 20% probability of default, then it cannot use attracting investors, especially foreign ones, to increase its own capital.

An important difference between the stock market and the market for debt instruments is the possibility of obtaining guaranteed profits only with long investment horizons. The financial stability of the issuer in the long term is an important condition to interest investors. Thus, due to the issuance source, it is possible to obtain a significant increase in the total equity capital of the banking sector, however, the concentration of this increase will be obvious.

Banks are reluctant to use such a source of capitalization increase as the revaluation of fixed assets, due to a proportional increase in the taxable base for property tax. Moreover, this source does not provide a direct increase in the volume of credit and investment resources.

The accumulation of household savings is another factor influencing the credit and investment potential of the banking sector. The population's savings go to the real sector with the participation of the banking, pension and insurance systems. The ability of commercial banks to attract savings from the population is a necessary condition for financial intermediation.

The dynamics of deposits of individuals in nominal or real terms characterizes the level of public confidence in the banking sector and the degree to which this sector performs intermediary functions to mobilize the population's monetary savings.

Macroeconomic stability and information and political shocks determine the degree of confidence in the banking sector. Information and political shocks are possible information attacks and extraordinary political events that go beyond the normal situation.

Political shocks include possible but not highly probable events. Such events include:

• the inertial policy pursued by the monetary authorities;
• arrests of foreign assets of systemically important Russian banks or companies affiliated with them;
• foreign investigations or lawsuits relating to the activities of a large number of Russian banks;
• due to massive violations of legislative and regulatory requirements, the revision (or the possibility of revision) of banking licenses for a large number of banks;
• significant claims from tax and law enforcement authorities against a significant number of commercial banks or organizations associated with them;
• the adoption by such regulatory international organizations as FATF, BIS, the Basel Committee of decisions that significantly complicate the activities of Russian commercial banks and significantly reduce their competitive position.

The share of demand deposits and term deposits in the total volume of deposits of individuals is an important indicator characterizing the state of the banking sector. This indicator demonstrates the degree of confidence in the banking sector, it is term deposits that form the resource base for the development of long-term lending and are the main resource for financial intermediaries.

Foreign investment in the banking system is another factor influencing the credit and investment potential of the banking sector. Foreign investment in the banking system refers to the share of foreign banks in the registered authorized capital and assets of the entire banking system. Since foreign banks often have access to cheaper and more accessible capital through parent companies, the presence of foreign investment in the banking system has a positive effect on the growth of credit and investment potential.

It is possible to assess the impact of foreign banks on the change in the credit and investment potential of the banking sector in two ways:

• evaluate the growth dynamics of foreign investments in the authorized capital of commercial banks;
• analyze the resource base of a foreign bank.

The process of integrating the Russian banking sector into the global financial system has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that the banking sector, due to the expansion of sources of liabilities, becomes more resistant to shocks in the national economy. However, in the case of global financial shocks, the stronger the dependence of the national economy on international capital flows, the higher the negative impact on it.

Factors characterizing the degree of integration of the national banking sector into the world economy:

• the share of foreign banks in the assets or in the authorized capital of the banking system;
• the share of external debt of the non-financial sector of Russia;
• the share of the banking system's external debt in the overall structure of the banking system's liabilities.

The “share of external debt of the non-financial sector” factor is of great importance for the economic development of Russia. On the one hand, there is a chain: narrowing access to European markets - a decrease in investment in the real sector of the economy - a slowdown in the dynamics of the GDP per capita factor. On the other hand, the higher the share of external debt of the non-financial sector, the higher the dependence of the Russian economy on external factors.

The development of refinancing instruments of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation also affects the credit and investment potential of the banking sector. Improving the efficiency of commercial banks' refinancing instruments, as well as their development, is an important factor in the face of liquidity crises. The effectiveness of refinancing is understood as the directed use of financial resources and the even distribution of funds within the banking system.

Directed use of financial resources includes: replenishing the economy with long-term credit resources, investing in strategic economic objects, reducing the share of funds directed to foreign assets.

And the last factor influencing the credit and investment potential of the banking sector is the increase in the inflow of funds due to the general economic situation. This effect can be achieved through the following components:

• reduction of "bad" debts, due to which there are losses of credit and investment resources;
• increase in profits of economic entities, leading to an increase in bank account balances
• reducing capital outflow;
• regulation of the inflation rate.

A detailed analysis of the influence of a number of the most significant factors on the credit and investment potential of the banking sector is given in the following paragraphs of Chapter 4.