ECONOMIC THEORY

UDC 330.341.42

S. P. Balagansky

REAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY AS AN OBJECT OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

The article discusses theoretical approaches to the concept of “real sector of the economy”. It is concluded that this is the sector in which the gross domestic product is created. It includes enterprises and organizations of the sector not financial corporations, where all goods and services (except for financial intermediation services) sold on the free market are reproduced. The basis of the real sector of the economy is the production of industrial and agricultural products, and trading activity is an integral part of it. And although it is in the sphere of production that new material goods are created (the core of the real sector), still material production not an end in itself, but a means to satisfy people's needs, which, in turn, characterizes a modern market economy.

Key words: production, enterprises, organizations, households.

REAL SECTOR OF ECONOMY AS AN OBJECT OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

The author considers various theoretical approaches to the concept of "real economy". It is concluded that this sector generates gross domestic product. It includes companies and organizations of non-financial corporations sector which reproduce all goods and services (excluding financial intermediation services) sold on the open market. The basis of the real sector is constituted by industrial and agricultural production, and trade is an integral part thereof. Though new wealth is created in the sphere of production (the core of the real sector), material production is not an end in itself but a means to meet the needs of people, which, in turn, characterizes the modern market economy.

Key words: manufacturing, enterprises, organizations, households.

Today the concept of “real sector of the economy” is used very actively, both in economic science, and in economic practice. However, it appeared relatively recently. It was first used in official documents by Professor V.N. Cherkovets in the joint report of the Ministry of Economy and the State Statistics Committee of Russia “On the results of social economic development Russian Federation in 1996 and its prospects

development in 1997 - 2000" dated February 5, 1997 Meanwhile, in such generalizing official materials as the annual reference books of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, the concept in question does not appear. It is not included in the System of National Accounts (SNA). In addition, the definition of the concept “real sector of the economy” is practically absent in most educational, reference and encyclopedic publications. And in those relatively few

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In the sources where such a definition is given, there is no uniformity of criteria for its interpretation. This circumstance makes it difficult to determine the boundaries of interaction between the real and financial sectors and to identify factors of stability and balance of the economic system as a whole.

Etymologically, the word “real” goes back to the Latin “res”, meaning “thing”, “object”, “deed”. The reality, authenticity, veracity of a thing, object or event is reflected in the English adjective “real”. It is natural to assume that the Russian analogue of this adjective must express the genuineness, the materiality of the defined object in order to distinguish it from a virtual, imaginary, fictitious object. And, indeed, S.I. Ozhegov reveals three main meanings of the adjective “real”: 1) really existing, not imaginary; 2) feasible, corresponding to reality; 3) practical, based on understanding and taking into account the true conditions of reality.

Thus, based solely on lexical meaning, it is necessary to recognize the existence of an unreal, invisible, intangible sector of the economy, in which (as opposed to the real sector) exclusively imaginary, virtual processes are reproduced.

IN economic theory and the practice of recent years, theoretical approaches to determining the essence of the concept “real sector of the economy” are widely used, in which actual, real elements and categories are considered in dialectical unity with their imaginary, “unreal” antipodes (table).

In addition to these approaches, the educational and reference literature on economics describes the following point of view on the essence of the concept under study. For a long time in our country, the balance of national economy (BNE) was used as a macroeconomic model, which took into account not the entire economy, but only its production sphere: sectors of material production (industry, Agriculture etc.) and industrial services (freight transport, trade, etc.). It was believed that value is created only in the production sphere, and in non-production (science, culture, healthcare, finance, passenger transport, defense and much more) it is only consumed.

And although today, instead of the BNE, a different macroeconomic model (SNA) is used, the authors of some popular economics textbooks include in the real sector “primarily industry, agriculture, construction and transport”, and they deliberately remove trading activities outside the real sector, contradicting these themselves itself, because trade is one of the types of industrial services and, therefore, is included in the production sphere, where value is created.

Another definition is given in the “Financial and Credit Encyclopedic Dictionary”, according to which “the real sector includes industrial production, consisting of enterprises in the mining and processing industries, agriculture, and the provision of industrial, household and other services.” In this definition, as in the approach of V.N. Cherkovets, the criterion for classifying economic sectors as its real sector is compliance with

introduction of the principle of participation in the production of GDP. However, the following points remain absurd:

1) is trade included in the provision of industrial services?

2) what is meant by “other services”, do they include services provided by institutions of monetary, stock and insurance markets?

The answers to these questions are provided by an approach to defining the concept of “real sector of the economy”, based on the grouping of economic entities used in the SNA according to the type of economic behavior (figure).

The type of economic behavior is determined by the motives and incentives that guide economic entities in carrying out their economic activity. Grouping by type of economic behavior gives the sectoral structure of the country's economy. Under the sector national economy means a set of institutional units of residents (the center of their economic interests is located at economic territory countries) having similar economic goals, functions and behavior.

According to types of economic behavior institutional units grouped into five sectors:

1) government sector;

2) the sector of non-profit organizations serving households;

3) household sector;

4) financial corporations sector;

5) the sector of non-financial corporations.

Yu.B. Zelensky comes to the conclusion: “The real sector of the economy includes enterprises and organizations of the non-financial corporations sector (according to the SNA methodology), in which all goods and services (except for financial intermediation services) sold on the free market are reproduced.” The researcher is convinced: “Trading activities that ensure market circulation of goods, their purchase and sale, as well as customer service in the transaction process, delivery of goods, and their storage are an integral part of the real economy.”

The originality of Yu.B.’s approach Zelensky, in comparison with the approaches described earlier, is that participation in the creation of GDP ultimately does not determine membership in the real sector of the economy. The criterion for classifying a particular sector as a real economy is the production and consumption of publicly demanded goods and services. Therefore, the sector of non-financial corporations can safely be called real. The issue remains debatable related to the development of the information economy and new types of organizations that are formed and developed in its depths.

At the same time, it is not entirely clear why the services of the financial corporations sector are not included in the real economy? Of course, the needs that financial intermediation services can help meet are very diverse. These can be either production needs (for example, expansion of production based on bank loan), and personal. However, these needs cannot be met directly by the services of the financial sector.

Theoretical approaches to defining the concept of “real sector of the economy”

Name of the approach and its main representatives Characteristics of the approach Main disadvantages of the approach

Marginalist-monetarist approach (K. Geddi, B. Eiskes, A. Illarionov) In this approach, the “real” economy is contrasted with “virtual” or “fictitious” products, which are sold not through monetary exchange, but through barter . This component is taken into account in the “official” gross domestic product (GDP), but is not market, and therefore not real at all. Consequently, even material production from this point of view is unresolved, virtual, and does not create value if its products are not sold for money. In other words, the criterion for assigning the production of material products to the sphere of either the real or virtual sectors of the economy is the form of exchange value (monetary or non-monetary), and the presence of value is derived from the paid price 1. This approach loses the substantive idea of ​​the value of the goods. Even A. Marshall specifically considered two forms of trade: barter and one in which money is used. He saw the difference between them in that in barter trade there is more “uncertainty in market trading”, since with it, in order to achieve equilibrium, it is necessary to change marginal utility exchanged goods. But if the barter transaction took place, then a real market exchange took place, although without money. 2. Material production cannot be unreal, virtual, not creating value just because its products are not sold for money. Of course, in a barter transaction there is no universal equivalent, but there is a special equivalent and it is the price of the product. Another thing is that official accounting of such prices in aggregate measurement is difficult. 3. Since representatives of this direction associate the interpretation of the real sector of the economy with money, it is natural that they remove the emphasis from the difference between the real and financial sectors and, in fact, move away from analyzing the most acute contradiction that has arisen in the Russian economy today

Marxist approach (K. Marx, V.N. Cherkovets) Capital is not a thing, but a production relation that is represented in a thing. The reproduction of capital (on a simple and expanded scale) occurs in the form of its continuous circulation and circulation. In making this movement, capital goes through three stages and exists in three functional forms: monetary, productive and commodity. Only at the second stage does a real increase in capital occur - based on the creation of surplus value. However, real capital is all industrial capital as part of money, productive and commodity capital, because only within the framework of the unity of these parts can conservation and growth take place initial capital. The concept of real capital is expanded to include trade and loan capital as isolated forms of industrial capital. Real capital is opposed to capital operating on the stock market and called fictitious. Fictitious capital means capital that is embodied in securities(stocks, bonds, bills, etc.). In addition, money capital is not always real. Not being included in the own movement of industrial capital or in its service, it is only potential, i.e. capital in possibility, not reality. Thus, the real sector of the economy must include, first of all, material production. But not only. The real sector also includes trade and part of the financial sector, represented by the intermediary activities of banks and insurance institutions (banking and insurance profits), which contributes to GDP. But transactions related to the acquisition financial obligations And financial assets as redistribution, they do not participate in the creation of GDP and form an unreal financial sector of the economy (it is sometimes called the “financial sector in the narrow sense”) 1. Contrasting the real sector with the speculative sector only stock market leads to the fact that the concept of “real sector of the economy” absorbs all economic activity. 2. The processes of concentration and centralization of (real) capital can be mediated through stock market instruments. Unfortunately, in Russia the role of the stock market in attracting investment is not yet high enough, since free capital is “hidden” in the clothes of “portfolio” investments and does not want to be exposed to the risk of direct (especially long-term) investments in the real sector, especially in its core - material production

Grouping of economic entities by type of economic behavior

corporations. They satisfy not primary production and personal needs, but the financial needs derived from them. As a result, financial intermediation services are less attractive than material goods and services that directly satisfy the needs of consumers.

So, the most general and complete definition of the concept “real sector of the economy” may look like this: the real sector is the sector in which the gross domestic product is created. It includes enterprises and organizations in the non-financial corporations sector, where all goods and services (except for financial intermediation services) sold on the free market are reproduced. The basis of the real sector of the economy is the production of industrial and agricultural products, and trading activities are an integral part of it. And although it is in the sphere of production that new material goods are created (the core of the real sector), material production is not

an end in itself, but a means to satisfy people's needs, which, in turn, characterizes a modern market economy.

1. Banking: textbook / ed. Doctor of Economics sciences, prof. G.G. Korobova. M., 2002.

2. Zelensky Yu.B. Banking system Russia and the real sector of the economy. Saratov, 2002.

3. Ivanov G.M. Fundamentals of national accounting: textbook. allowance. Saratov, 2003.

4. Katkova M.A. Stability of the institutional system // Bulletin of SGSEU 2010. 1 (30).

5. Muller V.K. English-Russian dictionary. 20th ed. M., 1985.

6. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. 18th ed. M., 1986.

7. Ustinova N.G. New types of organizations in the information economy // Bulletin of the SGSEU. 2006. No. 3.

8. Financial and credit encyclopedic dictionary / ed. A.G. Gryaznova. M., 2002.

9. Economics. 2nd ed. / ed. A.S. Bulatova. M., 1999.

10. Economic Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. L.I. Abalkin... M., 1999.

The neoclassical approach involves the simultaneous and joint determination of all characteristics macroeconomic equilibrium. At the same time, for the purposes of analysis, these processes can be represented as a conditional sequence of connections.

First of all, taking into account the neoclassicals’ peculiar interpretation of the essence and role of money, we can separately consider the real and financial sectors of the economy.

Real sector includes labor, capital and goods markets. In a simplified case (without taking into account the state and external relations), its equilibrium is characterized by the following group of conditions:

where (we will explain only the newly appeared notation)

L* - full and effective employment;

Y* - potential GDP;

A - technology performance level;

E - planned expenses.

The first equation characterizes the neoclassical labor market model (Fig. 7).

Fig.7. Neoclassical labor market model L" - the entire working-age population

“Full employment”, therefore, does not mean one hundred percent use of labor resources. In fact, what is meant is the correspondence of planned supply and demand, when everyone who wants to work at the current price of labor w* can realize their plans. Unemployment in the amount of (L" - L*) (and according to official statistics, even without taking into account the unemployed, it is about a third of the total population at the age of economic activity) is voluntary and has nothing to do with unemployment.

L* is simultaneously effective, i.e. the most productive and profitable employment. In this case, remuneration corresponds to its productivity and, in addition, a normal level of income from the use of other factors of production is ensured: the area of ​​the triangle located above the rectangle wages(w*‘L*), corresponds to income from property in the amount of (gK). Employment higher than efficient, for example (L" - L*), if paid at the level w*, would be unjustified and would be accompanied by losses, shown by the shaded triangle.

It is clear that in the presented situation, equilibrium is inevitable at full employment. It means, among other things, that the labor market has agreed production programs enterprises and population plans regarding the desired level of income and consumption and thereby also determined the parameters of the commodity market. In model (8), this connection of markets is realized using the production function (the second equation of the model). Assuming further that in a short period technology and the stock of capital change quite slowly, we arrive at the dependence of output only on the level of employment and, therefore, fix the full use of resources (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Neoclassical production function

Let us note once again that potential output and full use of resources are understood not in the sense of achieving the physical limits of the economy (such as 100% employment of all able-bodied people and 100% utilization of production capacity), but in economic sense- as a standard level of utilization of economic capabilities under normal conditions, allowing, among other things, some inevitable unemployment and certain reserves of capacity.

In fact, the economy can operate both above (for example, in wartime) and below (say, when there is a lack of demand) its potential.

The third equation of model (8) characterizes the national economic turnover as a whole, starting with the transfer of factor income to the population and ending with the sale of the final product on the commodity market (see Fig. 1). Together with the fourth equation that follows from it, it shows that the correspondence aggregate demand output critically depends on the ability of the capital market to ensure that the investments planned by the enterprise sector match the savings planned by the population. The fourth equation thus represents a simplified (it does not take into account, in particular, previously created production assets) model of the capital market, which guarantees adjustment of demand (Fig. 9).

Fig.9. Simplified capital market model

Of course, savings are converted into investments by the financial market (as shown in Fig. 1), and interest is certainly a price borrowed money and the subject of monetary analysis. On the other hand, one of the achievements of classical theory is the emergence of real concepts of interest, linking it with the productivity of capital, economic growth, technical progress, people's preferences regarding present and future consumption and other factors related to the real sector of the economy. Neoclassical economists view interest as a specific and multifaceted price, a full explanation of which is possible only from the standpoint of general equilibrium. In this sense, there is no contradiction between Figures 1 and 9: Fig. 1 fixes the role financial market, and Fig. 9 characterizes processes related to the real sector.

Real investment, in particular, is determined by the demand for additional physical capital and depends on the dynamics of the marginal product of the latter (MP k) (one can also refer to the importance of new technologies, dependence on general condition commodity markets and many other real factors). In equilibrium, the real interest rate r* is equal to the marginal product of capital and, therefore, informs, among other things, the productivity of the economy. The supply of capital (S) depends primarily on the structure of time preferences regarding present and future consumption, and in this capacity r* characterizes the compromise reached by the market: in accordance with Fig. 4, a rational consumer coordinates his individual preferences with the market standard, and in equilibrium he is indifferent to spending 1 ruble on consumption in the current period or (1 + g) rubles in the future.

In general, from the standpoint of Fig. 9 percent is a special relative price that regulates exchange processes over time: savings can, as has been repeatedly noted, be considered as an exchange of part of current consumption for larger consumption in the future, and this gain is realized by investing saved funds and resources in the expansion and development of the production apparatus and increase in its productivity. Unlike current exchanges, which are equivalent if the proportion is 1:1 (in value), exchange in time (and in fact this is nothing more than the economic growth) is characterized by a specific proportion, since in this case a smaller amount of today's goods is exchanged for a larger amount of goods in the future.

Let us explain this with a hypothetical example. Let’s assume that a business owner lent a ton of metal to his counterparty for one year. During this year, thanks to investment in metallurgy, its productivity has increased by 10 percent, and in the time during which 1 ton was previously produced, 1.1 tons are now produced, although the price of the metal has fallen by about 10 percent. In this situation, the return by the borrower of only 1 ton would be economically unequal: even if physical characteristics metal has not changed, economically it has become a completely different product, since it is produced under different economic conditions, at a different level of productivity, in a different price system, etc. Therefore, a justified exchange in time is possible only according to the formula “1 today’s ruble (1 ton of today’s metal, oil, etc.) for (1+g) rubles (tons of metal...) in a year.”

The above also explains why interest serves as the basis or standard for discounting, which is a conditional settlement transaction associated with bringing it into a comparable form (namely to the current time and current economic conditions) indicators of different times (and, therefore, reflecting different conditions). Discounting is practiced primarily in the field of investment calculations, since real investment, for example, typically involve long periods of design, construction and operation of facilities.

Discounting is based on simple equivalence relations. Since in the capital market 1 today's ruble is equivalent to (1+g) rubles in a year, then the today's equivalent of a ruble received as income in a year is the value 1/(1+g) rubles. The fairness of this relationship is easy to check: we borrow 1/(1+r) rubles for a year at the interest rate r and ultimately get an income of 1 ruble: 1/(1+r)(1+r) = 1.

If at the end of the first year the lender decides to borrow his savings for another year at rate r, then at the end of the second year his total income will be (1+r) + (1+r)r = (1+r) rubles. In this case, for income received at the end of the second year, the discount factor will be 1/(1+r) 2.

By analogy, the equivalent of today's ruble in T years is the value of (1+r) rubles, and the discount factor for indicators related to period T is equal to 1/(1+r) T For example, with T=20 and r=10%, the coefficient discounting will be approximately 0.15; and this suggests that calculations that ignore the influence of the time factor may turn out to be too rough.

Using the discounting technique, a typical investment project can be assessed as follows:

where NPV is the net present value of the project;

I - investments related to the project (reduced to the beginning of operation of the facility);

PV is the current, or modern, value of future income;

D t is the net income expected from the operation of the facility in period t;

1/(1+r) t - discount factor for period t;

T is the total duration of the project.

NPV thus represents net profit for the entire period of creation and existence of the enterprise. The project is profitable if NPV > 0. If there are several competing options, the best one is selected based on the maximum NPV (maximum profit). It is clear that as r increases, both PV and NPV decrease, and, therefore, the earlier conclusion that investment is a decreasing percentage function is confirmed.

The real sector of the economy is the totality of all sectors of material and intangible production, with the exception of financial services. This is the classic definition in economics today. However, this term has many opponents.

Alternative definition

Of course, the financial sector of the economy is connected with the real one; without one, the existence of the other would hardly be possible. For example, how can you build a powerful plant without large cash investment? But still, the separation of these two concepts does not cause controversy in science. However, the “real sector of the economy” is a term that is interpreted ambiguously by many financiers and bankers. The stumbling block is intangible production, i.e. service sector. Many advocate separating, say, the production of a product from consultation on its operation, since in the latter case a physically tangible product is not actually created. To put it in simple “kitchen language”, the real sector of the economy is the production of goods that you can hold in your hands. However, this point of view does not resonate with most politicians and economists.

Concept

The real sector of the economy is the branches of real production of goods (light industry, agriculture, etc.), infrastructure and the service sector (including the provision of financial services without real lending). Let's move on to the industries in more detail.

Industries

The real sector of the economy is quite widely represented various industries economy. It is impossible to list everything in one article, but we will still name some:

• Gas industry.
• Coal industry.
• Agricultural sector.
• Transport (this also includes the gas transport system).
• Peat industry.
• Construction (production of materials and provision of services).
• Food industry.
• Culture, healthcare, education - as a rule, they are united by the concept of “intangible service sector”, etc.

Features of the real sector of the Russian economy

Sectors of the Russian economy have their own characteristics:

1. Lack of public sector in agriculture.
2. Dominance of extractive industries oriented to the world market.
3. Dependence of the service sector on the domestic market.

Let's look at each point in more detail.

The state left the agricultural sector

In our country there is almost no public sector in agriculture. The state completely abandoned it after the collapse of the USSR and handed it over to private farmers. Many continued to exist on the basis of the previous state-collective farm system, changing only the economic form and modernizing production. Some farmers began their development along the American model of small-scale farming.

Russia on the “oil needle”

In Russia, for many decades, the dominance of raw materials and fuel extraction industries oriented to the foreign market can be traced. No matter what politicians tell us about the need to get rid of the “oil needle,” in fact, over the past decades, dependence federal budget from the primary industries has only intensified. This is due to the fact that since the beginning of the 2000s, prices for hydrocarbons and other resources have skyrocketed, which has had a negative impact on other sectors of the economy. In fact, the budget was overfilled with petrodollars, which led to high inflation and rising prices. This, in turn, did not allow other industries Russian economy develop, since all investments were made in “fat industries”, and also went to support social projects.

For a long time, the Russian authorities assured the population that the development of economic sectors is comprehensive and we are no longer dependent on gas and oil. But as soon as world energy prices fell by half, a huge deficit immediately formed in the budget, which was covered by additional money issue. This, in turn, led to a fall in the Russian currency and a doubling of prices.

Emission and devaluation are additional tools that the state has in its hands. Salaries for public sector employees and pensions can be paid in the same amount and on time, but they can buy half as much in supermarkets. This is equivalent to cutting salaries and pensions by half.

Orientation of the service sector to the domestic market

As noted above, the real sector of the economy also includes the service sector. In Russia, it is aimed at meeting the needs of domestic consumers. Recent events have shown that this development model is far from ideal: sanctions, counter-sanctions, and the global energy crisis have hit domestic consumers. As a result, domestic demand decreased, and no one was focused on the foreign market. As a result, we have a huge crisis in the entire consumer services market. People began to clean themselves in their free time, relax without compromising their personal budget, etc.

Public Sector Economics

The public sector refers primarily to the public sector. Those. The public sector economy is aimed at serving the interests of the entire society. Its main areas include:

• provision of public goods;
• redistribution of income and expenses through taxes, social sphere etc.;
• production and sale of goods and services for commercial purposes in state-owned enterprises.

The last point may raise questions among readers, so we will try to explain it. The fact is that the profit from state enterprises goes all the way in the state budget. Now we are talking about how it should be in theory, without taking into account the corruption aspect of this issue. All profits do not go to the purchase of yachts, villas, expensive cars, but go to the development of healthcare, education, science, culture, i.e. brings public benefit. Therefore, the profit from commercial activities state-owned enterprises are included in the category of public sector economy (public sector).

Features of the public sector in Russia

We have already said a little about the fact that the state has completely abandoned agriculture. However, it did not abandon participation in the economy. On the contrary, for Lately The state's share in the economy is only growing. As a rule, this manifests itself in the purchase controlling stake shares of the country's largest enterprises, on which the safety of the entire society sometimes depends. These are the country's leading banks (Sberbank, VTB, Gazprombank), the largest oil and gas producing enterprises (Gazprom, Rosneft, Lukoil, etc.), defense and strategic enterprises (Russian Railways, Research Institute of Chemical Reagents and especially pure chemicals, etc.).

However, the public sector faces many challenges. The key ones are the lack effective management and excessive bureaucracy. Government sector in the West, for example, it was present for a long time only in advanced, unexplored sectors of the economy, in which ordinary investors were afraid to invest. The state there acted as a locomotive for the development of science and technology, showing new stages of development. In our country, on the contrary, the state allocates money to “proven areas” that do not have long-term development prospects.

The essence of the real sector of the economy

The economic system acts as a very broad sphere. In it, researchers and authors identify two large and most significant sectors: the real and financial sectors of the economy. In this article we will focus Special attention namely the real sector of the economic system that has developed today.

The real sector is also structured education. It includes several economic sectors, each of which deals with several types of products: tangible products and intangible ones.

Definition 1

That is, by the real sector we mean not only the system of production of material goods, but also the sphere of direct provision of services.

This includes services of science and education, trade. It is worth noting that there are several exceptions. For example, financial and credit, as well as exchange transactions, which relate primarily to financial economics, serving as the opposite direction economic sphere, considered in this work.

In the real sector of the economic sphere, production, distribution, exchange and consumption are also carried out, which are the four fundamental principles of economic development and the satisfaction of needs that arise in society. In contrast to this, in the financial sector, for example, exclusively monetary relationships between people are realized as economic entities, which form two aspects of the financial sector: the demand for certain goods and services and their subsequent consumption.

An important parameter is the possible monetization of the real sector. IN in this case the entire economic system can be depicted in the form of a complex circulation of products and services, and on the other hand, in the form of the entire set of monetary resources available in this sector. Modern economics, at the same time, slowly transformed into a monetary structure. It includes the following elements:

• Sales of goods;
• Providing the most significant services.

Note 1

Both aspects are accompanied by a financial component, and each transaction on the “purchase and sale” principle is carried out using monetary and financial resources, which this economic system.

Infrastructure of the real sector of the economy

Note 2

The infrastructure of the real economy is the entire economic system, which includes material and commodity content, as well as a fairly extensive set of economic relationships between subjects of the real economy (primarily markets), where the principle of “purchase and sale” is implemented. The subjects have a very important mission - to create the most favorable conditions for the subsequent growth of the market economic system.

There are several types of infrastructure in the real economy. Firstly, it is a production infrastructure that unites the entire set of enterprises and companies that are engaged in the production, sale and further promotion of material products produced in the real economy (transport, industrial, trading and telecommunications companies, as well as some marketing operations).

Secondly, non-productive infrastructure, which includes organizations that do not produce material products. They also do not have any direct influence on the formation of the relationship between the buyer and the seller in the “purchase and sale” system. Non-production infrastructure includes the following areas:

1. Scientific organizations and companies that contribute to the development and further promotion of innovative ideas, new equipment and technologies that affect the production of goods and services and are introduced into people’s everyday lives;
2. Government structures aimed at regulating the formation of relationships. They carry out this activity through the adoption of laws and other regulations;
3. Certain social organizations that provide a variety of services to various segments of the population (educational, medical, educational and cultural services). These services can create new needs in society, which leads to an increase in demand. These processes become a kind of sign for producers who increase the production of goods and services in accordance with data on the needs of society.

Industries of the real sector of the economy

As we indicated earlier, the real economy acts as a very structured economic entity. In this regard, we were faced with the need to highlight the main sectors that play an important role in Everyday life person and individual social groups. Firstly, this is the energy sector, which includes the production and further gradual sale of electricity in accordance with the needs of the population.

Secondly, one of the most important is the food industry - food production. Without daily food intake, a person will not be able to replenish their energy, which will lead to dehydration and the inability to physically perform certain functions. Therefore, today manufacturers offer people a huge wide range of products to satisfy the needs and desires of absolutely any person, taking into account his preferences, physical features and health status.

Thirdly, the oil industry, which consists of oil production and oil refining. Today, oil is one of the most expensive resources, and its quantity, as well as the level of imports, speaks volumes about the internal well-being of the state. This also includes the level of resources in the industrial and construction sector, which determines the production of materials and construction services that a particular organization can provide. It is also worth noting gas industry(gas production and supply of it to the population and allied countries with which agreements have been concluded).

The real sector is characterized by the production of goods, performance of work and provision of services. In addition, it includes scientific organizations and trade organization. The real sector of any country is characterized by features that depend on the current level of economic development (developed and developing) and the structure of the economy with industry leaders. As in other countries of the world, in Russia the real sector is the basis of the national economy, determining its level and specialization. The real sector of the economy is represented by a wide range of industries. The specificity of the real sector of the Russian economy is its priority in the field of industries related to the extraction of raw materials and fuel, as well as the production of energy and materials. On the one hand, this is a consequence of the use in the national economy natural resources, and primarily mineral ones. This situation makes it possible for Russia to remain a competitive country and use this competitive advantage. On the other hand, this is the result of the deindustrialization of Russia: it is known that last years There was a decline in production in the primary industries, but this decline was insignificant against the backdrop of a huge drop in production in other sectors of the national economy.

Thus, at present, the real sector of the Russian economy can be divided into two parts: industries oriented to the foreign market - export-oriented (fuel and energy complex and metallurgy, a significant part of chemistry, timber industry complex and defense industry) and the industries serving them (pipeline and maritime transport). This part of the real sector is small in terms of the number of employees (about 5%), but brings in more than half of all profits in the country, providing at this expense the bulk of state budget revenues and a very significant part of effective demand in the domestic market; industries oriented to the domestic market (all others). This part of the real sector is unprofitable due to its low competitiveness (except for trade and construction, which actively satisfy the internal demand of workers in the first sector); the incomes of its workers are therefore small, which determines the generally low internal effective demand of the bulk of the population and enterprises in Russia.

The index of industrial production in 2015 compared to 2014 was 96.6%, with the largest decrease observed in the manufacturing industry (94.6%). In 2015, according to calculations by the Russian Ministry of Economic Development, the production of the main types of primary fuel and energy resources increased by 0.8% compared to 2014, due to a significant increase in coal production (104.5% compared to 2014), as well as electricity generation at nuclear power plants (108.1% compared to 2014) with a continuing trend of decreasing gas production and electricity generation from hydroelectric power plants. The index of production of fuel and energy minerals in 2015 was 100.0% compared to 2014. The volume of oil production, including gas condensate (hereinafter referred to as oil), in 2015 increased to 533 million tons (101.3% compared to the corresponding period in 2014), with half of vertically integrated oil companies, other producers and enterprises operating under the 10th production sharing agreement maintain positive dynamics in oil production.

It should be noted that in order to maintain the country’s competitiveness government agencies it is necessary to direct all efforts to organize measures to stimulate demand for the products of enterprises in the real sector of the economy. To do this, you can use tools such as:

Increased attraction individuals for the purchase of consumer goods, as well as movable and real estate through system development consumer lending;

Improving the system for implementing large infrastructure projects using the government procurement system;

Increasing exports of goods from the real sector of the economy.

These industries include, but are not limited to, fishing, agriculture, manufacturing and mining, energy distribution and production, construction, communications and transportation.