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Measuring gross regional product. Gross regional product (GRP) Gross regional product is defined as the difference between

As noted above, the main macroeconomic indicator of the performance of the economy in the statistics of many countries, as well as international organizations (UN, OECD, IMF, etc.), is GDP. At the micro level (enterprises and sectors) GDP indicator corresponds to the newly created indicator “gross value added”, reflecting the final result of their production activities. To characterize the process of production of goods and services at the meso level (region, territory, oblast), in accordance with the general methodological approaches of the SNA, the gross regional product.

Gross regional product- this is a general indicator economic activity region, characterizing the process of production of goods and services. GRP(or "our work") is equal to the sum of added values ​​of the regional economic sectors, calculated as the difference between output and intermediate consumption ("someone else's work"), plus net taxes on production and imports.

GRP calculated in current basic and market prices(nominal GRP), as well as at comparable prices (real GRP). GRP- this is a fundamentally new aggregate indicator for Russia, which has not previously been used in the practical activities of the country and regions. Its main conceptual feature is that it takes into account any activity and stimulates "our" labor of all enterprises. Re-bills and costs are eliminated at the same time "alien" labor, which were previously taken into account in total volumes and results of production efficiency assessment.

GRP = S BB - S PP + S ChNP + S ChNI;(4.4.)

The methodology for calculating this indicator for most sectors and industries at the regional and federal levels is the same.

However, there is a significant difference between the calculations GDP at the federal level and settlements GRP at regional levels. Individual Components GDP at the federal level, for objective reasons, it is impossible to distribute across regions (costs of maintaining the Presidential Administration, Government, State Duma, Ministries, etc.), they are calculated centrally and are included only in GDP Russia as a whole. That's why GRP amount all subjects Russian Federation not equal GDP.

Gross value added in basic prices, calculated for all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, differs from the gross domestic product of Russia by the amount of added value created only at the federal level. Therefore, the total GRP of all regions is less Country's GDP for a number of elements not taken into account:

Added value of industries providing collective non-market services to society as a whole ( public administration, defense, academic science, etc.);

Added value of industries providing individual non-market services, if information on the costs of these services is not available at the regional level;

Financial Intermediary Imputed Services (FISIM);

Some taxes, in particular import taxes, cannot be taken into account at the regional level.

In addition, it is technically impossible and methodologically unjustified to distribute non-market collective services between individual regions, and there is no data for an adequate distribution of added value among the subjects of the Federation created by financial and foreign trade intermediaries. The difference in the amount of GRP among the constituent entities of the Federation was, according to our estimate, in 2000-2006 less by 12-13% of the total GDP.

In Russia, the following scheme has been adopted for calculating regional indicators based on the uniform methodological principles of the SNA. Territorial bodies of state statistics are entrusted within the framework of Federal program collect information using standardized reporting forms and annually carry out calculations of aggregated indicators of regional accounts in the SNA.

GRP calculation data is constantly checked by Rosstat, and the official results for the regions are approved by it after updating the data four times after 2 years. It is clear that interest in them on the part of government authorities is decreasing.

Table 4.10.

Gross regional product

(per capita)

Region
thousand roubles. at current prices
Russia 39,5 49,5 60,6 74,9 97,9 126,0 157,9 198,8 248,0
Ural district 69,3 90,1 107,8 134,5 181,7 252,1 304,0 346,2 396,8
Kurganskaya 17,8 24,4 29,3 36,7 42,6 51,0 70,2 84,0 111,3
Sverdlovskaya 34,2 44,1 52,2 63,8 82,1 107,6 148,5 186,6 214,9
Tyumen 176,9 232,2 275,6 340,7 465,9 668,3 765,2 821,3 928,4
Chelyabinsk 33,0 39,2 47,8 61,4 81,7 98,8 126,8 163,8 189,5

Source: Yearbook Federal service state statistics M.2010 “Russian statistical collection”, p.335.

Modern regional leaders are particularly interested in the dynamics of GRP, income, profit and savings. It becomes possible for a territory to assess: the level of development of production, the contribution of a territorial entity to the overall results of the country’s economy, what resources the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have and how they are used.

At the same time, in a country consisting of 86 territorial-administrative entities with different geographical location and significant differences in the levels of social economic development It is difficult to objectively distribute the added value created and calculate the true costs of production. Therefore the problem of calculation GRP It is especially relevant for each region.

At the regional level, the main indicators of the CDS began to be calculated in 1995, and certain interesting observations were made and completely new analysis results were achieved.

In addition to GRP, territorial state statistics bodies must also calculate indicators of gross capital formation, final consumption, savings, fixed capital and a number of other indicators of efficiency and intensity using the SNA methodology.

GRP calculations are carried out by statistical authorities on a discrete basis production method taking into account the formation of an information base for accounts. Two types of information are usually used:

Direct information, which represents complete or partial data on the value and dynamics of calculated indicators. For example, unified form P-1 “Information on the production and shipment of goods and services” contains information on the quantity and dynamics of the industry’s products produced. The information obtained from the reports is necessarily brought to a full circle, taking into account small enterprises, household products and the informal economy;

Indirect information, which represents data on the volume or dynamics of an indicator that does not constitute the whole or part of the calculated indicator, but changes allow one to judge the dynamics of the calculated indicator. For example, a change in the number of service providers is indirect information for determining the dynamics of the volume of services provided.

First of all, it should be noted that indicators can be standardized, that is, calculated per inhabitant, which allows for a new comparison of the intensity of data changes between regions, regardless of their size and scale. This is especially important because it becomes possible to compare any subject of the Russian Federation. For example, Moscow produces approximately 10% of the total GRP of all regions of the country, the same amount as the Northern and Volga-Vyatka economic regions produce together. And the contribution of the Republic of Ingushetia and Altai Territory small - less than 0.02% of GRP from each region.

Moscow, of course, stands out among other regions of the country. Per capita, the capital produces 70% more added value than the Russian average. However, Moscow is not a champion in this indicator. Production level in Tyumen region more than twice as high as in Moscow and 3.5 times as high as the Russian average. Among the leaders in the country are the Republics of Yakutia and Komi, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Samara Region (with its VAZ). Tatarstan and St. Petersburg occupy 21st and 22nd places, respectively.

The lowest rates are in the North Caucasus republics, Kalmykia, the Republics of Altai and Tuva, as well as Penza, Tambov, Ivanovo regions, where the level of per capita GRP production is two or even three times lower than the Russian average level. If we compare the highest (Tyumen) and lowest (Ingushetia) levels, the difference will be significant - more than 17 (!) times.

The levels of per capita production in the Arkhangelsk, Nizhny Novgorod, and Omsk regions approximately correspond to the Russian average. It can be argued, however, that the average value of the series is somewhat shifted due to the anomalous values ​​of Tyumen, Yakutia and Moscow, caused by quite understandable geographical and administrative factors that shape the economic features of these territorial entities.

Therefore, the most typical indicators of GRP production are in Bryansk, Vladimir, Kaluga, Voronezh, Kirov, Volgograd, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Kurgan and other regions. Their per capita production indicators are slightly lower than the Russian average.

Just as when calculating production indicators, when constructing other regional indicators, it makes no sense to take into account collective services at the federal level (public administration, defense, academic science, etc.), since they are provided to society as a whole.

The most important indicator characterizing the final use of goods and services in the region is the indicator “actual final consumption” . Households consume products and services through own income, as well as individual non-market services of health care, education, culture, etc. at the expense of the state and non-profit organizations, transferred to households in the form of transfers to in kind. This indicator is important not only from the point of view of comparing production and use GRP, but also to study the level of well-being of the population.

If Moscow ranks third in Russia in terms of production of added value per capita, then in terms of actual final consumption per capita it confidently leads by a huge margin. It is almost 90% ahead of the Magadan region, which comes second, more than three times higher than the Russian average and almost 18 times higher than the level of the Republic of Ingushetia.

However, what is indisputable is that Moscow, in terms of consumption level, is not quite the same as the rest of Russia. If we exclude from consideration the Far Eastern regions, where expenditures on final consumption are traditionally high due to geographical reasons, and the North Caucasus republics, where people experience additional difficulties, then the most typical level of actual final consumption will be in Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Belgorod, Voronezh, Saratov and Chelyabinsk regions.

However, in a number of territorial entities of the Urals (Kurgan region and the Udmurt Republic) there is a higher naturalization of production at the level of economic units (enterprises), there is a significant shortage of raw materials and financial resources, imbalance of technological structures (a large share in the economy of the military-industrial and agricultural sectors), the desire to simplify technologies while maintaining a significant share of manual labor. Disproportions were accompanied by uneven institutional transformations, inclusion in the system foreign economic relations on new, more open terms, violating the system of cooperation.

As a result, the existing system of territorial and sectoral division of labor turned out to be poorly adapted to market relations. Regional differentiation in the level of production, consumption and living standards of the population has increased. Therefore, along with economic indicators SNA Social indicators of human development should also be measured.

Statistics, as a living social science, reflecting the life and activities of the population and households, is capable of characterizing the conditions the lives of the population that the government should create for them. According to Art. 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation "The Russian state is welfare state, whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people". In the same time possibilities development must be provided by the people themselves and employers. Solving the problems of population savings and related budget expenditures is not charity or social help. This is an investment in human capital that can ensure economic growth throughout Russia.

It is proposed to take into account the features of the region’s development: socio-demographic and personnel, socio-political - to reflect conditions life activity of the population. And material and resource, sectoral and structural, financial and budgetary, natural and climatic, information and statistical, organizational and economic - for characterization opportunities population and enterprises.

To do this, it is necessary to change the system of indicators reflecting the efficiency of personnel and the economy. Abandon the old flawed indicator - volume production in industries that contains double counting and stimulates the growth of costs rather than the growth of added value.

In practice, it is not yet possible to avoid repeated counting due to the fact that at the federal and regional levels, quantitative indicators are mainly used that characterize extensive forms of management (volume of industrial, agricultural and other production), and qualitative indicators (GRP, profit, labor productivity etc.) as basic ones are rarely used in official publications.

All this is happening because the apparatuses of government and management bodies are slowly mastering SNA And SRS and do not actively use modern market indicators that are generally accepted throughout the world.

From an economic point of view, it is detrimental to use volumetric and only quantitative indicators as the main indicators, which contain a significant share of enterprise costs (intermediate consumption). In practice, eclecticism is carried out, secretly stimulating costs, and the most important data in market conditions, such as regional product, income, consumption, accumulation, profit, savings and many other indicators SNA are used as secondary.

Table 4.11.

GRP structure in Kurgan region

(billion rubles / share, in%)

"Gross output" obtained through repeated and double counting of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products ( someone else's work ) amounted to over 52 billion rubles in 2001, and the regional product (your own work) - only 25 billion rubles. In 2008, “output” reached 250 billion rubles, and GRP - 106 billion rubles. The share of costs decreased from 51% (2001) to 48% in 2008.

GDP at the stage of income formation consists mainly of enterprise profits, personal income and taxes, in this case, costs are not taken into account. On average real income population and enterprise profits should increase by 7-10% per year. However, economic profits are growing at an insignificant pace.

Instead of expanding “exports” of products to other regions, “imports” are increasing, for which you have to pay, but funds are limited, there is not enough money, more and more is needed financial resources to serve “other people’s” labor. This waste reduces the efficiency of the entire economy of the Kurgan region and turns it into a raw material appendage to the regions and republics of the Urals, Western Siberia and other regions of the country.

Therefore, it is necessary to move away from cost incentives and repeated billing, it is necessary to use only data SNS, such as GDP, GRP, income, profit, consumption, accumulation, savings, etc. At the same time, it will be necessary to create a system of economic education SNA all state and municipal employees, enterprise specialists, the population and the public. Such an educational program SNA organized in the Kurgan region.

Control questions

1. The amount of added value of enterprises is equal or not GRP?

2. What explains the need for calculus GRP?

3. What are the features of assessment methods? GRP?

4. What indicators SRS are they used in practice?

5. What accounts and indicators are used to reflect the activities of households?

Page | 38

Introduction…………………………………………………………….……..2

    Theoretical concepts

1.1. Gross regional product………………………………….…..4

1.2. GRP in the system of national accounts…………………………….…..6

1.3. Methods for calculating GRP. Production method for calculating GRP…………………………………………………………………………………..….….12

2. Calculation part………..……………………………………………...19

Task 1……………………………………………………………………………….20

Task 2………………………………………………………………………………….27

Task 3………………………………………………………………………………….33

Task 4…………………………………………………………………….35

List of references…………………………….….…37

Appendix…….………………………………………………………..38

Introduction

To obtain a holistic picture of the functioning of the country's economy, a set of interrelated indicators is used that characterize the results of economic activity at the micro (individual enterprise, organization), meso (sector or industry) and macro level (country as a whole).

Indicators of economic performance in the system of national accounts are divided into indicators:

      Gross results;

      Final (net) results.

Gross indicators differ from net ones by the amount of consumption of fixed capital.

The main macroeconomic indicators characterizing the socio-economic situation of the region and the effectiveness of decisions made by local authorities and management are: gross regional product (GRP);

The basic general indicator in the system of national accounts (SNA) is the GRP indicator, since it characterizes the level of economic development and the performance of all economic entities in the region (republic).

Due to the fact that gross regional product is a key indicator of the system of national accounts at the regional level, it is used by the Ministry of Finance. GRP is an indicator of the general economic condition of the region. It gives an idea of ​​the overall material well-being of the region, since the higher the level of production, the higher the well-being of the country.

The main quantitative indicator characterizing economic growth is gross domestic product (GDP), and at the level of a separate region - gross regional product (GRP), which assesses the value of goods and services created as a result of production activities by institutional units on economic territory of a given country, usually for a year. The GRP indicator is very important for the economy as a whole. It is used to characterize production results, the level of economic development, economic growth rates, analyze labor productivity in the regional economy, and so on.

    The purpose of this work is to study GRP, how the most important indicator regional accounting systems. In the first section course work The basic concepts of GRP and GVA, the method of calculating GRP (production method) are considered.

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that it is necessary to highlight the factors that contribute to a long-term increase in the ability to satisfy the increasingly diverse needs of the population for products of economic activity, the features of this process in the region, as well as to identify the main problems that arise in this case.

    Theoretical concepts

      Gross regional product

Gross regional product(GRP) is a general indicator of the economic activity of the region, characterizing the process of production of goods and services. The publication of data on GRP was previously carried out in market prices. The assessment of GRP at basic prices differs from the assessment at market prices by the amount of net (less subsidies on products) taxes on products. GRP in basic prices is the sum of added values ​​in basic prices by type of economic activity.

Gross regional product is an indicator or indicator of the state of the regional economy, measuring gross value added, calculated by excluding the volume of intermediate consumption from the total gross output.

The indicator of gross regional product is, in its economic content, very close to the indicator of gross domestic product. However, there is a significant difference between the indicators of gross domestic product (at the federal level) and gross regional product (at the regional level). The sum of gross regional products for Russia does not coincide with GDP, since it does not include added value for non-market collective services (defense, public administration, etc.) provided government agencies society as a whole. 1

The result of a region's production activity in monetary terms is the gross regional product (GRP) at market prices. GRP is a general indicator of the economic activity of the region. It is created as a result of the use of production factors within the region and characterizes the potential volume of supply of goods and services.

The significance of the GRP indicator in the macroeconomic aspect is due to the fact that data on the results of regional production activities are used by authorities government regulation economics for development regional policy, decision-making in the field of social, fiscal, monetary policy. In addition, GRP allows for interregional comparisons in order to assess the place of each region in the system of economic relations within the Russian Federation and identify patterns and imbalances in regional development. 2

The developed tools make it possible to calculate the main macroeconomic indicator of the region - GRP - using the production method, the priority of which is determined by the availability of the necessary information. In this case, gross value added is summed up for institutional units, grouped by type of activity or economic sector. GVA for each type of activity (sector) is calculated as the difference between output at basic prices and intermediate consumption. To estimate GRP in market prices (consumption prices), the amount of taxes on products is added to the resulting amount in basic prices and subsidies on products are subtracted. Methodological differences between GRP and GDP are associated with the presence of elements in GDP that cannot be fully or partially determined at the regional level.

A part of GDP, in principle, cannot be attributed to any territory, because they represent the cost of collective services provided to society as a whole (defense, partial public administration, international cooperation). These services are financed by Federal Treasury and their value is taken into account only when calculating GDP.

Banking activities have certain specifics. A specific bank can be registered as a legal entity in the territory of one region and perform financial intermediation in the territory of both this and other regions. Therefore, it is problematic to link the total cost of financial intermediation services (except for insurance services) and indirectly accounted for financial intermediation services included in intermediate consumption to a specific region. This volume is determined by the State Statistics Committee of Russia only at the federal level and for the economy as a whole.

      GRP in the system of national accounts

    The development of market relations in our country required the restructuring of domestic statistics, the introduction of indicators and their systems adapted to characterize the functioning of a market economy. This also applies to macroeconomic indicators, including general view characterizing the most important results and proportions of economic development. In addition, in connection with Russia’s accession to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), it became necessary to apply in domestic statistics the system of national accounts used in most countries of the world and recommended by some international organizations .

The system of national accounts of the Russian Federation (SNA of the Russian Federation) began to be created in reality in 1991 with the development of the corresponding national methodology and the carrying out, first, of experimental and then regular calculations of the main accounts. Methodological work in the field of creating the SNA was carried out by the State Statistics Committee of Russia together with the OECD, the IMF, the CIS Statistical Committee, the Central Bank of Russia, the Ministry of Economy of Russia, the Center for Economic Conjuncture, ISEI, MESI and other scientific and economic organizations.

The SNA of the Russian Federation was based on the calculation principles of the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESIEA). Currently, the SNA of the Russian Federation is being revised in accordance with the new international methodological standard for national accounts adopted in 1993 by the UN, OECD, IMF, World Bank and Eurostat.

National accounts are a system of interrelated statistical indicators that characterize macroeconomic processes. This system is built in the form of a specific set of accounts and tables.

    The System of National Accounts describes financial flows, characterizing the activities of all resident economic agents from the moment of Production to the moment of final consumption or creation different types accumulation.

Each stage of the reproduction process (production, primary distribution of income, secondary distribution of income, use of income for final consumption and accumulation) corresponds special account or group of accounts

The account is a table that includes two sets of indicators characterizing: a) resources and b) their use. In each account, equality (equilibrium) is observed between the volume of resources and their use, which, as a rule, is achieved by p. help balancing items.

    Gross regional product is an indicator that measures gross value added, calculated by excluding the volume of intermediate consumption from the total gross output. At the national level, GRP corresponds to gross national product, which is one of the basic indicators of the system of national accounts.

    The calculation of the gross regional product (GRP) indicator is carried out by territorial state statistics bodies as part of the implementation of elements of the system of national accounts (SNA) at the regional level. The calculation methodology was developed in the central office of the State Statistics Committee of Russia and is uniform for all regions.

The system of national accounts is a detailed statistical model, including a system of interrelated macro-level indicators. The SNA exists as an international standard recommended for implementation in various countries by the UN Statistical Commission, IMF, IBRD, OECD and the Commission of the European Communities. The SNA includes a set of statistical tables called accounts, each of which characterizes a specific stage economic cycle: production, education and income distribution, expenditure on final consumption and accumulation. The central macroeconomic indicator around which the rest of the system is essentially built is the gross domestic product (GDP).

2. Methodology for studying socio-economic processes and phenomena in the regions

2. Methodology for analyzing gross regional product

2.1. Gross regional product in the system of economic indicators of regional development

In the national economy, the generally accepted basis for macroeconomic measurements and assessments is the System of National Accounts (SNA). The SNA was introduced into domestic statistics in 1993. , and has now practically supplanted the accounting system developed at the macro level over decades, called the “balance sheet of the national economy.” The reason for the transition to the SNA is that market relations cannot be adequately reflected by the accounting system that serves administrative-planning relations. Many studies by domestic scientists are devoted to the development of SNA in Russia.

The SNA as a system of interrelated indicators of the most general results and proportions of economic development was formed in the 50s. XX century in developed capitalist countries (England, USA, France, Germany) in response to the need of government authorities for systematized macroeconomic information to regulate the market economy. In the development of concepts and concepts of the SNA and in its further development World-famous economists took part: J. Keynes, R. Stone, J. Tinbergen, M. Frisch, S. Kuznets, V. Leontiev, O. Okrust. After World War II huge contribution International scientists contributed to the development of the theory and methodology of SNA economic organizations(UN, OSED, European Communities, etc.), which required comparable internationally macroeconomic information.

Over the past 50 years, the UN, IMF, Eurostat and other international organizations have revised and improved the SNA methodology three times. Currently, SNA is used to describe and analyze macroeconomic processes in countries with market economies. Today, the SNA is a well-founded, generally accepted macro tool. economic analysis national economy, including regional ones. The essence of the SNA lies in the formation of general indicators of economic development at various stages of the reproduction process and their mutual relationship with each other.

It should be noted that key macroeconomic aggregates, determined according to the methodology of the system of national accounts for the national economy, can be transformed into corresponding regional indicators. But this requires an accounting system adapted to the regional level.

For most countries with federal state structure Having a system of regional economic accounts compatible with the SNA is vital. The methodological principles for constructing SRS based on SNA were developed by Nobel laureate R. Stone in the 50s. XX century. Currently, regional accounts have been developed and used in a number of countries, primarily in the United States, Canada and the countries of the European Union. The most complete description of the regional accounting standard is presented in ESA 1995 (European System of Accounts), the system of national accounts of the European Union. There is a separate chapter dedicated to this topic in the ESA 1995 manual.

Since the development of regional accounts requires new conceptual approaches and is complicated by the problems of collecting regional economic information, the SNA-93 leaves this issue for the consideration of countries, which are recommended to develop regional accounts depending on their needs and capabilities. For Russia, a country with a vast territory and uneven economic development of regions, the development of the CDS as a methodological and statistical basis for economic (including reproduction) analysis of regional and interregional problems is an urgent task. N.N. Mikheeva recommends forming the CDS based primarily on the results of foreign studies on regional accounts.

Currently, the State Statistics Committee of Russia is attempting to build a system of regional accounts at the level of the constituent entities of the Federation. From a methodological point of view, the SRS is a specific reflection of the SNA at the mesolevel, preserving fundamental principles. The first principle is characterized by the presence of a system of interrelated classifications of the main structural elements of regional accounts, the second is the application of methods to the description of the regional economy accounting, the third is based on the idea of ​​economic circulation and consists in ensuring the closure of the system based on a strict relationship of indicators.

When implementing the CDS, the State Statistics Committee of Russia follows the methodological provisions of the European Statistical Committee, which recommends starting work on constructing regional accounts with calculations of gross value added and gross capital formation. The first steps in this area are already being felt in Russian statistical practice: for the subjects of the Federation, a production account is being developed (output of goods and services, intermediate consumption, gross value added - by large industries and in general, GRP) and individual elements a number of accounts (main types of income, actual final consumption of households, investments in fixed capital).

The construction of the CDS is associated with the following fundamental problems caused by the open nature of the regional system (interaction with other regions within the national economy and relationships with the rest of the world):

With the distribution between regions of the costs and results of activities inherent only to the national economy as a whole (central administration, defense, money issue etc.) or without a clear territorial reference (services foreign trade, banks, etc.);

With the distribution and recording of economic transactions between institutional entities operating in the region (residents and non-residents);

With the definition of economic boundaries of production and consumption in the region;

With reflection of operations of import and export of goods and services, as well as export and import of products.

Thus, the above conceptual difficulties of regionalization of the system of national accounts and the limitations of the information plan faced by territorial bodies of state statistics explain why the SNA cannot be implemented in in full at the regional level.

However, researchers involved in macroeconomic analysis based on regional accounts, in particular N.N. Mikheeva, practical possibilities are proposed for constructing a system of accounts for a separate region in a matrix form, including current accounts: an account of goods and services, a production account, accounts of primary and secondary distribution of income, an account for the use of income, a capital account and two accounts of external relations of the region (the rest of the world account , account of other regions).

It follows from the above that the development and construction of economic accounts of the regions will make it possible to link together the production and formation of income and expenses of all sectors of the regional economy and to assess the influence of macroeconomic processes on the formation of the pace and proportions of regional development in Russia.

The central position in the SNA is occupied by the macroeconomic indicator - gross domestic product, and in the SDS - its regional analogue - gross regional product (GRP). Without them, it is impossible to build both national and regional accounts . GDP and its most important components (elements) are the initial parameters for constructing special accounts corresponding to each stage of reproduction at the macro level (stage of production, primary distribution of income, secondary distribution of income, use for final consumption and accumulation, etc.). It is obvious that the withdrawal of GDP (respectively, GRP) from statistical turnover will destroy the entire SNA (SNA). There is no such threat with respect to GDP, because in all countries with market and transition economies it is used in macroeconomic analysis as the main indicator. The role of GRP is not yet so authoritative. However, the administrative-territorial division of Russia into regions (subjects of the Federation), striving for relative independence and self-sufficiency, leads to the need for appropriate indicators that will adequately reflect the level of their socio-economic development. GRP is the resulting indicator of the effectiveness of a region's economic activity, and its absolute size is an objective indicator of the contribution of a particular region to the country's economy.

Let us highlight the analytical capabilities of GRP in the system of existing regional economic indicators, which are manifested in the following:

1. GRP acts as the main indicator reflecting the achieved level of economic growth: the growth rate or increase in real GRP in the region as a whole or per capita. At the same time, economic growth in the region is understood as an increase in the scale of regional production, which is ensured both by an increase in the number of production factors used and by an increase in their quality, which characterizes the intensive type of growth. In the classical sense, two types of economic growth are distinguished: predominantly extensive, based on the involvement, increase in capital, labor and other development resources during the construction of new enterprises, development of new deposits, lands, etc., and predominantly intensive, based on increasing labor productivity, return of other resources, increasing the efficiency of their use based on the reconstruction of existing enterprises. Today there is an opportunity for an innovative type of economic growth, which is fundamentally different from previous ones in that instead of the resources of mass machine production, the resources of post-industrial development are given priority: science, accumulated and created knowledge, information and information Technology, basic science-intensive macro-technologies, general and vocational education.

IN modern world the contribution of science, innovation and new technologies is quite high and continues to increase. In the United States, over the past two decades, the share of GDP growth due to “progress in knowledge” is approaching 90%. Economic growth of Western Europe, Japan and South Korea also based on post-industrial resources. It should be noted that innovations and new technologies provide not only GDP growth (respectively, GRP), but also its qualitative and progressive change. In this regard, in sectoral structure Science-intensive industries are beginning to dominate GDP (GRP).

As for Russia, its observed innovative economic growth is mainly due to the work of branches of the knowledge-intensive industrial sector. These include branches of the defense complex (aviation, rocket and space, electronics, communications and radio industries, weapons, ammunition and special chemicals, nuclear shipbuilding), nuclear complex, chemical and pharmaceutical industry, production of chemical fibers and threads, scientific instrument making, production medical equipment. However, recently there has been a sharp decline in knowledge-intensive industries, largely caused by the insufficient efficiency of both market mechanisms and government regulation of complex economic activities, as well as the weak adaptation properties of enterprises to changing economic conditions.

According to experts, as a result of economic reforms in Russia, the rate of innovative renewal of production not only did not increase, but also fell unacceptably, which led to an increase in structural imbalances and contradictions. Thus, in terms of its share in the global total, Russia has 12% of scientists, but on the world market the share of the country's science-intensive products is only 0.3%. The number of innovatively active enterprises by type of economic activity increased from 1995 to 1999 by 16.9%. The share of fundamentally new and improved products in the total volume of shipped products from these enterprises in 1999 was 9.5% against 14% in 1995. A sharp reduction in funding for science from the federal budget had a negative impact: in 2002, allocations for the section “Fundamental research and assistance to scientific and technical progress" amounted to 1.55% of federal budget expenditures versus 2.02% in 1997; 0.28% of GDP versus 0.36% (respectively). The number of organizations that make up the country's scientific and technical sphere has also decreased: if in 1997 there were 4,137 thousand, then in 2000 - 4,099 thousand. At the same time, the number of personnel engaged in research and development decreased by 5% compared to 1997.

2. GRP creates information base for building state and intraregional economic policy. In countries with diverse conditions of socio-economic development, the main purpose of state regional policy is to reduce differences in the levels of livelihoods of people living in different territories, to overcome regional asymmetry in general, and to create the preconditions for intensifying interregional economic ties. Being a generalizing parametric characteristic of regional economic development, GRP acts as a tool for implementing a specific direction of regional public policy: carrying out an analysis of the differentiation of levels of socio-economic development of Russian regions, their typology, with the subsequent development of measures of government influence. For these purposes, as part of the indicators regional development GRP reflects:

The general macroeconomic situation in the region: GRP per capita (rubles), GRP per capita in relation to the average Russian value (in %), annual growth rate of GRP per capita (in %), GRP per unit of goods produced, services (rubles) .), produced by GRP per employee or resident (rubles), investments as a percentage of GRP;

State of the budget and financial system (indicators related to GRP): budget deficit to GRP (in %), share of total tax and non-tax charges in GRP (in %), share of profit by main types economic activity to GRP (in %), share of overdue accounts payable to GRP (in %), share of credit investments to GRP (in %), share of current and settlement accounts of enterprises to GRP (in %), household deposits to GRP (in %).

When assessing the required scale of support for regions from the federal budget in the form of general transfers, some researchers propose to take as a basis for assessing the normative level of the region’s financial capabilities the created GRP, which can be used in the region for consumption and accumulation (GRP minus its part transferred in the form of tax and non-tax contributions to the federal budget and central extra-budgetary funds). General transfers are aimed, on the one hand, at replenishing the general resources of consumption and accumulation in a particular region, and on the other, at aligning (bringing together) integral indicators of socio-economic development in different regions. For those regions where the average per capita GRP produced is above the minimum guaranteed level, transfers from the federal budget to replenish consumption and savings resources are not provided.

3. GRP can be used as one of the possible indicators of economic income as a basis for calculating the tax potential of a subject of the Federation, which most fully takes into account the volume of taxable resources. According to the SNA methodology, GRP is the initial basis for calculating such indicators as produced and received (disposable) regional income (Fig. 2.1).

Income generated- the sum of primary incomes of all sectors of the economy received by residents of the region as a result of participation in the production of a regional product in a given territory. In other words, the gross regional income generated is equal to the volume of GRP created. To more fully reflect the primary income generated by institutional units resident in a given region and paid by them to both residents and non-residents, it is recommended to compile a regional account of generated income within the framework of the CDS. The regional account of generated income, distributed by industry and sector, includes the following components: wages with social contributions, profit and mixed income, consumption of fixed capital, taxes on production.

The income received characterizes the income of all institutional entities (sectors), regardless of whether they are produced in a given territory or received from outside. Gross disposable regional income is calculated by economic sector by adjusting the amount of gross produced income and property income in each sector to the balance of income exchange within the region and between sectors of the national economy outside the given region.

Exchange transactions are recorded in the form of current transfers given and received by each sector of the regional economy. Since the regional economies are open and residents of different regions are economically interconnected, the gross income produced in the region is not equal to the gross regional disposable income. If the influx of external income into a subject of the Federation exceeds the volume of transferred income (which is typical for subjects that are net recipients of the federal budget), then the disposable regional income is greater than the generated one. So, both indicators of economic income cover the bulk of the taxable resources of the region and quite adequately reflect the tax potential of the territory.

4. In modern conditions Special attention focuses on the problems of ensuring the economic security of the region. The GRP creates an information and analytical base for the purpose of implementing state regulation of measures to ensure the economic security of the region. This requires the organization of special monitoring studies. In accordance with the recommendations of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, specialists of the Vologda Regional Statistics Committee have developed a system of indicators characterizing the state of the regional economy to monitor economic security.

Rice. 2.1. Relationship between GRP, gross regional produced and disposable income

This system of indicators includes GRP in the following areas:

In the block of indicators assessing the ability of the economy for sustainable development (GRP growth rate to previous year(in %), GRP deflator index compared to the previous year (in %), volume of retail trade turnover in % of GRP, investment in fixed assets in % of GRP);

In the block of indicators reflecting sustainability financial system region (shortage consolidated budget in % of GRP);

In the block of indicators reflecting the quality of life of the population (expenditures on healthcare and culture as a percentage of GRP).

With the introduction of the SNA into Russian practice, the system of main resulting indicators characterizing individual aspects of regional reproduction changes. It includes the following indicators: gross output of goods and services, gross value added of regional economic sectors, gross regional product, net regional product, regional income, disposable regional income, net disposable regional income, gross profit of the regional economy, net profit economy of the region, final consumption expenditures in the region (households, government agencies and non-profit organizations serving households), regional gross capital formation, income of resident institutional units (compensation of employees, net taxes on production, gross profit and mixed income) .

The use of a system of interconnected resulting indicators, reflecting the reproductive approach to regional management, will allow:

Determine the region’s place in the territorial division of labor;

Establish the relationship between production and use of the gross regional product;

Analyze the most important intra-regional economic proportions of reproduction;

Assess the effectiveness of regional reproduction.

Of course, one should not attribute to the value of GRP a meaning that is unusual for it, for example, a measure of the standard of living of the population, which is what A.G. pays attention to in his work. Granberg and Yu.S. Zaitseva. However, it is unreasonable, contrary to the methodological principles of the SNA and, accordingly, the CDS, to try to replace GRP with other regional economic indicators. Some researchers recommend using the volume of regional industrial output in monetary terms as a substitute for GRP. But this indicator, firstly, is a private indicator of regional reproduction today, less reflective of the structure Russian economy. Thus, the share of industrial products in Russia's GDP in 2001 amounted to 65.5%, and in a number of regions that have embarked on the path of post-industrial development, it is much less (for example, in Moscow - 3.7%). In addition, Russian industry now employs less than a quarter of the total number of people employed in the economy. Secondly, when correctly measuring the volume of regional industrial production, basically the same difficulties arise as when calculating GRP, but it is impossible to cope with them using statistical data of industrial production without affecting its other areas.

So, it should be noted that within the framework of the international statistical methodology SNA (SDS), it is unlawful to replace GDP and GRP with any other indicators. At the same time, GDP and GRP should not be perceived as universal, self-sufficient indicators. When conducting an economic analysis of the development of national and regional economies, it is advisable to supplement these indicators with other, more specialized indicators.

GRP as a parametric characteristic of regional reproduction is identified in the system of reproduction proportions. The study of the structural proportions of GRP is due to a number of reasons:

GRP is the result of expanded regional reproduction and acts as one of the main indicators economic efficiency regional institutional-reproductive system;

GRP occupies a central position in the system of regional accounts and is methodologically closely related to other indicators of the socio-economic development of the region;

GRP, when calculated using three possible methods - production, distribution and final use - includes components (indicators) that represent the most important parametric characteristics of the functioning of the structural elements of the institutional-reproductive system of the region. The sectoral structure of the produced GRP and the dynamics of its changes make it possible to assess the region’s place in the territorial division of labor, characterize the direction of structural and institutional changes in the regional economy, and determine growth trends (slowdown) in the production of goods and services. The cost structure of GRP shows the ratio of costs and results of all sectors of the regional economy. The components of the GRP distribution structure reflect the income received by institutional subjects of the region's reproduction system. Structure elements use of GRP reflect the satisfaction of the needs of end consumers and the investment of funds by resident institutional units of the region in fixed capital assets to create new income in the future by using them in production.

On the one hand, the parametric characteristics of the regional reproductive system include its results, from which in turn a system of interrelated proportions is formed, the latter are subject to changes over time (dynamic) under the influence of the dominant technological structure economy, social mechanisms of production, distribution, exchange and consumption in accordance with public interests, needs, and available resources. On the other hand, the components of the parametric characteristics (results - proportions - dynamics) of the institutional-reproductive system of the region are built into the gross regional product. Firstly, GRP is a parameter for the effectiveness of expanded regional reproduction in food and in value terms. Secondly, GRP is a source of resources for resuming the reproduction cycle. Thirdly, GRP acts as an indicator that has its own structure of production, distribution and use, the elements of which can be considered as components of the formation of economic-structural proportions of GRP. Finally, the continuous movement of GRP through the phases of the reproduction process in the region is expressed in the increment of its GRP volumes over time.

Economic and structural proportions of GRP- proportions formed on the basis of elements of the structure of production, distribution and use of GRP. TO proportions GRP production relate:

Relationships between sectoral shares of gross output and gross value added in produced GRP;

Proportions between the share in the structure of GRP of the production and service sectors;

Relationships between sectors of the regional economy in the produced GRP;

Proportions between reproductive sectors in the structure of GRP;

The ratio of the shares of market and non-market services in the produced GRP;

The ratio of the forming elements (gross output, intermediate consumption, taxes and subsidies) in the value of GRP;

Proportions of the structure of produced GRP by institutional sectors;

Proportion of relative productivity of the manufacturing and service sectors.

TO proportions of GRP distribution relate:

Proportions between the received primary incomes of the subjects of the reproductive system;

Proportions of redistribution of secondary income between institutional sectors;

Relationships between produced income and disposable income in the region.

Proportions of GRP use include:

The ratio of the components of final use of GRP (expenditures on actual final consumption of households, expenditures of government institutions on collective services, gross capital formation);

Proportions between final consumption expenditures and gross capital formation;

The ratio of GRP redistribution (between produced and used GRP);

Proportion between average per capita indicators of actual final consumption of households and produced GRP;

Proportions of imports and exports, exports and imports in the structure of GRP by expenditure to identify the interaction of the region with the “rest” of the country and with the world.

Thus, the process of functioning of the regional reproduction system finds concentrated expression in the economic proportions of the structure of production, distribution and use of the gross regional product (Fig. 2.2).


Gutman G.IN , Miroyedov A.A., Fedin S.V. Regional economic management / Ed. G.V. Gutman. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001.

Ivanov Yu. Prospects for the transition to the system of national accounts in the CIS countries // Issues of Economics. 1993. No. 5; Ivanov Yu. Towards the release of the new UN system of national accounts // Issues of Economics. 1994. No. 5; Ivanov Yu., Masakova I. System of national accounts in Russian statistics // Issues of Economics. 2000. No. 2; Ivanov Yu. Application international standards in Russian statistics // Issues of Economics. 2001. No. 3; Eliseeva I.I., Shchirina A.N., Kapralova E.B. Possibilities for assessing shadow economic activity based on the SNA // Questions of Statistics. 2001. No. 2; Kremlev N.D., Sivelkin V.A. System of national accounts as a reflection shadow economy(assessment issues) //Questions of statistics. 2001. No. 2.

Ivanov Yu. Prospects for the transition to the system of national accounts in the CIS countries // Issues of Economics. 1993. No. 5. P.22 – 31; Ivanov Yu. Towards the release of the new UN system of national accounts // Issues of Economics. 1994. No. 5. P.151 – 152.

Mikheeva N.N. Problems of using regional accounts in macroeconomic analysis // Economics and mathematical methods. 2000. T. 36. No. 4. pp. 48 – 57.

For a system of regional development indicators, see: Suspitsyn S. Methodological problems of forecasting priorities and consequences of state regional policy // Russian Economic Journal. 2000. No. 2. pp. 57 – 71.

Granberg A.G. Siberia and the Far East: general problems of economic growth // Region: economics and sociology. 2003. No. 1. pp. 14–28; Gutman G.V., Miroyedov A.A., Fedin S.V. Regional economic management / Ed. G.V. Gutman. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001; Uzyakov M.N. Suspitsyn S. Problems of methodological support for specific directions of state regional policy // Russian Economic Journal. 2003. No. 11–12. pp. 71 – 77.

Granberg A., Masakova I., Zaitseva Yu. Gross regional product as an indicator of differentiation of economic development of the region // Questions of Statistics. 1998. No. 9. pp. 3 – 11; Granberg A., Zaitseva Yu. Production and use of gross regional product: interregional comparisons. Art. 1. – Methodological issues of analysis of produced and used GRP // Russian Economic Journal, 2002. No. 10. pp. 42 – 64; Art. 2. GRP adjustments taking into account territorial differences in the purchasing power of money // Russian Economic Journal. 2002. No. 11-12. pp. 48 – 70; Granberg A., Zaitseva Yu. Growth rates in the national economic space // Issues of Economics. 2002. No. 9. P. 4 – 17; The path to the 21st century: strategic problems and prospects for the Russian economy /Ruk. auto coll. D.S. Lviv; Dept. Economy RAS; scientific – ed. Council of the publishing house "Economics". M.: OJSC Publishing House "Economy", 1999; Suspitsyn S. Oleynikova I.N. Fundamentals of research into reproductive processes: a structural-logical approach. /System analysis in design and management: Proceedings of the VII International. scientific-technical conf. St. Petersburg: SPbSPU Publishing House, 2003.

Previous

Gross regional product (GRP) is the central indicator of the system of national accounts (SNA), which characterizes the value of final goods and services produced by residents of the country for a given period. GRP is calculated in market prices of final consumption, that is, in prices paid by the buyer, including all trade and transport margins and taxes on products. GRP is used to characterize production results, the level of economic development, economic growth rates, analyze labor productivity in the economy, and so on.

Before proceeding to characterize the methods for calculating GRP, it is necessary to focus on key points in the concept of indicator.

First of all, GRP is an indicator of the produced product, which represents the cost of final goods and services produced. This means that the value of intermediate goods and services used in the production process (such as raw materials, supplies, fuel, energy, seeds, feed, freight transport services, wholesale trade, commercial and Financial services etc.), is not included in the GRP. Otherwise, the GRP would contain a repeated account.

Final products are goods and services that are purchased by consumers for final use rather than for resale. Intermediate products are goods and services that are further processed or resold several times before reaching the final consumer.

In order to correctly calculate total production, it is necessary that all products and services produced in given year, were taken into account once, and nothing more. Most products go through several production stages before reaching the market. As a result, individual parts and components of most products are bought and sold several times. Thus, in order to avoid multiple counting of parts of products that are sold and resold, when calculating GRP, only the market value of final products is taken into account and intermediate products are excluded.

Therefore, to avoid multiple re-invoicing, GRP should act as the cost of final goods and services and include only the value created (added) at each intermediate stage of processing.

Let's take a closer look at the concept of added value.

Value added (VA) is the value created in the production process at this enterprise and covering the real contribution of the enterprise to the creation of value of a specific product, i.e. wages, profits and depreciation of a particular enterprise. Therefore, the cost of consumed raw materials and materials that were purchased from suppliers, and in the creation of which the enterprise did not participate, is not included in the added value of the product produced by this enterprise.

In other words, added value is the gross output of an enterprise (or the market price of manufactured products) minus current material costs, but including deductions for depreciation (since the enterprise's fixed assets take part in creating the new value of manufactured products). In Soviet practice, this indicator was called conditionally pure products.

GRP is also a domestic product because it is produced by residents. Residents include everyone economic units(enterprises and households) regardless of their nationality and citizenship, having a center of economic interest in the territory of a given country (region). This means that they are engaged production activities or live in the economic territory of the country for a long time (at least a year). The economic territory of a country is the area administratively controlled by the government of that country within which persons, goods and money can move freely. Unlike geographical area it does not include territorial enclaves of other countries (embassies, military bases), but includes such enclaves of a given country located on the territory of other countries.

GRP is the gross product because it is calculated before deducting the consumption of fixed capital. Consumption of fixed capital represents a decrease in the value of fixed capital during the reporting period as a result of its physical and moral wear and tear and accidental damage that is not catastrophic in nature. In theory, domestic product should be determined on a net basis less consumption of fixed capital. However, to determine the consumption of fixed capital in accordance with the principles of the SNA, special calculations are required based on data on replacement cost fixed assets, their service life and depreciation by type of fixed assets. Accounting depreciation is not suitable for this purpose. Not all countries make such calculations, and those that do use different methods. Thus, data on GRP are more accessible and comparable between countries, and therefore GRP has become more widely used than net domestic product.

In addition to GRP in series statistics foreign countries An earlier macroeconomic indicator, the gross national product (GNP), is also used. Both of them reflect the results of activities in two areas of the national economy material production and services. Both determine the value of the entire volume of final production of goods and services in the economy for one year (quarter, month). These indicators are calculated in prices, both current (current) and constant (prices of a base year).

Difference between GNP and GDP(GRP) is as follows:

1) GRP is calculated on the so-called territorial basis. This is the total cost of production in the spheres of material production and services, regardless of the nationality of enterprises located on the territory of a given country;

2) GNP is the total value of the entire volume of products and services in both spheres of the national economy, regardless of the location of national enterprises (in the country or abroad).

So Thus, GNP differs from GRP by the amount of so-called factor income from the use of the resources of a given country abroad, the profit of capital invested abroad and property owned there, transferred to the country, wage citizens working abroad minus similar income of foreigners exported from the country.

Usually, to calculate GNP, the difference between the profits and income received by enterprises and individuals of a given country abroad, on the one hand, and the profits and income received foreign investors and foreign workers in a given country, on the other hand.

This difference is very small: for leading Western countries no more than ±1% of GRP. The UN Statistical Service recommends using GRP as the main indicator.

Gross regional product at the production stage, calculated by the production method, represents the sum of gross value added created by all resident institutional units in the economic territory of the region (excluding net taxes on products). Gross regional product calculated at the level of industries and sectors using the production method as the difference between the output of goods and services and intermediate consumption, formed from the cost of goods and services that are transformed or completely consumed in the production process. The term “gross” indicates that the indicator is determined before deduction of consumption of fixed capital

Gross regional product is calculated at current basic and market prices ( nominal volume of gross regional product), as well as at comparable prices ( real volume of gross regional product).

The indicator of gross regional product is, in its economic content, very close to the indicator of gross domestic product. However, there is a significant difference between the indicators of gross domestic product (at the federal level) and gross regional product (at the regional level). The sum of gross regional products for Russia does not coincide with GDP, since it does not include value added for non-market collective services (defense, public administration, and so on) provided by government agencies to society as a whole.

Starting from the results for 2004, data on gross regional product (GRP) are published in the main securities; Previously, data on GRP were published in market prices

Currently, the active implementation of DISPDNS (Two-Level Integrated Data Preparation System for National Accounts) is underway. GRP for 2007 was calculated with the introduction of DIS PDNS, which allowed for additional monitoring of indicators and data collection.

Currently, the calculation of the GRP of the federal subject is 28 months behind. Data on GRP for the year appeared on the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service in March 2009.

Notes

Literature

  • General principles for calculating gross regional product.. - M.: CIS Statistical Committee, 2004.
  • Improving the methodology for calculating gross regional product.. - M.: CIS Statistical Committee, 2005.

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