graduate work

2.1 Analysis of automated payment systems of Russian banks

The payment system of the Bank of Russia implements a number of functions aimed at achieving the main goals of the Bank of Russia, established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, provides a wide range of payment services to credit institutions and government bodies, having the lowest level of risks in the national payment system (hereinafter - NPS), is its the main stabilizing element. The systemic importance of the Bank of Russia payment system is established by law. 33]

The legal basis for the effective and uninterrupted functioning of the Bank of Russia payment system is provided by the regulations of the Bank of Russia.

The owner and operator of the Bank of Russia payment system, the money transfer operator and the operator of payment infrastructure services in the Bank of Russia payment system is the Bank of Russia.

Bank of Russia:

Determines the rules for transferring funds through the payment system of the Bank of Russia;

Transfers funds through the payment system of the Bank of Russia for its own transactions and transactions of its clients, settlement service accounts of budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation and other clients that are not credit institutions;

Provides operational services, payment clearing services and settlement services when transferring funds through the payment system of the Bank of Russia;

Carries out regulation, operational management, monitoring, support and control over the functioning of the payment system of the Bank of Russia.

The development of the Bank of Russia payment system is carried out in accordance with the Concept for the development of the Bank of Russia payment system for the period until 2015, approved by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia (Minutes No. 16 of July 16, 2010), to ensure: 33]

Increasing the efficiency of the unified state monetary policy through real-time settlement operations for its implementation;

Increasing the stability of the banking system of the Russian Federation to the spread of risks by monitoring their occurrence and localization by the Bank of Russia;

Creating conditions that contribute to increasing the efficiency of the functioning of national financial markets, including through the use of adopted international practice reliable settlement mechanisms for concluded transactions;

Feature Extensions credit institutions and their clients on the use of payment services provided in the payment system of the Bank of Russia;

Providing the Federal Treasury with new opportunities to effectively solve problems in monitoring the revenue side and managing the expenditure side of the federal budget. 33]

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Gabdulkhakova Guzel Raudatovna, bachelor, student
Bashkir State Agrarian University

DESIGN
AUTOMATED BANKING SYSTEMS

Design and development of software for information support of an Internet provider
Protection of information in the economic information system
Modular principle of building information systems in financial and credit institutions
Application of e-commerce information technology
Designing a database “Accounting for teacher publications”

The modern banking system is a sphere of diverse services provided to its clients - from traditional monetary and cash transactions, which determine the basis of banking, to the latest forms of monetary and credit financial instruments, used by banking structures.

In the context of increasing interbank competition, success entrepreneurial activity will accompany those bankers who better master modern management methods banking processes, and automated information technologies help this a lot.

An automated banking system is a form of organizational management of a bank based on the widespread use of new information technologies.

The work of banks greatly depends on the state of the country's economy as a whole. The relative stabilization of the domestic economy in 2003 ensured the growth of most Russian banks and increased competition between them. Characteristic Features modern market banking services are the increasing universalization of banks, the struggle for clients. The promotion of the largest banks into the regions continues. In order to increase operational efficiency, banks are forced to invest significant funds in IT technologies.

Modern automated banking systems are subject to very strict requirements, not only from user banks, but also from government and regulatory authorities.

The main requirements for automated banking systems can be divided into four parts:

primary requirements;
requirements for an automated banking system as a software tool - system technical requirements;
special requirements reflecting the specifics banking, banking operations and technologies for their implementation;
quality indicators characterizing the process of developing an automated banking system.

We will consider only the requirements for automated banking systems as a product, these include:

functional completeness;
A complex approach;
system scalability;
system customizability;
centralized system management;
a single database providing multi-user work;
work in real time;
safety and reliability of operation.

The automated banking system, in accordance with its functional purpose, is usually divided into three subsystems:

Front-office (top level) – a subsystem that ensures the bank’s interaction with outside world. The subsystem carries out input of primary information, interaction of the bank with clients, other banks, exchanges, and the Central Bank.

Back-office (middle level) – a subsystem that provides general banking and general economic activities. The subsystem includes work with loans, etc.

Accounting (lower level) – a subsystem that ensures timely and correct reflection of the bank’s activities within the framework of existing accounting procedures.

An independent group - Analysis - includes operations that implement the analysis of the current state of the bank, planning and internal audit jar.

The Front-office subsystem may include the automated “Client-Bank” system designed to organize electronic document flow between the bank and clients (organizations that have an account with the bank). The system consists of two parts – client and banking.

Main functions of automated banking systems:

Automation of daily banking operations, accounting and preparation of summary reports;
Communication system with branches and out-of-town offices;
Analytical systems designed to analyze the bank’s activities and select the optimal solution in a given situation;
Automation of various operations (credit cards, ATMs);
Interbank settlement systems.

There are about 20 companies developing automated banking systems on the core banking market, creating a variety of software products.

In table 1. Data was collected on the number of banks using the developments of major IT companies. The survey was conducted by Laminfo (1,154 banks surveyed).

One of the main functions of the banking system is to ensure continuous payments between businesses.

Currently, interbank settlements are carried out through the following payment systems:

payment system of the Bank of Russia (78.1% of the total volume of payments and 71.9% of the total number of payments);
payment systems of credit institutions for correspondent accounts opened with other credit institutions (9.3 and 3.2%, respectively);
intrabank payment systems for settlements between branches of the same bank (11.8 and 24.3%);
payment systems of settlement non-bank credit institutions (0.8 and 0.6%).

Thus, automated banking systems not only help employees do their work quickly and efficiently, but also provide certain conveniences for bank clients.

Bibliography

Borisov E.F. Fundamentals of Economics. [Text]// – M.: Yurist, 2011.
Vedyapin V.I. Information in economics. [Text] // M.: INFRA-M 2010.
Information systems in economics (edited by V.D. Ka-maev). [Text] // M.: Vlados 2011.
Sharafutdinov A.G. Banking automated information systems [Text] // Trends and prospects for the development of statistical science and information technologies, collection of scientific articles: dedicated to the Anniversary of Professor of the Department of Statistics and Information Systems in Economics, Doctor of Economic Sciences Rafikova Nuriya Timergaleevna. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, Bashkir State Agrarian University.-Ufa, 2013. pp. 167-168.
Sharafutdinov A.G. Channels for selling products from personal farmsteads [Text] // News of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen. 2009.№ 119. pp. 129-132.

Introduction

1. Current trends in the development of the national payment system

1.1 Legislative and regulatory acts in the field of payment systems and settlements

1.2 The role of the payment system in monetary regulation

1.3 Structure of the national payment system of the Russian Federation

1.4 The role of the Bank of Russia as a catalyst for the modernization and reform of the Russian payment system

2. Automation of non-cash payments in a credit institution

2.1 Organization of interbank settlements in a credit institution

2.2 Technology, document flow and reflection in accounting of credit institution transactions with bank cards. Analysis of the activities of credit institutions in the use of bank cards for the period since 2008

2.2.1 general characteristics bank card payment systems

2.2.2 Intra-bank technology and document flow for transactions related to bank cards

2.2.3 Accounting for banking transactions with plastic cards

2.2.4 Analysis of the activities of credit institutions in the use of bank cards for the period since 2008.

2.3 Organization of protection of electronic payments

3. Assessment of the effectiveness of the payment system of the Russian Federation and main directions of development

3.1 Analysis of the main indicators of the development of the payment system of Russia and the region

3.2. The role of a system of large electronic payments in real time for the economy

3.3 Analysis of the policy pursued by the Bank of Russia within the framework of the development of the payment system of the Russian Federation

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

The current situation in the global and national economy places special demands on the institutional, regulatory, technological and technical basis for uninterrupted payments between economic entities. In a situation of ongoing instability in global financial markets and increased dependence of the economy of the Russian Federation on their market conditions, with the need for a comprehensive modernization of the structure of economic relations between subjects of the national economy, which largely retain the inefficiency inherited from the planned economy Soviet period, an effective national payment system is of particular importance. Also, given the ever-increasing automation of the settlement process, it is absolutely necessary to pay increased attention to the problems of security, stability and timeliness of payment transactions - risk assessment and development of principles for the functioning of automation systems for non-cash payments and settlements.

The relevance of the work is complemented by the increased interest of the banking community in the construction of centralized settlement systems, the close interaction that has arisen between international financial institutions and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the development of specific principles for building the system.

The main goal of the work is to consider aspects of the functioning of the payment system at the current time stage, analyze statistical indicators and identify patterns of its development; Also, an important point of the study is the consideration of systems and technologies for interbank settlements and individual banking technologies and products aimed at ensuring them - all this, taken together, should lead to the conclusion of practical recommendations for increasing the efficiency and sustainability of the national payment system, and establishing the necessary conditions for its further development as a strict, harmonious and functional system.

The theoretical basis of the research was the works of domestic and foreign scientists: monographs, textbooks, research works - both published as independent publications and published in periodicals; when writing the work, regulatory documents of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and government documents were also used legislative acts. The information base was statistical reports provided by the Central Bank, as well as information from independent rating agencies. IN bibliography A complete list of materials used in writing the work is provided.

The main research methods were systemic, statistical and functional analysis, theoretical research within the boundaries specified by the field of research, and logical methods determined by specific goals and objectives.

Structurally, the work consists of three sections.

The first section examines the basic principles of the functioning of the national payment system, methods and norms of its regulation, and the necessary contribution of the Central Bank to the long-overdue process of its modernization.

The second section examines the practical aspects of automating interbank settlements, provides a description of technologies for working with bank payment cards, and provides a general analysis of the use of these settlement instruments in Russia over the past two years. The second section concludes with short description principles and technologies for protecting automated payment systems.

The third section analyzes the main indicators of the Russian payment system, their dynamics over the past six years and explains some principles that play an important role in the construction and management of real-time payment systems.

1. Current trends in the development of the national payment system

Before we begin factual material, associated with the peculiarities of the structural structure of the payment system and trends in its changes, let us define the term itself.

So, the payment system is a set of organizations, methods, procedures, laws and regulations, agreements between participating organizations aimed at implementing timely, complete and effective cash payments between various individuals and legal entities, the need for the implementation of which arises in the course of their economic activity. activities.

1.1 Legislative and regulatory legal acts in the field of payment systems and settlements

For the normal and efficient operation of the payment system, there must be rules and regulations defining the rights, duties and responsibilities of participants in settlement relationships. In order to ensure the functioning of the system both during its normal operation and during the occurrence of non-standard or difficult-to-resolve situations, technical failures of banking systems, and legal conflicts that arise, a clear and consistent legal framework is necessary that establishes regulations for the actions of all parties involved in economic relations of this kind.

The Bank of Russia, performing the function of a banking regulatory and banking supervision body, is guided in its work by Civil Code The Russian Federation (in terms of Articles 45 “Bank Account” and 46 “Settlements”), federal laws “On Banks and Banking Activities”, “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)”, “On Currency Regulation and Currency Control” is developing regulatory documents , defining the rules for conducting settlements and establishing the procedure for carrying out banking operations on the territory of Russia. Also, the Central Bank regulates the procedure for settlements of resident organizations and with foreign banking organizations, government agencies, individuals and legal entities.

In the context of the development of the national payment system, it seems important to mention the following law:

- “On the activity of accepting payments from individuals, carried out by payment agents”, destroying the monopoly of credit institutions on making payments from individuals (such as, for example, payment mobile communications, utilities, loan payments), establishing requirements for subjects of this market segment - “paying agents”, prescribing their level of responsibility and accountability, but at the same time, contradicting international recommendations on combating money laundering.

The main regulations of the Central Bank applicable to payment and settlement systems are:

Regulations "On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation", regulating the procedure and forms of non-cash payments between banking and settlement organizations, the obligations of the parties when performing transactions, defining the system of payments through correspondent accounts opened in the divisions of the Central Bank. This provision is the most general regulatory document regulating the activities of payment system entities

Regulations "On the procedure for making non-cash payments by individuals in the Russian Federation", which establishes the procedure for making non-cash payments in national currency by individuals, both with and without opening a bank account. Structurally, in terms of the forms and procedure for carrying out transactions, it is in many ways similar to the previous document, with appropriate amendments, the legal status and specifics of one of the final links in the payment chain - individuals.

Regulations “On the real-time gross settlement system of the Bank of Russia”, which regulates the functioning of the electronic banking payment system for urgent payments - a real-time payment mechanism in the territory of the Russian Federation, operating within the structure of the Central Bank.

Regulations “On the procedure for making payments between residents and non-residents under contracts for the performance of work, provision of services or transfer of results of intellectual activity”, which talks about the rules and procedure for settlements in foreign currency.

Among the more specific regulatory documents, the scope of which is limited to specific payment technologies and banking products aimed at meeting the needs of clients for payment transactions, the following can be mentioned:

Regulations “On the issuance of bank cards and on performing transactions using payment cards”, regulating banking operations with card products, establishing requirements for financial organizations and their clients. The relevance and significance of this document is very high, due to the enormous positive effect caused by the widespread introduction of payments using plastic cards, which reduce the costs of both enterprises and credit institutions for working with cash, increasing the security of payments and simplifying financial control over their implementation.

In addition to the provisions, the Bank of Russia issues instructions, guidelines and clarifications regulating applied issues of settlements, specifying and clarifying other regulations.

Due to the continuous development of technologies and means of automation of payment transactions, the emergence of new technological schemes carrying out settlements, the legislative framework remains largely insufficient, and in some places contradictory, which can lead to untimely execution of payments, and even to the loss of financial resources of banks or clients, and can seriously complicate the functioning of both individual economic entities, and some sectors of the economy. To eliminate gaps in legislation and regulations that complicate the activities of credit institutions and increase their risks, the Central Bank is constantly working to monitor newly emerging problems, issue regulations that contribute to their solution, take measures to develop the necessary legislative proposals and bring them to government bodies authorities.

1.2 The role of the payment system in monetary regulation

Monetary regulation is a set of measures by government organizations and the Central Bank aimed at changing the money supply in circulation, the volume of loans, interest rates according to them and other indicators of monetary circulation aimed at reducing inflation, sustainable growth of the money supply, high levels of employment, stability of interest rates and creating preconditions for sustainable economic growth.

The main methods of regulation by the Central Bank of monetary circulation are: setting the refinancing rate, the volume of required reserves, open market operations, and foreign exchange interventions. Let us consider in more detail the influence of the level of development of the payment system on each of these mechanisms.

Establishing the volume of required reserves is used to regulate the liquidity of banks and maintain the volume of money supply within specified limits. As of January 2010, the standard mandatory reservation, established by the Central Bank, is 2.5% of the liabilities of commercial banks, which is a fairly low value and indicates the ongoing strategy of stimulating “credit expansion” (the activity of banks in the lending market) of banks, which is relevant in an economic recession. The influence of payment system development indicators on the timeliness of banks’ fulfillment of reserve standards is the ability to transfer funds intended for reserve to a correspondent account in a division of the Central Bank on time, without delays or conflicts. The defining moment in this interaction is the availability, reliability and efficiency of operations, which allows for much more flexibility in carrying out the required regulatory activities.

The role of the payment system in the refinancing mechanism is similar to that in the process of banks complying with the reserve ratio. The main indicator here is also the reliability, availability and timeliness of settlement services. This will allow banks to more effectively plan and carry out their operations, obtaining a stable channel of access to borrowed funds.

In operations of the Central Bank that directly and directly affect financial markets, - foreign exchange interventions and transactions on the open market, maximum efficiency in carrying out transactions comes to the fore, which is dictated by the constantly changing market conditions. Delays in completing transactions can negate all efforts and disrupt the planned process of regulatory activities.

The development of payment systems, equal access to them for all participants in financial markets, the development of settlement instruments and services, close integration of various elements of the national payment system, clear and effective standards for working in it - all this allows, under certain conditions, to ensure banks’ access to credit resources, maintain unity and integrity economic system country and, with proper planning and implementation, ensure the achievement of monetary regulation objectives.

The most important role in the implementation monetary policy play real-time gross settlement systems, which allow commercial banks to quickly fulfill their obligations both to the Central Bank and to clients. For the Central Bank, a developed real-time settlement system provides the opportunity for flexible maneuvering on foreign exchange market and market valuable papers, which, again, with the correct setting of goals and objectives, will have a beneficial effect on the results of the implementation of regulatory measures.

It should be noted that the availability of a reliable and fast payment system due to the expansion of the geography of possible payments, the number of installed economic ties, attractiveness over other methods of making payments, can undermine the monopoly in some segment of the regional market, and can revive economic activity in the regions.

1.3 Structure of the national payment system of the Russian Federation

The national payment system of Russia consists of various interconnected payment systems - universal, focused on processing payments that are heterogeneous in terms of sources and destinations, and specialized, aimed at servicing any segment of the national economy or any category of payers. The regulatory and supervisory authority of the national payment system is the Central Bank, which also represents the system-forming core and ensures the connectivity of various general case non-contacting payment systems: regional, specialized, industry. Links of payment systems - banks, non-bank settlement and clearing organizations, branches of credit institutions, payment agents.

Rice. 1. Structure of the Russian payment system

The main instrument for making non-cash payments on the territory of the Russian Federation is the network of gross settlements of the Central Bank, and each credit institution (or its structurally separate branch) must have an open correspondent account in one of the Cash Settlement Centers (RCC) - a division of the Bank of Russia, organized at the locations of banks and providing payment transactions in the jurisdictional territory. Depending on communication conditions and the availability of banking institutions, inter-district RCCs can be organized.

Thus, all credit organizations and branches are clients of the Central Bank and relations between the parties are regulated by correspondent account agreements. In some cases, legal entities from the non-banking sector may also become clients of the Bank of Russia settlement network. This may be caused by the underdevelopment of the banking infrastructure in the territorial locations of such organizations or their strategic importance for the national economy.

All payments in the system are made within the balance of the system participant’s account at the time of the transaction and are irrevocable and final. Each payment is implemented individually, the time of its execution does not depend on the location of the system participants. Payments in the RCC system are divided into intraregional, interregional and payments using advice notes; This division is determined by the unequal expenditure of resources for making payments, different procedures for processing them and, accordingly, affects the amount of commission charged.

Banks and their separate structural divisions have a unique identifier - BIC (bank identification code), used for settlements in the Central Bank system. Thanks to this, they are uniquely identified, which practically reduces to zero the likelihood of a payment being credited to the wrong addressee.

Between themselves, Cash Settlement Centers make payments through a system of inter-branch turnover.

An important place in the system of interbank settlements is occupied by clearing operations, mainly carried out by the Central Bank between banks located within the same city. Clearing is a system of regular settlements based on the mutual offset of claims and obligations of bank clients. Clearing settlements, with their significant concentration, seriously reduce the size of circulating funds, simplify their management, simplify, speed up and reduce the cost of settlements. Similar functions, including within the same region, can be performed by special non-banking structures - clearing centers and clearing houses.

Clearing payments are possible only among banks and settlement organizations - participants in the clearing system. Each participant opens a transit account-position, the entries of which are of a counting nature. At the end of the operating day, a balance sheet is compiled, transmitted by the clearing organization to the local branch of the Central Bank, which, in turn, writes off debit balances from the accounts of participating banks and credits them to the correspondent account of the clearing organization. That, in turn, makes payments to banks that have a positive netting result (credit balance) - this is the pure clearing model. In gross clearing, payments are processed and offset for each transaction as they are received.

The system of direct settlements between banks, bypassing the RCC system, through the mutual opening of correspondent accounts, is also a very common way of making payments. In this case, payments are made directly, mainly using automated systems developed by the banks themselves or through the S.W.I.F.T. network, also used for settlements with foreign banking organizations.

Often there is a combined settlement system, for example, between a bank and its branches. Branches simultaneously have open correspondent accounts with the RCC and the head bank and, when making payments, choose one or another way of making them, guided by the criteria of expediency and convenience.

Large banks, such as Sberbank, have their own extensive payment network, and many credit institutions establish correspondent relationships with them, conducting some of their payments through these systems.

1.4 The role of the Bank of Russia as a catalyst for the modernization and reform of the Russian payment system

The Central Bank has a special place in the structure of the Russian payment system. In addition to managing its own settlement system, the Central Bank performs regulatory and supervisory functions, sets standards, and ensures monetary circulation. The function of developing standards for the provision, collection and synthesis of statistical information characterizing the Russian payment system is also important. Possession of this information makes it possible to increase the transparency of the system, thereby simplifying control functions and providing information that contributes to the effective regulation of the payment system and its individual segments.

Having specific knowledge about the mechanisms of functioning of the national payment system, the Central Bank can play an advisory role in matters of choosing ways to develop the settlement system and developing standards for its activities. By managing an extensive settlement network, one way or another in contact with all subjects of the national payment system, the Bank of Russia, using its influence, can serve as a catalyst for its change and modernization.

Maintaining a special position by the Central Bank is a necessary condition for the further stable sustainable development of the payment system. The concentration of the functions of supervision, regulation, the largest user of the system (which is determined by the need to perform the functions of a regulator), coupled with the operation of a systemically important settlement network, makes the Bank of Russia one of the main stakeholders in the further development and improvement of the national payment system. At the same time, movement in the direction of modernization is impossible without involving other participants in the dialogue on the development of specific recommendations and improvement plans.

The Central Bank must take into account the complex nature of the national payment system, take into account factors external to it, such as government policy, financial situation, the specific economic environment, and must take into account the urgent needs of both system participants and end consumers of its services – legal entities and individuals. And, in accordance with this, set clear priorities for the development of the payment system, develop a strategy for introducing innovations and improvements, and concentrate on the effective final implementation of the adopted strategy.

The Central Bank is also faced with the task of ensuring the constancy of legal norms regulating the functioning of the payment system, maintaining structures that provide legal support, and requiring market participants to strictly follow accepted standards.

A noticeable task is the deep integration and coordination of various elements of the payment system, providing participants with convenient and prompt access to settlement mechanisms. For example, combining a system that implements payment transactions of the securities market with the main network of interbank settlements allows a credit institution, without unnecessary obstacles and wasting an excessive amount of time, to gain access to credit resources provided under guarantees of securities issued by the bank.

2. Automation of non-cash payments in a credit institution

2.1 Organization of interbank settlements in a credit institution

Settlements between credit institutions, which constitute the main routes of settlements in the national payment system, regardless of the level of automation of banking operations, the nature and volume of payments made, which determine the features of the legal regulation of settlement operations, are based on a system of correspondent accounts, providing a mechanism for reflecting and accounting for transferred funds, as well as guaranteeing the accuracy of addressing any of the payments and the possibility of timely correction of erroneously performed settlement transactions.

Payments between banks can be made either with the banks establishing correspondent relations or without mutual opening of correspondent accounts - through third organizations - the Bank of Russia payment system, clearing systems, commercial banks. The establishment of correspondent relations for Russian banks is voluntary, with the exception of the mandatory opening by them of a correspondent account in one of the Bank of Russia's cash centers.

All interbank settlements are carried out on the basis of basic principles that guarantee consistency, stability and rationality of the payment system. These principles are:

All non-cash payments are made through bank accounts opened for storing and transferring funds.

Payments must be made by banks only at the order of account holders in the order of priority of payments established by them, and within the limits of the available account balance.

The bank does not have the right to interfere in the process of the account owner choosing a form for conducting non-cash payments, and in the process of fixing such forms in contracts between economic entities.

Urgency of payment - making a payment within the time limits specified in the trade agreement or other documents obliging the payer to make payments.

Payments must be secured by financial resources placed in the payer's account.

The parties involved in relations within the payment system are responsible for fulfilling their contractual obligations.

The structure of interbank settlements is based on two types of correspondent accounts - LORO and NOSTRO, which mirror each other. The LORO account, which is a passive account, opened by a correspondent bank (a bank that has opened an account of another credit organization and performs operations on it on the basis of contractual relations) to the respondent bank (the bank that is the manager of the account), is used to transfer funds to it by the respondent bank . The NOSTRO account opened by the respondent bank is an active account, the balances of which are reconciled on the basis of statements to the corresponding LORO account.

The vast majority of cash payments in the Central Bank system and settlements made directly between credit institutions are electronic payments, the share of which in the total number of payments in the Central Bank system had already reached 99% by 2005, and in relation to the total amount of payments made it amounted to a share of 97 ,9%.

Payments using paper documents are made using telegraph and postal services; the average time for making one such payment at the intraregional level is more than a day, and at the interregional level it approaches five days. This slowness of the system, coupled with significant document flow and the need to involve external structures - postal and telegraph organizations - in making payments, significantly increases the attractiveness of electronic payment systems.

IN electronic systems In non-cash payments, systems of the “Bank-Client” type are mainly used, designed to speed up settlement transactions and improve control over their implementation. Electronic documents used in electronic payment systems are similar to those accounting documents, used in accordance with the regulations of the Central Bank and are the basis for conducting accounting records. Thus, banks receive tangible benefits from the use of such systems, since in addition to all the advantages of this method of calculation, all accounting transactions are carried out within the framework of existing rules and regulations.

Procedures for making automated interbank settlements directly between banks, or through the RCC of the Central Bank or clearing centers structurally identical. The main differences appear only in the nature of processing of incoming payments by the receiving party, which can be carried out in real time, or discretely, in time periods determined by the regulations.

A set of automation tools designed for making electronic payments includes a number of functional blocks responsible for such operations as:

Preparation of documents.

Control, signing and transfer for shipment.

Requests for additional information on accounts.

Receiving and sending mail.

View and print documents received from the bank.

View the archive.

System management.

At the stage of document preparation, the client provides the bank with payment documents filled out in accordance with the established form. The documents filled out in the interface of the software package are printed, the first copies of genuine payment documents with stamp and signatures are sent to the bank within the time limits regulated by its relevant departments. At the same time, the client is responsible for the fact that each electronic payment document submitted for transmission to the bank must be adequate to the original payment document.

Automatic control of the correctness of filling out electronic documents is carried out in two stages - at the stage of sending documents to the correspondent bank and at the stage of receiving the electronic form of the payment document by the correspondent. When sending, the program checks the completeness of filling out the fields of the document, the presence mandatory details and dates. Upon acceptance, the contents of the electronic signature document are verified, the client’s account number is checked for correctness, the absence of duplicate documents is checked, and the availability of funds in the account is checked. If any of the parameters do not match, information containing the date of sending the document, number, reason for refusal to accept, is sent back to the client in the form of an entry in the notice of the stages of document processing.

The difference between the Bank of Russia settlement system and the general scheme is the use of “full format” electronic documents, the use of which eliminates the need to subsequently provide the original on paper. At the same time, by special agreement, the use of “shortened format” documents is also allowed, with the subsequent sending of settlement documents in paper format.

After all necessary filling, control and documentary support operations have been completed, the document is sent to the bank via electronic communication channels. At the same time, the necessary procedures are followed to ensure the security of the package of documents from unauthorized access.

If technically possible, the client can establish a continuous round-the-clock connection with the bank within the framework of the electronic settlement system. The initiating party in the passage of a package of documents is the client, while the bank also processes incoming packages of documents in a passive mode, as they arrive.

At the end of the operating day, a statement of the correspondent account is provided by the bank to the client.

The hardware required to operate the electronic payment system is regulated by the bank operating the system. Typically, they include a computer with characteristics not lower than recommended, printing devices, communication equipment - modems, leased line network equipment, special peripheral devices and memory devices. Also, the bank sets requirements for software, in addition to the client software electronic payment systems; requirements for the operating system and cryptographic programs are regulated.

The majority of payments by Russian banks in foreign currency on correspondent accounts of foreign banks are carried out using the international electronic payment system S.W.I.F.T., many of the principles of which have already become de jure international standards, allowing, with minimal time and resources, to connect the national payment system with similar systems abroad and ensure normal functioning of the state's foreign trade. Also, based on S.W.I.F.T. payment networks of many countries and large international settlement systems have been implemented. Observing the activities of S.W.I.F.T. The authority is National Bank Belgium, coordinating the activities of the system and organizing the process of its development and adaptation to changing market and legislative conditions.

Using special software, documents in S.W.I.F.T. are translated into forms that comply with national legislation and regulations established by the Central Bank, which makes it possible to easily integrate payments made in this system into the national settlement system. Russian National Association S.W.I.F.T. A special standard (SWIFT-RUR) has been developed to regulate settlements in the domestic payment market in national currency. The development of standards and their implementation is carried out in close cooperation with the Bank of Russia, but at the same time, due to the dominance of its payment system in the domestic market, the prospects for SWIFT-RUR in Russia seem to be very limited.

The development of electronic payment systems alternative to the Central Bank network makes it possible to increase the fault tolerance of the national payment system, expand the geography of payments, including by simplifying payments in foreign currency, and improve organizations’ access to credit resources. Of course, development must take place under strict control of payment systems’ compliance with established standards and payment implementation technologies and their compliance with reliability and security standards.

Depending on the specifics of the economic activity carried out by bank clients and the requirements of the need for them to fulfill agreed upon contractual obligations, non-cash interbank payments can be implemented in various forms. Some forms, such as settlements using payment orders, letters of credit and checks, are used insignificantly in Russia, while settlements using payment orders account for more than three quarters of the total number of payments and more than 90% of their value. The predominance of settlements by payment orders is due to their widespread use both for payments for goods and services, and for non-trade transactions - settlements with budgets of all levels, settlements for the transfer of taxes and fees.

Each form of payment is characterized by a special implementation scheme and accompanying document flow.

Payment order– a duly executed order from the account owner to the bank to transfer a specific amount from his account to the account of the payee. If there are no funds in the payer's account, the bank places the order in the file cabinet of documents not paid on time. Upon receipt of funds in the payer’s account in an amount sufficient for payment, payment orders are paid in installments in the established order of priority. In such circumstances, the order payment transaction is carried out on the basis of a payment order.

The simplicity of the scheme for making payments using payment orders is accompanied by a high risk of failure by the parties to fulfill their obligations: the supplier is not guaranteed timely crediting of funds, and the payer is not guaranteed to receive paid goods or services. The following form of settlements is designed to eliminate these risks – settlements using payment requests.

Payment request– this is the supplier’s request to the recipient to make payment for goods shipped or work performed based on the request submitted to the payer’s bank. Payment requests are issued by the supplier upon actual execution of the service. Requests are drawn up on a standard form in triplicate and, together with the attached shipping documents, are sent by bank mail to the payer's bank. The payer's bank transfers the payment request to the payer, while the shipping documents remain in the bank's file cabinet.

After acceptance by the payer, the payer's bank makes a payment to the supplier's bank for the amount stated in the request. The payer must, within three days, either accept the payment request by putting his seal and signature of authorized persons on its first copy, and then pay it in the same manner as regular payment orders, or justify his refusal to accept - then the unaccepted demand, together with shipping documents and justification for refusal, sent through the supplier’s bank to the supplier himself. The following forms of acceptance have taken root in practice:

Positive – the payer explicitly states in writing his consent

Negative – the payer expressly states in writing only in case of refusal to pay

Preliminary - the payer notifies the bank of his agreement to pay the claim before the money is debited from his account.

Letter of Credit– an order from the payer’s bank to the supplier’s bank to pay the supplier for goods or services on the terms provided for in the letter of credit application. A letter of credit can be covered when the payer's bank pre-deposits the funds intended for payment in the supplier's bank and uncovered when this is not done; revocable, if the right of the payer bank to change or cancel it is established, or irrevocable, if the letter of credit cannot be changed without the consent of the supplier.

The advantages of a letter of credit compared to other forms of payment also lie in the possibility of establishing various forms of execution: upon presentation - in this case, the amount is transferred to the supplier after the receipt of the appropriate documents by the bank and their verification; or execution of a letter of credit with installments, allowing the supplier to receive funds on time and the payer to receive a deferred payment.

Bill of exchange– unconditional abstract written promissory note giving its owner (the holder of the bill) the indisputable right to demand from the debtor (the drawer) payment of the agreed amount of money. Without dwelling on the consideration of the terminology and typology of bill circulation, in the context of the study it is worth mentioning that in bill transactions, commercial banks primarily act as organizations collecting bills, that is, acting as an agent of the bill holder, performing on the basis of a collection endorsement (a special entry made on a bill bill holder, confirming the bank’s rights to carry out its instructions) functions of managing the bill - forwarding it, protesting it, demanding payment on the bill.

Difficulties for collection of bills of exchange in Russia are associated with the insufficient development of the network of correspondent relations between banks, within which mechanisms for the timely delivery of bills of exchange to the bank at the place of payment must be implemented.

Based on what has been discussed, we can conclude that the problems in organizing interbank settlements lie mainly in the development of technologies for developing interaction mechanisms that increase the security of electronic payments, the role of which in ensuring the reliable functioning of the national economy seems to be the most important. Also, a significant place in the list of issues to be resolved is occupied by the need to create a multi-connected and multi-layered payment structure consistent with the economic efficiency of its maintenance and use, increasing the liquidity of the financial market by releasing funds that, due to certain technical or economic reasons, remain as balances on correspondent accounts in RCC and other banks. Solving these problems will make it possible to minimize the risks of the banking system, increase its profitability, and ensure the effective implementation of monetary policy. And the role of individual credit institutions in their solution should not be reduced to passively following the strategic instructions of regulatory authorities, but must serve to build a comprehensively balanced system of settlements with correspondent banks and prudent planning of payment routes that minimize the possibility of delays.

2.2.1 General characteristics of bank card payment systems

A bank plastic card is a means of payment intended for paying for goods, services and receiving cash at banks and ATMs. Trade and service enterprises and bank branches that accept the card form a network of card service points. The guarantor of the fulfillment of payment obligations arising in the process of servicing plastic cards is the issuing bank, therefore, throughout their entire service life, the cards remain the property of the bank, and clients - card holders - receive them only for use. The nature of the guarantees provided by the bank depends on the payment authority and is fixed by the class of the card provided to the client.

Acquirers are credit organizations that carry out settlements with merchants that accept bank cards for payment and issue funds to bank card holders who are not their clients.

Rice. 2. Structure of the card payment system

In total, legal entities that allow their clients to make payments using bank cards, credit organizations that issue and acquire cards, a set of regulations, rules and technological schemes that determine the procedure for servicing plastic cards, as well as a system of relationships and procedures arising in the process of making payments with bank plastic cards, form a card payment system.

In Russia, the most common cards are international payment systems such as Visa and MasterCard. A much rarer service network for national systems is " Gold Crown", "Sbercard", etc., although in some regions they maintain a stable market share of transactions with bank cards.

Servicing transactions with plastic cards is carried out mainly online, although at some service points it is possible to authorize cards via telephone communication, mainly as a backup method that guarantees customer service in the event of a technological failure of the acquirer’s processing systems.

Most banks participating in one or another card payment system create processing centers in their structure, which are the reference points for technological and information interaction between system participants, ensuring continuous exchange and processing of information sent or received from other processing centers, as well as servicing requests directly connected to ATMs and plastic card service points in bank branches and trade organizations - POS terminals. Many small banks that have the right to issue cards of payment systems, but do not have significant volumes of card issuance and operations performed on them, in order to save resources, enter into outsourcing acquiring service agreements with processing centers of large banks.

Plastic cards can be used for payments by both legal entities and individuals, while when issuing the card, the issuing bank personalizes the card by embossing (thermal extrusion) on the card the name of the holder and the card number - a code that uniquely identifies the type, issuer and nature of the card , thereby linking it to a specific user (in the case of legal entities - to the employee responsible for conducting transactions with the card). Some banks also issue “instant issue” cards, on which only a number is embossed; such cards are personalized only at the level of the necessary documentation to open the account to which the card is linked. The card must bear the logo of the issuing bank that owns the card.

Currently, the most commonly used cards are those with a magnetic stripe or an electronic chip as the information carrier; there are also cards with a combined carrier. In Russia, cards with an electronic chip, despite its greater reliability compared to the magnetic stripe and more advanced technology for accessing information, are quite rare. The reason for this is their relative high cost and underdeveloped infrastructure, aimed primarily at servicing cards with magnetic media.

According to their validity period, cards are divided into urgent (transactions on which are possible only for a limited period of time) and unlimited.

Based on the nature of the transactions carried out, cards are divided into credit and debit (payment) cards.

Debit cards, both corporate and individuals, allow you to carry out transactions on the client’s account within the limits of the balance on it and the spending limits established by the bank.

Credit cards, also issued for both individuals and legal entities, allow the cardholder to carry out transactions in the amount of the credit line provided by the issuing bank and within established limits.

According to a special statement, plastic cards, both credit and debit, can be issued in the quantity required by the holder - the owner of the account to which they are linked. Limits for transactions on such corporate cards can be divided - for each of the cards its own, precisely defined limit is established, and undivided - cardholders (employees of the organization who have the right to use one of the cards) use a general limit established by the organization, exceeding which the total volume of transactions should not have any operations. Sometimes cards of different payment systems are issued linked to one account, which allows holders to increase the coverage of points that can provide service and reduce the likelihood of force majeure situations - the inability to make a payment due to a failure in electronic systems or the possible loss or damage of one of the cards.

Processing and accounting of transactions with plastic cards, as a rule, is carried out in a specialized software package included in automated system operating day of the bank.

2.2.2 Intra-bank technology and document flow for transactions related to plastic cards

The following structural divisions of the credit institution are involved in the internal bank document flow system for card transactions:

Operational customer service department that directly contacts individuals and representatives of organizations who express a desire to become a cardholder, or who are already such.

A division that performs the function of issuing plastic cards (card division), technological support for operations with them and the interaction of the bank with other participants in the payment system.

A division responsible for the economic security of the bank, carrying out the functions of monitoring the solvency of borrowers and their compliance with the requirements imposed by banks on their clients.

An accounting department responsible for the timely and accurate reflection of transactions with plastic cards in the bank’s accounting records.

The structure of intra-bank document flow for transactions with plastic cards must meet established standards regarding the timing of card issuance, but at the same time should not be overly simplified, and the time required to complete procedures should not be excessively reduced, since this directly affects the quality client checks by services economic security jar. This can be achieved by complete algorithmization and formalization of the actions of the involved employees and departments, which makes it possible to increase the transparency of procedures and reduce time costs both in standard operations and in non-standard situations that arise.

Let's consider general order movement of documents during standard operations related to the issuing bank’s services to holders of its plastic cards. In general, each specific document flow scheme is developed by the bank based on the characteristics of its structural organization, but in accordance with the rules and regulations established by both legislative and regulatory acts, and the policies and regulations of the bank card payment system.

When an individual client approaches a bank branch with an application to issue a card, the bank’s operational employee checks the identity (compliance of the client with identification documents), the correctness of filling out the application for card issue, controls the completeness of the documents and information provided, and creates a package of documents that is then sent to the security service to check the client’s solvency and compliance with the requirements imposed by the bank on its clients. Also, the employee submits an application to the bank’s card division to initiate the card issuance process and performs the financial transactions necessary to issue the card.

In case of contact legal entity with the desire to become a client of the payment system using plastic cards, the main actions of an employee of the operational department remain the same as when servicing an individual, but with the following exceptions: when notifying the card department about the need to launch the card issuance procedure, the operational employee waits for notification of the opening accounts to the taxpayer company from the card department (or the accounting department working in cooperation with it) and then informs the client about this fact. If necessary release additional cards, this stage falls out of the technological chain, but the application for the issuance of a card provided by the client must clearly indicate the account number.

It is recommended that the facts of acceptance of an application for card issuance and the facts of sending the relevant documents to the security service and the card division, operational divisions are recorded in the documentation established by the internal bank management accounting standards - this will avoid future possible delays in the passage of documents due to their possible delays and loss, and also facilitate subsequent accounting of transactions.

An employee of the bank's card division, upon receipt of a complete package of documents necessary for issuing a card and opening an account, upon receipt of a favorable conclusion about the client from the security service, independently assesses the risks associated with issuing the card to this client and, if the risk is within acceptable limits, initiates the process of issuing a card and opening an account (the relevant tax authority is initially notified about the opening of an account for clients - legal entities, and only after receiving a return notification that they have received a message about opening an account, the process of issuing the card itself starts) . In case of refusal to issue a card to the client, the client is informed about this fact and the funds received from him are returned in accordance with the established procedure.

Upon production of the card, it, together with the envelope containing the PIN code, is sent to the bank’s operational division in the accepted manner - by the bank’s internal mail or postal and special communication organizations. The delivery of the received card and PIN code to the client is carried out by the operational employee after proper verification of the identity of the client (an individual or a representative of an organization acting on the basis of a power of attorney) receiving it.

Issued cards unclaimed by customers after expiration deadline from the moment of transfer to the operational department, they are returned to the card department, where they are destroyed, about which an act is drawn up, signed by the employee of the card department responsible for the destruction.

If it is necessary to re-issue a term card after its expiration, the client fills out an application to extend the validity of the card, in the absence of claims from the bank against the holder and the presence of the necessary balances in his accounts, verified by the operational employee and sent to the card department. The further procedure for sending the card and issuing it to the client is similar to that previously described.

The same procedure is applied for early card issue at the initiative of the client, whose need may be caused by a change in the holder's last name, loss or damage to the card.

The bank cards handed over by the holder are sent by the operational department to the card department of the bank for their destruction, documented by the relevant acts.

Statements of client accounts are generated by the bank's operational departments at the client's request for the requested period. Reports on operations by section corporate cards are formed by the bank’s operational divisions at the request of the client company. These procedures are carried out in accordance with the general rules for the generation of account statements adopted by the credit institution.

The transfer of statements to the client, or to an employee of the client company acting on the basis of a power of attorney, is carried out by an employee of the operating unit after checking all the necessary documents confirming the identity of the client or his representative and his right to receive this reporting form.

In the event of a controversial situation, the client contacts the operational division of the bank servicing him, where he fills out an application describing all the circumstances of the controversial situation and setting out the content of the claim; documents confirming the validity of the claim are attached to the application. After this, the claim is sent by the operational employee to the card department, which, together with the economic security departments and the bank’s processing center, works with the received claim in the following order:

General consideration of the application, establishing its validity and ways to resolve the dispute, the possibility, if the client’s claims are justified, of crediting the disputed amounts to his account without the need to involve external organizations in the investigation of the issue.

In the event of a controversial situation when servicing a card outside the bank's acquiring network, in order to obtain complete information about the transaction and the right to a refund, in accordance with the rules established in the system, it organizes communication established by the standards with other participants in the card payment system, in certain issues, the settlement of which is interbank level is impossible, contacts the organization performing the regulatory function in this payment system.

Based on the data available to him based on the results of the analysis of the claim, he forms a conclusion on the client’s claim and sends it to the operating department.

If it is necessary to credit disputed amounts to the client’s account, operations are carried out in accordance with the procedure established by law and internal regulations of the bank.

The client notifies the bank of the need to block the card or limit its use by telephone or other means of communication established in the service agreement with the responsible employees of the operational or card department (the jurisdiction of this operation is established by the bank’s internal regulations), after which the card is added to the “stop list” and all further liability for transactions performed with its help rests with the bank. In any case, the cardholder is obliged to confirm the fact of loss or theft of the card or other reason that prompted him to block or restrict it, with a written statement submitted to the responsible employees of the bank directly, or using established forms of transfer, and which is the basis for the bank’s actions to suppress attempts to use cards. If necessary, the lost card is reissued according to the scheme described above.

When closing an account and terminating the contractual relationship between the bank and the client for the provision of settlement services using payment cards, the client submits an application of the established type, containing an indication of the desired procedure for returning the funds remaining in the account to the bank’s operational division. The operating unit notifies the card account of the need to close accounts and withdraw payment card from the active database. The destruction of cards submitted by the client and the issuance of funds, according to the form declared by the client, are carried out in a standard manner.

If the client fails to repay the debt or lacks authority to repay it, as well as in the event of emergency situations arising through the fault of the client and carrying risks for the bank, then all materials on this case, accompanied by an accompanying note, are transferred to the bank’s security service, in turn carrying out all further work to resolve claims arising from the bank.

2.2.3 Accounting for credit institution transactions with plastic cards

Transactions with plastic cards, given their focus on high automation of service, as a rule, imply the following system of distribution of powers between the bank’s structural divisions responsible for accounting for transactions with these payment instruments:

Maintaining analytical accounts in the context of cardholder clients, maintained in a separate automated system for recording card transactions, is provided by the card division of the bank.

Maintaining synthetic accounts and personal accounting accounts (transit, income/expenses) necessary for transactions with cards is carried out by employees of the bank's accounting department in the general banking system of the operational day, including on the basis of data provided by the automated system for accounting for transactions with plastic cards.

All accounting operations are carried out in accordance with the regulations "On the rules of maintaining accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation" and other regulations.

Below are the main typical postings used when reflecting in financial statements both client and intra- and interbank transactions related to debit payment cards.

When accounting for the movement of personalized card forms between bank divisions and when issuing them to a client, the following transactions are generated:

For these transactions, the corresponding memorial orders for the issuance of valuables are printed and placed in the bank's day documents.

Analytical accounting of transactions with bank cards is carried out in a separate software package on the following personal accounts: 42301, 42601, 405xx, 406xx, 407xx, 40802, 40814. In the future, we will denote this group of accounts with the abbreviation SPK, to denote other client accounts (on demand , settlement, current), open in the bank, we will accept the designation PSK. The account structure is established by bank regulations and, as a rule, includes the plastic card number in the last digits. The formation of a book of records of open personal accounts in the established form and on the basis of data from an automated system for recording transactions with plastic cards, as a rule, is assigned to the card division of the bank.

Synthetic accounting is maintained in the bank's operational day system on consolidated balance sheet accounts for individuals and on personal balance sheet accounts for legal entities. The structure of consolidated balance sheet accounts, as a rule, reflects both the type of payment cards and the payment system.

When depositing funds to ensure settlements with plastic cards, the following transactions are generated:

Dr. PSK, 20202	It is formed for each individual amount when the client pays a fee for issuing and servicing the card.
Dr. PSK, 20202	It is generated for each replenishment amount when the client deposits money into the account, in non-cash form or in cash through the cash desk of a banking institution.
	Formed when it is necessary to make payments to replenish the card between branch network jar.
	Formed to reflect in the balance sheet income associated with servicing and issuing the card.
	It is formed as amounts intended for crediting to customer accounts are received through the inter-branch settlement system.
Set SPK, 70601	It is generated for the final write-off of funds received from branches from transit accounts to customer accounts and bank income accounts.

These operations are carried out on the basis of a client’s application for a contribution or transfer of funds, or on the basis of a payment order.

When clients make payments in the bank card payment system, the following transactions are generated for each transaction amount:

payment system cashless payment credit

In some cases, when using payment cards, an overdraft may arise - a client’s debt, for the purpose of accounting for which, paired loan accounts (PLA) are opened for all personal accounts opened as part of the service of plastic cards. The resulting debt is accounted for and repaid by the bank according to the following scheme:

When interest is regularly accrued on clients’ personal accounts and upon final settlement with them in the event of termination of the payment card service agreement, the following transactions are made:

These operations are carried out on the basis of an application submitted by the client to close the account and stop using the bank’s card products.

All operations, in accordance with current regulations, are properly documented and subject to mandatory exchange control and control carried out to combat money laundering, in accordance with the norms of current legislation.

2.2.4 Analysis of the activities of credit institutions in the use of bank cards for the period since 2008

As an analysis of statistical data provided by the Bank of Russia and independent rating agencies, the Russian plastic card market, despite its significant volume and penetration into the structure of economic payments, is still in its infancy.

Rice. 3. Schedule of the volume of payments made via bank cards

Thus, with the overall growth in the volume of payments by individuals made by bank cards, amounting to 133% in the third quarter of 2009 compared to the same indicator in the first quarter of 2008, there is no progressive growth of this indicator, which is due to both the impact of seasonality and general instability Russian economy in 2009 and the second half of 2008. Thus, some banks specializing in consumer lending individuals and providing a significant share in the total issuance of cards and payment turnover using them, not only reduced the growth rate of emission, but also allowed a significant drop in the number of plastic cards in circulation, which is associated with a drop in demand for their services in the context of a serious decline in solvency part of the working population. Thus, a significant part of potential clients no longer meet the bank’s requirements, which immediately had a negative impact on both the condition of the banks themselves and the market of card payment systems.

Increasing penetration of payment systems using plastic cards, as of the end of the first half of 2009 in certain regions, such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and some others major cities having already exceeded the 100% mark (calculated as the ratio of plastic cards issued by banks in the region to the total number of residents of the region), and on a national scale reaching a value of 84%, should not be misleading regarding the actual role of card payments in the life of these regions. According to statistics, only 49% of the total number of cards issued in the first half of 2009 had transactions. Such a low indicator of the number of active cards is due to the fact that often banks, when implementing salary projects using plastic cards, issue additional bonus employees of serviced organizations with credit cards not used by those. Many cards, mainly debit cards, are considered by holders as an alternative and “emergency” means of payment, for example, when traveling abroad or on a business trip - most of the time no payments are made using these cards. In Moscow and the Moscow region, “Social cards” are widely used, issued by the Bank of Moscow and representing a hybrid of a bank payment card and a contactless card. transport cards; the majority of their holders, despite actively promoting the possibility of receiving benefits, pensions and other social benefits using this card, do not consider them as a payment instrument.

Noteworthy is the fact that the majority of cardholders consider this instrument solely as a convenient mechanism for withdrawing cash, thereby excluding the possible positive effect of a decrease in the cash supply in circulation. Thus, withdrawals from ATMs in the period under review fluctuated around 90% of the total number of payments. The need to maintain a developed ATM network, constantly collect cash from ATMs and replenish them with cash significantly complicates the work of banks.

Rice. 4. The ratio of the volume of card transactions of legal entities to the total volume of settlements using bank cards

Payment cards held by legal entities make up a small part, not exceeding half a percent, both in the volume of transactions and in the number of cards issued. You should pay attention to two main features of card payments by legal entities: firstly, most of the payments are payments for goods or services, which is not typical for individuals; secondly, the uneven distribution of payments across reporting periods in 2009 is striking - low volumes in the first and second quarters - a direct consequence of the consequences of the economic crisis, the negative factors caused by which manifested themselves most strongly at this time.

The explosive growth in the volume of payments in the 3rd quarter is apparently explained by the awareness of the important role of making small purchases (for example, household equipment, consumables) using non-cash card payments in minimizing enterprise costs.

In the structure of the market division between card payment systems, there is a tendency to reduce the number of systems present and strengthen the dominance of the international payment systems "Visa" and "MasterCard" in the plastic card market. The share of national payment systems remains low; cards operating in them are mainly used in payroll projects as a means of withdrawing cash, which is due to the low prevalence of ATMs and retail outlets that allow settlements using them. The Sbercard system of Sberbank of Russia stands somewhat apart, which is the leader among all Russian systems in terms of the number of cards issued and the number of service points - mainly ATMs of the Sberbank network, the largest in Russia, however, realizing the prospects of integrating payment systems into modern conditions, Sberbank itself prefers to issue Visa and MasterCard cards, which make up more than 95% of its total issuance.

2.3 Organization of protection of electronic payments

To prevent disruptions in the operation of the system, threats of distortion or loss of information, deprivation of its confidential nature, caused by accidental reasons ( natural disasters, technical failures) or intentional (malicious actions of third parties) nature, there must be certain system security policies - a set of countermeasures and tools to counteract and control, allowing to reduce these risks to minimum.

The electronic payment security system must meet the following basic requirements:

The obligation to strictly follow the chosen security policy.

The requirement for special markers associated with data objects and guaranteeing their integrity.

The need for the existence of unique identifiers that make it possible to accurately identify all data objects and interacting users in the payment system and keep their correct records.

Continuity of protection under any state of the system and continuity of control over ongoing processes and the functioning of protection systems.

Following these rules necessitates dividing the security system into at least four main elements that interact within its framework: an access control subsystem, a registration and accounting subsystem, an integrity subsystem and a cryptographic subsystem. Technologically, the system architecture can be solved either as a centralized system, the subsystems of which are sets of its methods, grouped into modules based on functional proximity, or decentralized, but functioning in accordance with uniform standards and protocols.

The means of protection operating within the framework of these subsystems are divided, in turn, into legislative and regulatory acts, established organizational procedures that make it possible to accurately distribute responsibilities in the development of protection systems, their comprehensive audit, and their functioning in the operating mode; and on software tools that implement secure storage, use and encryption of both information, the exchange and processing of which constitutes direct assignment electronic payment systems, as well as auxiliary information - logs and logs of system operations, tables of passwords, access codes, cryptographic keys.

Security measures must also guarantee the possibility of recovering lost or damaged information, both through backup storage and special cryptographic methods - for example, “redundant coding”.

In order to adapt the system to the constantly changing nature of risks, the expanding range of methods in the arsenal of attackers, also to ensure normal functioning The system, in the context of its extensive growth and increase in information transmitted through data channels, requires a regular and complete comprehensive audit to ensure the system’s compliance with the adopted security policy, continuous testing of all technological innovations (primarily in the field of software) used in the implementation of electronic payments.

3. Assessment of the effectiveness of the payment system of the Russian Federation and main directions of development

3.1 Analysis of the main indicators of the development of the payment system of the Russian Federation and the region

The main indicators characterizing the development of the national payment system are the total number of transactions performed, their volume, the number of participants in the payment system and the degree of automation of settlements.

The total number of settlement transactions carried out within the national payment system between 2004 and 2008 showed rapid growth, but based on preliminary statistical data for the first three quarters of 2009, it can be stated that the number of transactions has stabilized due to financial crisis and the accompanying decrease in the intensity of operations carried out by economic entities.

Between 2004 and 2008, the number of operations almost tripled, from 992 million in 2004 to 2,782 in 2008. The annual increase in the number of operations, which was in 2007 and 2006, was 50 and 47 percent in relation to the result previous year accordingly, decreased in 2008 to 13 percent - this can be explained both by the negative impact of the crisis phenomena that hit the country's economy in the second half of the year, and by the general saturation of the payment systems market - data show that the lion's share of the increase in the number of transactions was provided by private systems – mainly due to the establishment of direct correspondent interbank relations and the concentration of clients in the developing internal payment systems of banks.

Rice. 5. Increase in the number of payment transactions carried out within the national payment system of Russia

The quantitative growth of transactions in payment systems managed by commercial banks and non-bank settlement organizations in 2006 and 2007 significantly outpaced that in the payment system of the Bank of Russia (accounting for 74% against 25% in 2006 and 66% against 20% in 2007, respectively). Data from 2008 recorded the stabilization of the ratios that arose between the number of payments made in private systems and realized in the Bank of Russia system. Also, based on the results of 2008, a dramatic decrease in the growth rate of the number of payments was noted; over the year, their total amount increased by only 13% compared to the same figure in 2007. An analysis of the quarterly dynamics of their number for the corresponding years shows that the structure of the distribution of completed transactions by season remains the same and, most likely, the decrease in the growth rate is due to the saturation of the payments market. In the first three quarters of 2009, there was a decrease in the number of transactions carried out. In relation to the first three quarters, their number amounted to 98% of the same indicator in 2008, which is certainly caused by the crisis in the economy, but also indicates that even in conditions that impose special requirements on the functioning of the payment system, it is able to effectively fulfill responsibilities assigned to it, to serve as a reliable “circulatory system” of the national economy.

Rice. 6. Growth in the volume of payment transactions carried out within the framework of the national payment system of Russia

The volume of payment transactions carried out within the national payment system during the period under review (2004-2008) showed rapid growth. Over five years, it increased fourfold, which in relative terms significantly exceeded the quantitative increase in operations performed. An increase in the turnover of funds and an increase in the average amount of a settlement transaction are consequences of the rapid growth of the Russian economy that took place during these years, and the accompanying increase in the number of trade transactions (as well as related transactions for settlements with government agencies), and non-trading – investment transactions, transactions with derivative financial instruments. The acceleration of the turnover of funds, through the primary transition to electronic forms of payments, also recorded by this indicator, indicates an increased opportunity for economic entities to increase their profitability and reduce economic risks associated with payment delays; expanding the geography of electronic payments provides new opportunities for expanding the activities of organizations and establishing new economic contacts.

The volume of settlements showed the highest growth rates in 2006 and 2007, in which, compared to the same indicator last year, it amounted to 52% and 67%, respectively. In 2008, the growth rate decreased significantly, the increase in volume payments amounted to 18% year on year.

The dominant role in the volume of transactions is occupied by payments made in the settlement system of the Central Bank. They also provide the bulk of large electronic payments, construction and effective management the system of which is included in a number of priority tasks of the Bank of Russia. In recent years, the volume of payments in the Central Bank system has grown within 40-60% per year, with the exception of 2008, for which the increase was only 16%. The volume of payments in private systems showed the best growth result for the period in 2006, when it increased by 79% compared to the result of 2005. The following year, 2007, private systems also seriously increased the volume of settlements, showing an impressive growth of 68%, and the Central Bank settlement system in the same year showed a record growth of 67%.

In 2008, the growth in volumes, as well as the growth in the number of payments, decreased significantly, amounting, in relation to the indicators of payment volumes of the previous year, to the already mentioned 16% for the Central Bank system and 22% for private payment systems.

Based on the results of the first three quarters of 2009, there is a significant flow of payments from private systems to the Central Bank system. Thus, with a general decrease in the volume of settlements in the national payment system for specified period by 3% in relation to the same time period in 2008, the Bank of Russia settlement system increased the volume of payments made by 19%, and the volumes in private payment systems fell precipitously by a third, amounting to only 68% of this figure in the corresponding period of the previous year .

Rice. 7. Dynamics of changes in the relationship between the number and amounts of payments from their total number in private systems (left graph) and the Bank of Russia system (right graph)

The reason for this was the uncertainty of economic entities in the ability of private payment systems to fully and timely fulfill their obligations to them in conditions of general instability, and, other things being equal, an increase in confidence in the Central Bank payment system, the stability and continuity of operation of which is directly and indirectly guaranteed by the state. Another factor can be recognized as a general decrease in the solvency of organizations - clients of private systems, while government agencies focused on settlements through the Central Bank system maintained the volume of financing and its timeliness.

Rice. 8. Structure of distribution of volumes of payments realized through the Central Bank system and private settlement systems in the 1st-3rd quarters of 2008 (left diagram) and 1-3rd quarters of 2009 (right diagram).

Thus, these factors caused a dramatic change in the structure of the distribution of settlement volumes between private systems and the Central Bank system. In the first three quarters of 2008, the volume of payments through the Central Bank system amounted to 57% of the total, and in the first three quarters of 2009 it increased to 70%. In addition to strengthening the Bank of Russia’s control over the payment market, as its direct participant, this imposes on it significant obligations to ensure the normal functioning of the entire national system settlements and preventing unfair competition in it. Of course, the current, almost monopoly, dominance of the Central Bank in this market forces it to act as a guarantor of the stability of the system not only as a regulatory and supervisory authority.

Over the past period of time (from 2004 to 2008), the average size of payments made has steadily increased, both in the Central Bank system and in private systems. In the Central Bank settlement system they increased from 286 thousand rubles. in 2004 to 548 thousand rubles. in 2008. Private systems servicing smaller payments, albeit in larger quantities, increased the average transaction amount not so significantly - from 171 thousand rubles. in 2004 up to 198 thousand rubles. in 2008. This indicates the heterogeneity of the client structure of the systems and the increasing preference given by participants who made large payments to the Central Bank settlement system, as the one that best met their requirements for the convenience and reliability of settlements.

In crisis conditions, large payments were concentrated in the settlement system of the Bank of Russia, which increased the average payment amount to 650 thousand rubles in the first three quarters of 2009, while in private systems it fell to 146 thousand rubles.

In the structure of settlements using private payment systems, payments made within the branch network of one credit institution certainly prevail, accounting for about 95% of the total number of payments made in private systems and about 85% of their total amount during the period under review. At the same time, over two-thirds of the number and more than 60% of the amount of payments made within one credit organization are carried out without leaving the boundaries of any of their structural units (branch), that is, they are intraregional. Direct correspondent relations between banks, with a small number of transactions performed - only about 5%, provide a significant and increasing contribution to the total amount, amounting to 15% of its composition in 2008. It follows from this that the system of direct correspondent relations between banks, no less than the system of the Bank of Russia, is focused on working with large payments. Also, it is practically no alternative when carrying out export-import operations.

Non-bank credit settlement organizations make up a very small share in the structure of payments made; their share in the number of payments for the entire period under review did not exceed one percent, and the amount did not exceed 4% of the total amount of payments made in private systems, having decreased in 2007-2008 to a level not exceeding one percent. This is due to both the development by banks of their own clearing systems, which unite various credit organizations into a common settlement system and directly compete in the payment market with specialized clearing systems, and the reorientation of these organizations to service markets that involve greater commission income than that obtained from conventional interbank settlement services, services such as servicing of urgent money transfers individuals, payments through electronic systems for communication services, for utilities and others, aimed at use by individuals as the closest end consumers.

In recent years, the structure of payments according to the types of technologies used has also radically changed. Thus, in the Bank of Russia system, which has placed emphasis on time-appropriate automation of settlement services provided to clients, the number of payments using paper media(telegraph and postal methods) constitutes a small share, while private payment systems operating a large number of payment points maintain a high presence of paper payments in the number and volume of transactions they perform.

In the Bank of Russia settlement system, paper settlements for the period from 2004 to 2008 reduced their share in the number and amount of transactions performed from the range of 1-3% for each indicator in 2004-2005, to tenths of a percent in the next three. Based on the results of the first three quarters of 2009, the number of payments using paper media decreased threefold in terms of the total amount of payments and one and a half times in terms of their number compared to 2008. This dynamics is associated both with the policy pursued by the Bank of Russia to increase the efficiency of the settlement system, and with lower tariffs established for servicing payments in electronic form, which in the current economic situation becomes one of the decisive factors for system users seeking to optimize costs associated with their activities.

In private payment systems, the presence of payments using paper technology remains high. In 2008, the number of such transactions amounted to 47% of the total number of payments made by private systems. However, the share of settlements made using paper technology in the total amount of payments is steadily decreasing - from 23% in 2004 to 17% in 2008, that is, large payments in this segment of the payment system market are also gradually moving to an exclusively electronic form of execution.

The number of participants in the Bank of Russia electronic payment system has remained stable in recent years; as of January 1, 2009, there were 4,143 participants in the system. Changes in the structure of system participants occur mainly due to the closure of Bank of Russia divisions, which occurs due to the widespread transition to an electronic form of payments and the elimination of the need to maintain a significant number of divisions, also due to their replacement in some remote regions by branches of credit institutions also participating in the electronic payment system and providing a full range of banking services to their end consumers. The departure of participants from the system is compensated by the inclusion of new branches of credit institutions that have not previously worked in the Central Bank settlement system.

Rice. 9. Dynamics of changes in the share of the number and volume of payments using paper technology in the total number and volume of payments made

3.2 The role of the system of large electronic payments in real time for the economy

In Russia, the functions of building such a system are assigned to the Central Bank, both due to the relative underdevelopment of the banking and financial sector, with a few exceptions (SB RF, VTB), devoid of strong players capable of recognizing all emerging risks and able to build an effective clearing system, and for reasons of a strategic nature, requirements for protecting state interests.

In addition to the factors already mentioned in the work and little in need of explanation that determine the role of the need to have a system of large electronic payments in real time, including reliability, efficiency, controllability and other fairly general concepts, there are a number of more specific points that in some cases can play a decisive role in the functioning of the mechanisms of the national economy.

The economic and political situation in Russia necessarily requires the closest possible integration of economic entities located over vast territories. The ability to promptly carry out settlements with organizations located many thousands of kilometers away will allow the national economy to function as a single whole and will reduce the risks of its individual sectors, both functional and regional, falling under external control.

The determining factor in the economic viability of a state is sustainability national currency, its attractiveness in global financial markets as a reserve currency. Low costs for settlement transactions in rubles, clear and impeccable clearing, developed conversion mechanisms increase the status of the country's currency and increase its attractiveness as a settlement currency for export-import transactions.

A developed system of interbank electronic settlements will allow banks in need of borrowed funds to gain timely access to the credit resources of other banks participating in the system; the development of the electronic settlement infrastructure will allow the choice of the most appropriate lending scheme and loan terms for the current moment, and improve the competitive environment in the interbank lending market . This will also help banks manage attracted resources more efficiently and reduce the volume of highly liquid assets lying idle.

Another possible function of a real-time payment system could be to counteract the risks generated by the economy, using the control and combat mechanisms inherent in it, the ability to reliably isolate emerging problem situations, preventing the spread of negative phenomena throughout the country’s closely connected financial system.

The creation of a national system of large electronic payments will necessarily introduce into the economic system of the state the need to adhere to standards of efficiency and rationality of economic transactions, and will improve the competitive environment, both in the banking sector and in other sectors of the economy - industry, services.

3.3 Analysis of the policy pursued by the Bank of Russia within the framework of the development of the payment system of the Russian Federation

In general, the policy pursued by the Bank of Russia can be characterized as adequate to the current situation in the country’s economy. An evolutionary model for the development of the payment system, without categorical rejection of established technologies, but by stimulating economic entities to greater automation of payments and expanding the range of payment products used, can be considered the only possible one under current economic realities.

Interaction with international organizations in terms of developing concepts for the development of the national payment system and adopting foreign experience in this area allows us to avoid mistakes that are inevitable in cases of independent development and implementation of conceptual innovations, without outside consultations.

Optimization of the structure of the settlement divisions of the Central Bank makes it possible to involve an increasing number of divisions of commercial banks in the electronic payment system, especially since the procedure for registration by commercial banks of new divisions of the branch network - branches, additional offices - has been somewhat simplified, which has a positive effect on the growth rate of the branch network of Russian banks and coverage of the customer base.

Increasing automation of payments, general modernization of the payment system, maintaining its availability ratio (the share of the time the system is ready to make payments in the total standard time of its operation) around the 100% mark, launching a gross settlement system in real time, active rule-making and explanatory work carried out by the Bank of Russia, increased the general interest of economic entities in modernizing settlement technologies, and increased confidence in electronic payment systems. The trust that participants place in the Central Bank settlement system is eloquently evidenced by its continued position and even growth trends in difficult economic conditions, which sharply contrasts with the decline in activity in private payment systems.

One of the clearly visible shortcomings in the work of the Central Bank in the field of modernizing the national settlement system is the homogeneity of the structure of the payment instruments used - more than 99% of the total amount of transactions are transactions performed using payment orders. Concentrating efforts on stimulating the use by participants of settlement systems of more complex settlement tools that bring significant benefits and convenience can be considered one of the important development tasks.

Also, the degree of integration of financial instruments and securities markets systems with the general settlement system is also insufficient. Of course, the usefulness of centralizing payment systems may be debatable, but the importance of a reliable settlement mechanism will increase investment capital countries, the involvement of a larger number of system participants in financial transactions, allowing in many cases to insure risks and gain access to resources, is unconditional.

An important aspect of the policy pursued by the Bank of Russia is the indirect involvement of individuals in the non-cash payment system. The development of payment systems for individuals for a significant number of types of services, including the planned possibility of settlements with government and tax authorities, a stimulating regulatory impact on the money transfer market, the development of a payment card service network is a serious factor in increasing the security and convenience of payments for individuals – payers and for organizations providing them with their services.

Conclusion

The national payment system is a complex mechanism that cements the country’s economy, providing support for almost everything that happens in it economic processes. Therefore, conducting research that touches on some of its properties, features, and issues inevitably forces one to draw conclusions concerning, in addition to the payment systems themselves, the general state of the state’s economic system.

The study showed that in general, the Russian payment system is in the process of modernization, the need for which was caused by the global trend of automation of settlement procedures, the acceleration of information exchange processes and the need to build a reliable, but at the same time flexible system, capable of adapting to the changing economic situation. position.

The development of the market for individual payment instruments that expand the range of possible end users of settlement services often outstrips the emerging demand for them - for example, the wide range of proposed types of payment transactions that are not in significant demand due to their specificity or due to the tendency of economic entities to give preference to proven, familiar procedures. Also, an illustration can be the incidental imposition by some banks of card services on their clients who are not intended to use them, which, in general, undermines the information content of statistical data on the issuance of plastic cards, flooding the data with a significant number of “dead” cards, payments on which are unlikely to ever be made .

The Central Bank follows the recommendations of international organizations and constantly improves the regulatory framework applicable in the field of settlement operations, but the state of affairs in the national payment system is still far from ideal: thus, the level of development remains low (primarily, the coverage of the settlement services market) payment systems not under the control of the Bank of Russia, which, following all the norms and principles that guarantee reliability and efficiency of operation, could, in close cooperation with the payment system of the Bank of Russia, relieve the Central Bank system by taking on part of the payments it makes.

The increased attention paid by the Bank of Russia to building a real-time gross payments system that meets all the requirements of the national economy is completely conditional. Ensuring close communication between diverse economic entities, including other clearing and settlement systems, the formation of a complete and complete information exchange system, realizing the potential for further growth of a fully automated system due to the still retaining presence of payments made using pre-computer era technologies, without any doubt will have a huge positive impact on the country's economic system.

It should be noted that building a real-time payment system should not be an end in itself; it should be based on the needs that arise among subjects interacting within payment systems, and also meet the requirements imposed by government authorities that arise during the structural modernization of the country’s economy.

In conclusion, I would like to say that excessive concentration of efforts on building a highly centralized and overly regulated national payment system based on the Central Bank settlement system can have a detrimental effect on the economy of the state, an illustration of which, albeit on a much larger scale, can be seen in the unenviable fate of the economy Soviet Union. A developed market for settlement services can also serve as an effective system for eliminating emerging threats to the security of the national payment system that are characteristic of the information technology era - cooperation between the efforts of payment systems present in it can serve as an effective means of resolving emerging problems of this kind.

List of used literature

1. the federal law“On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation”, No. 86-FZ dated July 10, 2002 (current edition).

2. Regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation “On the issue of bank cards and on operations performed using payment cards”, No. 266-P dated December 24, 2004 (current version).

3. Regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation “On the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation”, No. 302-P dated March 26, 2007 (current version).

4. Annual report of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation for 2008.

5. F. Mishkin, “General theory of money, banking and financial markets”, M. “Aspect-Press”, 1999.

6. “Banking”, textbook, under. ed. G.G. Korobova, M. “Economist”, 2006.

7. “Banking: express course”, tutorial, under. ed. O.I. Lavrushina, M. “KNORUS”, 2009.

8. E.P. Zharskovskaya, “Banking”, 4th ed., textbook, M. “Omega-L”, 2006.

9. N.V. Ivanov, “Management of card business in a commercial bank”, 2nd ed., M. “BDC-press”, 2006.

10. V.R. Bank, S.K. Semenov, “Organization and accounting of banking operations”, textbook, M. “Finance and Statistics”, 2004.

11. K.V. Baldin, V.B. Utkin, “Information systems in economics, 5th ed., textbook, M. “Dashkov and Co,” 2008.

12. Tyutyunnik A.V., Shevelev A.S., “Information technologies in the bank”, M. “BDC-press”, 2003.

13. Krakhmalev S.V., “Modern banking practice of international payments”, M. “GrossMedia”, 2007.

14. “Bulletin of Banking Statistics”, No. 1, 12 for 2009.

16. O. Khokhlov, “Tricky trick”, “Money” No. 23 (748) from 08/15/2009

17. A.V. Shamraev, Payment systems as an element of financial infrastructure”, “Calculations and operational work in a commercial bank", No. 9/2006.

18. D. Deev, “More than half of bank cards in the Russian Federation are not used,” published on November 30, 2009 at www.mforum.ru.

19. “The most “plastic” banks in 2008”, published on www.rating.rbc.ru

Applications.

Appendix 1. Table of individual indicators characterizing transactions using bank cards by individuals

Appendix 2. Table of individual indicators characterizing transactions using bank cards by legal entities

Appendix 3. Payments made by the Bank of Russia payment system and private payment systems in 2004-2008 (annual breakdown)

Total payments		In the Bank of Russia system				In private systems
million units	trillion rub.	million units	trillion rub.	share in quantity, %	share in the amount, %	million units	trillion rub.	share in quantity, %	share in the amount, %
2004	992	224	472	135	48	60	519	89	52	40
2005	1117	294	555	193	50	66	561	100	50	34
2006	1672	446	696	267	42	60	976	179	58	40
2007	2456	746	833	445	34	60	1621	300	66	40
2008	2782	882	940	516	34	59	1841	366	66	41

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Introduction

2.2 Technology, document flow and reflection in accounting of transactions with bank cards. Analysis of the activities of credit institutions on the use of bank cards

2.3 Assessing the effectiveness of the Russian payment system

Chapter 3 Problems and prospects for the development of automated payment systems in the Bank of the Russian Federation

3.1 Analysis of the policy pursued by the Bank of Russia within the framework of the development of the payment system of the Russian Federation

3.2 The role of the system of large electronic payments in real time for the economy

Conclusion

List of sources used

automated payment bank card

Introduction

The relevance of the research topic lies in the need to increase the efficiency of monetary circulation by simultaneously reducing costs and limiting the risks inherent modern system monetary circulation. EPS are significantly superior to all traditional PS in their efficiency. The disadvantages of paper money circulation (high costs, illegal transactions, fraud, the possibility of inflation, environmental damage, etc.), which have become increasingly acute in recent years, can well be overcome through the use of EPS. At the same time, many researchers believe that the spread of EPS poses a potential threat to the stability of the economic system. The issue of the individual’s right to confidentiality in relation to monetary information and combating money laundering within the framework of the use of electronic payment systems is being actively discussed.

IN this key in scientific circles today there has been a serious discussion about the feasibility, prospects and limits of using EPS, which is accompanied by a large volume of research published in the form of scientific articles, monographs, collective works, and the publication of specialized journals. This fact also indicates the relevance of the research topic.

The degree of knowledge of the problem. Since the appearance of the first EPS, increasing attention has been paid to the problems of implementation and use of EPS. The study and development of the implementation and use of electronic payment systems is especially active in Western countries, where the technology of electronic payments itself originated. In Russia, until recently, the issues of building modern retail electronic payment systems were not properly reflected in the works of domestic scientists, while the issues of building wholesale non-cash payment systems have always received increased attention. Today the situation is beginning to change - domestic works devoted specifically to the field of retail payments are appearing.

It is necessary to note the lack of a unified approach to the problem and a common categorical apparatus in this area. Many studies in the field of electronic payments contradict each other in terms of approach, methodology, understanding of the essence of the phenomenon, economic interpretations, assessment of novelty and prospects for its use. Most works on this topic are narrow and fragmentary - devoted only to certain aspects of the phenomenon. At the same time, the range of opinions and positions of researchers is quite wide. In this regard, attempts to systematize the accumulated practical and theoretical experience in the field of electronic payments on the part of the monetary authorities of individual countries and international organizations in order to develop a regulatory framework for state regulation of the new sector of monetary circulation are of great importance.

Taking into account the above, we can talk about the average degree of study of the issues of implementation and use of electronic payment systems in the field of retail payments by foreign science. In Russia, the problem can be considered poorly studied and narrowly covered, since today there are no special domestic research devoted to a comprehensive study of these issues, taking into account the latest technological advances, while the need for such research for further transformations in the country is obvious, and translations of works by foreign authors are absent or difficult to access.

As a result, foreign publications played a major role in the development of the thesis research topic.

The economic significance of a comprehensive study and systematization of scientific experience in the field of implementation and use of modern retail EPS in national and international payments, with the aim of developing specific recommendations regarding the optimization of monetary circulation mechanisms (including in relation to Russia) taking into account this experience, determined the relevance of the research topic and determined her choice.

The purpose of the study is theoretical assessment and practical analysis of the emergence and development of EPS, in the study and generalization of modern practices in the organization and functioning of EPS, as well as determining directions for their improvement.

The object of the study is money circulation as a process of continuous movement of money. Automated payment systems.

The subject of this work is specific innovations in the field of money and monetary circulation, the emergence of which is associated with a powerful breakthrough in the development of science and technology in the 20th century. We are talking about the emergence of electronic storage media and computer technology as a tool for processing it. Thus, the main focus of the work is on the study of modern automated payment systems, as a set of financial, economic, technological, legal, information and organizational relationships that develop between subjects of monetary circulation in connection with the introduction of new payment methods.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Clarify the concept of automated payment systems;

Consider the classification of automated payment systems;

Analyze foreign experience in using automated payment systems;

Analyze the use of automated payment systems;

Analyze the features of document flow and reflection in accounting of transactions with bank cards;

Analyze the effectiveness of the Russian payment system;

Consider the problems and prospects for the development of automated payment systems in Russian banks.

The theoretical and methodological basis was a combination of the dialectical method and general scientific approaches, the tools of general economic theory, quantitative methods of analysis, the study and comparison of the legal framework of different countries, the works of foreign and Russian specialists in the field of the theory of money, credit and the practice of building payment systems.

Chapter 1 The role and importance of automated payment systems in modern conditions

1.1 Concept of automated payment systems

Global technological development and widespread electronic payment systems create significant advantages for the functioning of non-cash forms of payment.

At the same time, traditional forms of money still offer certain unique advantages. However, questions of the essence and role of electronic money in the modern financial system. 2, art. 18, paragraph 24

However, the further development of electronic payment systems and the improvement of non-paper monetary forms that have been occurring recently require a more detailed study of the essence of electronic money and its role in the global financial system.

The concept of “electronic money” or “digital money” characterizes various payment mechanisms created for making monetary payments in electronic form. Electronic money can exist in two generally accepted forms: microprocessor cards and “network money”. 2, art. 18, paragraph 23

If electronic money is considered as money represented exclusively by numbers in bank accounts, then in this case they are not something new, because it does not matter in what form the numbers in a bank account are presented - paper or digital. 17

The essence of modern changes in the monetary form is that there is an evolution in methods for transferring funds from one account to another. Electronic money transfers have become widespread relatively recently, allowing users to gain direct access to payment systems when payments are made using a debit card or personal computer.

Therefore, it is necessary to reveal the characteristic features and, accordingly, determine the essence of electronic money as such, as well as their differences from the elements of payment systems. 17

The use of an electronic money mechanism requires the intervention of a third party to carry out each monetary transaction.

Therefore, unlike cash, when a consumer pays another consumer, when using electronic money, a necessary condition is the presence of an intermediary who ensures the transaction cash flow. While paper money is issued in an openly circulating system, i.e. In a system in which banknotes move freely between agents, most electronic money schemes that operate today operate in the form of closed circulation systems in which multiple transfers of funds between agents are not permitted. 17

In modern economic science, ideas about creating open circulating systems based on electronic money, in which the issue of electronic money would be placed under the strict control of a central bank, are widely discussed. 17

Of great importance for the effective implementation of the regulatory functions of the central bank is the division of payment systems into systemically important, potentially significant and others. The criteria for assessing the systemic significance of the system are the amount of payments it processes (in relation to the resources of system participants and to the amounts of payments carried out within the framework of the NPS), as well as the nature of the payments processed. In particular, systems for processing payments for transactions in financial markets and systems intended for settlements using other payment and settlement systems (for example, interbank large-value settlement systems) are usually considered systemically important. 17

In various types of payment systems central bank may act as a user, participant or settlement agent. However, it plays a key role in the functioning and development of the NPS - it establishes it organizational foundations, carries out its regulation and supervision, and also, as a rule, is the guarantor of the final completion of settlements, acting as a creditor of last resort. In many countries, ensuring the efficient and uninterrupted functioning of the country's payment system is legally defined as one of the main goals of the central bank.

The basis of the modern NPS is the interbank settlement system, which is a money transfer system in which all or most of the direct participants are banks or non-bank credit institutions. 18

The entire turnover of interbank transfers in the economy is divided into two flows unequal in value - large and urgent money transfers and small non-urgent money transfers. For the transfer of small non-urgent amounts, primarily DNS-type systems are intended, which serve mainly customer payments for small wholesale and retail transactions - at the local level or on a national scale. 18

Although net systems can be used to make large payments, in most countries interbank transfer systems large sums are gross systems operating on RTGS principles. They operate nationwide and serve primarily wholesale transactions. The main flow of non-cash payments in the economy passes through large sum transfer systems (in developed countries - more than 80 percent). For the most part, these are interbank settlements, transfers on monetary obligations of financial market participants (money, securities, foreign exchange, etc.), as well as transfers related to the performance of the functions of the central bank, including the use of monetary regulation instruments. Among such systems, state-owned systems predominate, owned and operated exclusively by central banks. The owners of private interbank systems for large amounts are most often associations of commercial banks. 18

The initiators of the creation of state interbank systems of large amounts were central banks, which at the same time pursued the goals of not only ensuring the stability and efficiency of the NPS, but also maintaining the stability of the national currency and financial system. Since in most systems of this type the central bank is the settlement agent, its money is used by participants as settlement assets. This allows you to significantly reduce risks and ensure uninterrupted operation of the system.

In recent years, development modern technologies made it possible to create hybrid settlement systems combining the advantages of RTGS and clearing systems. They can process all types of payments - large (urgent) and small (non-urgent), use combined settlement mechanisms (on a gross basis and on a clearing basis), use unified technical means and technologies for processing electronic payment documents, etc. However, such hybrid systems distinguish between settlement systems focused on processing large (urgent) amounts of payments, and systems designed to process small (non-urgent) amounts of payments (or other money transfers). 18

There are already several projects that involve the creation of open-circulating systems based on electronic money without the participation of banks at all. In practice, the functioning of electronic money in such well-known systems as, for example, Web-money or Yandex-money is due to the fact that the issue of money in electronic form is carried out by non-banking and not even financial institutions. The peculiarity of this issue is that the wording of money is currently being replaced by the concept of title units, which reflect the monetary form of a specific currency. It also needs to be said that these systems provide several options for Internet lending when you need money urgently.

Therefore, banks cannot be regulators of money circulation in non-bank payment systems. It should be noted that commercial banks have recently been forced to adapt to servicing non-banking and non-financial payment systems. 18

At the same time, electronic money issued in closed circulating systems does not allow them to be considered money, as evidenced by the already mentioned wording “title units”. There are new forms of electronic money that are more like a new medium of exchange.

Electronic money, which will be issued in an openly circulating system and will have the same characteristics as cash, will play a full role as a means of payment, exchange and accumulation. 18

Therefore, electronic money issued in open-circulating systems can be considered real money. Electronic money can be compared to traveler's checks - they are no different from other types of money that exist today, because all types of money can not only serve as a means of credit, but also be a means of exchange.

Recently, electronic payment systems have taken a prominent place in the world, which may be due to the active evolution of money as a means of payment. 18

Now let's ask the question, what is an automated payment system? Currently, an automated payment system is a convenient method of payment for cellular operators, Internet providers, and large stores.

The spread of online stores in Russia, which have become serious competitors in some segments of traditional retail outlets, has led to the need to organize new ways of paying customers. It is thanks to this that the market share of electronic payment systems is growing every year.

According to Gemius, as of the second quarter of this year, less than 20% of online store customers consider electronic payments the most convenient payment method. Market participants cite the reasons for such low figures primarily as consumer distrust in virtual finance - be it payment cards, Webmoney or any other similar system. 18

On the other hand, a buyer who wants to pay for a purchase online with electronic money is sometimes faced with the need to carry out additional manipulations - for example, writing a corresponding application to the bank or difficulties with replenishing the balance in the electronic payment system. The third reason for the low popularity of online payments is the low level of well-being of the population of our country - as numerous studies of the Internet audience show, online purchases still remain the prerogative of users with above-average income. However, despite this, the number of people who prefer to pay with virtual money is growing every year.

Electronic platforms for paying for services on the Internet are becoming more and more popular among users and provide the opportunity to replenish the balance or close the accounts of most of the services provided on time and without hassle. Russian companies services, not to mention shopping in online stores. Analytical group specialists decided to make a rating of the popularity of electronic payment systems and provide the information obtained to the public for review. 18]

To compile this rating, several factors were taken into account to varying degrees of value for users. For analysis, in particular, we took user requests left in search engine Yandex and related to electronic payments. In addition, articles from the media were analyzed that mentioned certain trading platforms. Finally, traffic statistics on payment system sites were analyzed. As a result, three brands emerged as leaders by a large margin.

The first place was taken by the QIWI payment system, which was one of the first to provide the Russian population with convenient payment terminals, as well as specialized mobile applications.

Second place was taken by the WebMoney system, which is the de facto standard in many online transactions. 22]

Third place is consistently occupied by the Yandex.Money system, which offers a number of opportunities to users of Yandex services.

One of the main advantages of electronic payments for sellers is the possibility of prepayment, which guarantees the validity of the order and the safety of the courier. In addition, when paying online, online merchants can outsource product delivery through various domestic or international services. This approach is impossible with cash payments; electronic payments make the store structure more flexible and optimize logistics costs.

The main players in the electronic payment market in our country unanimously declare that the circulation of money using automated payment systems has increased two to three times over the past year. Also systematically, the average transaction amount is increasing - by 10-20% annually. Such rates significantly exceed similar figures in European countries during the period of formation of electronic automated payment systems there, which is explained by the presence of foreign experience, which domestic companies are successfully adopting. 22]

All solutions available on the market can be divided into acquiring systems that work directly with payment bank cards, and companies that issue their own “electronic currency”. The former allow online stores to accept payments directly from customer accounts, the latter serve as a kind of “buffer” between the bank account of the client and the supplier of the product or service. In some cases, such a system may act as a third party in transactions, guaranteeing the possibility of returning the transferred funds. In addition, such virtual financial resources convenient to use for mutual settlements for residents of different countries. 22]

1.2 Classification of automated payment systems

Today VISA inc. is the largest payment system that offers plastic cards on the financial services market. More than 200 Sira countries accept cards of this system for payment. The total number of cards issued is currently about two billion. The main contribution to the development of financial services is innovative payment products for individuals and companies. We can talk about the beginning of the history of VISA by considering the appearance in 1958 of a plastic card, quite popular in America and no less hated in the countries that participated in the war, by Bank of America. As a result of the release and first experiences of using the card, the need to create a separate institution whose activities would be aimed at producing and servicing such cards became obvious. 22]

As a result, BankAmericard Service Corporation was founded, which subsequently began selling cards to other banks on the terms of compliance with the rules for their use and sale. The development and increase in the turnover of plastic cards was the reason why the corporation had to enter the international market. However, there were many obstacles on the path to world domination, one of the most important being a complex and associative name, which led to a negative attitude from customers. 22]

As a result, in 1976, a short but succinct name was chosen for the payment system - VISA. The company's development never stopped. As a result, the formation of a single corporation, VISA inc., in 2007. as a single legal entity with branches in different parts of the world. The history of VISA in Russia began in 1988, when the first plastic cards in the Soviet Union were received by athletes who participated in the Olympics in Seoul.

In the current situation, it is Russia, as one of the seven regions into which the corporation divides its activities, that accounts for about 30-45% of the total number of transactions using plastic cards. Currently, the corporation is ready to offer customers three types of cards. Within these types, they are differentiated on various grounds: class of consumers, prestige, intended use, degree of security, cost, additional services. 22]

The first type of cards is the most common - debit cards. They allow you to deposit money into your account and then debit it when you make transactions with the card. The second type of cards are credit cards, which allow the client to spend borrowed funds from the bank, paying interest for it, making monthly payments. The third type is prepaid cards, which use a checking account without the ability to write a check on it. Today VISA offers to physical clients the following card products:

1. Visa Electron card. It is the simplest type of map, which does not have convex elements on the surface. The use of such cards is quite limited. There are limits on transactions on such cards.

2. Visa Virtual Card. This card is used to make transactions via the Internet. Often, clients do not even receive cards in their hands, they use only basic data - number, expiration date, CVV-2 code used to protect personal data. Such plastic cards are often prepaid and non-reloadable.

3. Visa Classic card. A standard plastic card with a familiar set of functions. Most retail outlets in two hundred countries around the world accept these cards for payment.

A status card that assumes a greater creditworthiness of the client compared to a classic product. This type of card provides additional benefits, which are represented by the speed of service by the issuer and the corporation, insurance, discounts and additional guarantees.

It is an elite product, the settlement amounts, discounts and insurance amounts are significantly higher than those of the Gold card. Also allows you to get increased credit lines from issuing banks.

The card is unique not only in its “filling”, but also in the material from which it is made. The use of a proprietary carbon fiber composition makes this card a kind of “pass” to the highest circles of modern business society. In addition to the listed types of products, VISA also offers a range of card solutions for business:

1. Visa Business Credit or Debit card. Product for small businesses. It is used mainly by business representatives to carry out transactions for the purposes of the company's activities. 22]

2. Visa Business Electron card. This type of plastic card is offered to small businesses in developing countries. 3. Visa Fleet card. Proposed by the corporation to resolve issues of non-cash payments for representatives of those businesses where the share of using their own transport is high. Until now VISA inc. is engaged in innovative developments in the field of operations with plastic cards. 31]

For example, there is already a Visa Mini - a non-standard size card, which is mainly used in conjunction with the main classic card; Visa Buxx is a card for teenagers whose pocket spending budget is set by their parents; Visa Horizon is a card for clients who do not have a banking or credit history that allows them to link the card to a bank account and make transactions on the account. Thus, more than half a century of history of Visa cards allows us today to use not only familiar card products, but also innovative solutions in the field of transactions.

MasterCard Worldwide is an international payment system that has more than twenty thousand financial institutions in more than two hundred countries around the world. About 30% of all cards in the world belong to the MasterCard Worldwide payment system. Year of foundation financial company can be considered 1966, when several banks in the United States of America entered into an agreement with one of the Mexican banks. The same year was marked by the signing of an agreement with the European Eurocard system, within the framework of which long-term cooperation between the MasterCard International and Europay associations began.

The name MasterCard Worldwide was adopted in 1979. The main direction of the corporation's activities is the introduction of modern technological developments into the circulation standards of microprocessor plastic cards, as well as the promotion of such products on the international market, positioning it as the most convenient and safe means of payment and settlement. 31]

Currently, MasterCard Worldwide is actively working to transfer card portfolios to new, high-performance and secure technologies based on the use of chips.

1) MasterCard® Standard - a debit or credit card, depending on the offers of the banks issuing the card, which allows you to use it worldwide to make payments in retail chains, restaurants and other businesses. The convenience of using this card is the possibility of receiving discounts and bonuses when paying for purchases in partner networks, as well as high security of funds, ensured by the ability to block the card if it is lost or stolen.

2) Gold MasterCard® is a premium plastic card, which is one of the standard card products. The convenience of using this card lies in its special status and the privileges it provides for payments in retail and other networks, as well as the ability to control the spending of funds.

In addition, the additional service features of such cards make it a safe and reliable budget keeper. This card opens up new business opportunities and also provides 24/7 support to users.

3) Platinum MasterCard® is another premium MasterCard Worldwide product that will emphasize the status of the owner, providing him not only with special treatment, but also with special privileges. Among additional features, open to card holders - joining a closed travel club, which allows you to organize a trip to travel anywhere in the world. There are discounts and gifts when paying for purchases in partner networks, ongoing support and unique business opportunities. 31]

4) World MasterCard® - a card for those who love to travel and for whom the safety of personal funds is important. This product allows you to make payments anywhere in the world where cards are accepted for payment. In addition, it is possible to receive discounts and bonuses in various countries, stores, and retail chains.

5) World Black Edition MasterCard® - the unique design of the card is successfully combined with exclusive privileges and offers for those who love and know how to travel.

This card will improve the comfort of flights and travel around the world.

Concierge service is provided with a card, access to Closed club travelers who help organize trips to anywhere in the world. An integral part of using the card are discounts, bonuses, 24-hour support and certain business opportunities.

6) World Elite MasterCard® is a top-class card product that provides the opportunity to use first-class services around the world. The most status card that opens up new opportunities for travel, shopping, recreation, financial management, and doing business. 31]

Plastic cards of this system have become an invariable attribute of many wealthy people who prefer a comfortable life.

DCI cards are not only a means of payment intended for any non-cash payments. Card holders automatically become clients of the extensive Diners Club service network. Representative offices of this company operate throughout the world; DCI bank cards can be used to pay at many retail and service enterprises (more than 30 million). Moreover, more than 70 thousand such enterprises are located in the Russian Federation.

DCI card capabilities With a DCI card you can: Pay for goods (services) in millions of different trade and service organizations around the world; Cash out funds in the Russian Federation and abroad at any ATM that has the MasterCard Maestro (Cirrus) logo. In addition to the above features, all holders of international DCI cards have access to a unique service package, which includes: Information support, that is, all cardholders can take advantage of multilingual 24-hour information support by calling the customer service number; Card protection program, as well as assistance to the owner in case of its loss; Control over card transactions (issuing statements online, informing via SMS about completed transactions, etc.); Providing comfortable services when traveling (free comfortable rest in waiting rooms at many major airports in the world, etc.); Insurance services(card holders can insure their lives and the lives of family members during trips, cargo insurance, etc.); Bonus program Diners Bonus Club; Special privileges from the world's best hotels and exclusive car rental offers. Which banks represent Diners Club in Russia? Since 2002, the Diners Club payment system began issuing cards in the Russian Federation together with banks, concluding sublicense agreements for the issue and acquiring of such cards. Initially, the shareholder and the only settlement bank of DCI in the Russian Federation was Slavyansky Bank. But by the end of 2009. This bank lost its license due to serious financial difficulties. Since December 2010, the settlement DCI has been Russian Standard Bank, which carries out settlements with both issuers and acquirers of DCI in Russia. Currently, club cards are provided by more than 60 banks of the Russian Federation: Gazbank, Bank of Moscow, Bank Otkritie, Master Bank, SB Bank, Mi-Bank, etc. Russian banks under the Diners Club brand issue both credit and debit cards and plastic credit cards cards having Grace period lending. Especially for gourmets, the VINOMANIA card from Diners Club is provided, which provides a 15% discount in wine boutiques and restaurants. For car enthusiasts and fans of alpine skiing, the DCI map, called Russian Week, will be useful. The Wellcare card provides quick access to legal and medical advice. There are many other types of Diners Club cards that provide various benefits to their holders. Annual maintenance for a DCI card averages 3,000 rubles. 31]

Additionally, you can connect a program to protect the card from unauthorized use, the cost of connection is 1,500 rubles. Settlement service at the bank for this card per year is about 1,500 rubles. In addition, the bank will definitely ask you to top up your card by 30 thousand rubles, this amount is the minimum balance on the card. For an overdraft, the interest in rubles will be 50-60% per year, while in foreign currency the interest will be almost half as much. Cash can be withdrawn from ATMs from a DCI card by paying a 4% fee. Advantages and disadvantages of the Diners Club card Advantages of the card: A huge advantage of Diners Club cards is exclusive services and the highest level of service provided. A club member will always be a welcome guest in the most prestigious establishments around the world. In case of loss club card the holder is provided with urgent release of new plastic and delivery new card to any country in the world. In all countries, you can get 24-hour advice on the card. There is no maximum limit on a one-time transaction, since the owners of such cards are wealthy people. 31]

Low percentage of total fraudulent transactions on these cards. Disadvantages of the DCI card: The high cost of maintaining such a card. For example, if a card is lost, restoration will cost the owner $200. Limited number of merchants accepting the DCI card compared to the more common MasterCard or Visa cards. At the same time, in many regions of the Russian Federation, using such a card is quite difficult and expensive. Often, most DCI cardholders use it as an insurance policy and lounge pass at international airports rather than as a payment instrument.

E-Gold is an international payment system, the funds of which are corresponded to precious metals: silver, gold, platinum and palladium. This feature makes E-Gold especially effective for making international payments, since user accounts are not tied to any national currency.

The E-Gold payment system began operating in 1996 and is managed by Gold&Silver Reserve (G&SR). Over these eight years, more than 300 thousand accounts were opened, with a daily turnover of about $800,000.

Before going to more detailed consideration principles of operation of the E-Gold system, I would like to emphasize the main positive features of this payment system.

High liquidity of E-Gold;

Anonymity of payments, both from the client and from the outside

seller;

High degree of protection;

Possibility of micropayments;

Internationality;

Simplicity and low cost of maintenance, low tariffs.

According to the Charter of SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication - Community of Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications), in each country represented in the Community, a National Group of SWIFT Members and a Group of SWIFT Users are created, uniting all network users.

In the Russian Federation, the organization representing the interests of both groups and acting on their behalf is the Russian National SWIFT Association (ROSSWIFT), which was created in May 1994 and is a non-governmental, non-profit organization.

Payment systems in more than 50 countries of the world have been implemented on the basis of SWIFT, including payment systems of all European Union countries, as well as such infrastructure projects as the European system of cross-border payments TARGET, the global currency exchange system CLS, etc.

International experience shows that using SWIFT as an infrastructure for creating a national payment system is a cost-effective and efficient solution that minimizes settlement and technical risks. In addition, national payment systems, built on the SWIFT network and standards, are transparent and integrated into the largest international payment systems. 35]

It is impossible not to mention such a well-known electronic payment system as PayPal. Its distinctive features are:

1) ease of use.

3) low service rates;

4) developed arbitration system.

China has developed its own payment system - Alipay, one of the largest payment systems included in the Alibaba Group. Founded in 2004. In addition to using the products offered by Alibaba Group within the group, this payment system is also used by more than 460 thousand other companies. Not long ago, the company developed a system for paying for orders directly from a mobile phone, and also entered into a cooperation agreement with one of the largest cellular operators in China, China Unicom.

1.3 Foreign experience in using automated payment systems

Today, in developed countries, the share of electronic payments significantly exceeds the share of cash. The lowest level of cash payments is typical for Iceland (9%) and the Scandinavian countries: 28% in Norway, 32% in Finland, 37% in Sweden. The smallest share of non-cash payments is observed in southern European countries.

Thanks to the presence of a wide network of trade and service enterprises that accept cards as payment for goods and services, ATMs that allow making payments, depositing and withdrawing funds from a bank account, bank cards are gaining more and more popularity. For certain segments of the population, a bank card has become a part of life. 35, p.17]

The main issuers of payment cards on the world market are credit organizations that are participants in the international Visa and MasterCard systems, which respectively account for 50% and 30% of the total number of cards issued. American Express takes third place with 18%, while Diners Club, JCB and others account for less than 2%. In some countries of the Eurozone, national payment systems also function (in Germany - GeldKarte, in France - Cartes Bancaires).

Among the rapidly developing electronic payment systems in the field of retail turnover, which help reduce the use of cash and checks as a means of payment, are automated clearing houses (hereinafter referred to as ACP). They are an electronic clearing system, i.e. mutual settlement of payment orders in electronic form exchanged by financial institutions participating in these systems.

In the USA, this chamber was created under the leadership of the Federal Reserve System FedACH (subordinate to the Federal Reserve System). In addition to this network, there is also a private ARP - EPS, which previously accounted for about 15% of all ARP payments. In 2007, both FedACH and EPS had equal market shares. Currently, ARPs operate in many countries in Europe, North and South America, Southeast Asia and Australia. 35, p.18]

ARPs are especially effective when making bulk, regularly recurring payments. They service both debit and credit transactions. Debit transactions are associated with pre-determined, repeated or one-time debits from a bank client's deposit account, for example, to pay for utilities, insurance, repayment of a previously taken out loan, repayment of credit card debt, and so on.

Credit transactions through ARP are associated with repeated transfers of money to clients' bank accounts - for wages, pensions and other social benefits, crediting interest and dividends, and so on. Credit entries are made to both insurance companies and utility companies, allowing them to save significant costs associated with the processing and collection of checks received from consumers in payment for services.

In the UK, automated settlement systems developed rapidly in the 70s and 80s. Computer centers are currently engaged in electronic clearing: BACS (Banker's Automated Clearing Services) and CHAPS (Clearing House Automated Payment System). 35, p. 19]

In Japan, the automated payment system includes pre-notified utility payments, direct deposit wages, pensions and benefits and “paperless” payments using a communication network.

At the same time, the role of electronic money in non-cash payments by individuals is increasing. In terms of payment transactions using electronic money based on cards, according to statistics from the Bank for International Settlements, the leading position is occupied by Singapore, where in 2008 the share of payment instruments using electronic money in terms of the number of transactions was 84.3%, and in terms of the volume of transactions - 0.3% or 1,592 billion US dollars.

Due to the intensive process of economic integration of European countries important becomes compatible retail systems, which operate in the territory of the European Union and which were initially focused on national markets. An important task is also to reduce the cost of settlements and increase their security. 35]

The number of registered users as of July 6, 2009 has exceeded 200 million, and the daily turnover has exceeded 700 million yuan.

The payment systems market in Russia is developing, and in the near future, most likely, it will experience rapid growth, both in turnover and in the number of offers. There is no doubt that the quality of services provided is improving from year to year, because Already today, competition is emerging, more pronounced among electronic payment systems focused on housing and communal services and online commerce, and increasingly simpler and cheaper services are appearing. 35]

Trends in the creation of a national payment system in the Russian Federation also suggest the popularization of non-cash electronic payments, the acceleration of settlements between citizens of the Russian Federation and organizations. Over time, non-cash payment systems will replace cash-based transactions.

Development of the electronic market banking applications The spread of inexpensive PCs and network devices, as well as the continued growth in the number of Internet users, contribute to this trend. According to IDC, the market for electronic banking applications has good development prospects. In 1998, 6.6 million customers carried out online banking transactions, and in 2003 there should be more than 32 million such users. 35]

Electronic banking applications are attractive to banks that expect to increase their profits through new customers (primarily remote ones). According to IDC, sales of electronic banking applications in the United States in 1998 amounted to $93 million. An increasing number of banks are offering Internet banking services to their clients. According to IDC, the number of such banks should increase from 1,150 in 1998 to 15,845 in 2003. More than 1,200 US banks and credit unions in 1998. signed agreements with manufacturers and providers of Internet banking services to open websites for all types of transactions. In 1999, the number of such applicants exceeded 7,200. According to IDC, in 2000, Internet banking applications will occupy almost a third of the entire banking application market in the United States. According to Gomez Advisors, a company that specializes in researching banks, financial institutions and brokerage firms, 39 of the top 100 U.S. banks already provide online bill payment services (up from 17 in 1998). 62% of surveyed banks provide information on transactions in real time via the Internet. It should be noted that banks use every opportunity to make a profit with the help of modern technologies. For example, Deutshe Bank has already started trading shares via the Internet. 35]

The development of Internet banking applications must go through three main stages. The first stage involves customers accessing bank accounts and conducting transactions over the phone or through a Web browser. The second stage uses interactive technologies such as online bill payment services and personalized reminders of the client's account status. At the third stage, personal finance management functions are offered, such as the possibility of lending, making secure trading transactions and obtaining insurance.

As the market for electronic banking services further develops, customers will be able to avoid coming to the bank at all. They will be able to open an account, transfer money, pay for goods and services directly from their home, office or store, using a PC or a terminal for accepting credit cards. They can withdraw cash from an ATM. An example of a thriving Internet bank is the American Security First Network Bank. He doesn't even have an office to serve clients, and yet their number is increasing every year.

By saving on rent and other costs, he offers his clients very competitive terms of service and, thereby, attracts them. Currently, in Western Europe (Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands) there are 2 times more electronic banks than in the USA. 35]

An appeal to foreign experience in the development of payment systems showed that in the Russian card payment market there are problems similar to historical foreign experience and associated risks, which it is advisable for Russia to anticipate and provide measures to minimize or avoid. The general prerequisites for the development of card systems in Russia and abroad were the needs of growing economies, but Russia at the same time has a stable technological base and solutions tested by world experience. Russia has a more specific and practical goal - reducing non-cash turnover and reducing costs in the economy, which is also determined by relevant foreign experience. 35]

The global card system has gone from the initially disorderly development of individual competing systems led by the leading bank based on its settlement capabilities to the globalization of payment systems with the creation of associations providing reliable infrastructure and quality services. The result of the efforts was the formation of market-competing payment systems that received global status and the penetration of electronic payment technologies into all spheres of the economy. Russian practice is characterized by the use of foreign payment systems and their infrastructure, the use of foreign technologies in the creation of local card systems and insufficient coverage of the country’s territories and individual sectors of the economy with electronic payment technologies, which determines the possible potential for future growth. Prospects for the development of the domestic market consist in the creation of a national payment system and its own infrastructure, combining local (private) systems, with their penetration into all areas of economic and social activity and the entry of the national payment system into the world market. 35]

Main conclusions from the experience of using payment systems in developed countries:

1) the main principle of the PS is the mass scale and great depth of implementation of services for using these systems;

2) integration of payment systems with means of provision public services, or the construction of a PS accessible throughout the entire territory of a particular state (national payment systems);

3) the status of this or that PS, its transformation into a kind of separate institution.

Chapter 2 Current state automated payment systems

2.1 Analysis of automated payment systems of Russian banks

The legal basis for the effective and uninterrupted functioning of the Bank of Russia payment system is provided by the regulations of the Bank of Russia.

Bank of Russia:

Determines the rules for transferring funds through the payment system of the Bank of Russia;

Transfers funds through the payment system of the Bank of Russia for its own transactions and the transactions of its clients, settlement services for accounts of the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation and other clients that are not credit institutions;

Provides operational services, payment clearing services and settlement services when transferring funds through the payment system of the Bank of Russia;

Carries out regulation, operational management, monitoring, support and control over the functioning of the payment system of the Bank of Russia.

Increasing the efficiency of the unified state monetary policy through real-time settlement operations for its implementation;

Increasing the stability of the banking system of the Russian Federation to the spread of risks by monitoring their occurrence and localization by the Bank of Russia;

Creating conditions that contribute to increasing the efficiency of the functioning of national financial markets, including through the use of reliable settlement mechanisms for concluded transactions accepted in international practice;

Expanding the capabilities of credit institutions and their clients to use payment services provided in the payment system of the Bank of Russia;

Providing the Federal Treasury with new opportunities to effectively solve problems in monitoring the revenue side and managing the expenditure side of the federal budget. 33]

Introduction

There are already so many online payment systems in the Russian segment of the Internet that a potential buyer has a problem of choice. In fact, there are very few actually working systems, and there are very few of those that are not shy about disclosing information about their turnover and transactions. Therefore, the topic of the work is relevant.

Below is an attempt at a comparative analysis of online payment systems based on information obtained from publicly available sources. It is possible that some important points were not adequately reflected, but this only indicates significant gaps in the system of informing clients, including potential ones.

1. Basic concepts and definitions

The following main payment mechanisms (payment instruments) used in online payment systems can be distinguished:

Credit cards

Debit schemes

Digital cash

Internet banking

Most existing systems cannot be unambiguously classified as one type or another: for example, sometimes several mechanisms are used within one system, and sometimes the system is based on a hybrid scheme.

Payment systems were assessed according to the following parameters:

Versatility - ability to work with several tools.

Activity is an assessment of information obtained from various sources about the actual operation of the payment system. We can distinguish a number of stages of activity: the system does not work at all, the system is supported by several online stores, the system makes payments regularly and works with a significant number of electronic retail outlets.

Speed - the presence or absence of a delay between the buyer paying for the goods and the receipt of money (or its substitute) by the store.

Micropayments - the degree of efficiency of the system for payments in amounts less than $1. If the commission for making payments is fixed, that is, does not depend on the transaction amount, or if the money is transferred with a delay, then such systems for micropayments are ineffective.

Special software - in some cases, making a payment requires installing special software or modifying the standard one.

Online registration - the ability to register in the payment system via the Internet.

Money back - the presence of a built-in option in the payment system to return money if the buyer refuses the transaction. It may not be provided at all or declared, but have difficulties with implementation.

Costs - the amount of expenses associated with participation in the system (separately for online stores and buyers). Both the registration cost and the subscription fee and transaction fee are taken into account.

The strength of encryption algorithms is the level declared by the system developers (the implementation level is not considered). May or may not be acceptable.

Compliance with the legal norms of the Russian Federation is the level declared by the system developers. May be incomplete or missing information about the legislation that governs the system.

Documentary confirmation - the ability to audit transactions in the system, receive a statement in paper form based on the results of the transaction (due to the fact that the law “On Electronic Digital Signatures” has not yet been adopted).

Certificates and licenses - the presence of a certificate/license issued by reputable organizations reflects the desire to provide an independent examination of the payment system; It is quite difficult to evaluate any fundamental characteristics of the system using this indicator.

Bank or processing company - any payment system must be serviced by a bank or specialized financial organization. It seems that for the Russian online payment system it is preferable to rely on a domestic bank (naturally, one whose license has not been revoked) than on an offshore one.

2. Payment system technologies

WebMoney (WM)

WebMoney (webmoney.ru) can be classified as a system that works with digital cash. At least that's what it looks like to the user. Upon closer examination, it reveals elements of a debit scheme, as well as Internet banking (with very limited functions). Interesting feature WebMoney is equal rights for all users of the system - both stores and buyers - and the ability to carry out payments between individuals. A secure payment is provided (with the final transfer of money only after the buyer receives the goods).

The WM unit is pegged to the US dollar. The WM issue is carried out by International Metal Trading Bank, Inc. (IMTB), registered in Nauru (Pacific). It is stated that IMTB carries out 100% WM reservation in US dollars. In Russia, the development and technical support of the system is carried out by VM-CENTER, a non-profit organization that unites WebMoney users. The system's clients are many online stores

Russian enterprises and organizations that want to sell their goods/works/services on the Internet, as well as withdraw funds from the system by ruble bank transfer to a current account, are required to take certain steps to sign contracts and “extended” registration in the system. Withdrawal of funds by enterprises to a ruble current account is carried out only from R-type wallets. These enterprises receive a system certificate for free.

In order to become a registered trading company in the WebMoney Transfer system via WMR, you need to:

Have a registered company (legal entity) or be registered as an entrepreneur without forming a legal entity (PBOYUL).
Have a website or web page on the Internet, indicating the services and products provided.
Install on your computer WebMoney program Keeper and create an R wallet.
Conclude with OJSC “Guarantee Agency” and sign in paper form (can be by mail) an “Agreement on the storage of bills of exchange”.

In accordance with the terms of the agreement, the “Trading Enterprise” places on its website and in its electronic stores information about accepting payments from the WebMoney Transfer system, and OJSC “Guarantee Agency”, in turn, guarantees the enterprise the acceptance of payments from clients to the enterprise wallet and the redemption of funds like R from this wallet with the transfer of funds to the company’s current account in any bank.

When the contract is signed, a certificate is issued to the trading company. In this regard, it is necessary to go to the website of the Attestation Center with this WM-identifier of the enterprise and there fill out an application for obtaining a personal certificate for a legal entity, indicate all the required data (indicate “n/a” in the missing data), as the attestator who will issue certificate, select “Guarantee Agency” ID 630274339387, do not pay attention to the price of the certificate (150 WMZ) and the invoice sent, the certificate is issued to trading enterprises free of charge.

Merchant WebMoney Transfer is used to facilitate the integration of the WebMoney Transfer system with websites in order to ensure automated acceptance of customer funds for goods or services offered.

Currently, the WebMoney Transfer system supports several interfaces that allow you to automate the processing of payments from clients and the execution of payments:

Web Merchant Interface - an interface that allows you to quickly and at minimal cost supplement your website or home page with everything you need to start accepting WM for the goods or services you provide

Click&Buy Merchant Interface - an interface that allows the buyer to pay and receive goods on your website with one click; supported starting from WM Keeper Classic version 2.2.0.9

WM Automation Interface is a set of interfaces that allows you to create programs that perform operations in the WebMoney Transfer system using the HTTPS and XML protocols.

Owners of web stores, online casinos, information resources(for example, mailing lists), advertising web platforms, it is often necessary to obtain funds from the client in payment for goods or services on the site in the optimal way. WMT allows you to solve this problem quickly, efficiently and with a minimum of costs.

WMT offers web businesses guaranteed instant internal transactions as a reliable, scalable and comprehensive solution. When using WMT, the client can perform operations to transfer WebMoney from his wallet to the recipient's wallet. The client cannot pay for the product or service using the wallet Bank transaction, he also cannot pay for goods or services in cash through exchange offices, by credit card or through the www.westernunion.com system. The client must first replenish his wallet in the system using one of the above or another method, and only then make a transfer from his wallet to yours.

WMT helps the client replenish his wallet with the most different ways. The system resolves all issues related to replenishing wallets and depositing funds directly with the client within the framework of the existing contractual relationship with him.

WMT does not provide web businesses with any external payments.

Depending on the level of automation of the process of accepting funds, integration with the system and the availability of qualified personnel, users are offered three options. The first two options require that the business connected to the system become a participant (install and configure software for managing electronic wallets, integrate the business with payment services), the third option allows you to avoid direct participation in the system (installing specialized software, etc. ).

A simple (non-automated) way to receive funds

With a limited range of goods or services and a small number of transactions at the initial stage, you can do without a serious expansion or reorganization of your web business. It is enough to inform clients on the website, by phone or in some other way your wallet number and the note form for the transaction. In essence, this method is somewhat similar to bank payment, in which the details of the “recipient’s bank” and the “recipient” themselves are replaced by the wallet number.

In most cases, it is enough to place the following text on the website:

Dear buyer!

To pay for your order (product, service, rate, requested information) using WebMoney Transfer, you need to transfer X.XX WMR to the NNNNNNNNNN wallet. This is our store's wallet in the WebMoney Transfer system. To make a transfer, open WM Keeper and right-click on the wallet from which you want to transfer, and then select “Transfer money” -> “To WebMoney wallet” from the menu. In the dialog box that appears, enter the transfer amount and our wallet number, and in the note indicate: order payment ZZZZ.

The transfer must be made without transaction protection. After you make a transfer, we will accept your order for execution within N minutes and send you the goods (provide a service, credit funds to the casino account, place advertising on the website). Our identifier in the WebMoney system is 000000000000.

This text can be written arbitrarily, but it must indicate the transfer amount, WM type (WMR, WMZ, etc.), ID and wallet number, as well as a note to the operation containing the order number or other information that will help match a transaction to an order, product or service.

As a result, the client pays by transferring WebMoney to the specified wallet, and the web resource provides a service or delivers a product. The job of a web resource operator is to track funds coming to the wallet and timely execution of an order or service (or entering information about payment for a specific order or service into the information system of the resource for execution by the delivery service).

In addition to simple transactions, WebMoney Transfer provides the ability to make transactions on an account. In this case, the resource operator periodically (as necessary) issues invoices to clients of the web resource. When receiving an invoice, the client will no longer need to enter the amount, resource wallet, transaction purpose and other information. Now he will only need to click the “Pay” button on the received invoice, and WebMoney will automatically be transferred from the client’s wallet to the resource’s wallet. In turn, the resource operator will only have to control the timely payment of invoices issued to clients.

It is quite easy to implement this method in practice, and the manager or webmaster to whom you assign such a task can handle it. To some extent, the same webmaster can simplify the manual operations of this method. In the corresponding section of the site intended for webmasters, you can find information about simple technical details. For example, how to obtain customer ID information without manual entry or how to allow customers to issue their own invoice (if the invoice parameters, such as amount and description, are the same for all customers).

From the above it is clear that this method is ideal at the initial stage, when the number of transactions per day is measured in dozens and it is more profitable to use an operator than to automate the sales process. So this method is good for accepting payment for advertising on an advertising platform, where there are rarely more than 10 sales per day and the webmaster is able to control the payment manually and place advertising on the site.

However, as soon as the number of transactions per day becomes significant, this method will be too expensive and inconvenient. Therefore, when there are a large number of operations (or when the resource operates for a long time without human intervention), it is better to make minor investments and automate the process of accepting WebMoney by integrating it with the resource. To do this, the WMT system offers a complex (automatic) method of receiving funds.

Automated method of receiving funds

When connecting using this option, the system allows you to fully automate the entire payment process and integrate it with the resource in such a way that there is no need for mandatory operator participation.

The automation process is described in the form of the following examples:

Example 1. Payment process through the “payment on sites” service Merchant WebMoney Transfer

In an average online store or online service of any services, etc., the step-by-step payment process through Merchant WebMoney may look like this:

After the buyer has decided on the order number and how much and for what he is willing to pay, he is asked to make a payment in WebMoney Transfer from his electronic wallet through the WebMoney Merchant service.

Immediately after payment, the service itself contacts the store server and notifies it that payment has been made for such and such an order for such and such an amount, etc.

After the service notifies the store about the purchase, the client is redirected back to the store, where the buyer can make sure that the payment has been accepted and his purchase is being prepared for delivery (for physical goods), or directly receive the service if it is intangible.

Example 2. Payment process in a store with material delivery of goods

In a standard electronic store selling books, etc., a so-called shopping cart is usually used. And the step-by-step process of paying for a purchase may look something like this:

After the buyer has created a basket of goods and decided on a purchase, at one of the stages of placing an order, he is asked to choose a payment method. To implement payments via WebMoney Transfer, you need to add the option to select this method to the interface.

On the next page after selecting a payment method, the store software automatically issues an invoice to the client’s WM ID. In the text of the browser page, the client is asked to pay this invoice for delivery of the purchase.

The client receives an invoice in his WM Keeper and pays for it.

Next, the store's software verifies the payment of the invoice and makes a corresponding entry in the store's database. At this step, you can provide the client with the opportunity to check on a separate page the fact that his WebMoney has been received in the store’s wallet, and the order has been accepted by the store for execution.

At the last step, the delivery service and/or warehouse service of the store is given a list of paid orders in order to deliver the purchase to the client.

Example 3. Payment process in a store with online delivery (delivery versus payment)

Stores of this type include any sites, services and services where the client can receive a product or service immediately after payment, for example, in his browser, by e-mail or even by phone, as well as other methods of communication that allow him to receive information within one or several minutes. The step-by-step process of paying for a product or service may look like this:

After the buyer has decided on a set of paid goods or services, at one of the registration stages he is asked to choose a payment method. To implement payments via WebMoney Transfer, you need to add the option to select this method to the interface.

On the next page after selecting a payment method, the store software automatically issues an invoice to the client’s WM ID. The text on the page asks the customer to pay the invoice to receive the purchase. And also, (attention!) on this page the client is offered a link to the page with the delivery of the goods. Thus, the client will be able to use the product or service via the link immediately after making the payment.

The client receives an invoice for payment in his WM Keeper, pays for it and clicks on the link offered by the resource to receive the product or service.

At the time of processing the product delivery page upon request from the client, the resource software checks the fact of payment of the invoice and makes a corresponding entry in the store database. Next, the product is automatically delivered or the service is provided to the client: passwords and logins are issued, game chips are credited to the online casino account, information is sent by e-mail, etc.

Implementation of the automated method in practice will require the participation of web programmers. A technical description of the implementation of each of the described automation examples is located in the corresponding section for developers.

Acceptance of funds by proxy

To receive payments from clients, you can use the “receipt of funds by proxy” method. This method involves the client transferring a power of attorney to manage his WM wallet (wallets) to the WM identifier of the service providing paid services. Management may include the following types of operations:

issuing invoices;
performing translations;
checking the balance on the wallet.

This method of receiving funds is most convenient in cases where the client is subscribing to the regular provision of any service (information and newsletters, statistical reports, etc.). Having once transferred the power of attorney to manage one of his wallets to the service, the client relieves himself of worries about timely payment. Funds are written off by the service itself, depending on the volume of services provided to the client.

The transfer of a power of attorney is carried out by the client on the security service website (https://security.webmoney.ru) in the “Power of Attorney” section.

By transferring control, the client trusts to sign (form digital signature) requests not with his own, but with a trusted WM ID. Requests to perform operations are carried out using the following XML interfaces of the system:

issuing an invoice - it is allowed to sign requests (generate an electronic digital signature) of the X1 interface (issuing an invoice from one participant (store) to another participant (buyer) of the system) and the X4 interface (receiving the history of issued invoices for a wallet; checking payment of the invoice) for the wallet specified in the power of attorney.

execution of transfers - it is allowed to sign requests (generate an electronic digital signature) of the X2 interface (transfer of funds from one wallet to another) and the X3 interface (obtaining the history of transactions on the wallet; checking the completion of the operation of transferring funds between wallets or paying a bill) for the wallet specified in the power of attorney.
checking the balance on the wallet - it is allowed to sign requests (generate a digital signature) of the X9 interface (receiving information about the balance on wallets) for the wallet specified in the power of attorney.

Transfer of funds to clients

When running a web business, the task of transferring funds to a client often arises. Thus, the web store must be able to return the payment to the client in the event of a return of the purchase, lack of goods, or due to other objective reasons. A web casino or gaming service cannot do without paying out winnings to players. The same applies to affiliate, agency or sponsorship programs that need quick and accessible translation funds to its participants.

WebMoney Transfer offers a quick and effective solution to this problem.

WebMoney transfer in the system is only possible from wallet to wallet. In other words, a transfer to a client can only be made through an internal transaction from the resource wallet to the client’s wallet. So, for example, the client of the system does not need to transfer money by bank transfer. He must first receive WebMoney to his wallet, and only then use all the withdrawal methods available in the system. You need to know that if clients are not participants in the system, do not want or cannot become them, then funds should be transferred to clients without using WebMoney Transfer.

WebMoney Transfer offers web businesses only internal instant transactions when transferring funds to clients, as a reliable, simple and scalable solution. Thus, the operation of withdrawing funds from the system is performed directly by the client, but not by the web resource.

Depending on the level of automation of the funds transfer process, integration with the system and the availability of qualified personnel, the system offers two options:

A simple (non-automated) way to transfer funds to clients

With a small number of WM translations, you can do without reorganizing your web business. If necessary, the translation procedure can be manually carried out by the resource operator. Transferring WebMoney from one wallet to another is quite simple and takes less time than making a bank payment through the Bank-Client or Internet Bank-Client system of any bank. Moreover, within 3-5 minutes after sending, WebMoney will appear in the client’s wallet. A description of the standard scheme for transferring WebMoney from wallet to wallet is given in the WM transfers section.

This method is preferable, for example, for web stores that sell physical goods with delivery. Such stores have few product returns, and integrating WebMoney Transfer and the store’s accounting system (back office) will be more difficult than entrusting this work operator.

But as soon as there is a need for frequent transfers to a large number of clients, you need to think about using an automated method of transferring funds.

A complex (automated) way to transfer funds to clients

Companies providing online services, web exchanges, web casinos, agency, affiliate, bonus, prize and other programs often need to transfer funds to their clients quickly and with maximum guarantee.

The WMT system allows you to fully automate the entire translation process and integrate it into the resource operation scheme in such a way that operator participation will not be required when performing transactions.

Automated process instant transfer WebMoney from wallet to wallet is described below using the example of agent payments made by an online store (payments are a percentage of the purchase amount made by the client using a link from the agent’s website).

The store's software records the fact of a client's arrival from the agent's website in the database.

After receiving funds from the client, the software accrues an agent commission to the agent’s account in the store and at the same time writes off these funds to the agent’s wallet by performing an automatic transaction from the store’s wallet (this operation can be performed with each purchase or in one stream once a day).

The agent almost simultaneously observes the receipt of commission funds in his wallet.

The agent can always monitor the process of transferring funds in the store and complete the pending transaction independently. Automatic transfer of funds allows for guaranteed crediting in emergency situations (communication line break, failure of the store’s web server) by analogy with the procedure for issuing an invoice and verifying payment of the invoice. In other words, any pending transaction can be completed both by the store and by the recipient of the funds - the agent.

An agent can always make a test purchase in a store and check the accuracy and timeliness of the accrual of the agent commission and the stability of the store’s affiliate program.

For each transaction (except for transactions with wallets of one WM-identifier), the system charges a tariff of 0.8% of the payment amount, but not less than 0.01 WM and not more than 50 WM for wallets of type Z and E, not more than 1500 WM for R type wallets and no more than 250 WM for U type wallets.

For making credit transactions, the system charges owners of type D wallets a commission of 0.1% of the amount of each loan they provide, but not less than 0.01 WMZ.

For operations to deposit/withdraw funds into/from the system, a fee is charged in accordance with the current tariffs of agents (see table).

Deposit money:

Withdrawal:

Russian Post Commission

Yandex money

Today, many online stores are actually just storefronts showing the range of products and services offered. All transactions for payment and receipt of purchases take place offline, and as a result, take a long time. This scares off many potential clients.

The Yandex.Money project will help you turn a simple online storefront into a fully functional store with all the necessary attributes.

By connecting to the Yandex.Money payment system, e-commerce enterprises have the opportunity to organize the acceptance of payments from individuals and legal entities for the goods or services provided. We guarantee high speed of payments and their complete security.

There are several options for connecting to the system, each of which is effective for a specific area of e-commerce.

Connection options

Technical connection diagram	Agreement	Transaction fee	Commission when withdrawing money from the system*	Total commission	Wallet-Cashier Integration
"Wallet-Cashier"	Agency contract				Required
"Wallet-Cashier"	Public offer				Required
"Direct payment to account"	Agency contract				Not required
"Direct payment to account"	Public offer				Not required
"Payment Acceptance Center"	Agency contract				Not required
"Your store on our server"	Agency contract	by agreement		by agreement	Not required

* Commission for withdrawing funds from the Yandex.Money system is charged only if you withdraw funds from the Yandex.Money system to a bank account or otherwise. If, after receiving digital cash, you do not withdraw it from the Yandex.Money system, but use it for payments within the system, you will not be charged any additional commission.

Connection according to the scheme "Your store on our server"

Required skills: none required.

Estimated labor costs: not required.

The scheme is intended for: providers of Internet access, IP telephony services, cellular communications and the like, who want to sell virtual cards (PIN codes) in an online store on the Yandex.Money website. Within this scheme, the seller’s functions consist only of transferring virtual cards (PIN codes) to the agent - the Yandex.Money system for subsequent sale through the online store.

Connection according to the "Payment Acceptance Center" scheme

Required skills: HTML programming experience.

Estimated labor costs: 4 man-hours.

The scheme is intended for: corporate client- for a store that does not require immediate online delivery of goods/services.

Example of implementation: online stores "Ozon", " ", etc.; NTV Plus company; projects "Begun", "SpyLOG", "SoftKey", "Chance.ru" and many others.

Advantages: ease of implementation, ability to process payment messages through a standard PGP-compatible email client.

Disadvantages: payment notification is sent to the seller by email and requires manual processing.

Connection according to the "Wallet-cashier" scheme

Required skills: programming experience in Delphi, C/C++*, PHP*, Perl*.

Estimated labor costs: 20-40 man-hours.

The scheme is intended for: a corporate client - a large online store with a large list of goods that requires full automation of payment acceptance, or a store that requires immediate network delivery of a product/service (for example, information).

Example of implementation: Eleksnet company (accepting payments for cellular communications with immediate crediting of payments to the bank accounts of MTS and MegaFon clients), Yandex.Direct (accepting payments for advertising with immediate crediting to customer accounts), virtual card stores (pins) ) - for example, the Bee Line virtual card store on the Yandex.Money website (accepting payments with immediate online delivery of the virtual card to the buyer).

Advantages: the ability to fully automate the acceptance of payments and instant shipment of goods or provision of services over the network, minimum size total transaction commission.

Disadvantages: large amount of programming.

Connection under the "Direct payment to account" scheme

Required skills: basic HTML layout experience.

Estimated labor costs: 0.5-2 man-hours.

The scheme is intended for: a private or corporate client - for a small store with several types of goods and fixed prices.

Example of implementation: small stores of private individuals (for example, on Narod.ru).

Advantages: extreme ease of implementation.

Disadvantages: the payment receipt is sent to the seller by email, requires manual import into the Internet.Wallet, it is difficult to operate with large lists of goods and variable prices.

The store’s operation of accepting payments through the Cashier Wallet

This is the most universal, but at the same time the most complex way to connect to the payment system, which requires additional programming from site developers. It is usually used to connect fairly large e-commerce enterprises to the Yandex.Money system. Internet.Wallet in this case is built into the software of your store and closely interacts with it. This allows you to organize a fully automated complex of customer service, independently receive or send payments in electronic money and contact directly with the payment system only to withdraw money from your EcomBank account to the store’s current account in a regular bank. This connection method allows you to accept payments to stores hosted on Unix servers. Commission payments for using the Yandex.Money system when working according to this scheme are:

1% of the remaining amount at the time of withdrawal.

Total 1.99% of the amount received by the store. The work is carried out on the basis of a Public Offer (1.99% commission) or an Agency Agreement (1% commission) on accepting payments in favor of your online store and an agreement on the recognition of an Analog of a handwritten signature.

This connection option allows you to make direct payments to any payment system account. It is preferable for those “trade schemes” that do not require immediate confirmation of payment or immediate receipt of the paid goods. An example would be the sale of licenses for the right to use a product, if the text of the license is formed as the text of a paid contract. In this case, the seller is not required to take any immediate action to issue or renew a license, and the buyer immediately after payment has the right to use this product, because he has a paid contract, which at the same time is a license.

With a direct payment, money is sent from the payer’s Internet wallet directly to the seller’s account in the Processing Center. The Processing Center sends a corresponding receipt to the payer's Internet wallet, which can later be sent to the seller to confirm payment for the product or service. In this case, the seller may not keep his Internet wallet connected to the Internet during a direct payment. He learns about the arrival of money only after connecting to the network and launching the Wallet on his computer.

This shows that this method is not suitable, for example, for selling software, because in this case, the seller is obliged to immediately respond to the payment - provide the opportunity to download the program from its website or ensure its receipt in some other way. In such cases, you should use other options for connecting to the Yandex.Money system

When using direct payment, you can accept payment both from a specially prepared web page and directly from the payer’s Internet wallet, which allows you to receive payments not only for goods presented in your online store, but also accept payments in other situations within your business - for example, for services provided outside the Internet.

1% of the funds transferred to the store is withdrawn by the payment system at the time of payment;

1% of the remaining amount at the time of withdrawal (this commission is not charged if you work with the Yandex.Money system under an agency agreement).

Total - 1 or 1.99 percent of the amount of funds received by the store, depending on the legal scheme for working with the Yandex.Money system. The work is carried out on the basis of a Public Offer (1.99% commission) or an Agency Agreement (1% commission) on accepting payments in favor of your online store and an agreement on the recognition of an Analog of a handwritten signature.

Operation of the store through the Payment Acceptance Center

This connection scheme is most suitable for those who do not want to completely modernize their store to implement a cash register wallet. Instead, Internet.Wallet is installed on the server of the Payment Acceptance Center of the Yandex.Money system, and only the web form that generates the order is placed on the store pages.

Thus, your store acts as a showcase, showing products to the client and collecting data to be sent to the Payment Acceptance Center. The PPC accepts payments into the Wallet associated with your store and notifies you of completed transactions via email. In addition, all information about past payments is placed on a special web page of the CPP with limited access. In the future, the entire accumulated amount can be easily transferred to any bank account in an ordinary bank.

As you can see, to connect using this option, minor changes are required in your online store, which can be done without the involvement of specialists.

Commission payments for using the Yandex.Money system when working according to this scheme are:

1% of the funds transferred to the store is withdrawn by the payment system at the time of payment,

1% is withdrawn at the time of transfer of money to the store under the agreement on the use of the Payment Acceptance Center.

Total - 2% of funds received by the store from sales via the Internet.

Work with the online store is carried out on the basis of an Agency Agreement on accepting payments in favor of your online store and an agreement on the recognition of an analogue of a handwritten signature.

Please note that the CPP scheme, like direct payment to an account, is not suitable for the sale of virtual goods or services with immediate delivery, for example, software, content, etc. This is because the seller does not learn about the payment immediately, but only after some time.

Placing your store on the Yandex website

This option is most convenient for online stores selling virtual goods (Internet cards, IP telephony cards, software, passwords and registration keys for shareware programs, content, etc.)

On our website we install an online store to sell your virtual goods. As it sells, we transfer the money received from the sale to the store’s current account, which can subsequently be withdrawn from the system in any way convenient for you.

One of the advantages of this option is that the seller does not need to engage in programming, changing the design and maintaining his resource. All this will be done by our specialists. Another undoubted advantage of this scheme is the complete independence of the Supplier (in this case, you act as a supplier of goods or services, and not a seller) from the specifics of Internet payments - technical, legal or accounting. Communication between the Supplier (you) and the Operator (us) comes down to standard accounting documentation.

The transaction fee for using the Yandex.Money system when working according to this scheme is established by agreement of the parties.

Work in the online store is carried out on the basis of an Agency Agreement, the essence of which is that the Operator sells the services (goods) of the Supplier as his agent, using an advance payment mechanism managed by Yandex.Money funds (as described in the user Offer), and agreements on the recognition of an analogue of a handwritten signature.

CyberPlat

CyberPOS is a subsystem for servicing payments using plastic cards of international and Russian payment systems, including Visa, EuroCard/MasterCard, Diners Club, JCB, Union Card, STB Card (in the near future), as well as unified e-port cards.

CyberPOS services can be used by any plastic card holder, and data about the card and its owner become known only to CyberPOS and are not available either to the online store where the purchase is made, or, especially, to third parties, since all data is transmitted via a secure channel using the SSL protocol.

The CyberPOS system provides two options for payments by bank cards: standard payment and payment with a confirmed card (CyberPlatPay technology). A standard payment does not require the client to register in the CyberPlat system, while for a payment with a confirmed card it is necessary to register and receive a confirmation code. Registration in the CyberPlat system provides the client-buyer with a number of advantages, including the opportunity to make purchases in online stores that require payment with a confirmed card, as well as the absence of restrictions on the amount of payments when making purchases.

CyberCheck is a subsystem for servicing transactions of customer-buyers registered in the CyberPlat® online payment system. CyberCheck ensures confidentiality, reliability and legal purity of the interaction between the parties, as well as the complete absence of refusals of declared payments. This is implemented by mechanisms to support electronic document management using a legally binding analogue of a handwritten signature with a key length of 512 bits. Thanks to the listed properties, the subsystem is used in business-to-business class schemes.

The Buyer registered in the system has the opportunity to make purchases in online stores and pay for them on-line either from his account with the Bank or using his bank credit card registered in the system, receive statements and payment results.

Clients-Buyers registered in the system can directly order via the Internet payment order, allowing you to make a bank transfer to any account in any Russian bank. In this case, the transfer is carried out from the client’s account with the Participating Bank. In this way, you can transfer funds from the CyberPlat system to your account at any other bank or pay for standard services, for example, cellular operators or Internet providers.

CyberCheck technology with opening an account in the Bank-Participant of the system

On-line purchase and payment

1. The Buyer connects to the Store’s Web server via the Internet, creates a basket of goods and sends the Store a request for an invoice.

2. The Store, in response to the Buyer’s request, sends him an invoice signed with his own equivalent of a handwritten signature (AS), in which he indicates:

name of the product (service),

cost of goods (services),

store code,

time and date of the transaction.

From a civil law point of view, this invoice is an offer to enter into an agreement (offer).

3. The Buyer signs the invoice presented to him with his TSA and sends it back to the Store, thereby making acceptance. The contract is considered concluded from the moment the Buyer signs the invoice issued to him. In the system, the invoice signed by the Buyer becomes a check.

4. The check signed by two ASPs (Store and Buyer) is sent by the Store to the CyberCheck server for authorization.

5. CyberCheck checks the signed check:

checks the presence of the Store and Buyer in the System,

checks the Buyer’s and Store’s ASP,

saves a copy of the check in the CyberCheck database.

In case of a positive result of the check, the check is sent to the Buyer's Bank* (Bank-Participant of the system, which maintains the Buyer's account in the CyberPlat system) for payment.

The Buyer's bank checks the balance and limits of funds in the Buyer's account. As a result of the check, permission or prohibition of payment is generated. The Buyer's bank transmits the authorization result to CyberCheck.

6. When authorizing payment:

CyberCheck gives the Store permission to provide the service (dispensing goods),

The Buyer's Bank transfers funds from the Buyer's account to the Store Bank**,

The Store's bank credits funds to the Store's account,

The store provides a service (dispenses goods).

7. If payment is prohibited:

CyberCheck transmits to the Store the refusal to process the payment,

The buyer receives a refusal with a description of the reason.

The buyer has complete control over the purchasing process.

As documentary evidence of the completed transaction, each party retains checks signed by TSA, certifying the fact of the transaction and having legal force.

You can verify the simplicity, speed and convenience of the described technology by registering in the test mode of the CyberPlat System.

Account statement

The buyer requests a statement of his account by signing the request with his TSA.

CyberCheck checks the Buyer's code and its TSA.

If the verification results are positive, CyberCheck sends a request for a statement to the Bank, receives the statement and redirects it to the Buyer in the form of cryptographically converted text from the CyberCheck TSA.

The buyer receives the message, checks the CyberCheck signature and reverse cryptographic conversion of the statement.

The buyer saves the statement on his computer.

Request for processing of Buyer's payments in the Store

The buyer requests information about the payments he made in this Store, indicating his code in the CyberPlat System.

Based on the received code, the Store provides information about the payments of this Buyer.

CyberPOS technology

The holder of a plastic card: Visa, EuroCard/MasterCard, Diners Club, JCB, American Express, Union Card (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) can pay for purchases in online stores registered on the authorization server.

The buyer connects to the Store's Web server via the Internet, creates a basket of goods and selects a form of payment by credit card.

The store creates an order and redirects the Buyer to the CyberPOS authorization server. All information interaction between the Store and CyberPOS occurs via a secure SSL protocol and is certified by the parties’ ASP.

CyberPOS establishes a connection with the Buyer via a secure protocol (SSL) and receives the parameters of his credit card from the Buyer. Card information is transmitted in secure form only to CyberPOS and is not provided to the Store during Buyer transactions.

CyberPOS checks the presence of the Store in the System and verifies that the operation complies with the established system restrictions. Based on the results of the checks, a ban or permission to authorize a transaction into the card payment system is formed.

CyberPOS transfers it to the Bank's processing center.

The Bank's processing center transmits the positive authorization result to CyberPOS,

CyberPOS transmits to the Buyer a positive authorization result,

CyberPOS transmits to the Store a positive authorization result with the order number,

The store provides a service (dispenses goods),

The Bank credits funds to the Store's account in accordance with the existing contractual relations between the Bank and the Store.

CyberPOS sends the refusal to the Buyer with a description of the reason,
CyberPOS sends the refusal with the order number to the Store.

e-POS

e-POS is a product of the e-port Group, designed to organize the acceptance of payment for goods and services on the Seller’s website by single map e-port.

e-POS is an ideal solution for small and medium-sized Internet businesses, easy to implement and cost-effective. e-POS allows you to efficiently process micro- and mini-payments; it is especially convenient if the subject of sale is services, information, access passwords and other goods that do not require physical delivery to the buyer.

By installing e-POS, you can:

increase sales by:

providing a new, convenient, anonymous, secure and economical form of payment to existing customers.
attracting new customers - users of the e-port System and other popular Internet payment systems.

eliminate the risk of non-payment for your goods (services) and reduce the risks associated with collection of payments.

reduce payment processing costs.

ADVANTAGES

On-line mode. The seller instantly receives information about the purchase, and funds are instantly transferred to his single e-port card.

No payment risks. Unlike credit card payments, there are no risks of payment refusal or chargebacks.

Simplicity. You can install e-POS within 15 minutes by following a series of simple steps. Payment using e-POS using a single e-port card does not require the client to install additional software (wallet, digital signature) and can be made from any computer with Internet access (home, work, Internet cafe) or by phone.

Versatility. By installing e-POS, you can also receive payments from Yandex clients. Money and WebMoney, with which the e-port System has on-line gateways. Taking into account the fact that the e-port card, in addition, can be replenished in a variety of ways, including the e-port Agent Network, bank transfer, calling a courier-collector, bank cards, through the CyberCheck System, then e-POS, without exaggeration, is the most the most universal payment solution available on the market for online stores. This means that by installing e-POS, you offer your Clients a comprehensive range of payment solutions.

Economical. The commission of the e-port System is lower than that of other payment solutions and is charged to the Buyer. Installation of e-POS is free of charge. The e-port system does not require Sellers to place security deposits.

CONNECTION CONDITIONS

Connection is free

Security deposit 0

e-port System Commission (Deducted from the Buyer) 0.75% of the transaction amount +0.01EYE

Refund of advance payment (cash withdrawal from e-port card) less than 1,000EYE - 3%+1EYE, 1,000 - 2,500EYE - 2%, 2,500EYE and more - 1%

Contractual scheme

To conclude an “Agreement with the e-port System Client”, it is enough to receive a single e-port card of zero denomination. If the Seller enters into this agreement in writing, then in the “Stores” section, his store is marked as “Registered Seller”.

“The agreement between the Buyer and the Seller for the sale of goods (services)” is concluded according to the rules established by the Seller.

When paying for goods (services) using a single e-port card, a transaction is concluded between the Seller and the Buyer for the assignment of rights arising from the “Agreement with the Client of the e-port System”.

e-POS: contractual scheme

Sequencing

On the Seller’s website, the Buyer selects the goods (services) he needs.

The seller forms the cost of the order and

Fills in the details of the e-port card used for payment.

Reduces the advance payment on the Buyer’s e-port card by the amount of the purchase (service) and the e-port System commission.

After receiving confirmation of payment, the Seller releases the goods (provides the service) to the Buyer.

e-port increases the advance payment on the Seller’s e-port card by the amount of the purchase (service provision).

e-POS: sequence of actions

To install e-POS, just follow a number of simple steps:

Receive a single e-port card of zero denomination (Seller’s card), to which payments from Buyers will be transferred.

Sign the “Agreement with the e-port System Client” in writing if you want your store to appear in the “Stores” section as a “registered” store.

Connect a store.

Post information about the possibility of paying for goods (services) using a single e-port card.

To connect a store, you must fill out the form to connect a store

You can connect as a "registered" or as an "unregistered" Seller.

When choosing the “unregistered” type, you just need to indicate information about the contact person: full name, position, phone number, e-mail;

If you select the “registered” Seller type, in addition to information about the contact person, you will need to provide information about the details and heads of your organization, as well as the persons signing the Agreement.

Store connection methods

The simplest way to connect, which does not require any programming on the site, is to place a link to the payment form (Connection method - link). With this connection method, only “manual” authorization confirmation and, therefore, “manual” order processing are possible. In this case, the client is immediately redirected to the e-port authorization Server, where he fills out the payment form. The fields “Order”, “Amount” and “Comment for the store” are filled out by the Buyer independently, in accordance with the instructions of the Seller. In the “Comment for the store” field, the Buyer can enter contact and other information necessary to complete the order. This option is convenient for those stores that do not have their own Buyer registration procedure.

In case of successful authorization, the Seller receives a notification via the email address provided in the registration form when connecting the store. Please note that the email can be easily falsified; a reliable confirmation of authorization is the payment report in the Seller’s Personal Account.

“Manual” authorization confirmation assumes that upon receiving a payment notification by e-mail, the Seller must check the payment status in the “Seller’s Personal Account” and only after that transfer the goods (provide the service). You can receive an encrypted and e-port System-signed payment status notification when using the PGP program. In this case, reliable confirmation of the payment status (provided there is no unauthorized access to your private key) will be information sent to the e-mail you specified in an e-port message encrypted and signed by the System. To do this, you need to enter your public key in the “Seller PGP Public Key” field in the “Cryptography” section of the registration form.

e-POS: Methods for connecting a store and confirming authorization

Placing HTML code.

In the case of connecting a store by placing an HTML code on the website, the Buyer, getting to the payment form, receives the “Order” and “Amount” fields already pre-filled in accordance with the selected product on the Seller’s website and cannot change them in the form itself - for this he will have to back to shopping. With this connection option, “manual” and automatic confirmation of authorization is possible. The "manual option" is described above.

To select the automatic option, enter the URL to which the notification will be sent in the “Notification of payment status” section of the store connection form. In this case, the authorization server, at your request, will return a message containing the payment status, which can be used to automate order processing.

Description of electronic document flow when authorizing a transaction by the e-port System.

The Buyer places an order on the Seller’s website.

The Seller forwards the Buyer’s order to the authorization server of the e-port System, which indicates:

Parameter

Description

Integer

Store number in the e-port system*

Integer

Account number in the Store accounting system

Text (max 255 characters)

Description of the invoice issued by the Store*

Amount in rubles

Specify either Sum or SumEYE*

Total EYE

\d(2):\d(2):\d(2)\s+\d(2):\d(2):20\d(2)

Last payment date in the format hh:mm:ss DD:MM:YYYY

Customer return URL from payment page

hex string

Digital signature

Required fields are marked*.

The buyer, having formed an order and confirmed it, goes to the authorization server of the e-port System, where he fills out the following fields of the payment form:

e-port card number
e-port PIN code cards

Upon successful completion of the checks, the authorization server of the e-port System authorizes the Buyer and notifies the Seller about this (by e-mail and/or URL), and also sends a copy of the notification to the Buyer when they indicate the e-mail in the form of payment.

The Seller's server sends a request about the payment status, which contains:

Order number
Store ID

When receiving a request from the Seller about the payment status, the e-port System sends a response that contains:

Order number
payment status (paid, unpaid)

Upon receiving a positive response about the payment status from the e-port System, the Seller transfers the goods (provides the service) to the Buyer.

At the end of the day, the e-port System sends a report of authorizations for the day to the Seller’s e-mail/URL.

e-POS: Electronic document flow scheme for transaction authorization

The seller can get real-time sales information on the e-port website.

e-POS transactions are reflected in the Seller’s Personal Account Report, as well as in the statement on the Seller’s e-port card as a transfer from the Buyer’s e-port card.

At the end of the day (00:00), the e-port system generates and sends to the Seller a report of authorizations for the day. The report contains the number of transactions, the total amount of transactions (RUR/EYE), as well as the following information for each transaction: order number, order number, payment time, order description, EYE amount, RUR amount.

The Seller's e-port card statement can be certified by the e-port System Organizer in accordance with the terms of the "Agreement with the e-port System Client".

The security of payment status confirmation is ensured by:

"Manual option"

By accessing the report in the Seller’s Personal Account after receiving notification of authorization;

Receipt of an authorization notification encrypted and signed by the PGP program, as well as the safety of the Seller’s PGP private key

"Automatic" option

By checking the IP address of the Seller and the IP address of the request. The e-port Authorization Server records the IP address of the site where the request comes from and compares it with the one provided when connecting the store. A response about the payment status is issued only if the IP addresses match.

The ability to encrypt information about the payment status transmitted in the Seller’s request/response of the e-port System via the SSL protocol.

The ability for the Seller to use EASP in a request for payment status. RSA/MD5 is used as the EASP algorithm in the e-port System. The response from the e-port System authorization server is always signed by EASP.

For security reasons, the advance on the Seller’s card is increased through an e-port transit card. Funds are transferred to the Seller’s card within 24 hours after purchase.

Funds received on the Seller’s card can be used in accordance with the terms of the “Agreement with the e-port System Client”:

to make purchases in the e-port System;

to transfer funds to other Clients of the e-port System;

for withdrawal to Internet payment systems WM, Yandex. Money;

received in cash at the e-port group office or transferred to the Client’s bank account.

If there is a need to return funds to the Buyer, for example, if the latter refuses to purchase a product (provide a service), this can be easily done by using the transfer tool from the Seller’s card to the Buyer’s card. In this case, the e-port System commission will be deducted from the Seller’s card.

The same mechanism can be used to pay out winnings and conduct various types of marketing campaigns: prize draws, discounts and bonuses.

Taxes and others obligatory payments in the budget in accordance with current legislation are included in the price of the goods (services) and are paid by the Seller.

If this is possible, we recommend setting a discount of up to 5% for purchases using an e-port card. Economically, this is justified by the absence of risks of non-payment, and for goods requiring physical delivery, in addition, by the fact that by paying for the goods using an e-port card, the Buyer actually credits the Seller.

e-port System Tariffs

The System Organizer's remuneration is established and charged in Russian rubles (RUR) and includes VAT at a rate of 18%. The System Organizer withholds remuneration from the funds to be transferred to the System Participant at the time of the transaction.

Type of transaction		Commission of the System Organizer
Connection to the e-port System	Issuance of a Member card, registration in the System, testing	for free
Insurance deposit		not provided
Execution monetary obligations Clients to the Participant of the e-port system:
Transfer of funds from the Client’s card to the e-port System Participant’s card 1	sales method: payment by invoice
	method of sale: replenishment of personal account
	sales method: PIN code distribution
Transfer of funds from the e-port System Participant’s card	to the bank account of the System Participant in Guta-Bank (and its branches) or NZ-Bank	for free
	to the bank account of the System Participant in a bank in the Moscow region	15 RUR for each transfer
	to the System Participant’s bank account in a bank in the Russian Federation	20 RUR for each transfer
	to the e-port System Client card owned by the Participant	for free

1 The approximate amount of remuneration is given. Depending on sales volume, sales channels used and other factors, the amount of remuneration may be adjusted.

3. Comparative analysis of payment systems

Scope of application

In the CyberPlat system, all users are divided into two categories: legal entities who can pay and receive payments, and individuals who can only pay. Thus, one individual cannot transfer money to another individual within the system. Figuratively speaking, the system supports the B2B and B2C sectors, but does not support, so to speak, C2C.

However, in fairness, it should be noted that the latter is still possible if individuals have current accounts in participating banks.

As for PayCash and WebMoney, in these systems all users have equal rights and can freely transfer money to each other.

Multicurrency

Strictly speaking, “multi-currency” when applied to payment systems is a rather relative thing. Because each system that proclaims its “multi-currency” can understand it differently. This term can be understood as the possibility of converting one world currency into another within the system, and the possibility of free exchange of conventional monetary units of the system into different world currencies and vice versa, and the existence within the same system of payment units of different types. Or a combination of several such properties.

With the CyberPlat system everything is very clear. It works only in the Russian legal space and essentially serves only as a transport protocol for banking transactions. All currency conversions take place outside the system.

As for PayCash and WebMoney, both of these systems work with their “internal” currency, their own monetary units and support conversion into any existing currency at the input and output, due to their openness. This openness lies in the fact that any entrepreneur, regardless of his location and whether he is a legal entity or an individual (this is the fundamental difference between these systems and CyberPlat), can open an exchange office within the system and exchange the “system” currency for any currency countries of the world.

Although, it should be noted, the ability to work with any currency other than rubles is technologically provided within the PayCash system, but has not yet been implemented in practice. due to the “law-abiding” nature of the system. Which, however, does not exclude the possibility of the existence of private “exchangers” that are not registered in the system.

As for WebMoney, the system currently officially provides for the exchange of US dollars, Czech crowns, Russian rubles, Kazakh tenge and Ukrainian hryvnia to WM and back through exchange offices in the territories of these countries. All other currencies can be converted into WM and back through the gateway at IMB Bank (Montenegro). Another WebMoney feature, which no other system has, is the presence within the system of not one monetary unit, but two at once - WMZ and WMR. The first value corresponds to one dollar, the second - one ruble. Interestingly, the “ruble” unit appeared in the system relatively recently and its appearance, apparently, serves the purpose of giving greater flexibility in the relationship between WebMoney and Russian legislation and business customs. This is indirectly confirmed by the fact that it was precisely after the advent of WMR that Russian accountants were given the opportunity to choose from several WM accounting schemes. But more on that later.

The exchange of WMR to WMZ and back is carried out on an online exchange, where you can always find an acceptable offer. The exchange rate fluctuates within a couple of percent around the Central Bank rate.

Commissions charged by the system

This is what, in fact, allows the system to exist. Commissions are deducted from each transaction in the system. For example, if the commission system is 1%, then by transferring 100 monetary units to someone, you lose 101, since the system transfers 100 to your partner, and takes 1 for itself.

Micropayments

In fact, micropayments are the most strong point independent payment systems. This is precisely the strength by which they compete with traditional means of payment. It will cost you more to process a $1 check than it's worth. A $1 card payment would not be profitable for most online merchants. But any digital cash system will swallow a one-dollar or even ten-cent payment without hesitation.

In reality, the minimum payment amount is determined by two factors:

a) technical capabilities;

b) minimum commission threshold.

And it has two levels accordingly. The level that the system can technically provide, and the level at which micropayment is still profitable. After all, it is clear that if the system technically allows making payments of one hundredth of a cent, but the minimum commission for such a payment is one cent, then no one will ever take advantage of this opportunity.

Among our three systems, PayCash stands out in this regard; the stated technical threshold for this system is one thousandth (!) of a penny, and the minimum commission amount is not specified at all. The answer to the question of what is causing this - a unique technology that has reduced the cost of transactions to zero, or marketing policy - remains behind the scenes. However, according to one of the leaders of the PayCash project, Viktor Dostov, it’s all about technology.

With WebMoney, the minimum payment amount is 0.01 WM (that is, one kopeck or one cent), the minimum commission amount is also 0.01 WM. This means that a payment of one kopeck will cost you 50% of the commission, a payment of 10 kopecks. - 10%, and payment is 50 kopecks. - at 2%. Well, our entrepreneurs pay much more for card transactions.

As for CyberPlat, the minimum amount of profitable payments depends not on the system, but on the banks with which it works.

Legal space

Any payment system operates within a certain legal framework.

With CyberPlat, everything is more or less clear - this is an exclusively Russian system that actually services ordinary bank payments. But as for PayCash and WebMoney, both of these systems position themselves as international. However, WebMoney not only positions itself, but actually is such: at the time of writing this article, it officially operates (has representative offices), in addition to Russia, in the USA, the Czech Republic, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. And it also serves (through the intermediary of banks) clients from one and a half dozen other countries that do not have representative offices.

Therefore, the issue of interaction of one system with the legal norms of different countries is quite interesting.

There are two ways here.

Create for each country its own legal scheme for the functioning of the system, fully adapted to the national framework and based on certain national regulatory documents. In each country, the system is given a strict status enshrined in law. PayCash followed this path. So, for example, for Russia, according to Viktor Dostov, we are talking about giving PayCash monetary units the status of prepaid financial products within the framework of Central Bank instructions No. 276 and 277.

The second way is to give the system some global features, based on business practices generally accepted in world practice (an example of this approach is traveler’s checks or bills of exchange), and give the end user the opportunity to choose the work scheme within a national framework. This is the WebMoney way. According to the WebMoney ideologists, the WM monetary unit is simply a certain object of law that has a certain value. And this value can be expressed in any form acceptable by law. In one case, it may be a bearer debt obligation, in another a share payment, in a third - a security that gives the bona fide owner certain rights.

Connection with accounting department

This is a rather subtle question. After all, such a concept as “working with independent payment systems” is simply not provided for by Russian accounting. Agree, not a single accountant, being of sound mind and good memory, will sign receipt order at 100 WM.

However, he may well write in his accounting documentation that such and such securities were received in electronic form for such and such an amount as payment. And these same securities will be monetary units from WebMoney, PayCash or some other electronic system.

After all, payment system units of account can be given any status that does not contradict the law and can be subsequently taken into account in accounting documentation in accordance with this status. It all depends on the form in which the agreement will be concluded under which you will exchange your money for the system’s units of account. It will be written in the contract that you gave the system a loan - the accounting department will take into account payment obligations (which can be settled in the same way as with money), if you write that you purchased prepaid financial products - your accounting department will take them into account.

Here the paths of our two non-banking systems diverge in different directions.

PayCash, as mentioned above, chooses a strict prepaid status for its currency units financial products and is going to work on behalf of banking structures having permission from the Central Bank to produce such products.

WebMoney, on the contrary, gives its clients the opportunity to choose which WM status will be most acceptable to them, and uses forms of relationships that do not require special permission or licensing.

According to the general director of JSC Kit (this organization is engaged in the technical support of WebMoney) Andrei Mikhailovich Trubitsin, currently the most convenient form of working with WM is their status as “an obligation that gives access rights to the WMT system.” This obligation has a fixed value and, importantly, is taken into account by the accounting department “off the balance sheet”. However, at the request of the client, an agreement can be concluded with him giving WM any other legal status, for example a loan agreement.

However, all of the above applies to legal entities.

For an individual who is not burdened with accounting, the monetary units of payment systems are simply a network currency that can always be exchanged for real money.

Working with credit cards

CyberPlat is inherently designed to accept card payments. And not only for credit and not only for international ones. It works with debit cards and Russian STB and Union. From January 26—prepaid cards.

PayCash and WebMoney treat credit cards very carefully. You cannot enter money into the system from them: a fraudster who received electronic money using a fake credit card will have time to spend it before the fraud is detected, and - reverse side anonymity and confidentiality of calculations - it will most likely not be possible to calculate it.

Transferring money from the system to your credit card is no problem. This operation boils down to transferring the contents of the wallet to a bank account. The only difference: from PayCash you can currently only transfer money to a Russian bank. From WebMoney to any bank in the world.

Of course, the most interesting opportunity for an online seller it would be to receive credit card payments through a system. This feature is only available in CyberPlat. The WebMoney website mentions the possibility of such an operation in principle, but does not say when it will be implemented.

System authentication of transaction participants

The option is the opposite of the previous one. Very often, especially in serious transactions, it is not anonymity that is required, but on the contrary, the parties to the transaction want to know each other, as they say, “in person.” There is no such problem in the CyberPlat system. If you are a client of the CyberCheck system, then you have visited the CyberPlat office and presented the relevant documents. The fact of having an account verifies your “legal identity.”

With the other two systems the situation is more complicated. Even if you entered your data when registering in the PayCash or WebMoney system, who can guarantee that they are correct? The WebMoney system has provided for certification of participants in this case. Any client of the system can personally come to the local “attestator” of the system or send notarized documents by mail (if there is no “attestator” in his locality) and receive for a small fee an electronic certificate certifying that this participant in the system is exactly who he is. gives himself away. However, here too WebMoney managed to maintain a certain amount of anonymity. Each certified participant can stipulate that his personal data will not be disclosed. In this case, the identity card looks something like this: “The WebMoney system confirms that participant number such-and-such is indeed Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov and his place of residence and passport data are known to the system, but Ivan Ivanovich has closed them for public display.”

The PayCash system claims the ability to “identify” system participants, but in practice it has not yet been implemented.

Gateways to foreign banks

Currently, the ability to transfer the contents of your wallet directly to an account in a foreign bank (you simply enter the account details and the money is transferred) is available only in the WebMoney system. In this case, currency legislation is not violated, since it is not currency in the usual sense that is exported abroad, but private payment obligations (WM have in this regard the same status as traveler's checks - they do not need to be declared at customs and obtain permission for their export). However, the WebMoney system also has a special gateway in the Montenegro bank IMB. Each participant in the system can (and, by the way, not only the participant) directly via the Internet open an account in this bank, which will have one feature. All transactions between this account and the WebMoney system will be carried out instantly and without charging bank commissions. This allows, on the one hand, to instantly deposit or withdraw money from the system, and on the other, to convert into WM and back any currency with which the bank works (and this is most world currencies).

Electronic signature in Russia

Despite the fact that the law on electronic signature has not yet been adopted, its use does not at all contradict the current legislation. Its use is entirely acceptable if both parties to the contract agree to use it, and technical implementation allows you to uniquely identify the party that provided the electronic signature. This is what the current civil code says about this.

Article 160. Written form of a transaction

1. A transaction in writing must be concluded by drawing up a document expressing its contents and signed by the person or persons entering into the transaction, or persons duly authorized by them. Bilateral (multilateral) transactions can be carried out in the ways established by paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 434 of this Code. The law, other legal acts and agreement of the parties may establish additional requirements that the form of the transaction must comply with (execution on a certain form, sealed, etc.), and provide for the consequences of non-compliance with these requirements. If such consequences are not provided for, the consequences of failure to comply with the simple written form of the transaction are applied (clause 1 of Article 162).

2. When making transactions, the use of a facsimile reproduction of a signature using mechanical or other copying means, an electronic digital signature or another analogue of a handwritten signature is permitted in cases and in the manner provided for by law, other legal acts or agreement of the parties.

Two-phase payments with transaction protection

This is a property unique to the WebMoney system, which reduces the risk of a situation where the buyer paid money for an item but did not receive the item.

Its essence is as follows. The buyer pays the seller's invoice, indicating that he pays "in consideration of the transaction." The money goes to the seller's account and is blocked there so that the seller cannot use it. Upon delivery of the goods, if the goods satisfy the terms of the transaction, the buyer informs the seller’s representative of the protection code, with which he can unlock the money. Once the blocking is removed, the transaction is considered completed. If after a predetermined time the protection code has not been used, the money is returned to the buyer.

Lending

Lending is supported within the CyberPlat (within CyberCheck) and WebMoney systems.

In CyberCheck, lending is carried out according to the following scheme: after the buyer has made a payment through his account serviced by CyberCheck, the system records the fact of payment and reports it to the seller. At the same time, she takes on the role of guarantor for the delivery of money. The seller, knowing that the money “went” to his account and that the system will definitely deliver it, fulfills his obligations under the transaction without waiting for the money to arrive in his account, thereby crediting the buyer. This is reminiscent of the well-known scheme when, after payment, a copy of the payment order is sent to the seller by fax, but here the system takes upon itself the guarantee that the “copy” will not be counterfeit or counterfeit and that the money will reach the recipient.

I described the WebMoney lending system in detail in one of my previous columns (www.ibo.ru/offline/2000/147/6110). WebMoney does not take on any guarantees; it only provides participants with a convenient mechanism that allows them to issue goods and services on credit. This mechanism is not available to those who work anonymously in the system; only those whose identity has been verified by WebMoney can work with loans. WebMoney maintains a credit history of participants, which is available to all certified partners. They are left to decide based on this story whether to trust their respondent or not. If a participant burdened with a debt does not repay it on time, the system directs the funds available to him to pay off the debt. Until the debt is repaid, the debtor has only two operations available within the system: transfer money into the system and give it to the creditor.

Safety of money

As has already been said many times in the materials on this topic, a pure, refined digital cache is simply a file (the so-called “wallet”) on a disk, the loss of which leads to the loss of your money (just as the loss of your real wallet leads to the loss of your real money). Of course, you can create a backup copy of this file, but if any changes occurred to the wallet between the moment of copying and the moment of restoration, the copy will be “fake”, since its state will not correspond to the state recorded in the system database). This is the price for confidentiality. Of course, you can save information about the state of all wallets in the system and all transactions between them in the database. And the wallets themselves must be strictly identified. In this case, it will be possible to restore the condition of the lost wallet. But then you will have to completely forget about privacy and security - this is a significant advantage of digital cash.

So it's either-or. Or no one knows anything about your transactions, but then you yourself must take care of the safety of your money. Or the system takes care of them, but then information about your money will be publicly available.

As already mentioned, PayCash is a “pure” digital cash, and the absolute degree of confidentiality of transactions has the negative side that damage or loss of the wallet file leads to the loss of your money. Therefore, the developers recommend keeping money in the system’s virtual bank, transferring it to the wallet as needed.

The system developers plan to introduce the possibility of insurance against losses, but the timing of the implementation of these plans is not reported.

In WebMoney, the technology is much more complex and has not been fully disclosed by the developers. Therefore, we can only talk about how it all looks in the eyes of the user. In WebMoney, the “wallet” file lying on the disk is not “money” as such, but only contains records of your real money, which is physically located either in the Central Bank (R-WM) or in the US Federal Reserve System (Z- WM). All information about transactions from your wallets is completely stored in the system for three days. If you lose your wallet, you can use any copy of it that is no more than three days old, and its condition will automatically be restored to its real condition. Confidentiality is ensured by the fact that this very three-day information can be restored only if you have the private key of the wallet owner and his secret password.

For a longer period, information about transactions is not stored. However, information about the current monetary amount on wallets is stored in a truncated form somewhere in the depths of the system and can be restored, but again only if there is a private key and secret password of the owner. At the same time, it is impossible to restore financial information about transactions made using this wallet, but the lost money will be returned to you.

But the loss of your private key and password means the loss of all your money. However, unlike a wallet, key backups do not become outdated over time.

Cryptography and reliability

The functioning of all systems is based on well-known cryptographic algorithms with symmetric keys, which are considered the most convenient to use and very reliable. To secure HTTP traffic, all systems use the standard SSL protocol. In addition to this, the WebMoney system, when surfing HTTP, uses its own secure means of user identification using the WM Keeper program.

To generate an electronic signature, CyberPlat uses the RSA algorithm with a key length of 512 bits, PayCash and WebMoney are proprietary developments similar to RSA with a key length of one kilobit.

To interact with a number of organizations, CyberPlat uses the certified Verba complex, the attitude towards which is very ambiguous among specialists.

Depositing and withdrawing money from the system

In order for payment systems, especially at the stage of their formation, to be attractive to a new user, it is required that he does not have the feeling that the money he transfers to the system will go to waste for some time, and the process of moving money into the system and removing them from it would be easy, convenient and quick.

Therefore, the process of entering money into the system and withdrawing it from it is almost the first thing a potential user pays attention to. Accordingly, the systems make every effort to satisfy the most exotic user requests.

With one exception, however. For CyberPlat, the concept of input-output is perhaps meaningless; the money is already in a regular bank account.

But WebMoney is, perhaps, a record holder in this regard. Money can be placed in your wallet:

By regular bank transfer, including through Sberbank, as a regular utility payment;

By postal or telegraphic transfer;

Through Western Union;

By exchanging cash for WM at one of the exchange points of the system (in four countries);

Through the purchase of a prepaid card

Through the gateway in IMB bank - in any currency.

You can withdraw money from the system in the following ways:

Transfer WM from your wallet to an account in any Russian or foreign bank;

Exchange WM for cash at one of the exchange offices of the system;

Send them to your home address by postal or telegraphic transfer;

Send them to anyone via Western Union.

With PayCash you can enter money into the system:

Cash, through 1 of 6 partner banks or an office in St. Petersburg;

In cash, by calling a courier to your home (St. Petersburg);

Bank transaction;

From a prepaid card (limited).

You can withdraw money from the system:

By postal or telegraphic transfer;

By transfer to an account in a Russian bank;

Cash at the company's office in St. Petersburg.

System volumes

Of course, it makes sense to use a payment system only when it can be used to buy goods and services in a sufficiently large number of stores. Therefore, statistics on how widespread the system is can be found on the websites of most payment systems. Such information is available on the CyberPlat and WebMoney websites. It is not available on the PayCash website, since the system has not yet reached wide industrial spaces.

It should be noted that it is quite difficult to compare them. CyberPlat does not indicate the turnover in the system and divides clients into stores and buyers. In WebMoney, any client, by definition, is both a buyer and a seller at the same time.

However, the number of stores that accept WebMoney for payment can be estimated quite accurately, since there are already specialized catalogs of such resources on the Internet. So, according to these resources, the number of web stores that accept WebMoney for payment is several times greater than the number of stores working with CyberPlat, which is understandable, because WebMoney can be accepted for payment not only by a Russian legal entity, but by anyone in general.

But the number of buyers purchasing goods through the CyberPlat system, on the contrary, is several times greater than the WebMoney clientele. Which is also easy to explain, because any buyer who uses a credit card on the CyberPlat client site is also automatically included in the number of clients of this system.

Comparison of parameters of Russian payment systems.

Parameter		PayCash ( Yandex money)
system type	Banking Debit schemes, credit cards, Internet banking	Digital cash	Non-banking, with a high degree of flexibility Digital cash	Digital cash Debit schemes (STB)
scope of application	B2B, B2C, C2C with limited	B2B, B2C, C2C
Transactions between users	Not implemented	Implemented	Implemented	Implemented
Legal space	Russian legal framework	International system*	International system	Russian legal framework
Resistance to destruction	Corresponds to bank reliability	Missing if money on the wallet	It is impossible to lose money**	Corresponds to bank reliability
Multicurrency	Outside the system	Implemented but not used due to legal restrictions	Available (within the system - 4 currencies) At the input and output there are different world currencies	Implemented
Micropayments	System independent	From 0.0001 kop.	From 1 kop. (WMR) or from 1 cent (WMZ)	System independent
Commissions charged by the system	From 0.5% to 4.5% depending on the transfer amount	1-2%. No minimum threshold stated	0.8% for transactions and withdrawals of money from the system. Entering money into the system is free. Minimum level - 0.01 WM	0.75% of the transaction amount +0.01EYE
Accepting credit card payments	Implemented	Not stated	Possibility stated, but not implemented yet	Implemented
Connection with accounting department
Anonymity of payments	Impossible	Possible	Possible	Possible
Identification of transaction participants	Necessarily	Maybe	Only at the request of clients	Maybe
Lending	As part of CyberCheck	Absent	Supported by the system	Absent
Two-phase payments with transaction protection	Not supported within the system	Not implemented	Supported at system level	Not implemented
Entering money into the system	Only through the system bank account	Cash (St. Petersburg, Moscow), bank transfer, postal, telegraphic transfer, through Sberbank, by prepaid cards with restrictions	Cash (in 4 countries) by bank, postal, telegraphic transfer, through Sberbank, Western Union, by prepaid cards	WebMoney -Z (WMZ); WebMoney -R (WMR); Yandex money; STB card, for prepaid cards
Safety of money	System independent	If you lose your wallet file, the money is lost	Money is indestructible	Money is indestructible
Withdrawing money from the system	Only through the system bank account	Cash (St. Petersburg, Moscow), bank transfer, postal, telegraphic transfer, through Sberbank	Cash (in 4 countries) by bank, postal, telegraphic transfer, through Sberbank, Western Union	in cash at the e-port group office or transferred to the Client’s bank account
Gateways to foreign banks	No	Announced, but not yet implemented	Gateway at IMB Bank, Montenegro
Cryptography	SSL+RSA (512 bit)+"Verba"	Own development	SSL+ proprietary symmetric 1024 bit + RSA 1048 bit	digital signature algorithm RSA/MD5, algorithm for creating RSA keys with a length of 1024 bits
Store costs	$100 connection fee	1% of the payment amount	0.8%, but not less than 0.01WM	5% -15% of sales depending on payment option 15 -20 RUR for each transfer to a bank account
Buyer costs	2%, but not less than 5 rubles. for physical persons, 1000 rub. for connection and 20 rubles. for a transaction for a legal entity. persons	No, the commission is taken only from the payee	0.8%, but not less than 0.01WM	0.75% of the transaction amount +0.01EYE

*Possibility stated, but currently not implemented.

** According to representatives of the system.

Conclusion

In general, it can be stated that in Russia there is a fundamental possibility of making Internet payments. There are all the necessary elements for this - both the legal framework and the technological and financial infrastructure.

Many payment systems declare their openness, i.e. the possibility of joining third-party banking and financial organizations. This is, of course, the right approach - the operating banks of existing systems cannot boast of an extensive network of branches, as a result, online payment systems are developing mainly in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The only exceptions in this regard are a few systems (working with credit cards), in which the user does not necessarily have to be a client of a specific bank. But this approach also has an obvious disadvantage - a rather high risk of fraud. According to some reports, over 20% of login attempts in this system are initiated using fake or expired credit card details.

Considering all of the above, it seems possible to draw the following conclusion. The online payment system of the future should:

Operate with digital cash, but at the same time have ample opportunities to replenish your account (including from a credit card);

Have a single issuing center and be supported by several stable banks;

Use a reliable information security mechanism based on proven cryptographic standards;

Stay cheap for online merchants and buyers.

In conclusion, it is advisable to note that choosing any one payment system for an online store does not make sense. Since these systems perform different functions, have different clients, compete with each other and ultimately complement each other. It is not advisable for an online store to use one of the systems and thereby limit the circle of its customers. For the convenience of buyers, it is therefore necessary to use as many payment systems as possible.

Bibliography

Lindin R. Online payment systems in Russia: comparative analysis. - M.: "Open Systems" Magazine "eCommerce World", #05-06, 2000 // http://www.osp.ru/ecom/2000/05-06/052.htm

Shipilov A. Three whales. - M.: Publishing house "COMPUTERRA" // http://www.ibusiness.ru/offline/2001/147/6803/.

Web resources of payment systems

WebMoney - http://www.e-port.ru

e-port - http://www.webmoney.ru

PayCash - http://www.paycash.ru

Yandex.Money - http://money.yandex.ru

Analysis of automated payment systems of Russian banks. Analysis of the payment system of the Russian Federation. Product Account Types

2.1 Analysis of automated payment systems of Russian banks

Bibliography

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