The modern political map of the world: the diversity of the countries of the modern world, their main types. Key countries of the world Variety of countries

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

Secondary school No. 1 named after. G.K. Nesterenko municipality Kanevsky district

GEOGRAPHY

Theme of the lesson: "VARIETY OF COUNTRIES OF THE MODERN WORLD"

Grade 10 (profile level)

Lesson designed

Geography teacher MBOU secondary school No. 1

St. Kanevskaya, Krasnodar Territory

A.V. Makarenko

Makarenko Angelina Vladimirovna

Geography teacher MBOU secondary school №1

VARIETY OF COUNTRIES IN THE MODERN WORLD

Grade 10 (geography, profile level)

The purpose of the lesson : formation of ideas about modern political

world map

Lesson objectives : - form an idea of the diversity of countries

the modern world;

Find out the main criteria for classifying the countries of the world;

Give the concept of "sovereign state", "gross

Domestic Product”, “Human Development Index”;

Continue developing skills in working with various

Sources of geographic information and contour

Cards;

Find out the meaning of the political-geographical

Country Provisions

Equipment : political map of the world, atlases, contour maps, test tasks, interactive board

Lesson type : learning new material

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Learning new material.

Teacher : Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the stages of formation of the political map of the world, find out the criteria for classifying the countries of the world and determine the position of these countries on the political map.

EXERCISE . In the process of studying the topic, write down the main groups of countries of the world in a notebook.

Teacher : What information can be found using a political map of the world?

students : On the political map, you can find out the position of countries, their capitals and state borders.

Teacher : The political map changes over time. There are five stages in the formation of the political map of the world, which reflect the course of development of human society:

Stage 1 - ancient (before the 5th century AD) - the emergence and collapse of such states as Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt;

stage 2 - medieval (5-16th century) - the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia;

stage 3 - new (16-19 centuries) - the era of the birth and establishment of capitalist relations in the world;

Stage 4 - the latest - the formation of a political map is associated with the first and second world wars

Stage 5 - modern - the emergence of socialist states in Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America; collapse of the socialist system; the collapse of the USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia; unification of the GDR and the FRG; termination of the activities of the Warsaw Treaty Organization; gaining independence of a number of states.

If in 1900 there were 57 sovereign states in the world, then by 2002 there were already 192 of them out of 230 states. The rest of the states are non-self-governing territories - mostly “fragments” of the former colonial empires of Great Britain and France. Netherlands, USA.

QUESTION : And what state is called "sovereign"?

EXERCISE . Open the textbook on page 9. Read the definition and write it down in a dictionary. (The teacher pronounces the definition, and the students read it and write it down in the dictionary.)

A sovereign state is a politically independent state that has independence in external and internal affairs.

Teacher : Since there are a lot of countries in the world, it became necessary to group them, which is carried out on the basis of different quantitative criteria and qualitative indicators. On the basis of quantitative criteria, the most common grouping of countries is by size (area) of territory (7 countries with S territories > 3 million km² each). Together they make up ½ of the entire landmass.

EXERCISE. According to the "visiting card" of the textbook flyleaf, write out the seven largest countries by S territory. (Students write in a notebook: Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India. One of the students reads out, and the teacher shows the states on the political map.)

Teacher : In terms of population, 11 largest countries are distinguished, with a population of more than 100 million people in each: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Japan, Nigeria, Mexico. (The teacher shows the countries on the map, and the students take turns using the atlas to name the capitals.)

Teacher : Grouping of countries according to the characteristics of the GP is often used. There are: coastal (have access to the sea or ocean), peninsular (located on peninsulas), island (located on islands), archipelago countries (located on an archipelago), landlocked (have no access to the sea).

EXERCISE . Give examples of countries in this group. (Students go to the map and show examples of countries in this group)

Teacher : On the basis of qualitative indicators, countries are divided into:

Economically developed
developing

The main criterion for such a typology is the level of social economic development, which is determinedindicator of gross domestic product(GDP) is an indicator that characterizes the value of all final products produced in the territory of a given country in one year, in US dollars.IN Lately began to apply a new indicator of the socio-economic development of the countries of the world -human development index(HDI) - takes into account not only GDP, but also the average life expectancy, the level of education.

EXERCISE . Open the textbook on page 11. Read the definitions and write them down in a dictionary. (The teacher pronounces the definition, and the students read it and write it down in the dictionary.)

QUESTION : Which countries and regions do you think have the highest HDI?

Students : USA, Canada, Nordic countries, Japan. (If students make inaccuracies in the names of countries and regions, the teacher helps.)

QUESTION : Which countries in the region have the lowest HDI?

students : Countries will have the lowest HDI African region. (Teacher clarifies: Burundi, Sierra Leone, Niger.)

Teacher : Russia in this list is at the beginning of the group of countries with an average HDI level.

Among economically developed countries the UN currently lists approximately 60 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, Australia and Oceania. This group of countries is characterized by significant internal heterogeneity, and four subgroups can be distinguished in its composition.

To the number developing countries(countries of the "third world") includes about 150 countries and territories, which can be divided into six subgroups.

Finally, there is a group of countries with transition economy.

EXERCISE . Using the text of the textbook, determine (self-acquisition of knowledge):

1 row - subgroups of economically developed countries (p. 11 p. 3)

2 row - subgroups of developing countries (p. 12 p. 4)

3rd row - countries with economies in transition (p. 13 p. 5)

Students : Subgroups of economically developed countries:

The "Big Seven" of Western countries: the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada - are distinguished by the largest scale of economic and political activity
Less major countries Western Europe - play a big role in world affairs, GDP per capita in most of them is the same as in the G7 countries
Non-European countries: Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - former resettlement colonies (dominions) of Great Britain, which did not know feudalism. Israel is usually included in this group.
Formed in 1997: Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan - approached other economically developed countries in terms of GDP per capita

Subgroups of developing countries:

Key countries: India, Brazil, Mexico, China - leaders of the developing world with great natural, human and economic potential
Countries with a shower GDP indicator exceeding 1-2, and sometimes 5 thousand dollars: Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela, etc. ( Latin America), there are such countries in Asia and North America
Newly industrialized countries (NIEs): "Asian tigers" (1st tier: Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, which in 1997 became part of China under the name Hong Kong; 2nd tier: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia)
Oil exporting countries: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United United Arab Emirates, Libya, Brunei, etc.
Lagging behind in their development, with a per capita GDP of less than 1 thousand dollars a year: some countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America
Least developed countries: about 50 countries with GDP between $50 and $300 per year

Countries with economies in transition: post-socialist countries, many of them can be attributed to developed countries: Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, etc. A special place in this group is occupied by Russia, Ukraine, China.

EXERCISE. (work on the interactive whiteboard and contour maps)

Sign the G7 countries on the interactive map.

All other students sign the countries "big

Sevens" on contour maps.

Teacher : Let's remember the definition of political-geographical location (GWP) and define its role for the country.

Students : GWP - the position of an object in relation to other objects that have political significance: state borders, friendly or hostile countries, to military alliances of countries, to conflict centers, etc.

Political and geographical position is one of the fundamental concepts in geography, which has a direct impact on the socio-economic development of any country.

Teacher : Summarize. Name the main groups of countries of the world that you wrote down in your notebook when studying a new topic.

Students : Main groups of countries:

By area
By population
According to the features of the GP
According to the level of socio-economic development

II. Consolidation. Getting ready for the exam.

TEST (1 option)

1.Currently, the total number of countries in the world is:

1) about 150

2) about 230

3) about 50

4) about 100

2. The world top ten in terms of area includes:

1) Brazil and India

2) South Africa and Saudi Arabia

3) China and Mexico

4) USA and Iran

3. The world's top ten in terms of population include:

1) Pakistan and Indonesia

2) Argentina and USA

3) Canada and India

4) Japan and Australia

4. In Asia there are:

1) India and China

2) Mexico and Brazil

3) Niger and Algeria

4) France and Italy

5. Economically developed states include:

1) India and China

2) Mexico and Brazil

3) Niger and Algeria

4) France and Italy

TEST (Option 2)

1. Key countries in the developing world include:

1) India and China

2) Mexico and Bolivia

3) Niger and Algeria

4) France and Italy

2. Peninsular countries are:

1) Israel and Paraguay

2) Iran and the Philippines

3) Indonesia and Peru

4) Italy and Türkiye

3. Island countries are:

1) UK and Sri Lanka

2) India and Madagascar

3) Argentina and Peru

4) Iceland and India

4. Does not have access to the sea:

1) Australia

2) Egypt

3) USA

4) Mongolia

5. The "big seven" includes:

1) Mexico and India

2) Italy and Germany

3) Mexico and Brazil

4) Austria and Denmark

III. Homework.

Pages 9-14

Write in a notebook the ten smallest states by area

world (microstates)

Sign on outline map eleven largest countries by population

Make a presentation about one of the countries of the world studied during the lesson

(1-3 students optional)

Lesson 2 Grade 10 Krasulina N.V.

Theme: Diversity of countries modern world.

Practical work No. 1 "Compiling a classification of countries according to various criteria"

The purpose of the lesson: formation of an idea of modern political

world map

Lesson objectives:

To form an idea of the diversity of the countries of the modern world;

Find out the main criteria for classifying the countries of the world;

Give the concept of "sovereign state", "gross domestic product", "human development index";

Continue developing skills in working with various sources of geographic information and contour maps;

Find out the significance of the political and geographical position for the country

Equipment: political map of the world, atlases, contour maps, tests, interactive whiteboard

Lesson type: learning new material

DURING THE CLASSES

Repetition of the studied material.

What does general geography study?

What does social and economic geography study?

Name the scientists who carried out economic and geographical research in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Name the method of geographical research and give a brief description.

Learning new material.

Teacher : Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the stages of formation of the political map of the world, find out the criteria for classifying the countries of the world and determine the position of these countries on the political map.

Teacher : What information can be found using a political map of the world?

students : On the political map, you can find out the position of countries, their capitals and state borders.

Teacher : The political map changes over time. Allocatefive stages formation of the political map of the world , which reflect the course of development of human society:

Stage 1 - ancient (before the 5th century AD) - the emergence and collapse of such states as Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt;

stage 2 - medieval (5-16th century) - the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia;

stage 3 - new (16-19 centuries) - the era of the birth and establishment of capitalist relations in the world;

Stage 4 - the latest - the formation of a political map is associated with the first and second world wars

QUESTION: What state is called "sovereign"?

EXERCISE . Open the textbook on page 10. Find the definition, write it down in a notebook.

A sovereign state is a politically independent state that has independence in external and internal affairs.

Teacher : Since there are a lot of countries in the world, it became necessary to group them, which is carried out on the basis of different quantitative criteria and qualitative indicators. Based on quantitative criteria, the most common grouping of countries by size (area) of the territory (7 countries withSterritories > 3 mln. km² each). Together they make up ½ of the entire landmass.

EXERCISE. The seven largest countries inSterritories - to sign their capitals.

Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India.

Teacher : In terms of population, 11 largest countries are distinguished, with a population of more than 100 million people in each - sign the capitals.

China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Japan, Nigeria, Mexico.

Teacher:

There is a grouping of countries national composition population: monoethnic and multiethnic. Give examples.

Teacher : Grouping of countries according to the characteristics of the GP is often used. There are: coastal (have access to the sea or ocean), peninsular (located on peninsulas), island (located on islands), archipelago countries (located on an archipelago), landlocked (have no access to the sea).

EXERCISE. Give examples of countries in this group. (Students go to the map and show examples of countries in this group)

Teacher : On the basis of qualitative indicators, countries are divided into:

Economically developed

developing

Countries with economies in transition

The main criterion for such a typology is the level of socio-economic development, which is determinedindicator of gross domestic product (GDP) is an indicator that characterizes the value of all final products produced in the territory of a given country in one year, in US dollars. Recently, a new indicator of the socio-economic development of the countries of the world has begun to be used -human development index (HDI) - takes into account not only GDP, but also the average life expectancy, the level of education.

Vatican

3 form of government – states within the Commonwealth.

There are 15 of them. The Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor General, is considered the formal head of state. This applies to the former dominions of Great Britain - Canada, Australia, New Zealand.

4 form of government - represented by oneLibya (or officially the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamaheriya).

The division of countries according to the peculiarities of the territorial-state structure.

Exercise: Using the text of the textbook on pages 16-17, fill in the table by entering the states.

unitary state (single legislative and executive power)

federal state (along with unified laws there are separate self-governing units)

Confederation ( federal form)

Teacher : Let's remember the definition of political-geographical location (GWP) and define its role for the country.

students : GWP - the position of any object in relation to other objects of political significance: state borders, friendly or hostile countries, military alliances of countries, conflict centers, etc.

Political and geographical position is one of the fundamental concepts in geography, which has a direct impact on the socio-economic development of any country.

Teacher : Summarize. Name the main groups of countries of the world that you wrote down in your notebook when studying a new topic.

students : Main groups of countries:

By area

By population

According to the features of the GP

According to the level of socio-economic development

Anchoring .

Getting ready for the exam .

TEST (1 option)

1.Currently, the total number of countries in the world is:

1) about 150

2) about 230

3) about 50

4) about 100

2. The world top ten in terms of area includes:

1) Brazil and India

2) South Africa and Saudi Arabia

3) China and Mexico

4) USA and Iran

3. The world's top ten in terms of population include:

1) Pakistan and Indonesia

2) Argentina and USA

3) Canada and India

4) Japan and Australia

4. In Asia there are:

1) India and China

2) Mexico and Brazil

3) Niger and Algeria

4) France and Italy

5. Economically developed states include:

1) India and China

2) Mexico and Brazil

3) Niger and Algeria

4) France and Italy

TEST (Option 2)

1. Key countries in the developing world include:

1) India and China

2) Mexico and Bolivia

3) Niger and Algeria

4) France and Italy

2. Peninsular countries are:

1) Israel and Paraguay

2) Iran and the Philippines

3) Indonesia and Peru

4) Italy and Türkiye

3. Island countries are:

1) UK and Sri Lanka

2) India and Madagascar

3) Argentina and Peru

4) Iceland and India

4. Does not have access to the sea:

1) Australia

2) Egypt

3) USA

4) Mongolia

5. The "big seven" includes:

1) Mexico and India

2) Italy and Germany

3)Mexico and Brazil

4) Austria and Denmark

III . Homework.

Etc. 2, pp. 10 - 17

Write in a notebook the ten smallest states by area

world (microstates)

Ticket number 1

The modern political map of the world: the diversity of the countries of the modern world, their main types.
Scientific and technological revolution: character traits and constituent parts.
Characteristics of the location of the economy of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher).

1.Modern political map of the world: a variety of countries in the modern world, their main types.

A political map of the World - geographic map, which shows the state borders of the countries of the world. Currently, there are more than 200 countries and territories in the world, of which more than 180 are sovereign states.

For your information: sovereign state - a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs (the name comes from the French word souverain - supreme, supreme).

It is difficult to specify the exact number of countries, because the political map is constantly changing.

Since the beginning of the 90s, such states as the USSR and the SFRY ceased to exist, the republics that were part of them acquired the status of independent states; two countries - the GDR and the FRG united into one state; Czechoslovakia broke up into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia, etc.

There are countries that have declared themselves independent, but are not recognized as such by the world community (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus)

There are countries that are occupied by other states: Palestine - Israel, East Timor - Indonesia, Western Sahara - Morocco.

But recently there have been several more officially recognized colonies: under the control of the United States - Eastern Samoa, Guam, etc.; under British control - Gibraltar, St. Helena, etc.

Many territories are not included in the official list of countries for decolonization, because they are claimed by their administering states to be their "overseas" departments.

The countries of the world are diverse in their characteristics, so there is a need to group them:

1) by the size of the territory:

7 largest countries are distinguished: Russia, Canada, USA, China, Australia, Brazil, Argentina - each of them with an area of more than 3 million square kilometers, these countries together occupy half of the entire land mass;
and very tiny states - Andorra, Liechtenstein, Singapore, etc.

2) by population:

the most numerous: China, India, USA, Russia, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan - with a population of more than 100 million each;
and small in number - the Vatican and many others.

3) according to the peculiarities of the geographical location:

a) seaside: Great Britain, Australia, Norway, etc.
b) peninsular: India, Greece, Italy.
c) island: Sri Lanka, Iceland.
d) archipelago countries: Philippines, Japan.
e) deprived of access to the sea: Mongolia, Chad.

4) according to the national composition of the population:

single-national: Japan, Sweden;
multinational: Russia, India, etc.

5) according to the state system:

constitutional monarchies (Great Britain, Japan);
absolute monarchies (Brunei, UAE);
republics (USA, Germany).

6) by state structure:

unitary (France, Hungary);
federal (India, Russia).

7) based on socio-economic characteristics:

Until recently, countries were singled out: socialist (USSR, China, etc.); capitalist (USA, Germany, etc.);
developing (India, Argentina, etc.). This typology is now considered obsolete.

8) according to the level of socio-economic development:

a) developed (taken into account high level economic development, economic potential, the country's share in the world economy, the structure of the economy, etc.):

G7 countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada);
smaller countries (Sweden, Spain, etc.);
countries of "resettlement capitalism" (Canada, Australia);
CIS (Russia, Ukraine, etc.);
new industrial countries (Korea, Singapore, etc.).

b) developing (transitional states in which socio-economic relations are at the stage of change):

countries of medium developed capitalism (Brazil, Mexico, etc.);
oil-exporting countries (UAE, Kuwait);
countries lagging behind in their development and least developed (Afghanistan, Kenya).

The place of any country in the typology is not constant and can change over time, which is usually associated with internal and external economic relations states.
2. Scientific and technological revolution: characteristic features and components.

The scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a period of time during which there is a qualitative leap in the development of science and technology, which radically transforms the productive forces of society.

Characteristic features of NTR:

universality, inclusiveness (it transforms all branches and spheres, the nature of work, life, culture, people's psychology);
extraordinary acceleration of scientific and technological transformations (a sharp reduction in the time between a scientific discovery and its introduction into production, faster product renewal);
increasing requirements for the level of qualification of labor resources (increasing the share of mental labor, general intellectualization);
orientation towards the use of scientific and technological achievements for military purposes (the birth of a military-technical revolution).

The characteristic features of the scientific and technological revolution are manifested in all its constituent parts:

1) in science: an increase in R&D spending (research and development work), a qualitative improvement in the education system, an increase in ties between science and production, an increase in its science intensity;

2) in engineering and technology:

introduction of new, mainly physical and chemical technological processes;
introduction of computers (USA - 1st place in production), robots (Japan - 1st place in production), GPS (- flexible production systems): connection of computers, systems of robots, modern machine tools, transport and loading devices - the so-called " deserted" factories;
development of quantum technology (lasers, masers);
production of new means of communication (satellites, etc.);
intensification of old methods of technology.

3) in production:

a sharp complication of the structure of the economy (the emergence of new, high-tech industries - aerospace, etc.);
the growth of science-intensive industries (electrical engineering, instrumentation, etc.);
production of new materials (semiconductor, ceramic; optical fiber; use of metals of the twentieth century - beryllium, lithium, titanium);
development of nuclear energy;
intensification of agriculture and transport (increase in productivity, speed of transport, etc.).

4) in management:

the emergence of cybernetics (- the science of control and information);
"information explosion";
Creation automated systems management, computer centers;
training of managers (heads of modern production).

3. Characteristics of the location of the economy of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher)

In this practical work, it is required to determine the centers of location of economic sectors from the maps of the atlas and explain them using knowledge of the factors of production location.

The answer is given on the example of the location of the Swedish economy (any country in the world can be characterized by this principle). For work, maps are needed: "Economic map of Europe", selectively maps of natural resources (water, forest, agro-climatic, etc.).

Characteristics of the Swedish economy:

1) mining industry; extraction centers:

iron ore: Kirunavar, Elirvar;
polymetallic ore: Buliden, Laisvall;
copper ore: Aitikabbo.

Location factors of this industry: natural resource and consumer (ferrous metallurgy);

2) electric power industry:

HPP (north and center of the country - on the Umeelven River, etc.), natural resource factor (abundance of rivers);
Nuclear power plant (south of the country - Ringhals, etc.), affects consumer factor(densely populated southern regions);

3) ferrous metallurgy: the cities of Luleå and Stockholm; placement is influenced by factors: natural resource (own raw materials), environmental, energy (many hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants);

4) mechanical engineering and metalworking, electrical industry: the cities of Stockholm and Gothenburg; influence factors: consumer, qualifications of labor resources;

5) shipbuilding: the main center is the city of Gothenburg, influencing factors: geographical location (seaside location) and consumer;

6) forest, pulp and paper: the city of Gavle (taiga zone), influenced by the natural resource factor (coniferous trees);

7) crop production: in the center and in the south of the country (oats, rye, wheat); the natural resource factor influences (low temperatures, abundance of precipitation);

8) animal husbandry: dairy and meat and pig breeding - in the south and in the center of the country, in the north - deer breeding, influenced by the natural resource factor (natural pastures, low temperatures in the tundra zone).

Ticket number 2

The main forms of state government and the state-territorial structure of countries.
The composition and structure of the world economy, their changes in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
Characteristics of the age and sex composition of the population of one of the countries of the world.

1. The main forms of state government and the state-territorial structure of countries.

Forms of government:

1) republic - a form of government in which the legislative power usually belongs to an elected representative body - the parliament, and the executive - to the government.

For your information: 3/4 of all countries in the world are republics.

Types of republics:

a) presidential republics: the president has great powers, heads the government (USA, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, etc.);

b) parliamentary republics: the government is headed by the prime minister, the president has less powers than in the presidential republic (Italy, Germany, India, etc.).

2) monarchy (only 30 in the world) - a form of government in which the supreme state power belongs to one person - the monarch, king, prince, sultan, sheikh, emir and is inherited.

Types of monarchies:

a) absolute monarchy: the power of the monarch is almost unlimited (Bhutan, Oman, Kuwait, etc.);

For your information: in Saudi Arabia - an absolute monarchy, where the head of state (the king) exercises legislative and executive power, while being the prime minister, commander in chief, supreme judge and spiritual ruler. The government is formed mainly from members of the royal family.

b) constitutional monarchy: the supreme state power is limited by the constitution, "the monarch reigns, but does not rule" (Great Britain, Japan, Liechtenstein, Spain, etc.);

For your information: Britain has a constitutional monarchy. The King (now Queen Elizabeth II) is considered the head of state, the judiciary, the commander-in-chief armed forces, the secular head of the Church of England, as well as the British-led Commonwealth. The King signs laws passed by Parliament.

c) theocratic monarchy: the head of state is also its religious head (Vatican).

The form of government does not determine the level of economic development of the country.

Forms of the state-territorial structure of countries:

1) unitary (from the Latin unitas - unity) - a form of administrative-territorial structure in which the country has a single legislative and executive power; in which the state does not include self-governing entities; administrative units report directly central government(Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, etc.).

2) federal (from the Latin foederatio - union, association) - a form of administrative-territorial structure in which, along with uniform (federal) laws and authorities, there are self-governing entities (republics, provinces, lands, states, etc.), having their own legislative, executive and judicial authorities (Russia, USA, India, Brazil, etc.).

2. The composition and structure of the world economy, their changes in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

The world economy (WX) is a system of interconnected national economies, which is based on international division labor, various economic and political relations. The world economy covers all countries.

The international division of labor is the specialization of the economy of individual countries in the production of certain types of products and services that they exchange.

Examples of industries of international specialization:

Japan: production of automobiles, ships, electronics, watches.

Namibia: mining of uranium and diamonds.

Saudi Arabia: oil production.

Zambia: exporter of copper ore and refined copper.

Colombia: coffee cultivation; etc.

The structure of the world economy is very complex, therefore, they distinguish:

A) regional structure, which is a system of national economies and interstate associations connected by economic and political ties;

b) industry structure associated with the branches of MX: industry, agriculture, transport, trade.

On world economy influenced by the scientific and technological revolution. Its influence is:

1) in accelerating the pace of global economic growth: for 3/4 centuries, the world economic potential has increased by about 10 times! This means that already in the mid-70s. it was 9/10 determined by the achievements of our century and only 1/10 by the results of the work of the entire previous history of mankind.

2) in changing the sectoral structure:

a) the role of the non-productive sphere is growing: the growth of the service sector, science, education, and culture.

Example: The United States retains the world championship in terms of the share of people employed in the non-manufacturing sector (2/3).

b) the role of industry, especially manufacturing, is growing: mechanical engineering, chemical, electric power, etc.

c) new industries are emerging, including the latest and science-intensive ones: electrical engineering, electronics, instrumentation, aviation and missiles, etc.

d) intersectoral complexes are created: fuel and energy, machine-building, agro-industrial, etc.

3) in changing the territorial structure:

a) there are new factors for the location of production: f-r science intensity, economic factor, f-r labor resources;

b) old factors acquire new content: the natural resource factor is shifting to areas of new development.

Example: oil and gas production moved to the continental shelf - areas: Northern and caribbean, Persian and Mexican gulfs.

3. Characteristics of the age and sex composition of the population of one of the countries of the world.

Consider the required characteristics on the example of one of the countries, for example, Canada.

Its population is 27 million people.

Age composition:

proportion of children (0-14 years): less than 23% of total strength population of the country;
share of adults (15-59 years old): about 62% of the country's population;
proportion of the elderly (60 years and older): more than 15% of the country's population.

Example: birth rate - less than 15 people per 1000 population.

Canada belongs to the II type of reproduction, is characterized by medium and low birth rates and a sharp decrease in mortality.

This country belongs to economically developed countries, they have a rather low birth rate (a small number of children), its value is influenced by:

late age of marriage of parents;
idea of the normal number of children (1-2);
attitude towards divorce, abortion;
involvement of women in production.

The proportion of older people, on the contrary, is increasing, this is influenced by:

a sharp decrease in mortality through the improvement of health care and medicine, which allows to increase life expectancy;
due to the decrease in the proportion of children in the total population, there is an increase in the proportion of pensioners, etc.

Gender composition: the number of female population prevails over male. This is explained by average duration women's lives are higher (up to 75 years), men live 5-8 years less.

The 3rd question on the ticket can be answered using the example of any country in the world that is most interesting or familiar to you. The above example of the characteristics of the population of Canada will help you to compose your answer if something we offer does not suit you, although its volume is quite sufficient.

Ticket number 3

Geographical environment and its role in the life of mankind.
Factors influencing the distribution of productive forces and their change in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
Determination of the type of reproduction of the country's population by the age and sex pyramid.

1. Geographical environment and its role in the life of mankind.

The geographical environment is that part of the earth's nature with which humanity directly interacts in its life and production activities at this stage of historical development.

It plays a huge role in the life of mankind:

serves as a habitat;
as the most important source of resources;
has a great influence on the spiritual world of people;
favorably affects their health and mood.

The whole history of human society is the history of its interaction with nature, the geographical environment. These relationships are inconsistent:

On the one hand, man changes nature, uses it, adapts it to his own needs. As a result, the transformation of natural landscapes into anthropogenic landscapes - urban, mining, agricultural, recreational - has accelerated extremely.

For your information: according to the calculations of scientists - geographers of Moscow University, now anthropogenic landscapes occupy more than 60% of the earth's surface. Including, about 20% of its territory, they have been radically transformed: these are cities and villages, fields and gardens, roads and mine workings, planted forests and recreation areas.

On the other hand: the geographical environment has a significant impact on the development of society. It mainly affects the location of economic sectors (natural resource factor).

It should be noted that modern industry consumes a huge amount of raw materials, the cost of which (including the cost of fuel and electricity) in the total cost of industrial production is about 75%, etc.

As a result of human activity, harm is done to nature, sometimes irreparable. The human environment is changing, and the question arises of the health and survival of all mankind.

Society began to withdraw more and more of its resources from nature and at the same time return to it more and more numerous wastes of its activities, their mass reached a value of approximately 40 billion tons.

For your information:

Every year, 11 billion hectares of tropical forests disappear from the face of the Earth - this is 10 times the scale of reforestation.
As a result of the desertification process, about 6 billion hectares of land are annually withdrawn from agricultural production.
Destruction of the ozone layer.
An increase in toxic emissions into the atmosphere (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc.), into the aquatic environment, disturbance of the soil cover, etc. (more about environmental issues in the 12th ticket, question 1).

Ultimately, 2 interrelated problems arose:

rational use of natural resources;
environmental protection from pollution.

To address these global problems it is necessary to unite the efforts of all countries, all mankind of our planet.
2. Factors affecting the distribution of productive forces and their change in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

The location of the branches of the world economy depends on the influence of a number of factors, some of which arose long ago, but acquired a new content in the era of scientific and technological revolution, and the other part arose recently, directly with the scientific and technological revolution itself.

Territory factor: the larger its size, the richer and more diverse the natural resources, the more options for accommodating the population and production (Russia, Canada, Brazil, Australia, USA, China, India). Sometimes a positive criterion is the configuration of the territory, the degree of its compactness.
Factor of economic and geographical location (EGP):

central (advantageous feature of the EGP);
deep (disadvantageous position);
neighborly (depends on relations between neighboring states);
seaside (an advantageous feature of the EGP).

Natural resource factor: historical attraction to continental sources of natural resources in the era of scientific and technological revolution (due to the latest technologies) in the extractive industry was replaced by a shift in development to areas of new development - the northern regions, shelf zones.
Transport factor: the presence of a dense transport network, access to the sea, etc.
The factor of labor resources, in this case, are important:

the number of people of working age;
cheapness of their labor;
qualification - the "quality" of the workforce.

Territorial concentration factor: the concentration of the economy and the population in large industrial centers, districts, transport hubs, urban agglomerations.

The era of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the process of territorial dispersal of production through the creation of small and medium-sized enterprises, mini-factories, etc.

Knowledge-intensive factor: attraction to large scientific centers - big cities and urban agglomerations, the emergence of "science cities".
Environmental factor: limiting the concentration of production due to environmental degradation; relocation of "dirty" industries to other areas or their complete dismantling.

3. Determination of the type of reproduction of the country's population by the age-sex pyramid.

What is a gender pyramid?

Imagine mentally, at least, Egyptian pyramid(for sure you have seen it in the pictures) or the figures of the pyramids (truncated, regular) studied in geometry lessons.

Now, mentally, break it into two perpendicular axes so that the base of the pyramid lies on the horizontal axis, and the vertical one divides the figure into two parts and proceeds from the middle of the base, rushing to the top. Because Since these models are associated with human parameters (their number, age, etc.), then there are no negative values here.

As a rule, during the construction, gender and age pyramids are obtained with truncated vertices. Depending on the number of parameters, the figure can be divided into several parts in the horizontal direction (i.e. one above the other), and any of these components can be larger or smaller than the neighboring ones.

More specifically about the meaning of the axes in the pyramid:

horizontal axis: the ratio of men and women - as a percentage of the entire population (left - men, right - women);
vertical axis: age of men and women - as a percentage of the total population of the country.

The following will be an analysis of the sex and age pyramid for a developing country (typical for any of the states of South Asia):

the number of children (0-14 years old) is more than 42%, their large numbers shown by the wide base of the pyramid;
the number of adults (15-59 years old) about 55%;
the number of elderly (60 years and older) is less than 3%, their number is reflected in the narrow top of the pyramid;
the left half of the pyramid (men) is somewhat larger in percentage terms than the right half (women).

From this analysis of the pyramid, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1) The country belongs to the I type of reproduction, which is characterized by a high birth rate, a decrease in mortality and a high population growth rate, as evidenced by the wide base of the pyramid.

It should be noted that the high birth rate in the South Asian region depends on:

a) national and religious traditions (encouragement of the birth a large number children, especially boys)

b) the fact that children in the future will become the breadwinners of their parents;

c) the predominance of the rural population;

d) insufficient level of education;

e) weak involvement of women in social production.

2) For countries of this type of reproduction, a certain predominance of the male population is characteristic, because mortality among women is higher here due to: early marriages that undermine health; large families; unequal position of women in the family and society.

In the 3rd question of this ticket, based on the above example, for the developing countries of the South Asia region, any of the regions or a single country can be analyzed.

Ticket number 4

Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.
Forestry and woodworking industry; composition, location. Geographic differences.
determination and comparison of the average population density of two countries (at the choice of the teacher) and explanations of the reasons for the differences

1. Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.

The whole history of human society is the history of its interaction with nature. Man has been using it for a long time in his economic purposes: hunting, gathering, fishing, as natural resources.

Over the course of several millennia, the nature of human relations with the environment has undergone great changes.

Stages of society's influence on the natural environment:

about 30 thousand years ago - gathering, hunting and fishing. Man adapted to nature, and did not change it.
6-8 thousand years ago - the agricultural revolution: the transition of the main part of mankind from hunting and fishing to cultivating the land; there was a slight transformation of natural landscapes.
the Middle Ages - an increase in the load on the land, the development of crafts; it took a wider involvement in the economic cycle of natural resources.
300 years ago - industrial revolution: rapid transformation of natural landscapes; increasing human impact on the environment.
from the middle of the 20th century - modern stage scientific and technological revolution: fundamental shifts in technical base production; there are sharp shifts in the "society - natural environment" system.

At present, the active role of man in the use of nature is reflected in nature management as a special area of economic activity.

Nature management - a set of measures taken by society to study, protect, develop and transform the environment.

Types of nature management:

rational;
irrational.

Rational nature management is an attitude towards nature, which means, first of all, concern for maintaining ecological balance in environment and completely eliminates the perception of nature as an inexhaustible pantry.

This concept implies intensive development of the economy - "in depth", due to more complete processing of raw materials, reuse of production and consumption waste, the use of low-waste technologies, the creation of cultural landscapes, the protection of animal and plant species, the creation of nature reserves, etc.

The political map of the world is a geographical map that shows the state borders of all countries in the world. Currently, there are more than 200 states in the world. It is difficult to indicate the exact number of countries, because the political map of the world is constantly changing. Over the past ten years, such states as the USSR and the SFRY have ceased to exist, the republics that were part of them have acquired the status of independent states; two countries - German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany united into one state of the Federal Republic of Germany, etc. There are countries that have declared themselves independent, but are not recognized as such by the world community (Republic of Srpska). There are countries whose territory or part of the territory is occupied by another state (Palestine - by Israel, East Timor - by Indonesia).

The countries of the world are diverse. They differ:

1) by the size of the territory: the largest - Russia (17.1 million km2); small - Vatican (0.44 km2);

2) in terms of population: large - China (1.2 billion people); small - the Vatican (about 1 thousand people);

3) according to the national composition of the population: single-ethnic, where the vast majority of the population belongs to one nationality (Japan); and multinational (China, Russia, USA);

4) by geographic location: landlocked countries (Chad, Mongolia); seaside (India, Colombia); island (Japan, Cuba);

5) according to the state system: monarchies, where power belongs to the monarch and is inherited (Brunei, UAE, Great Britain); and republics where legislative power belongs to parliament, and executive power belongs to the government (USA, Germany);

6) by state structure: unitary (France, Hungary) and federal (India, Russia, USA). In a unitary state, there is a single constitution, a single executive and legislative power, and administrative-territorial units are endowed with insignificant powers. In a federal state, along with a single constitution, there are also legislative acts administrative-territorial units that do not contradict a single constitution.

In the typology of countries, based on taking into account socio-economic characteristics, socialist countries (Cuba, China, North Korea, etc.), capitalist countries (USA, Germany, etc.), and developing countries (Brazil, Ethiopia, Malaysia, etc.) are distinguished. This typology is based on the existence of capitalist and socialist societies in the world and is now considered obsolete.

In the typology of countries, according to the level of socio-economic development, developed and developing countries are distinguished. The criteria for this typology are the level of economic development, economic potential, the country's share in world production, the structure of the economy, participation in the international geographical division of labor. The general indicator is gross domestic product (GDP) or gross national product(GNP) per capita. This typology distinguishes between economically developed countries (with a special focus on the G8 countries) and developing countries. Developing countries are heterogeneous and also very diverse: countries with medium developed capitalism (Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, etc.); newly industrialized countries (Republic of Korea, Taiwan); oil exporting countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, etc.); countries lagging behind in their development (Afghanistan, Kenya, Nepal). The place of any country in the typology is not constant and may change over time.

The modern one is represented by almost 230 countries and territories, and about 190 of them are sovereign. Among them there are huge ones, such as Russia, the USA, and there are small ones - the Vatican, Liechtenstein. Some countries are rich in nationalities and peoples, others are natural resources. A lot of statistical work is carried out to distinguish.

It is difficult to imagine what our world would be like if it were one big country. He would have the uniqueness that all countries of the world carry, their customs, traditions, culture. After all, the uniqueness of history, the formation of the economy, politics and social life citizens are of great interest to all. The development of capitalism also played a role in many ways. Some countries have tried to skip some of the evolutionarily established steps, and therefore ended up exactly where they are now. Countries are very different and can be divided according to different typological characteristics. The diversity of the countries of the modern world shows the historical path of development of mankind, thanks to which we have the opportunity to trace the main stages in the development of society and all its elements. The experience gained during such studies is essential to building a successful global economy and ensuring sufficient income for all people.

Economic classification

Many people remember: school, topic "Diversity of countries in the modern world", geography, grade 10. And a teacher who talks about the fact that countries are developed, with economies in transition and developing. And the basis of this classification is the development of a market economy. It is one of the key factors for the successful functioning of the country.

To determine which category a particular country belongs to, researchers take into account such indicators as the standard of living of the population, gross domestic product, the structure of the economy by industry, and the degree of development of information technology.

Economically developed countries

Let's go back to school. All the same geography lesson "Diversity of countries of the modern world." The teacher asks Ivanov, what are economically developed countries? And he can’t answer anything, except that “developed means developed”. Indeed, it is necessary to understand who lies behind the notion of "development of the country."

G7 countries: USA, UK, Canada, France, Japan, Germany, Italy are typical examples of developed countries. After analyzing their situation, we can say that the signs of a country's development are:

good standard of living of people;
the manufacturing industry and the service sector dominate in the gross domestic product;
society is highly informatized and in general information Technology are at a high stage of their development.

Due to the different speed of economic development and the characteristics of countries, there are subtypes of economically developed countries:

main;
economically developed countries of Europe;
countries of "settlement capitalism".

Main countries

As noted above, the main countries include the countries of the G7. In world production, they occupy the lion's share: more than 50% of industry and 25% of the entire service sector. Considering the fact that the number of major countries is many times less than the number of the remaining ones, the scale of their activities can be considered huge, and the economy powerful. They contribute to the diversity of the world. The 10th grade, already mentioned, asked an interesting question: where does Russia belong? Researchers cannot yet give an exact answer and are arguing which group it belongs to. But most of the opinions this moment- Russia belongs to economically developed countries.

Economically developed countries of Europe

The diversity of the countries of the modern world in this category is represented by Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, the Scandinavian countries, etc. When we pronounce these names, an image immediately comes to mind: political stability, the population lives well, a high gross domestic product, imports and exports are almost in perfect proportion.

How do they differ from the main countries? This is where the international division of labor comes into play. The economically developed countries of Europe are more narrowly specialized, therefore they are more dependent on the income that they receive from banking, tourism, trade in the form of intermediary, etc.

Countries of "settlement capitalism"

This category includes the former colonies of Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. These countries are characterized by the preservation of their international specialization - they export raw materials and agricultural products. What distinguishes them from developing countries is the fact that specialization in the agricultural and raw materials sectors is based on high performance labor, and a developed domestic economy also contributes to this.

Countries with economies in transition

It was the turn of the teacher's questions to answer Solovyov. But he is not afraid of anything, because geography is his favorite lesson. The diversity of the countries of the modern world does not frighten him either. Solovyov clearly answers (and correctly) that countries with economies in transition are characterized by the fact that various processes of transformation are currently taking place in them. economic activity towards the introduction of market mechanisms.

These countries include the countries of Eastern and (former socialist), the Baltic States, as well as the CIS. In these world subjects, the institution of private property is strengthening in the economy, the centralized economy is being replaced by the "invisible hand of the market", the consumer market is being saturated with a variety of goods. Some countries were able to make this transition smooth with the help of "velvet" revolutions, that is, they carried out gradual reforms without major shocks to society. The economic ties that had developed over decades were "destroyed" in a civilized manner.

Developing countries

The lesson "Diversity of the countries of the modern world" continues. Grade 10 finds it difficult to answer the question which countries are developing. And how do they differ from countries with economies in transition. Developing countries - this is the vast majority of countries around the world, there are about 132 of them. Asia, Africa and Latin America are the places of their concentration. Among them you can see many former addicts and colonial countries. 80% of the total population lives here.

Developing countries are characterized by the fact that they have already made the transition to market economy, but they are highly dependent on exports, especially exports of fuels and raw materials. Economic processes in such countries are built on the relationship with the economies of developed countries. Developing countries are characterized by low and average level income.

Physical-geographical countries

We consider the diversity of countries in the modern world and move on to another criterion for their typology. Countries are also divided according to physical and geographical features.

This criterion is not given much attention in school, since the economic classification is considered the most important, taking into account the processes of globalization and integration taking place in society. But in order to see the full picture of our world, teachers should include this typology in the lesson. The diversity of the countries of the modern world in this case looks like this: the unity of the geostructure and movement of the earth's crust and the homogeneity of the relief determine such countries-zones as the Arctic, Northern, Eastern and Central Europe, the Mediterranean, Central, Eastern, North, Southeast Asia, etc.

Historical and cultural classification

History and culture also contribute to the diversity of the countries of the modern world. Their main types according to these criteria are, for example, Western and Central European, Eastern European, Caucasian, Central Asian-Kazakhstan, Siberian, Central African, etc. The historical and cultural classification is very extensive and, like no other, reflects the real diversity of the countries of the modern world.

In this typology, countries are distinguished by the common historical fate, the development of the social and economic sphere, the development cultural traditions, customs and way of life. Material and spiritual culture (folklore, traditional arts, national rituals) is the main manifestation of historical and cultural countries. Historical and cultural classification is the support and basis for research work in ethnography - the science of the characteristics of a people.

The variety of countries in the modern world is enormous. Each country is unique - its historical traditions and mentality, economy and politics, social sphere and culture. The typology of countries helps researchers to see global trends and patterns in the development of our society. And knowledge of certain laws can help in preventing world crises and resolving universal global problems. After all, international integration, like any phenomenon in our life, has two sides - pluses and minuses. And it remains in the power of people to prevent the great influence of minuses on world well-being, a calm environment and a decent standard of living for every person.