Economic informatics
The phrase economic information (EI) came into use in the 60s with the introduction of computer technology in the field of national economy management. Her research made it possible, firstly, to classify information (by the place of origin (incoming, outgoing), by participation in the processing / storage process (initial, derivative, stored without processing, intermediate, result), in relation to management functions (planned, predictive , regulatory, design and technological, accounting, financial, etc.), and secondly, to identify a number of features that affect the organization of automated processing:
- 1. EI is specific in the form of presentation. It is certainly reflected on tangible media in the form of primary and consolidated documents; to increase the reliability, the transfer and processing is carried out only legally formalized information, that is, if there is a signature on traditional or electronic documents(requires special funds and organizational measures).
- 2. EI is voluminous. High-quality management of economic processes is impossible without detailed information about them. Improving management, increasing production volumes in material and non-material spheres is accompanied by an increase in the information flows accompanying it (requires increasing productivity of processing facilities and communication channels).
Z.EI cyclically. For most industrial and business processes the repeatability of their constituent stages and information reflecting these processes is characteristic (once created information processing programs can be reused and replicated).
4. EI reflects the results of production and economic activities using a system of natural and cost indicators. In this case, quantitative values, digital values are used (it is convenient to process them).
Z.EI is specific in terms of processing methods. The processing process is dominated by arithmetic and, first of all, logical (for example, sorting or selection) operations, and the results are presented in the form of text documents, tables, charts and graphs (it makes it possible to limit oneself to a certain range of problem-oriented software tools).
No matter how complex and "reasonable" automated system data processing, its use is useless if the input data does not accurately reflect the properties of the subject area. The role and importance of primary information cannot be overestimated. Therefore, it is important for any economist to know the technology of working with primary information.
To register any business transaction, that is, to obtain primary (initial) information about the processes occurring in the control object, it is necessary to perform such actions as identification, timing, measurement.
Identification is an action, a process, as a result of which the identifier of an object is established (recognised, determined). The object here can be the subject of labor (who performed the operation), and the object of labor (what part was processed), and the transfer object (what was transferred), and the transfer subject (from whom, to whom), etc.
An identifier is a combination of features associated with an identification object and uniquely distinguishing it from any other object (in a given information system within a given class of objects). In other words, an identifier is a unique name for an object. The identifier can be digital code recipient, and signs of protection of the banknote.
Depending on the specific circumstances, it is required to identify either only the type of the object (for example, the model of the refrigerator, the denomination of the banknote, the type of fabric), or both the type and the instance of the object (an employee of the enterprise with his unique personnel number, smarkard).
Time binding (dating) is an action, a process, as a result of which the time / date (possibly, the beginning and end) of the operation is recorded (documented).
Measurement is the determination by some measure of the value of some quantity. Methods, means and units (pieces, kilograms, liters, rubles) of measurement essentially depend on the type, essence of the object of measurement. What unites here is that it is in the process of measurement that the primary data are formed.
The process of obtaining primary data has a number of features that must be kept in mind when creating an automated information processing system.
First of all, it should be borne in mind that data collection is a common labor process, and it requires certain qualifications and expenditure of effort and time. Moreover, the costs are not small, since data collection operations are often massive. In addition, the primary data must accurately describe the primary business transactions. In other words, the primary information must be reliable. But even this is not enough. It must also be timely.
Structural components of EI. Economic indicators describe different entities, both simple and complex. Each entity (subject, process, phenomenon, object) has certain properties (weight, dimensions, price, etc.). The set of information reflecting any entity is called an information set or a composite unit of information. Typically, the information set has a hierarchical structure. For example, “Supplier Data” includes his “Full Name 0.”, “Address”, “Nomenclature of Goods”, “Terms of Delivery”. "Address" implies "Postal code", "City", etc.
The degree of detail of the information set is finite. The information set, which is further indivisible into semantic units, is called props. When describing information systems use its synonyms: word, data element, attribute.
Requisites (documents) - a set of formal elements in the transaction or document, the absence of which deprives the transaction or document of legal force; mandatory data provided by the current rules or laws for documents, without which the documents cannot serve as the basis for modern transactions. Although props are the main element economic information(date, amount, name, etc.), taken separately, it does not make economic sense. transformation information computer information society
There are two types of requisites: requisite-attribute and requisite-base. If an attribute describes a qualitative property of information (time or place of action, F.I.0. of the performer and ar.), then it is called an attribute attribute. If the attribute represents a quantitative characteristic (the volume of production in pieces, the price in rubles, etc.), then it is called the basis attribute.
The combination of one base attribute with one or more attribute attributes corresponding to it forms an indicator. An indicator is a qualitatively defined value that gives a quantitative characteristic of the displayed object (object, process, phenomenon), which has economic sense. This is an information set of the smallest composition, sufficient for the formation of an independent message or the formation of a document. For example, the information set "five pairs of women's shoes" consists of the attribute-base "five" and three attributes-attributes: "pair", "women's" and "shoes", has economic meaning and therefore is an indicator. A set of logically related details that has legal force is called a document (Documented information (document) - information recorded on a material carrier with details that allow it to be identified).
Tasks of informatics
- - study of information processes of any nature;
- - development of information technology and the creation of the latest technology for processing information based on the results of the study of information processes;
- - solution of scientific and engineering problems of creating, implementing and ensuring the effective use of computer equipment and technology in all spheres of public life.
Informatics does not exist on its own, but is a complex scientific and technical discipline designed to create new information techniques and technologies to solve problems in other areas. It provides methods and means of research to other areas, even those where it is considered impossible to use quantitative methods due to the non-formalizability of processes and phenomena. Particularly noteworthy in computer science are methods of mathematical modeling and methods of pattern recognition, the practical implementation of which has become possible thanks to the achievements of computer technology.
Theoretical foundations of economic informatics
Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
Intensive implementation information technologies in economics led to the emergence of one of the areas in computer science - economic informatics, which is an integrated applied discipline based on interdisciplinary connections between computer science, economics and mathematics.
The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is informatics. The word "informatics" (informatique) comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automatic), introduced in France to define the field of activity involved in automated information processing.
There are many definitions of computer science. Informatics is the science of information, how it is collected, stored, processed and provided using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Informatics consists of three interrelated components: informatics as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline and as a branch of production.
The main objects of informatics are:
Information
· computers;
· Information Systems;.
General theoretical foundations of computer science:
Information
number systems;
coding;
algorithms.
The structure of modern informatics:
1. Theoretical computer science.
2. Computer technology.
3. Programming.
4. Information systems.
5. Artificial intelligence.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide solutions to entrepreneurial and organizational tasks arising in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is effective management economic system.
An information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that collect, store, process and issue information to ensure the preparation and decision-making. The main components of information systems used in the economy include: software and hardware, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management.
The subject of the discipline "Economic informatics" - technologies, ways of automating information processes using economic data.
The task of the discipline "Economic Informatics" is the study theoretical foundations computer science and the acquisition of skills in the use of applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks.
1.1.2. Data, information and knowledge
Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge.
The basic concepts that are used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used interchangeably, but there are differences between these concepts. fundamental differences.
The term data comes from the word data - fact, and information (informatio) means clarification, presentation, i.e. information or message.
Data- this is a set of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transforming and processing data allows you to get information.
Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that are stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing when solving specific problems. For example, databases store various data, and upon a certain request, the database management system issues the required information.
There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and phenomena environment, their parameters, properties and state, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge about them.
Knowledge- this is the processed information recorded and verified by practice, which has been used and can be reused for decision-making.
Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and reflects the knowledge of a specialist in a particular subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital.
Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations) that regulate decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing how to solve problems. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a particular subject area.
It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted in different ways. Decisions are made on the basis of the information received and the available knowledge.
Making decisions- this is the choice of the best solution in a certain sense from the set of feasible solutions based on the available information.
The relationship of data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is shown in the figure.
To solve the problem, fixed data are processed on the basis of existing knowledge, then the information obtained is analyzed using existing knowledge. Based on the analysis, all feasible solutions are proposed, and as a result of the choice, one decision is the best in some sense. The results of the decision replenish knowledge.
Depending on the scope of use, information can be different: scientific, technical, managerial, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest.
specialty "Professional education". Quantity
lecture hours - 16. Number of lectures - 8.
Lecture 1. Theoretical foundations of economic informatics
1.1 Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
There are many definitions of computer science. Informatics is the science of information, how it is collected, stored, processed and provided using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Computer science consists of three interrelated components: computer science as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline and as a branch of production.
The main objects of informatics are:
Information;
General theoretical foundations of computer science:
Information;
Number systems;
Coding;
Algorithms.
The structure of modern informatics:
1. Theoretical computer science.
2. Computer technology.
3. Programming.
4. Information systems.
5. Artificial intelligence.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
The object of economic informatics are information systems that provide a solution to entrepreneurial and organizational problems that arise in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.
Information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that provide the collection, storage, processing and issuance of information to ensure the preparation and decision-making. The main components of information systems used in the economy include: software and hardware, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management.
Subject of discipline– technologies, ways of automating information processes using economic data.
The task of discipline– studying the theoretical foundations of computer science and acquiring skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks.
Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge.
The basic concepts that are used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used as synonyms, but there are fundamental differences between these concepts.
The term data comes from the word data - fact, and information (informatio) means clarification, presentation, i.e. information or message.
Data is a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transforming and processing data allows you to get information.
Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that are stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing in solving specific problems. For example, databases store various data, and upon a certain request, the database management system issues the required information.
There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and phenomena of the environment, their parameters, properties and state, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge about them.
Knowledge- this is the processed information recorded and verified by practice, which has been used and can be reused for decision-making.
Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and reflects the knowledge of a specialist in a particular subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital.
Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations) that regulate decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing how to solve problems. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a particular subject area.
It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted in different ways. Decisions are made on the basis of the information received and the available knowledge.
Making decisions- this is the choice of the best solution in a certain sense from the set of feasible solutions based on the available information. The relationship of data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is shown in the figure.
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So, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system. Thus, the main purpose of the information system is the creation of a modern infrastructure for managing an enterprise, organization, institution.
The variety of tasks solved with the help of IS has led to the emergence of many different types of systems that differ in the principles of construction and the rules of information processing embedded in them. Information systems can classify across a range of different characteristics.
Classification of information systems on the basis of structured tasks.
There are three types of tasks for which information systems are created:
Structured (formalizable);
Unstructured (non-formalizable);
Partially structured.
A structured (formalizable) task is a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known.
An unstructured (non-formalizable) task is a task in which it is impossible to single out elements and establish links between them.
Information systems for partially structured tasks. Information systems used to solve partially structured tasks are divided into two types, creating management reports and focused mainly on data processing; developing possible alternative solutions.
Classification of the information systems market according to the scale of the system:
Local systems (1C, BEST, Info - Accountant, etc.)
Small integrated systems (Skala, Parus, Galaxy and others)
Medium integrated systems (MFG-PRO and others)
Large integrated systems (SAP/R3 others)
Classification of systems, which is based on the classification of business tasks.
Principles of classification of management information systems:
1. Level of strategic management (3 - 5 years)
2. Level of medium-term management (1 - 1.5 years)
3. Level of operational management (month - quarter - half a year)
2. Business applications (application programs):
Local information systems (1C: Accounting, Infin, Parus, etc.);
Small information systems (1C: Enterprise, Parus, Galaxy, etc.);
Medium information systems (PEOPLE SOFT, BAAN, SCALA, etc.);
Integrated management systems (ERP).
3. Information systems management is designed to manage and support enterprise information processes (personnel management, development, quality, security, operational management, etc.)
Thus, information systems, which are considered in economic informatics, consist of three main components:
Information technologies (hardware and software of computers, telecommunications, data);
Functional subsystems (production, accounting and finance, sales, marketing, personnel) and business applications (application programs for solving business problems);
Information systems management (personnel, users, IP development, finance)
At present, the most appropriate way to build an economic information system is to use ready-made solutions, which are implemented in the form of ready-made application programs.
Lecture 3
Introduction to the economics of information technology.
Organization- stable, formal social structure, which receives resources from the outside world and processes them into products of its activities.
The tasks of the information system are to ensure the decision-making process.
Information- information about the surrounding world, which reduces the existing degree of uncertainty.
The information is separate from the user, it can be accepted by the user or not. Information is transmitted through channels. Organizations exist in the information field.
Properties of the information society:
openness
Democracy
culture
Availability
Economic Information- a set of information about the socio-economic processes that serve to manage the house. processes.
Characteristics of economic information:
Amount of information
Information integrity
cyclicity
Specific weight of values
Informational resources enterprises – separate documents or arrays about information systems.
Information technology- a system of methods and ways of collecting, accumulating, processing, transmitting, storing information.
Information technologies provide human activity. Automated information technologies presuppose the existence of technical means, the implementation of information processes, and a system for managing technical processes.
The purpose of information technology is to receive, process, transfer to the user new information. Its task is to improve the ways of processing, receiving and transmitting information.
Characteristics of information technology
Methodology | signs | Result |
Improve information processing method (algorithm) | New technology communications |
|
Improvement of the integral technological system | Changing functions of users (specialists) | New Information Processing Technology |
Interface improvement and information storage | Increasing the flow of the information environment | New technological solutions |
Information system from the point of view of a managed information system (information system as a control object)
Control object | Operational level | tactical level | Strategic level |
Information Systems | Department manager and functional manager | Project Managers | Directors, top managers |
Functions of information systems
In finance and accounting:
Formation of the company's budget (1C)
Financial plan
Financial projections
Analysis and control
In marketing:
Sales management
Logistics (Shipping)
Analysis, control
Market research
In manufacturing information system:(ERM)
Quality control
Production planning
Production technology
External control
Strategic Management
Information technology products
1. Information (data, knowledge, software)
2. Communication, means of communication, transmission
3. Product oriented user (specific information conveyed to the user)
Consumers of the information technology market:
Legal
They are divided according to the type of system (line of activity)
Social division (segmentation)
Information threshold (critical)
Change in production volumes, deliveries
Changing the cost structure of an enterprise
Change in performance indicators of the enterprise
The accumulation of a critical mass is the basis for changing the information system.
The evolution of information systems
Concepts | Types of information systems | ||
Formation of paperless workflow | Document processing information systems for accounting machines, electromechanical accounting machines | Increasing the speed of workflow |
|
Settlement functions, machines began to support the goals of companies (economic planning). Calculation of cash flow discounts. | Control systems | Acceleration of reporting systems (economic) |
|
Management control | Decision support systems (a prototype of an expert system), since there were no networks yet. Users are focused on the goals of top management. | Development of rational solutions |
|
The era of computer technology (Intranet, ExtraNet). Formation of information fields | Strategic Information Systems | Ensuring competitiveness |
|
Classification of computer technologies
Types of processed information | Knowledge (oral) | ||||
Types of information technology | Text editors | GPUs | Medium integrated systems | Large integrated systems |
|
1C ( accounting systems) | Scale economic component of the company and the production system of small enterprises Galaxy\Sail |
ORACLE Application |
Decision-making system - an interactive, automated system that uses decision rules and the correspondence of the model with the database, as well as an interactive computer modeling process that supports the adoption of independent and non-structural decisions (i.e. simple) by individual decision-makers to obtain specific implementable solutions to problems .
I class decision-making system - performs the largest number functional solutions of the enterprise (electronic revolutions).
II systems for individual use. Structural decisions are made by a small group of people.
III Calculated for a specific performer, for example, Excel
Differences between expert systems and decision making system.
DDS decision system | Expert system |
|
Solution support | Imitation of the work of an expert |
|
Who Makes the Decisions | Managers | |
Orientation | Making decisions | Transfer of information, replication to user groups |
Support objects | Consumer groups | Consumer groups |
Information used | Numerical representation | Symbols (symbol representation) |
Task type | Unique Challenges | Repetitive Information |
Actual | Procedural (discrete values) |
Example of Creating and Defining Opportunities
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-1.jpg" alt=">ECONOMIC INFORMATION SCIENCE Lecture No. 1 Lecturer: Kochkina"> ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФОРМАТИКА Лекция № 1 Лектор: Кочкина В. Р.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-2.jpg" alt="> ECONOMIC INFORMATION SCIENCE AND INFORMATION 1. 1. Theoretical foundations of economic informatics 1 . 1."> ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФОРМАТИКА И ИНФОРМАЦИЯ 1. 1. Теоретические основы экономической информатики 1. 1. 1. Объект, предмет, методы и задачи экономической информатики Интенсивное внедрение информационных технологий в экономику привело к появлению одного из направлений в информатике – экономической информатики, которая является интегрированной прикладной дисциплиной, основанной на межпредметных связях информатики, экономики математики. Теоретической основой для изучения экономической информатики является информатика. Слово "информатика" (informatique) происходит от слияния двух французских слов: information (информация) и automatique (автоматика), введено во Франции для определения сферы деятельности, занимающейся автоматизированной обработкой информации.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-3.jpg" alt="> There are many definitions of computer science. Computer science is the science of information, ways her"> Существует много определений информатики. Информатика - это наука об информации, способах ее сбора, хранения, обработки и предоставления с помощью компьютерной техники. Информатика - это прикладная дисциплина, изучающая структуру и общие свойства научной информации и т. д. Информатика состоит из трех взаимосвязанных составляющих: информатика как фундаментальная наука, как прикладная дисциплина и как отрасль производства. Основными объектами информатики выступают: · информация; · компьютеры; · информационные системы; . Общие теоретические основы информатики: · информация; · системы счисления; · кодирование; · алгоритмы.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-4.jpg" alt="> The structure of modern informatics: 1. Theoretical informatics. 2. Computer engineering 3. Programming."> Структура современной информатики: 1. Теоретическая информатика. 2. Вычислительная техника. 3. Программирование. 4. Информационные системы. 5. Искусственный интеллект. Экономическая информатика - это наука об информационных системах, используемых для подготовки и принятия решений в управлении, экономике и бизнесе. Объектом экономической информатики выступают информационные системы, которые обеспечивают решение предпринимательских и организационных задач, возникающих в экономических системах (экономических объектах). То есть, объектом экономической информатики выступают экономические информационные системы, конечная цель функционирования которых является эффективное управление экономической системой.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-5.jpg" alt="> An information system is a combination of software and hardware, methods and people , which"> Информационная система – это совокупность программно- аппаратных средств, способов и людей, которые обеспечивают сбор, хранение, обработку и выдачу информации для обеспечения подготовки и принятия решений. К основным компонентам информационных систем, используемых в экономике, относятся: программно-аппаратные средства, бизнес-приложения и управление информационными системами. Назначение информационных систем - создание современной информационной инфраструктуры для управления компанией. Предмет дисциплины "Экономическая информатика" - технологии способы автоматизации информационных процессов с применением экономических данных. Задача дисциплины "Экономическая информатика" - изучение теоретических основ информатики и приобретение навыков использования прикладных систем обработки экономических данных и систем программирования для персональных компьютеров и компьютерных сетей.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-6.jpg" alt=">1. 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC INFORMATION SCIENCE 1. 1. 2 DATA, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE"> 1. 1. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАТИКИ 1. 1. 2. ДАННЫЕ, ИНФОРМАЦИЯ И ЗНАНИЯ Основные понятия данных, информации, знаний. К базовым понятиям, которые используются в экономической информатике, относятся: данные, информация и знания. Эти понятия часто используются как синонимы, однако между этими понятиями существуют принципиальные различия. Термин данные происходит от слова data - факт, а информация (informatio) означает разъяснение, изложение, т. е. сведения или сообщение. Данные - это совокупность сведений, зафиксированных на определенном носителе в форме, пригодной для постоянного хранения, передачи и обработки. Преобразование и обработка данных позволяет получить информацию.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-7.jpg" alt="> Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data"> Информация - это результат преобразования и анализа данных. Отличие информации от данных состоит в том, что данные - это фиксированные сведения о событиях и явлениях, которые хранятся на определенных носителях, а информация появляется в результате обработки данных при решении конкретных задач. Например, в базах данных хранятся различные данные, а по определенному запросу система управления базой данных выдает требуемую информацию. Существуют и другие определения информации, например, информация – это сведения об объектах и явлениях окружающей среды, их параметрах, свойствах и состоянии, которые уменьшают имеющуюся о них степень неопределенности, неполноты знаний. Знания – это зафиксированная и проверенная практикой обработанная информация, которая использовалась и может многократно использоваться для принятия решений. Знания – это вид информации, которая хранится в базе знаний и отображает знания специалиста в конкретной предметной области. Знания – это интеллектуальный капитал.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-8.jpg" alt="> Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations), governing decision-making"> Формальные знания могут быть в виде документов (стандартов, нормативов), регламентирующих принятие решений или учебников, инструкций с описанием решения задач. Неформальные знания – это знания и опыт специалистов в определенной предметной области. Необходимо отметить, что универсальных определений этих понятий (данных, информации, знаний) нет, они трактуются по-разному. Принятия решений осуществляются на основе полученной информации и имеющихся знаний. Принятие решений – это выбор наилучшего в некотором смысле варианта решения из множества допустимых на основании имеющейся информации.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-9.jpg" alt="> The relationship of data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is shown in the figure .">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-10.jpg" alt="> To solve the problem, the fixed data are processed based on the available knowledge, then"> Для решения поставленной задачи фиксированные данные обрабатываются на основании имеющихся знаний, далее полученная информация анализируется с помощью имеющихся знаний. На основании анализа, предлагаются все допустимые решения, а в результате выбора принимается одно наилучшее в некотором смысле решение. Результаты решения пополняют знания. В зависимости от сферы использования информация может быть различной: научной, технической, управляющей, экономической и т. д. Для экономической информатики интерес представляет экономическая информация.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-11.jpg" alt=">1. 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC INFORMATION 1. 1. 3 ECONOMIC INFORMATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES"> 1. 1. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАТИКИ 1. 1. 3. ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ Экономическая информация – это преобразованная и обработанная совокупность сведений, отражающая состояние и ход !} economic processes. Economic information circulates in the economic system and accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic information should be considered as one of the varieties of management information. Economic information can be: v control (in the form of direct orders, targets, etc.); v informing (in reporting terms, it performs the function in the economic system feedback).
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-12.jpg" alt="> Information can be considered as a resource similar to material, labor and financial resources .Informational"> Информацию можно рассматривать как ресурс, аналогичный материальным, трудовым и денежным ресурсам. Информационные ресурсы – совокупность накопленной информации, зафиксированной на материальных носителях в любой форме, обеспечивающей ее передачу во времени и пространстве для решения научных, производственных, управленческих и других задач. Информационные технологии Сбор, хранение, обработка, передача информации в числовой форме осуществляется с помощью информационных технологий. Особенностью информационных технологий является то, что в них и предметом и продуктом труда является информация, а орудиями труда – средства вычислительной техники и связи. Основная цель информационных технологий - производство необходимой пользователю информации в результате целенаправленных действий по ее переработке.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-13.jpg" alt="> It is known that information technology is a set of"> Известно, что информационная технология – это совокупность методов, производственных и программно- технологических средств, объединенных в технологическую цепочку, обеспечивающую сбор, хранение, обработку, вывод и распространение информации. С точки зрения информационных технологий для информации необходим !} material carrier as a source of information, transmitter, communication channel, receiver and recipient of information. The message from the source to the recipient is transmitted through communication channels or through the medium.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-14.jpg" alt=">Information is a form of communication between managed and managing objects in any management system IN"> Информация является формой связи между управляемыми и управляющими объектами в любой системе управления В соответствии с !} general theory management, the management process can be represented as the interaction of two systems - managing and managed. The structure of the control system is shown in the figure
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-15.jpg" alt="> The enterprise management system operates on the basis of information about the state of the object, its inputs"> Система управления предприятием функционирует на базе информации о состоянии объекта, его входов Х (материальные, трудовые, !} financial resources) and outputs Y ( finished products, economic and financial results) in accordance with the goal (to ensure the release of the necessary products).
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-16.jpg" alt="> Management is carried out by applying management action 1 (production plan) with taking into account"> Управление осуществляется путем подачи управленческого воздействия 1 (план выпуска продукции) с учетом обратной связи - !} current state controlled system (production) and external environment(2, 3) - market, higher authorities management. The purpose of the control system is to form such influences on the controlled system that would encourage the latter to accept the state determined by the control goal. In relation to an industrial enterprise, with a certain degree of conditionality, we can assume that the goal of management is to fulfill production program within technical and economic restriction; control actions are the work plans of the unit, feedback data on the progress of production: the release and movement of the product, the state of the equipment, stocks in the warehouse, etc.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-17.jpg" alt="> Obviously, plans and feedback content are nothing but How"> Очевидно, что планы и содержание обратной связи - не что иное, как информация. Поэтому процессы формирования управляющих воздействий как раз и являются процессами преобразования экономической информации. Реализация этих процессов и составляет основное содержание управленческих служб, в том числе экономических. К экономической информации предъявляются следующие требования: точность, достоверность, оперативность. Точность информации обеспечивает ее однозначное восприятие всеми потребителями. Достоверность определяет допустимый уровень искажения как поступающей, так и результатной информации, при котором сохраняется эффективность функционирования системы. Оперативность отражает актуальность информации для необходимых расчетов и принятия решений в изменившихся условиях.!}
Kyiv National Economic University
Introduction.
Always and in all spheres of his activity, a person made decisions. An important area of decision-making is related to production. The larger the volume of production, the more difficult it is to make a decision and, therefore, it is easier to make a mistake. A natural question arises: is it possible to use a computer to avoid such errors? The answer to this question is given by a science called cybernetics.
Cybernetics (derived from the Greek "kybernetike" - the art of management) is the science of the general laws of receiving, storing, transmitting and processing information.
The most important branch of cybernetics is economic cybernetics - the science that deals with the application of ideas and methods of cybernetics to economic systems.
Economic cybernetics uses a set of methods for studying management processes in the economy, including economic and mathematical methods.
At present, the use of computers in production management has reached a large scale. However, in most cases, with the help of computers, so-called routine tasks are solved, that is, tasks related to the processing of various data, which, before the use of computers, were solved in the same way, but manually. Another class of problems that can be solved with the help of computers are decision-making problems. To use a computer for decision-making, it is necessary to make a mathematical model.
Is it necessary to use computers when making decisions?
Human capabilities are quite diverse. If they are ordered, then two types can be distinguished: physical and mental. Man is so arranged that what he possesses is not enough for him. And the endless process of increasing its capabilities begins. To raise more, one of the first inventions appears - a lever, to make it easier to move the load - the wheel. For the time being, only the energy of the person himself is used in these tools. Over time, the use of external energy sources begins: gunpowder, steam, electricity, atomic energy. It is impossible to estimate how much the energy used from external sources exceeds the physical capabilities of a person today. As for the mental faculties of a person, then, as they say, everyone is dissatisfied with his condition, but satisfied with his mind. Is it possible to make a person smarter than he is? To answer this question, it should be clarified that all human intellectual activity can be divided into formalizable and non-formalizable.
Formalizable is an activity that is performed according to certain rules. For example, the performance of calculations, searches in directories, graphic work, undoubtedly, can be entrusted to a computer. And like everything that a computer can do, it does it better, that is, faster and better than a person.
Non-formalizable is such an activity that occurs with the application of any rules unknown to us. Thinking, reasoning, intuition, common sense - we still do not know what it is, and naturally, all this cannot be entrusted to a computer, if only because we simply do not know what to entrust, what task to put before a computer.
Decision making is a kind of mental activity. It is generally accepted that decision-making is a non-formalized activity. However, this is not always the case. On the one hand, we do not know how we make a decision. And the explanation of some words with the help of others like "we make a decision with the help of common sense" does not give anything. On the other hand, a significant number of decision-making tasks can be formalized. One of the types of decision-making problems that can be formalized are optimal decision-making problems, or optimization problems. The optimization problem is solved using mathematical models and application of computer technology.
Modern computers meet the highest requirements. They are capable of performing millions of operations per second, they can have all the necessary information in their memory, the display-keyboard combination provides a dialogue between a person and a computer. However, one should not confuse successes in the creation of computers with advances in the field of their application. In fact, all that a computer can do is, according to a program given by a person, ensure the transformation of the initial data into a result. It must be clearly understood that the computer does not and cannot make decisions. The decision can only be made by a person-manager, endowed with certain rights for this. But for a competent manager, a computer is an excellent assistant, able to develop and offer a set of the most various options solutions. And from this set, a person will choose the option that, from his point of view, will be more suitable. Of course, not all decision-making problems can be solved with the help of a computer. Nevertheless, even if the solution of a problem on a computer does not end with complete success, it still turns out to be useful, since it contributes to a deeper understanding of this problem and its more rigorous formulation.
Solution steps.
Task selection
Building a model
Drawing up an algorithm
Programming
Entering initial data
Analysis of the resulting solution
In order for a person to make a decision without a computer, often nothing is needed. I thought and decided. A person, good or bad, solves all the problems that arise before him. True, there are no guarantees of correctness in this case. The computer does not make any decisions, but only helps to find solutions. This process consists of the following steps:
1. Selecting a task.
Solving a problem, especially a rather complex one, is a rather difficult task that requires a lot of time. And if the task is chosen unsuccessfully, then this can lead to loss of time and disappointment in the use of computers for decision-making. What are the basic requirements that the task must satisfy?
There must be at least one solution to it, because if there are no solutions, then there is nothing to choose from.
We must clearly know in what sense the desired solution should be the best, because if we do not know what we want, the computer will not be able to help us choose the best solution.
The choice of the task is completed by its substantive formulation. It is necessary to clearly formulate the problem in ordinary language, highlight the purpose of the study, indicate the limitations, raise the main questions that we want to get answers as a result of solving the problem.
Here are the most important features economic object, the most important dependencies that we want to take into account when building a model. Some hypotheses for the development of the object of study are formed, the identified dependencies and relationships are studied. When a task is selected and its meaningful statement is made, one has to deal with specialists in the subject area (engineers, technologists, designers, etc.). These specialists, as a rule, know their subject very well, but do not always have an idea of what is required to solve a problem on a computer. Therefore, the meaningful formulation of the problem often turns out to be oversaturated with information that is completely unnecessary for working on a computer.
2. Compilation of the model
An economic-mathematical model is understood as a mathematical description of the studied economic object or process, in which economic patterns expressed in an abstract form using mathematical relationships.
The basic principles for compiling a model boil down to the following two concepts:
When formulating the problem, it is necessary to cover the phenomenon being modeled sufficiently broadly. Otherwise, the model will not give a global optimum and will not reflect the essence of the matter. The danger is that the optimization of one part can be at the expense of others and to the detriment of the overall organization.
The model should be as simple as possible. The model must be such that it can be evaluated, tested and understood, and the results obtained from the model must be clear to both its creator and the decision maker.
In practice, these concepts often conflict, primarily because there is a human element involved in data collection and entry, error checking, and interpretation of results, which limits the size of the model that can be satisfactorily analyzed. The size of the model is used as a limiting factor, and if we want to increase the breadth of coverage, then we have to decrease the detail and vice versa.
Let's introduce the concept of model hierarchy, where breadth increases and detail decreases as we move to higher levels of the hierarchy. For more high levels in turn, restrictions and goals are formed for more low levels.
When building a model, it is also necessary to take into account the time aspect: the planning horizon mainly increases with the growth of the hierarchy. If the long-term planning model of the entire corporation can contain few everyday day-to-day details, then the production planning model a separate division consists mainly of such details.
When formulating a task, the following three aspects should be taken into account:
Factors under study: The objectives of the study are rather loosely defined and depend heavily on what is included in the model. In this regard, it is easier for engineers, since the factors they study are usually standard, and the objective function is expressed in terms of maximum income, minimum costs, or, possibly, minimum consumption of some resource. At the same time, sociologists, for example, usually set themselves the goal of "public utility" or something like that, and find themselves in the difficult position of having to attribute a certain "utility" to various actions, expressing it in mathematical form.
Physical boundaries: The spatial aspects of the study require detailed consideration. If production is concentrated in more than one point, then it is necessary to take into account the corresponding distribution processes in the model. These processes may include warehousing, transportation, and equipment load scheduling tasks.