The most notable measure in the field of economics was the establishment of a "flat" scale of taxation. If earlier the level of taxation increased with the growth of income, now for everyone, regardless of the income received, a single tax rate was established - 13%. In addition, a unified social tax was introduced, a number of tax incentives. Such a measure pursued the goal of expanding the tax base, attracting investment in the economy, legalizing its shadow part, tightening tax discipline. The same task was set by the Federal Law of August 7, 2001 No. 115-FZ "On counteracting the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, the financing of terrorism", on the basis of which a financial intelligence body was created - the Financial Motoring Committee.
In 2001, new Land and Labor codes that ensure the implementation of reforms in the field of agrarian and labor relations. A serious struggle in the State Duma unfolded around government initiatives aimed at reforming transport, energy, housing and communal services, bills relating to small businesses, and the continuation of land reform.
By 2003, public confidence in banking sector, undermined by the 1998 crisis. The volume of deposits began to increase, and there was an increase in real incomes of the population.
One of the priorities of V. V. Putin was the "equidistance of the oligarchs" from socio-economic and political privileges. A number of them were charged with numerous criminal offenses. As a result of these campaigns, such most odious figures as Berezovsky, Gusinsky, Khodorkovsky were removed from political activity, their property was redistributed, an attempt was made to create equal rules for all participants economic activity, enhance the social responsibility of big business.
At the beginning of the XXI century. the leadership of the country has repeatedly expressed concern about the development of the country mainly due to the raw material component. An attempt to overcome the "raw material bias" of the economy was the creation public corporations: aviation, shipbuilding, Rosnano, Rostekhnologiya, Rosatom, etc. They pursued the goal of technological renewal of the economy based on the concentration of private and state capital in the most knowledge-intensive industries.
In February 2008, at a meeting of the State Council, Vladimir Putin announced an ambitious program for the country's socio-economic development. It was called "Putin's Plan". According to it, by 2020 Russia should enter the top five leading economies in the world, for which it needs to achieve a fourfold increase in labor productivity. The average income of Russians should increase to 30 thousand dollars a year, average duration life to increase to 75 years. The program provides for the reform of healthcare, the modernization of the pension system, the development of the infrastructure of the economy, and the rational integration of Russia into the world trade system.
Tightening financial policy, a favorable situation in the world oil market, prevailing in the 90s. and earned market mechanisms made it possible to pay off debts on wages, pensions, improve the material security of the population.
Summing up the results of the presidency of V. V. Putin in 2000–2008, it should be noted that the social economic development was successful. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Russia's gross domestic product (GDP) at current prices increased more than 6 times - from $196 billion (23rd in the world) in 1999 to $1,290 billion - in 2007 city (11th place in the world). Russia came out on top in oil and gas production. Production volume Agriculture increased more than 3 times. Housing construction has almost doubled. Exports grew almost 5 times. The budget increased 10 times and became a surplus. Gold and foreign exchange reserves increased by more than 40 times. State external debt decreased by more than 3 times - from 158.4 to 44.1 billion dollars.
In 1999–2007 the average monthly salary increased by almost 9 times. The average size pensions increased 7 times with inflation rising in 2000–2007. 2.5 times.
At the same time, the country faced difficulties and challenges. The population of Russia continued to decline. The bureaucracy grew 1.5 times. Increased share oil and gas sector in the economy of the country. There was no serious change in the direction of the innovative development path. Corruption remained a huge problem hindering socio-economic development. Despite 8 years of economic growth, Russia's infrastructure was in a difficult position, the level of investment remained extremely low.
At all times, the international situation has had a significant impact on the development of the economy of any country. In the coming century, at least in its first decades, this influence will be determined mainly by its following features.
Multipolarity. Already in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the framework of a multipolar world began to take shape, which in the near future will become stronger and more perfect. The era of superpower domination, and today only the United States is one of them, will finally come to an end. Indeed, America has always set its own favorable system (including the economy, finances, human rights, etc.) as the world standard and imposed it on other countries. However, the time when it implemented its rules in organizations such as the IMF, The World Bank, the WTO and even the UN, and thanks to this, actually ruled the rest of the world, is irretrievably leaving.
The poles of the new structure of the world will most likely be the United States, the European Union, China, Russia and Japan, and it is they who will play the leading role in resolving international issues until at least the middle of this century. Achieving a balance between the poles and, consequently, prosperity in the world is possible due to their mutual coordination. Key points- peaceful coexistence, interdependence, mutual benefit and mutual benefit. This will greatly reduce the likelihood of friction and disagreement.
Strengthening the role of the economy. Her place in international relations will become more noticeable. There will be an intertwining of economics and politics, which will find expression in attempts to achieve political goals through the use of economic levers, as well as in the desire for even greater economic efficiency through the use of political tactics. Ultimately, however, each pole will defend its own strategic interests.
Under these conditions, mutual trust in the international arena must be built on the basis of mutual favor and mutual benefit in the economy and trade. Without this, it is difficult to continue political relations. If there is no trust in politics, then trade and economic ties not easy to develop. That is why in the XXI century. so important is the normalization of foreign trade, economic and political relations.
This is especially true within the pair of the USA, the largest debtor state (external debt is approximately $1 trillion), and Japan, the world's largest creditor state (foreign capital is also approximately $1 trillion). In the coming years, we can expect a long and bitter confrontation between the American and Japanese models of economics, trade and financial policy. The struggle for strategic economic interests between the TNCs of America, Japan and Europe and the regional political contradictions or military conflicts initiated by them - all this fully confirmed that the economy and finance are inseparable in international relations.
Globalization. Thanks to international division labor and scientific and technological progress economic and financial globalization is continuously deepening and developing. But this process is also fraught with negative consequences. Of course, the financial market as a phenomenon will exist in the next century. However, the huge free capital (daily turnover is more than 2 trillion dollars), being an important part of it, serves only to stimulate the “chase for income” and has nothing to do with trade and ordinary capital investments. This will inevitably serve as a factor in the instability of the entire economic system, a catalyst for large and small financial shocks or crises.
By the mid-1980s, the rapid development of TNCs led to changes in the world economic system and international trade: the market economy achieved unprecedented success, and its scope of operation expanded. The WTO has raised the degree of internationalization of trade, investment and services to a qualitatively new level. New stage scientific and technological revolution, which is based on information Technology, improved the efficiency of market transformations and accelerated globalization. Thanks to the advent of fiber optic networks, the means of communication have taken a dramatic leap, and “electronic commerce” has emerged. Its effectiveness is a force that cannot be stopped, so "e-commerce" will reach new heights.
Whether we like it or not, the processes of globalization penetrate deeply into the life of all countries. It seems that in the coming years, despite the establishment of a number of restrictive laws, they will only intensify. An important role in this will be played by TNCs, which in this situation, due to flexible integration mechanisms, serve as additional bridges between national economies. In general, the globalization of the economy stimulates the development of society, but at the same time leads to injustice and inequality.
Currency bipolarity. Together with the start of circulation of the euro (January 1, 1999) in the international monetary system formed two poles. The euro has become the world's second most important currency after the dollar. According to the level of real power ( purchasing power), degree of linkage with foreign economic activity and trade, promotion financial market these monetary units very close. Therefore, they will play equally important roles and will have a huge impact on the development of the entire world economy. Indeed, the countries where the euro is used are ahead of the United States in terms of their share in world trade. Moreover, they have an active, and not passive, as it was for a long time in America, balance. Some experts predict that in the next 10 years Europe will catch up with America in terms of technological development.
However, financial unification does not at all mean unification in the economy, much less political unity in everything. In particular, among the countries that have adopted the euro, there are still some unresolved problems. Moreover, one of the leading EU states - Great Britain - has not yet joined them. In general, the contradictions between Europe, America and Japan in the areas of finance, economy and trade cannot disappear without a trace. Therefore, in most Western transnational economic organizations there will be a situation of mutual opposition of these three forces.
Of course global financial system deeply rooted and difficult to change. And yet it seems that in the XXI century. international monetary system will be restructured, the old laws will be replaced by new ones. All this will affect the structure and composition of foreign exchange reserves, the placement of funds in foreign trade and the amount of investment.
Further internationalization of trade. The formation of the WTO was largely due to the interests of transnational companies. Another reason is the need to promote internationalization in the areas of trade, investment and services to a qualitatively new level. At present, the system of provisions and laws of the WTO is being developed very rapidly. Their number is great; they meet the economic and trade interests of all countries included in this structure.
Ecology. In the 21st century the exports of many other countries will face various kinds of restrictions contained in international treaties, which will complicate the conditions for the functioning of the economy. This is largely due to the fact that it is necessary not only to meet the needs of the era, but also to think about how not to harm future generations, to give humanity the opportunity for further development. Hence the increased attention to ecology, rational use of natural resources.
The situation with the environment puts forward more and more stringent requirements for production and trade, making it mandatory to take measures to protect it. For example, when the international treaty for the protection of the ozone layer of the atmosphere was approved, the developed countries agreed to stop the relevant production and reduce the shelf life of many materials, completing all the necessary measures in 1994-1996. The completion of most restrictive programs is scheduled for 2010. They will affect the production of various types of foam materials, solvents, cleaning products and other products.
The conditions of life and development of mankind have become the subject special attention and a problem that in the new century they are trying to solve everywhere. In the future, green food and industrial products, green manufacturing and equipment and other issues will become the main content international cooperation in the economy, trade and technology exchange. If now environmentally friendly products account for 8% of world trade, in the near future their share should reach 100%. Therefore, development plans and conservation plans environment provide world trade with an excellent opportunity to be realized.
The geostrategic position of Russia in the period after the collapse of the USSR allowed and encouraged the country's leadership to carry out further development states by reviving their power and achieving the goal of becoming one of the leading powers in the multipolar world, confidently overcoming the opposition of traditional and newly emerged competitors and gaining reliable and numerous allies. To what extent has Russia succeeded in solving the pressing problems of the first decade?
In one of his pre-election articles, Vladimir Putin writes: “Russia today, in terms of the main parameters of economic and social development came out of a deep recession ... we have reached and overcome the indicators of the standard of living of the most prosperous years of the USSR ”(Putin V.V. “Russia is concentrating - challenges we must meet”).
Results of the first decade
This peppy conclusion, on the one hand, is pleasant, but on the other hand, it means that more than 20 years of ours have actually been lost. Over these decades, the rest of the world has gone far ahead, and we are glad that we managed to return to the level from which the fall began. Which is more - joy or sadness. And what do statistics and other authorities say about this? Let's look at tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
As you can see, the available opportunities were not implemented in the best way. Particularly depressing are the indicators that characterize the main wealth - the savings of the population and the quality of life, are insignificant GDP growth and the raw-material structure of the economy is still archaic, which slows down its development and ability to counter the growing threats to the security of the country and each of its citizens.
table 2
Of course, the losses of the last decade of the last century, connected with the dishonest privatization of public property and the incompetent to criminal conversion of military production, which caused great harm in all spheres of society, were too heavy. But there was also no proper activity and creativity, especially on the part of those in whose hands the fragmented wealth of the country turned out to be. They responded sluggishly to the Russian president's call for a doubling of GDP within ten years, preferring not to invest in the real economy, but to export their income abroad. At the same time, the Treasury was skeptical of the call, forecasting lower GDP growth and diligently funneling colossal commodity export revenues into the Stabilization and successor funds. Real GDP growth often exceeded forecasts. By the end of the period, it slowed down, which was facilitated, firstly, by the withdrawal of very significant amounts from the economy into the “airbag” stored abroad, and secondly, by the global economic crisis.
“We need technology. It is short-sighted to hope that oil and gas will pull us out, - said Mikhail Eskindarov, rector of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. “And money that doesn’t work doesn’t do any good.” In 2008, state budget expenditures amounted to 7.57 trillion rubles, while in the Reserve Fund and the national welfare 7.6 trillion rubles lay idle. If they worked in the domestic economy, in its real sectors, then the doubling of GDP proposed by the president would have been achieved earlier, and investing in the real economy instead of the "airbag" would have given it a second doubling. But there was no second doubling, no re-industrialization, and the crisis hit our economy much deeper than the economies of the US and Europe.
It should be noted that the situation has not changed: when discussing the state budget for 2013 in the State Duma, the opposition parties noted the desire of the Ministry of Finance to underestimate real income, artificially show the deficit, and send the additional funds received from the export of oil and gas to reserve fund rather than investment, social needs, national defense and national security.
Define economic model
Ten years ago, when assessing the geopolitical position of the country, generalized indicators of the economic, military and military-economic power of Russia and largest countries peace. Their analysis showed that the Russian Federation only surpasses Germany, France, England, Japan in terms of economic potential, and also the indicators of China and the United States in terms of the size of the territory. However, the degree of realization of the economic potential of our state turned out to be significantly lower than those of these countries, therefore, in terms of general indicators of economic power, Russia was weaker than the states shown in the table. The intra-system indicators of the military-economic security of our country were also disappointing, and the systems for supporting the structures of military counteraction to threats to national security due to their extreme limitations economic opportunities states are inadequate to the military and economic needs of the forces confronting real and potential military threats.
Nevertheless, at that time we believed that the Russian Federation had, although reduced, but still colossal economic potential. The revival of its power and return to the ranks of the most developed and powerful powers in the world was possible, but only with a comprehensive consideration of the main lesson of history - the consolidation of society around basic social values and the tasks of confronting internal and external threats faced by our state. It is especially necessary to emphasize the urgency of this task today, since the threats to national security have increased significantly, and there has been no noticeable shift in the balance of power in favor of Russia.
Now Russia is focusing on adequately responding to the foreseeable challenges that the whole world is facing: a systemic crisis, a tectonic process of global transformation - a transition to a new cultural, economic, technological, geopolitical era. While we were trying to get away from socialism and become "like everyone else", these "everyone" came more and more firmly to the conviction that capitalism had exhausted itself. It is impossible to enumerate all the obstacles and tasks; let us name those that have already been clearly identified.
IN general view it is necessary to “complete the creation in Russia of such a political system, such a structure of social guarantees and protection of citizens, such a model of the economy, which together will constitute a single, living, constantly developing and at the same time stable and stable, healthy state organism” (V. V. Putin. “Russia focuses - challenges we must meet"). Such an organism guarantees the sovereignty of Russia and the prosperity of its citizens. Vladimir Putin also mentions words about justice, dignity, truth and trust. And what is “such” organism specifically?
Let us touch on some aspects of concretization of only one of these problems - the model of the economy.
First, you need to get off the raw material needle and switch to innovative development industry, agriculture and other sectors of the real economy. Without this, it is useless to talk about solving the problems of the economy and other spheres of life. And here the main difficulty is that in the economy that we are building, you can’t give orders. Other methods are needed. Private traders should be interested, and government officials should be selected politically and economically literate, professionally competent, creative and disciplined.
Secondly, it is necessary to destroy and eliminate the possibility of merging business with officials, to overcome corruption to the root (since it is recognized as treason), but at the same time not pushing the state out of the economy under the pretext of its alleged inefficiency, but expelling ignoramuses from the state apparatus, replacing them with honest ones. , economically literate people, only then the economy will become smart, efficient. Here we need a lot of creative work of lawyers and legislators in the field of improving economic law and colossal organizational work.
Thirdly, like air, it is necessary to achieve social unity in the country. It cannot be achieved without changing the decile coefficient several times, which is 1:15 in Russia as a whole, and in Moscow 1:50, while in European countries 1:7. Such a gap already threatens with a senseless and merciless revolt. Social cohesion cannot be achieved either without a progressive scale of taxation, without a substantial compensation contribution from the dealers in dishonest privatization and renationalization of that part of the property, the nature of which, as experience has shown, requires its withdrawal from private hands, and also without the liquidation of offshore companies. Many exemptions and innovations are required, but all this requires a strong political will, and not peppy pre-election calls and promises.
Thinking about the desired model of the economy, especially in terms of the defense industry, I suddenly stumbled upon the just adopted the federal law"On the Foundation for Advanced Study". We read: “The Foundation has the right to carry out income-generating activities only insofar as it serves the achievement of the purpose for which it was created and corresponds to this purpose.” We read more: Federal authorities state authorities have no right to interfere in the activities of the foundation and its officials". I think that this law would be very suitable for the entire economy, it is aimed at neutralizing the main flaw of the market economy, which focuses its subjects not on a functional effect (result), but on profit. On the other hand, we see a desire to eliminate bureaucratic obstacles, often created by incompetent actions of government agencies.
I am convinced that in an extremely controversial socially oriented market economy it is very important not to pretend either to capitalist competition or to planned socialism, but to see and observe in everything the measure that determines the transition of phenomena to a new quality, even to their opposite.
Looking ahead 30-50 years
On the issue of restructuring and modernizing the economy, we often simplistically understand the relationship between the economy and national security, including national defense, repeating the wise statements of the authorities of the distant past that finance is the arteries of war, that three things are needed for war - money, money and money again. But since then, when it was said so, there have been major changes in the economy and military affairs.
The military construction of the 20th century showed that with the industrialization of the economy, it is very difficult for money to turn into military power, that issues of the structure of the economy, early economic mobilization and conversion in the processes of mutual transitions of economic and military power as elements of the system of power acquire a decisive role. Soviet Union vividly demonstrated these processes on the eve of the Great Patriotic War and during the conversion of military production in the 1990s. Chains of objective functional and temporal interconnections between sectors of the economy predetermine these processes, and colossal success and shameful defeat, the possibility of "cutting the corner" and failing another SAP depend on understanding and taking into account these ties in military-economic policy.
Ignoring these interrelations during the years of conversion of military production made inevitable the rapid and such a deep collapse not only of the defense industry, but of the entire Russian economy in the 90s. This is also the reason for the extremely weak, unstable process of economic revival in the first decade of the 21st century. This is the mystery of the failures of the neoliberal military economic policy Russia.
military power in modern conditions implies such armaments and military equipment, the production of which is possible only if the structure of the real economy contains the most modern industries production using high tech. We are in a hurry to take care of problems post-industrial economy, but in fact they slid down to the pre-industrial, having lost mechanical engineering, the electronics industry, high technologies and highly qualified scientific personnel. The connection of other structures that ensure national security with the economy and its structure is similar. This connection should not be overlooked when talking about "smart" defense and protection from new threats, about the need to look beyond the horizon of 30-50 years ahead, allocating 23 trillion rubles for the development programs of the Armed Forces and the modernization of the defense industry, but putting up with the dominance of a raw material orientation economic policy and the outflow of brains and capital abroad.
What are the indicators related to national defense and national security in the past decade and in the future? The data in Table 3 shed light on this question.
Table 3
As we can see, spending on national defense in the first decade of this century did not rise above 2.84 percent in GDP and 18.63 percent in state budget spending and tended to decrease, while spending on national security, respectively, 2.41 and 11.1 percent. . The indicators of the first years of the new decade do not indicate their growth.
Financial speculation is trading financial assets for the purpose of making a profit as a result of taking market risk. It has become one of the main financial activities along with investing, hedging, insurance, etc. Since the growth of finances is achieved both with investments and speculation, there is some clouding of thinking and degeneration of financial policy.
What is the underfunding of the defense industry? This may be a forced measure, a consequence of the extremely limited resources. But it can also be a way used by corrupt officials to enrich themselves under the guise of serving defense spending. In such a situation, military financiers have to take out loans from private banks at fabulous rates. The state pays for them by enriching the oligarchs and corrupt officials. How it was necessary to deal with financial fraud in the field of underfunding defense spending in the 90s of the last century is convincingly shown in the monograph of the former head of the Main FEU of the Ministry of Defense, Colonel-General V.V. security of Russia: problems and solutions”, St. Petersburg, 2003).
This is especially important to understand in the context of the country's transition to a socially oriented market economy with pluralism of forms of ownership. Since it is happening, it is necessary to gain knowledge and ability to work in market conditions without losing the colossal opportunities for systematic regulation economic processes. Almost a whole decade of existence of the defense industry in conditions of underfunding and fragmentation in the interests of the privatization of its enterprises, the loss of much of what is necessary to ensure its adequacy to threats and reliable competitiveness, also led to the failure of the first three government programs weapons in the past decade. This makes us rethink our attitude to financial and economic technologies, understand their enormous destructive and creative power and skillfully use it for creation.
We are talking about the role and place of the military-financial component in the system of determining factors and how to prevent its separation from military, economic and military-economic policy, how to ensure the fulfillment of their functional purpose. The main thing is to achieve the adequacy of military-financial and military-economic interests, to exclude the exaggerated influence of narrow departmental and private interests. It is necessary to ensure a combination of functional goals and economic interests in the system of contracts of subjects of the military economic relations, having developed in economic law the rules of the game acceptable to the parties, and creating an acceptable coercion mechanism for them in the form of economic sanctions, norms of legal responsibility, introducing new forms of economic relations, institutional innovations, modern market technologies.
One of the most effective means and ways to the goal is the creation, and in fact the revival of large integrated structures in the defense industry destroyed by privatization and conversion of military production.
Tyumen region
KHANTY-MANSIYSKY AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT-YUGRA
Department of Education and Science
SURGUT STATE UNIVERSITY KHMAO
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC THEORY
DAY DEPARTMENT
TEST
BY DISCIPLINE: economic theory
ON THE TOPIC: “Peculiarities of the development of the Russian economy in XXI century"
Completed by the student:
Sharikova I.V.
Checked by: Mikityuk L.M.
In the last quarter of the 20th century, mankind entered a new stage of its development - the stage of building post-industrial society, which is the result of what is happening in modern world socio-economic revolution. It is known that each socio-economic revolution is based on its own specific technologies, production and technological systems and production relations. For a post-industrial society, this role is primarily played by information technologies and computerized systems, high production technologies, which are the result of new physical-technical and chemical-biological principles, and innovative technologies, innovative systems and innovative organization based on them. various areas human activity. Its end result, in our deep conviction, should be the creation new form economic organization - innovative economy. An analysis of the results of research by domestic and foreign scientists on this issue convinced us that the creation of an innovative economy is a strategic direction for the development of our country in the first half of the 21st century.
The main purpose of this work is to analyze the development trends of the Russian economy in the 21st century. The set goal necessitated the solution of a number of interrelated tasks:
· to consider the main directions of activity of the Russian economy of the XXI century;
analyze the problems of budget policy Russia XXI century;
· explore the prerequisites for the globalization of the Russian economy;
· study the innovative direction of development of the Russian economy.
First acquaintance with the text of the Main Directions of the Government's Activities Russian Federation for the period up to 2008 makes a good impression. "" Priority directions activities of the Government of the Russian Federation, allowing to ensure high and sustainable rates economic growth» are:
1. Raising the standard of living of the population, promoting the development of "human capital".
2. Removal of structural constraints on economic growth.
3. Promoting competitiveness Russian companies strengthening their position in the domestic and foreign markets.
4. Socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation.
5. Rational integration of Russia into the world economy”.
However, two things immediately caught my attention. Firstly, from the text quoted above, the idea arises that the increase in the standard of living of the population is carried out in order to achieve high and sustainable rates of economic growth. Really, high level life means, in particular, a high level of income of the population. They, in turn, form effective demand and savings, taxes on the income of the population replenish budget revenues, etc. Both that, and another, and the third is a necessary condition of maintenance of high and steady rates of development of economy. However, is growth, and not concern for the welfare of the population, the highest goal for which the government works?
Secondly why only an increase in the standard of living, and not primarily an increase in the population and life expectancy?
A person does not live to produce more goods, but increases their volume and variety in order to live better. If the population dies out, then not only doubling, there may be no one to carry out simple reproduction.
Therefore, it is necessary to put a person at the forefront and look at him as an end, and not just as a means of economic growth.
To live, a person must create, produce. If production or its result is a product, profit, etc. - is absolutized, a person is reduced from the image and likeness of God to the level of a living tool of labor or a living machine. In society, this transformation is the wider and deeper, the greater the use of work force person is carried out not by its carrier, but by another person or social institution. What happened under the slave system, feudalism, socialism of the 20th century and is happening under capitalism.
Questions are natural: is the development of the economy really so dynamic, are incomes growing so fast that the country does not have time to spend them, is the public sector really so well financed that the incoming revenues turn out to be excessive in terms of the expediency of increasing spending?
The absolute and relative values of the budget deficit or surplus reflect the quality of work on the implementation of the budget balance principle established by the Budget Code, i.e. equality of incomes and expenses, covering planned expenses with revenues mobilized to the budget.
An effective budgetary policy of the state is impossible without the rapid growth of socially and technologically oriented public spending, thanks to which the state is able to give the necessary direction to the entire industrial policy, to change the structure of production, taking into account the realities of international competition and their own needs. An active structural policy of the state may require the planning of budget deficits. The most benign sources of covering the deficit are envisaged, primary incomes, which are traditionally less efficient, are redistributed, and the institution of state internal debt is used.
What's new in budget policy in the transition from a deficit budget to a surplus?
Firstly, now a surplus is formed, but still with a primary deficit. External loans are increasingly replacing internal loans, and the latter become not very short-term, like GKOs, but long-term (at the beginning of 2004, bonds with a maturity of 5 to 30 years amounted to 455.8 billion rubles out of 682 billion rubles of the total domestic debt).
After the default of 1998, the Russian economy began to rise. In 2000-2008, the Russian economy experienced GDP growth (in 2000 - 10%, in 2001 - 5.7%, in 2002 - 4.9%, in 2003 - 7.3%, in 2004 - - 7.2%, in 2005 - 6.4%, in 2006 - 7.7%, in 2007 - 8.1%, in 2008 - 5.6%), industrial and agricultural production, construction, real income of the population. There has been a decrease in the number of people living below the poverty line (from 29% in 2000 to 13% in 2007). From 1999 to 2007, the production index of manufacturing industries increased by 77%, including the production of machinery and equipment - by 91%, textile and clothing production - by 46%, food production - by 64%. In 2009, against the backdrop of the global economic crisis, there was a decline in GDP by 7.9%.
The following graph shows the dynamics of GDP in the period after the 1998 financial crisis:
Source: International Monetary Fund http://www.imf.org
Russia stopped external borrowing, began to successfully pay off huge debts that it had previously been unable to repay. As a result, Russia has become one of the few countries whose external debt is much less than the critical level.
The country's gold and foreign exchange resources grew rapidly. In terms of gold reserves, Russia ranked third in the world, second only to China and Japan.
In many ways, the success of the Russian economy was associated with high world oil and gas prices. In the 2000s, demand for them rose sharply, which constantly pushed prices up. Throughout the decade until 2008, they grew steadily, setting record after record.
In 2001, a tax reform was carried out. A 13% income tax was introduced on individuals. This is one of the lowest rates in the world. Thanks to the low income tax, the payment of "grey" wages - unrecorded income that is not taxed - was practically done away with. Workers were already interested in the fact that the entire salary was issued not secretly in envelopes, but officially: with such income tax it no longer made sense to take risks, besides, the future pension depended on the size of the salary.
The profit tax for enterprises and organizations has been reduced, and laws have been adopted to support small and medium-sized businesses. These measures did not put an end to the "shadow" economy, but it suffered a tangible blow. For many entrepreneurs, it has lost its meaning. Thousands of enterprises began to work openly, revealed their real income, which had previously been illegally hidden due to high taxes.
Measures taken to limit power natural monopolies- such as Gazprom, RAO UES ("Unified Energy Systems"), Russian Railways, etc.
All these steps made it possible to improve the economy and put it on the path of full development.
Since 2008, the country's economy began to decline, associated with the onset of the global financial crisis. However, unlike Western countries, the crisis did not affect the main parameters of the budget and social programs states. Due to past savings from the sale of oil, Russia was able to survive quite painlessly for the population financial crisis. And by 2011, its consequences were practically overcome.
Russia's GDP growth in 2010-2011 amounted to 8.8%. But by the end of 2011, investments in Russia reached a record level over the past 20 years of $370 billion per year. Thus, more than $1 billion is invested in the Russian economy every day. Inflation fell to a record low level Since the collapse of the USSR, in 2011 the price index has grown by only 6.6%. On January 1, 2012, the Common Economic Space of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan began its work. On August 22 of the same year, Russia joined the World Trade Organization.
In the 2000s, a number of socio-economic reforms were carried out in Russia: tax, land, pension (2002), banking (2001-2004), monetization of benefits (2005), reforms of labor relations, electricity and railway transport.
However, despite high growth rates and unconditional success in the economy, Russia still lags far behind the leading Western countries in the main economic indicators. And the standard of living in the country is one of the lowest in Europe. The reforms did not change the situation in the Russian economy. Oil and gas remain the main item of Russian export and the main source of revenues to the state budget. And the fall in world energy prices could turn into a new crisis for the country.