Economic informatics. Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics Economic informatics action that occurs with an object

Economic informatics is the science of information systems ah, used for preparing and making decisions in management, economics and business. The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide solutions to business and organizational tasks, arising in economic systems(economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of whose functioning is effective management economic system.

1. EI is specific in its presentation form. It is certainly reflected on tangible media in the form of primary and summary documents; to increase reliability, the transfer and processing is carried out only legally formalized information, that is, if there is a signature on traditional or electronic documents(requires special means and organizational measures).

2. EI is volumetric. High-quality management of economic processes is impossible without detailed information about them. Improving management, increasing production volumes in material and intangible spheres is accompanied by an increase in accompanying information flows (requires increasing productivity of processing tools and communication channels).

Z. EI is cyclical. For most production and economic processes characterized by repeatability of their constituent stages and information reflecting these processes (once created information processing programs can be reused and replicated).

4. EI reflects the results of production and economic activities using a system of natural and cost indicators. In this case, quantitative quantities and digital values are used (they are convenient to process).

5. EI is specific in terms of processing methods. The processing process is dominated by arithmetic and, first of all, logical (for example, sorting or selection) operations, and the results are presented in the form of text documents, tables, charts and graphs (making it possible to limit oneself to a certain range of problem-oriented software tools).

Economic information is a transformed and processed set of information reflecting the state and course of economic processes. Economic information circulates in the economic system and accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic information should be considered as one of the types of management information. Economic information can be:

· manager (in the form of direct orders, planned targets, etc.);

· informing (in reporting indicators, performs a feedback function in the economic system).

Information can be considered as a resource similar to material, labor and monetary resources. Information resources are a set of accumulated information recorded on tangible media in any form that ensures its transmission in time and space to solve scientific, production, management and other problems.

8 .Information product. Information resources.

Information product- documented information prepared in accordance with the needs of users and presented in the form of a product. Information products are software products, databases and data banks and other information. The result information activities is an information product that appears on the market in the form of information goods and services.

Let us note the main features of the information product, which fundamentally distinguish information from other products.

Firstly, information does not disappear when consumed, but can be used repeatedly. An information product retains the information it contains, no matter how many times it is used.

Secondly, an information product undergoes a kind of “obsolescence” over time. Although information does not wear out when used, it can lose its value as the knowledge it provides ceases to be relevant.

Thirdly, different consumers of information goods and services are comfortable different ways providing information, because consuming an information product requires effort. This is the property of addressing information.

Fourthly, the production of information, unlike the production of material goods, requires significant costs compared to the costs of replication. Copying a particular information product is usually much cheaper than producing it. This property of an information product - the difficulty of production and the relative ease of replication - creates, in particular, many problems in connection with the determination of property rights within the scope of information activity.

Informational resources- this is accumulated information about the surrounding reality, recorded on material media that ensures the transfer of information in time and space between consumers to solve specific problems.

It should be noted that an information resource is all accumulated information, including:

· unreliable information (“defectological”);

· information that has lost its relevance;

· information presented by false statements and ineffective approaches;

· incomparable data accumulated using non-standard methods;

· information that has lost its specificity as a result of subjective interpretations;

· deliberate “disinformation”.

Depending on the storage media, informational resources are divided into three main classes:

· personnel who have knowledge and qualifications;

· documents of all types and their collections on all types of media;

· collections of objects of inanimate and living nature (industrial designs, formulations and technologies, standard samples, etc.);

Among the features of information resources are:

· inexhaustibility - as society develops and the consumption of knowledge grows, its reserves do not decrease, but grow;

· intangibility - which ensures the relative ease of their reproduction, transmission, and distribution compared to other types of resources. Informational resources - individual documents and separate arrays of documents in information systems data warehouses: libraries, archives, funds, databases, and other types of data warehouses.

· Classification of information resources:

· State (national) information resources. State information resources are information resources received and paid for from the federal budget. Contents of state information resources (examples): activities government agencies authorities, legal information, stock exchange and financial information, commercial information.

· Information resources of enterprises. Information resources of enterprises are information resources created or accumulated at enterprises and organizations. Contents of enterprise information resources (examples): information support for economic activities, planning and operational management of enterprise activities, business plans, foreign economic activity.

· Personal information resources. Personal information resources are information resources created and managed by a person and containing data related to his personal activities

1.1.1. Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics

Intensive implementation information technologies into economics led to the emergence of one of the directions in computer science - economic informatics, which is an integrated applied discipline based on interdisciplinary connections between computer science, economics and mathematics. The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is computer science. The word "informatics" (informatique) comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automation), introduced in France to define the field of activity involved in automated information processing. There are many definitions of computer science. Computer science is the science of information, methods of collecting, storing, processing and presenting it using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Computer science consists of three interrelated components: computer science as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline and as a branch of production. The main objects of computer science are:

 information;

 computers;

 information systems;. General theoretical foundations of computer science:

 information;

 number systems;

 coding;

 algorithms. Structure of modern computer science: 1. Theoretical computer science. 2. Computer technology. 3. Programming. 4. Information systems. 5. Artificial intelligence. Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business. Object of economic informatics are information systems that provide solutions to business and organizational problems that arise in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system. Information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that provide collection, storage, processing and delivery of information to ensure preparation and decision-making. The main components of information systems used in economics include: hardware and software, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management. Subject of discipline- technologies, ways to automate information processes using economic data. The task of the discipline- studying the theoretical foundations of computer science and acquiring skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks. Next...>>> Topic: 1.1.2. Data, information and knowledge

1.1.2. Data, information and knowledge

Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge. The basic concepts used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used interchangeably, but there are fundamental differences between these concepts. The term data comes from the word data - fact, and information (informatio) means explanation, presentation, i.e. information or message. Data is a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transformation and processing of data allows you to obtain information. Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that is stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing when solving specific problems. For example, various data are stored in databases, and upon a certain request, the database management system provides the required information. There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and phenomena environment, their parameters, properties and condition, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incomplete knowledge about them. Knowledge– this is recorded and practice-tested processed information that has been used and can be repeatedly used for decision-making. Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and reflects the knowledge of a specialist in a specific subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital. Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations) regulating decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing how to solve problems. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a certain subject area. It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted differently. Decisions are made based on the information received and existing knowledge. Making decisions- this is the choice of the best, in a certain sense, solution option from a set of acceptable ones based on the available information. The relationship between data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is presented in the figure.

To solve the problem, fixed data is processed on the basis of existing knowledge, then the information received is analyzed using existing knowledge. Based on the analysis, all feasible solutions are proposed, and as a result of the choice, one decision that is best in some sense is made. The results of the solution add to knowledge. Depending on the scope of use, information can be different: scientific, technical, management, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest.

Economic informatics is a field of knowledge that considers as a subject information systems used for preparing and making decisions in the field of economics and business. Business processes are considered as a method of "Economic Informatics". The presentation of information systems includes a description of the architecture of information technologies (programming, hardware, telecommunications and data), business applications (DSS, SCM, CRM) and information systems management. In addition, an important component is IS, which discusses the problems of assessing costs and benefits at the stages of implementation, operation and development of IS within the framework of the adopted management structure.

Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001.

See what “Economic informatics” is in other dictionaries:

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Theoretical foundations of economic informatics

Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics

The intensive introduction of information technologies into economics has led to the emergence of one of the directions in computer science - economic informatics, which is an integrated applied discipline based on interdisciplinary connections between computer science, economics and mathematics.

The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is computer science. The word "informatics" (informatique) comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automation), introduced in France to define the field of activity involved in automated information processing.

There are many definitions of computer science. Computer science is the science of information, methods of collecting, storing, processing and presenting it using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Computer science consists of three interrelated components: computer science as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline and as a branch of production.

The main objects of computer science are:

· information;

· computers;

· Information Systems;.

General theoretical foundations of computer science:

· information;

· number systems;

· coding;

· algorithms.

Structure of modern computer science:
1. Theoretical computer science.
2. Computer technology.
3. Programming.
4. Information systems.
5. Artificial intelligence.

Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.

The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide solutions to business and organizational problems that arise in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.

An information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that provide collection, storage, processing and delivery of information to ensure preparation and decision-making. The main components of information systems used in economics include: hardware and software, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management.

The subject of the discipline "Economic Informatics" is technology and methods of automating information processes using economic data.

The objective of the discipline "Economic Informatics" is to study the theoretical foundations of computer science and acquire skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks.
1.1.2. Data, information and knowledge

The term data comes from the word data - fact, and information (informatio) means explanation, presentation, i.e. information or message.

Data is a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transformation and processing of data allows you to obtain information.

Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that is stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing when solving specific problems. For example, various data are stored in databases, and upon a certain request, the database management system provides the required information.

There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and phenomena of the environment, their parameters, properties and state, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incomplete knowledge about them.

Knowledge– this is recorded and practice-tested processed information that has been used and can be repeatedly used for decision-making.

Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and reflects the knowledge of a specialist in a specific subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital.

Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations) regulating decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing how to solve problems. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a certain subject area.

It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted differently. Decisions are made based on the information received and existing knowledge.

Making decisions- this is the choice of the best, in a certain sense, solution option from a set of acceptable ones based on the available information.
The relationship between data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is presented in the figure.

Depending on the scope of use, information can be different: scientific, technical, management, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest.

Lugachev M.I.

Moscow State University named after M.V.Lomonosova, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head. Department of Economic Informatics, Faculty of Economics, ТП@ econ. gshi. w

Economic Informatics at the University

education in Russia

KEYWORDS

Computer science, economic computer science, applied computer science, business computer science, IT education.

ANNOTATION

The article is devoted to describing the evolution of the discipline “Economic Informatics” at Russian universities. The main sources of the development of economic informatics are discussed: the creation of computers, the development of computational mathematics and mathematical economics. The fundamental integrating role of academicians L.V. Kantorovich and A.N. Tikhonov in creating the fundamental foundations of IT education in Russia is shown. The ambiguity of the consequences of the transition of domestic computer technology to a single series of computers “Ryad”, created on the basis of the IBM-360, from the point of view of economic and technical results the transformation carried out. Special attention The work focuses on the training of IT specialists within the framework of the standards “Applied Informatics”, “Business Informatics” and shows the insufficiency of this training for solving modern problems of the economics of information systems, which is the subject of economic informatics. It is the classical university IT training of economists that underlies the logic of presentation of the material in this article.

We will try to present a picture of the development of economic computer science in Russia, considering the dynamics of university structures that provide extensive training for specialists in the field of computer science in general. Economic computer science was created by two closely related streams of knowledge, formed in the depths of mathematics and economics. Computers that appeared in response to the needs of science and defense departments obviously had enormous potential for their use in traditional (non-military) branches of science and the national economy. To realize this potential, a new type of specialist was needed, capable of effectively using and developing emerging computing capabilities. Prepare these

Only new institutes and faculties were capable of specialists, the curricula of which would combine the competencies of mathematicians, physicists, economists, and specialists in the field of programming - which formed the fundamental basis for the development of information technology. Looking ahead, it can be noted that such institutes and faculties have been created and are successfully solving the assigned tasks of training specialists in the field of IT and IS. The only point here is that economists have not yet proven themselves sufficiently in this activity.

The beginning of the computer era in the USSR. Mathematics, technology and economics.

As is known, work on the creation of the first computer in the USSR - a small electronic calculating machine (MESM) - was started in Kyiv by a team led by S. A. Lebedev in 1948. MESM was put into operation in December 1951.

On December 4, 1948, the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the introduction of advanced technology into the national economy registered the invention of I. S. Bruk and B. I. Rameev “Automatic Digital Electronic Machine” under No. 10475. This invention was brought to life at the Energy Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, in a laboratory headed by I. S. Bruk in the form of an M-1 computer. In January 1952, the M-1 was put into trial operation. One of the first M-1 solved problems in nuclear research of the group of Academician S. L. Sobolev, at the Institute of I. V. Kurchatov. It was manufactured in a single copy, but its architecture and many fundamental decisions were later adopted as the basis for the development of serial vehicles “Minsk”, “Hrazdan”, etc.

But mathematics lived not only in traditional scientific and engineering calculations. In 1923-24, V.V. Leontyev formulated the problem of building an inter-industry balance, which required large computing power18. At the end of the 30s, the works of L.V. Kantorovich appeared, which created the basis for the penetration of mathematics into economic calculations. The famous “plywood trust” problem was formulated, which became the basis for the formation of an optimization approach in economic planning. In 1937, L.V. Kantorovich, at the request of engineers from the local plywood trust, solved the problem of finding the best way processing 5 types of material on 8 machines with a certain productivity of each of them for each type of material. In a seemingly simple problem, L.V. Kantorovich saw and for the first time formulated a linear programming problem and proposed a method for solving it, which significantly reduced the search for optimal solutions and assumed the necessary application

18 In 1973, V.V. Leontiev was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics.

computer technology.19

An important stage in the creativity of L.V. Kantorovich was published in "Advances of Mathematical Sciences" in 1948 by his large article "Functional Analysis and Applied Mathematics", and then in 1956 "Functional Analysis and Computational Mathematics", which made functional analysis the natural language of computational mathematics. According to academician S.L. Sobolev, just a few years later it was just as impossible to imagine computational mathematics without functional analysis as it was without computers.

These ideas of the unity of functional analysis and computational mathematics, as well as connections with economics, were consistently embodied by L.V. Kantorovich brought to life: when organizing in 1948 the training of specialists in “computational mathematics” at the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of Leningrad State University and later - in 1958 - when creating the specialty “economic cybernetics” at the Faculty of Economics of Leningrad State University In 1959, L.V. Kantorovich became one of the organizers (and teachers) of the famous “sixth course” of the Faculty of Economics of Leningrad State University. Graduates of the regular fifth year and a number of young economists were enrolled in the “sixth year” for an in-depth study of mathematical methods and computers. It should be noted that some graduates of this course had a significant influence on the development of Soviet and Russian economic science, in particular, these are academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences: A.G. Aganbegyan, A.I.Anchishkin, N.Ya.Petrakov, S.S.Shatalin.

Naturally, the processes of development of training of specialists in the field of computational mathematics and economic and mathematical methods were not isolated. At the same time, similar processes of forming the basis for the use of computer technology in science and economics were taking place in Moscow and Moscow State University. In 1949, the Department of Computational Mathematics was created at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, which in 1952-1960 was headed by Academician S. L. Sobolev, already quoted above. At that time, such outstanding specialists as A. A. Lyapunov, M. V. Keldysh, M. R. Shura-Bura and others taught at the department.

In 1958, the outstanding economist and statistician, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.S. Nemchinov, created a laboratory of economic and mathematical methods at the Academy of Sciences, and in 1962, at the Faculty of Economics of Moscow State University, the Department of Mathematical Methods of Economic Analysis (MMAE). The famous 6th year graduates of L.V. Kantorovich - S.S. Shatalin (headed the department in

19 In 1965, L.V. Kantorovich, together with V.S. Nemchinov and V.V. Novozhilov received the Lenin Prize “for the scientific development of the linear programming method and mathematical models of the economy.” In 1975, L.V. Kantorovich and T. Koopmans were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for creating the foundations of linear programming.

1970 -1983) and N.Ya. Petrakov - Director of the Institute of Market Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (from 1990 to 2014). L.V. Kantorovich himself led a scientific seminar at this department for a number of years in the 70s of the twentieth century. The need for graduates of this department was largely formed by the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (CEMI AS of the USSR), created in 1963 on the basis of the laboratory of the same name, which served for many years as a professional nursery for the training of specialists by the Department of MMAE of Moscow State University. CEMI of the USSR Academy of Sciences, of course, was created on the initiative and with the participation of V.S. Nemchinov. Academician N.P. Fedorenko became the first director of the institute, and in 1985 he was replaced by academician V.L. Makarov, L.V. Kantorovich’s closest student.

The 1950s and 60s added a lot to the awareness of the need to expand the training of specialists in the field of software, not only technological, but also economic processes. First of all, this was facilitated by the problems of the new science “Operations Research” generated by computational mathematics, algorithms for solving inventory management problems, as well as the formulation of scientific principles of enterprise management. There is experience in using the first business information system, Material Resource Planning (MRP), developed in the 1950s in the USA, but which began working on real business problems in the 1960s. Even those who doubted it were finally convinced of the enormous possibilities of using electronic computers (computers) in the economy.

An important stage in the development of this direction at Moscow State University was the organization, under the leadership of Professor I.S. Berezin, in 1955 of a computer center, the first in the USSR university space. The Moscow State University Computer Center has become the base for training specialists at the Department of Computational Mathematics. The computing center has created a scientific and technical platform for a significant expansion of the contingent of specialists in the field of computer software. On the basis of the Department of Computational Mathematics of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics and the Computing Center (CC MSU), the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics (CMC) of MSU was organized. The founder of the new faculty and its first dean was Academician A.N. Tikhonov, scientific director of the Computing Center of Moscow State University and head of the Department of Computational Mathematics of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics. Andrei Nikolaevich was the first who not only realized the needs of science and the national economy for a new type of specialist, but also managed to achieve the creation in the country of a system for training personnel in the field of computational mathematics and programming. In February 1970, the USSR Ministry of Higher Education issued order No. 114 approving the structure of the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Mathematics of Moscow State University. The Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Mathematics of Moscow State University became the first in the list of almost 50 similar faculties newly created in the early 1970s in large universities of the USSR. A whole branch of training specialists in the field of computer software has emerged,

which was supposed to support major changes in Soviet policy on the creation and use of computer technology. It was about the country's transition to new standards of information technology - the introduction of the "Unified System" - a line of computers that copied the architecture of American computers of the IBM-360 series. The need for such a solution had already formed: it was dictated by the concept of the Nationwide Automated System (OGAS) developed under the leadership of V.M. Glushkov. OGAS was designed to solve the national problem of accounting and control for the unhindered application of socialist planning and management methods in the USSR,

Computer revolution, Soviet style

On March 18, 1968, Order No. 138 of the USSR Minister of Radio Industry was issued on the creation of NICEVT and its appointment as the lead development organization Unified system COMPUTER (ES COMPUTER) "Row". Since then, debates and discussions have not subsided about the advisability of the decision to produce EU machines by copying the architecture of the IBM S/360 mainframe.

It should be noted that until 1968, the creation of computers in the USSR was rather poorly coordinated. There were several design bureaus in different parts of the USSR, which developed wonderful second-generation computers that worked in various mathematics and met their own technological standards. The undisputed leader was the powerful BESM-6 of the design bureau of S.A. Lebedev, which used a 6-bit word. Minsk computers with a 7-bit byte were popular in the national economy (only the Minsk-32 computer designed by V.V. Przhiyalkovsky was eventually produced about 3,000 units). The family of vehicles of the Ural series produced in Penza, developed by B.I. Rameev, was very progressive. The Ukrainian “Mir”, the Yerevan “Nairi”, the Vilnius “Ruta-110”, and the Moscow “Setun” had their advantages. (Note that the unique computer “Setun”, which used the ternary number system, was developed at Moscow State University under the leadership of N.P. Brusentsov). It is not necessary to add that each family was provided with its own peripherals and original software. This talented and interesting variety of computers could solve local problems of various natures, but with their help it was impossible to create a national infrastructure for organizing information processes. Thus, the question of the prospects for the development of domestic electronic computer engineering sounded very relevant. In 1966, the national economic plan mentioned that new third-generation computers should be built on “a unified structural and microelectronic technological base and compatible programming systems for computer centers and automated systems information processing."

In the official report of ITMiVT, in mid-1966, there was a clear answer as to how

S.A. Lebedev did not allow us to build “Ryad”. However, together with academician V. M. Glushkov, he expressed the opinion that copying the third generation computer IBM S/360 would mean lagging behind world standards by several years, since the S/360 series began to be produced back in 1964. If only these outstanding scientists knew how optimistic their assessment was.

In the diversity that existed in the USSR, computers of the Ural family were closest to the requirements of the third generation. Bashir Iskanderovich Rameev formulated and implemented the idea of a family of computers on the principle of software and design compatibility, independently and earlier than the IBM S/360 series. However, when developing the decision of the State Commission of the USSR Ministry of Radio Industry in 1968, the domestic version was not considered at all. Only the American IBM and the British ICL took part in the discussion. The choice made by the commission still does not leave specialists in the field of computer technology indifferent. The debate about whether this decision was a strategic mistake and who is to blame continues. The minutes of meetings of state commissions record the objections of domestic developers Lebedev, Rameev, Glushkov, and others - but the firm position of the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences M.V. Keldysh and the Minister of Radio Industry of the USSR

V.D. Kalmykova resolved the issue in favor of copying IBM S/360.

This was a tragic decision for the Soviet computer industry, which destroyed the strategic guidelines for its development. The gigantic intellectual capital of domestic developments in the form of produced and promising computer equipment, as well as the corresponding software, became unnecessary along with its carrier - a large group of highly qualified specialists. Some were able to retrain, but the focus was on training new professionals. True, there remained a serious contingent of developers for military purposes, headed by a student

S.A. Lebedeva - Academician V.S. Burtsev. The computer support for the S-300 missile systems, developed under the leadership of V.S. Burtsev, still successfully solves the assigned tasks. In addition, the scientific legacy he left behind still feeds the ideas of supercomputer developers.

However, from an economic point of view, it can be said with confidence that the decisions adopted in 1968 by the State Commission of the USSR Ministry of Radio Industry did not have a fateful effect on a national scale for the national economy of the country. No option, even the best one from a technological point of view, for the development of domestic computer engineering could correct the ineffective socialist system of the national economy. The idealistic planned economy was doomed even if the OGAS project had been successfully implemented, since this economy lacked natural market mechanisms for managing the economy. Planning elements can be good and

useful if they do not claim to be universally applicable always and everywhere. Western economists, in particular L. von Mises, back in the 1920s, proved the impossibility of rational economic calculation in a system where there is no private ownership of production resources and no real (market) prices (von Mises theorem). Before technological re-equipment in the USSR, it was necessary to reform the economy - create conditions for the emergence of real economic instruments of self-regulation. So in 1968 in the USSR it was quite possible to forget about IBM, rely on the promising Ural family of computers, or leave all existing -negative consequences for the national economy it could be less. At the same time, it is difficult to deny the significant progress that has emerged in the development of the national programming industry, whose specialists, during the transition to international standards, acquired new opportunities for organizing work and gained access to the world's accumulated program libraries. Preparation and decision-making in specific areas, including the national economy, have been enriched by access to already established databases of industry applications.

A new era of IT specialist training

So, a single policy computer software scientific developments and the national economy of the USSR required adequate mass personnel support. Methodological work on organizing the all-Union training of the necessary specialists was actually headed by the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, relying on the authority and knowledge of the highest professionals of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The “academic” provision of methods for training IT specialists could be the envy of any scientific center in the world. The regulatory component was provided by the USSR Ministry of Education.

It may be noted that in the world control over creation methodological foundations for the training of IT specialists has traditionally been an area of interest for professional public organizations. In the United States, this role has been taken on by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the Computer Society of the IEEE (IEEECS).

which lead this work, starting in the 60s. last century . In 1965, the education committee of the ASM organization developed the first project standard program undergraduate courses in Computer Science, which, after revision, was published in 1968 in its final form, becoming known as Curriculum 68. There was no normative component in the developed document; it had a recommendatory nature for American universities, but de facto it was quite quickly turned into international standard training of IT specialists “Computing Curriculum (CC)”. Sponsored by ACM and IEEE-CS

Peter Denning's group prepared the report "Computing as a Discipline" in 1989. In the new discipline “Computing”, two components were distinguished: “Computer Science” and “Computer Engineering”. This was later methodologically embodied in the fundamental curriculum CC2001, which was developed in versions CC2005. But CC2005 already contained a fundamental difference from previous versions - it clearly indicates the need to train specialists for applied industries. Global professional organizations AIS (Association of Information Systems) and AITP (Association for Information Technology Professionals) - create IS2002. A new full member appears in the computing family - information systems. CC2005 “Computing” includes the following areas: Computer Engineering (CE), Computer Science (CS), Software Engineering (SE), Information Technology (IT), Information Systems ( Information Systems - IS). Russian higher education also responds to the need for specialists for the preparation, development and operation of applications in professional university training. In 2000, a new state educational standard for specialty 351340 “Applied Informatics (by area)” appeared (order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated March 14, 2000).

The document specifies: “A computer science graduate (with qualifications in the field) must have a specialization determined by the scope of application of computer science methods and professionally oriented information systems, a list of disciplines studied in a specific field, information disciplines and final qualifying work.” At the same time, the area of application of qualified knowledge is determined: “A computer scientist (with qualifications in the field) deals to a greater extent with a professionally oriented shell (which he designs, creates and applies), consisting of special software, information support and organizational measures to support the functioning of specific processes in the field of application, and to a lesser extent deals with the core of the information system (development of a complex of computing tools, operating system, database management systems, etc.)".

A little later, in 2003, another specialty standard 080500 “Business Informatics” was opened (order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated July 8, 2003) for the training of specialists whose area of professional activity “includes: Enterprise architecture design, Strategic planning for the development of IP and ICT enterprise management, Organization life cycle processes of IP and ICT enterprise management, Analytical support of processes

making decisions for enterprise management."

Thus, the Russian economy receives specialists in “Applied Informatics” to provide IT support for information processes in the industries: “economics, law, political science, psychology, sociology, political science, psychology, ecology, humanitarian-social and others, in which professional oriented information systems...", as well as specialists in "Business Informatics" to ensure information processes within enterprises.

Now the de facto global methodological standard for training IT specialists for applied industries is the Information Systems 2010 (IS2010) curriculum, created by the entire professional IT world using the Wiki resource. Most complete Professional area graduates of this direction are described in CC2005. It also distinguishes between the target areas of training for IS and IT specialists: “Professionals in this specialty (Information Systems) primarily deal with the information that a computer can provide to an enterprise so that it can better define and achieve its goals, as well as with the processes that the enterprise implements or improves with the help of information technology. ... Information Systems focuses on the information aspects of information technology. Information Technologies are this kind of complement: their area of interest is the technologies themselves, but not the information they process. IT programs are designed to produce graduates with the right combination of theoretical knowledge and practical skills to manage an organization's information technology and the people who use it."

Didactic role of economic informatics

The presented description of curricula for national training of specialists in the field of “Applied Informatics”, “Business Informatics” and the closely related American curriculum “Information Systems - IS 2010” allows us to introduce a new direction into consideration: “Economic Informatics” in order to analyze the general and different and evaluate its prospects.

Firstly, it should be noted that “Economic Informatics” is not included in the national list of professional training specialties and one of the goals of this study is to prove the advisability of considering this issue, perhaps in the context of other areas, which will be discussed below.

Economic informatics is the science of information systems used in economics and business, as well as the economics of these systems.

This definition contains an indication of the difference between areas

applications: economic informatics deals with the comparison of costs and benefits from the use of information systems in the traditional scheme economic analysis. Both “Applied Informatics” and “Business Informatics” and “IS -2010” are focused on training specialists in the field of application of information technologies to solve problems in the subject area. Assessing the effectiveness of such decisions remains the subject of classical economics. In addition, an information product that has many non-trivial properties of pricing, consumption and development requires economic description and study. There are traditional economic issues: production and distribution of information products. Moore's law requires an economic interpretation, according to which a more productive information product has a lower cost. The market for information products is formed and develops according to its own laws: real material entities also circulate on it, but the main engine of this market is an intangible service or service that has the property of inexhaustibility and marginal costs tending to zero. Here, new industries (gaming) are created out of the “information air,” and gigantic fortunes arise “out of nothing.” Finally, information itself becomes a commodity, for which classical economic models: Demand does not create supply. Information products appear whose economic properties require modern interpretation: unlimited access to cloud services provided to end users free of charge, growth in the consumer properties of information technology products without increasing their prices. The price structure of an information product is also unusual, in which marginal costs tend to zero.

Nowadays, the economics of information systems looks as natural as the economics of any branch of the national economy - for example, economics Agriculture or industrial economics. But the information market has little in common with the grain market, and new research is needed to describe the market for information products.

In general, when discussing issues of general economic informatics with computing, it should be noted that these sciences have a direct connection only when considering information technologies (IT) and information systems (IS). At the same time, for economists in the term “information technology” - in the first place are “information”, “information”, services that provide information processes, and only then - “technology”. As noted above, information systems are the object of study of economic informatics and the name itself is characterized by the presence of the definition “information” rather than “computing” - directly following from the basic direction of “computing”, since modern applied tasks, including

economic content - are associated primarily with the processing and analysis of meaningful information, considering the calculations themselves as a necessary accessible tool.

Speaking about the effectiveness of information systems, we can note the objective relevance of the emergence of “Economic Informatics”: today the environment for using information systems has changed qualitatively. According to some experts, traditional consulting in the field of using IP, aimed at formulating the goals and objectives of implementation and selecting the best IP option for a particular enterprise, has practically disappeared. Over the decades of the active entry of information systems into the practice of planning, management and decision-making of organizations, a sufficiently qualified contingent of users has been formed, capable of independently answering the initial questions of the formulation terms of reference. In addition, IT standardization has enabled convergence processes that have, in practice, minimized the consequences of IP type selection error. The main issue of consulting was the problem of the efficiency of the functioning of the information system and its impact on the processes of adding value to the enterprise. There is only one way to answer this question: to give approaches to assessing the costs and benefits of using computers.

It's obvious that economic field There are no activities provided for IT specialists preparing according to the curricula and curriculum discussed above. This is not surprising: the field of activity of IT specialists is in the nature of engineering and technological services for business. The subtleties of identifying and assessing costs and benefits belong to the field of economics and are traditionally not of interest to IT students. Moreover, the work on such assessment is not structured and cannot be reduced to a familiar business process or a well-known algorithm with a fixed number of iterations. This is a matter for economists.

What is the outcome of studying in the field of economic informatics? What will graduates who have completed the full training cycle know and be able to do?

The fundamental thing in organizing IT training for economists is the formulation of two important provisions.

The first is the correct definition of the “entry point” of IT and IS into a specific subject area of economics and business. For economics and business, this role is played by the business process and providing IT services, for education - the educational process, for healthcare - the medical process, etc. Distinctive feature The main essence of a particular application is its process nature, mass distribution in the subject area, repeatability in time and space. Specification of the main essence is the task of specialists - economists. The purpose of training these IT and IS specialists is to provide them with the knowledge, skills and abilities to describe IT services used to

automation of business processes.

The second provision is a clear definition of the goals of training future specialists in the field of IT and IS. In our opinion, good knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of IT and IP allow a graduate to gain a competitive advantage in professional market. For classical universities and modern research institutions, it seems natural to formulate the role of IT and IS as tools for increasing the efficiency of basic business processes: scientific and educational activities. the main objective application of these tools - improving the quality of training of specialists and ensuring a high management level of operating activities and competitiveness of the organization. Achieving the highest professional level in economics and business by universities is possible only by building a logical chain of training their own IT specialists. The elements or stages of this chain are known: bachelor's degree - master's degree - graduate school. Conventionally, we can assume that each stage has its own level of IT training. Basic - for a bachelor's degree, professional - for a master's degree, research - for a postgraduate student. The success of training will be more noticeable for young specialists, for the university, and for the entire industry, if the result of each stage is a specialist in a specific subject, rather than a technical field. For this purpose, it is necessary to create an appropriate institutional environment, an element of which will be national system education with educational standards and the corresponding specialty - economic informatics.

Similar proposals would be valid for other specialties: historical computer science, biological, medical, ... It seems that they should all be represented in the list of university specialties. But according to the draft new order of the Ministry of Education, only business, bio-, geo- and applied informatics appear on this list.

In fact, the training of such specialists is ongoing, it is often carried out intuitively, and significantly depends on subjective factors. However, decades of widespread use of information technologies and systems have already created a sufficient professional reserve of industry competencies, there are ideas about professional standards - all this should lead to the official creation of corresponding subject specializations and specialties higher education.

Conclusion

Professional groups have already formed around the world and in Russia, dealing with the problems of economics of information systems. In modern conditions, these issues become key when addressing issues of selection, implementation and operation of information systems in

enterprises and organizations.

Currently, there is no system for training specialists capable of analyzing the economic consequences of implementing information systems. Current system IT education mainly solves the problem of training technical specialists.

Security innovative development specific applied branches of higher education require the creation of a system for training IT specialists within the applied humanitarian and socio-economic sectors. This requires the creation of specialties not only in applied (technical) but also in subject information science.

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