1. After conducting an inventory of the credit organization’s property, the bankruptcy trustee begins to sell the credit organization’s property at an open auction in the manner and on the terms determined by this Federal law, unless a different procedure for disposing of the credit organization’s property is established by this article.
2. The bankruptcy trustee, whose functions are performed by the Agency, in agreement with the Banking Supervision Committee of the Bank of Russia, transfers the property (assets) and liabilities of the credit institution or part thereof to the acquirer (acquirers) in the manner established by this article.
3. In order to coordinate the transfer of property (assets) and obligations of a credit organization or part thereof to the acquirer (acquirers), the bankruptcy trustee sends a proposal to the Bank of Russia, which must contain information about the composition of the property (assets) and obligations of the credit organization, the results of the assessment of property (assets) , produced in accordance with the requirements of this article, as well as justification for the feasibility of transferring property (assets) and liabilities.
4. If the transfer of property (assets) and obligations of a credit organization is proposed to be carried out in parts, the proposal of the bankruptcy trustee specified in paragraph 3 of this article must contain information on the composition of the property (assets) and obligations of the credit organization in relation to each of the transferred parts.
5. The amount of the credit organization’s obligations transferred to the acquirer(s) is determined by the bankruptcy trustee on the basis of information available at the credit institution. The value of the credit institution's property (assets) transferred to the acquirer(s) is determined in accordance with the report of the appraiser hired by the bankruptcy trustee and acting on the basis of an agreement.
6. The Banking Supervision Committee of the Bank of Russia makes a decision to approve the bankruptcy trustee’s proposal to transfer property (assets) and liabilities of the credit organization or to refuse its approval no later than ten working days from the date of receipt of such proposal from the bankruptcy trustee and notifies the bankruptcy trustee about the decision taken no later than two working days from the date of adoption of the relevant decision.
7. The Banking Supervision Committee of the Bank of Russia has the right to refuse to approve the bankruptcy trustee’s proposal to transfer property (assets) and liabilities of a credit organization on the grounds established by a regulatory act of the Bank of Russia.
8. Within three working days from the date of receipt of the notification of the decision of the Banking Supervision Committee of the Bank of Russia to approve the bankruptcy trustee’s proposal to transfer property (assets) and obligations of the credit organization, the bankruptcy trustee shall include in the Unified Federal Register of Bankruptcy Information information on the selection of the acquirer ( acquirers) of property (assets) and obligations of the credit institution, which must contain the procedure for providing information on the composition of the transferred property (assets) and obligations of the credit institution, their value and valuation methods.
9. Credit organizations licensed to attract Money individuals in deposits, has the right to send to the bankruptcy trustee an application for participation in the selection of the acquirer (acquirers) of property (assets) and obligations of the credit institution within ten working days from the date of inclusion of the information specified in paragraph 4 of this article in the Unified Federal Register of Bankruptcy Information .
10. An application for participation in the selection of the acquirer (acquirers) of property (assets) and obligations of a credit institution must contain a proposal to defer the fulfillment by the acquirer of obligations to the Agency as a creditor for obligations transferred to the Agency as a result of payment by the Agency insurance compensation depositors of a credit institution. The specified deferment cannot exceed one year from the date of conclusion of the agreement on the transfer of property (assets) and obligations of the credit institution to the acquirer.
12. The Banking Supervision Committee of the Bank of Russia has the right to refuse approval of the acquirer (acquirers) of property (assets) and obligations of a credit institution on the grounds established by a regulatory act of the Bank of Russia.
13. In the case of transfer to the acquirer (acquirers) of part of the obligations of the credit organization, the obligations of the creditors of the next priority are transferred only after the full transfer of the obligations of the creditors of the previous priority. This priority is determined in accordance with Article 189.92 of this Federal Law. Part of the obligations of a credit institution of one priority cannot be transferred to the acquirer, unless otherwise established by this article.
14. The transfer of property (assets) and obligations of a credit organization or part thereof is carried out based on the principles of good faith and reasonableness of the actions of the bankruptcy trustee, the equivalence of the amount of transferred obligations with the value of the transferred property (assets), protection of the rights and legitimate interests of creditors, including minimizing their losses in exercising their right to receive satisfaction for their legal requirements to the credit institution, priority and proportionality of satisfaction of creditors’ claims, equality of creditors of the same priority.
15. Creditors of a credit organization must be notified by the bankruptcy trustee of the upcoming transfer to the acquirer of property (assets) and liabilities of the credit organization or part thereof by sending a notice of the transfer of said property (assets) and liabilities to the official publication for publication, as well as including it in the Unified Federal bankruptcy register. Such a notice must be published at least one month before the expected date of transfer to the acquirer of the property (assets) and liabilities of the credit institution or part thereof. A notice of the transfer to the acquirer of property (assets) and liabilities of a credit institution or part thereof must contain:
1) the name of the credit organization transferring property (assets) and liabilities or part thereof, its address and information identifying the credit organization (state registration number of the record state registration legal entity, an identification number taxpayer);
2) the name of the acquiring credit organization to which the property (assets) and liabilities of the credit organization or part thereof are transferred, its address and information identifying the credit organization (state registration number of the record of state registration of a legal entity, taxpayer identification number);
3) criteria for classifying obligations as obligations transferred to the acquirer;
4) the procedure for creditors of a credit organization to receive information about the classification of obligations to them as obligations transferred to the acquirer.
16. Within a month from the date of publication of the notice of the transfer to the acquirer of the property (assets) and obligations of the credit organization or part thereof, the creditor of the credit organization has the right to send in writing to the credit organization a statement of disagreement with the transfer of rights and obligations under the agreement concluded by him with the credit organization . From the date the bankruptcy trustee receives the said application, the proportional share of the property to be transferred is excluded by the bankruptcy trustee from the property of the credit institution subject to transfer to the acquirer.
17. The demands of a creditor of a credit organization who has sent a written statement of disagreement with the transfer of rights and obligations under an agreement concluded by him with a credit organization are satisfied in accordance with the priority established by Article 189.92 of this Federal Law.
18. After the transfer of property (assets) and obligations of a credit organization or part thereof to the acquirer, the latter is obliged to fulfill the received obligations and (or) payment obligations mandatory payments on the conditions that existed on the day the credit institution’s license to operate banking operations.
19. The property (assets) and liabilities of the credit institution or part thereof are considered transferred to the acquirer from the date of signing the transfer act by both parties. From this moment on, the purchaser bears responsibility for the risk of accidental loss or accidental damage to the property he received. Simultaneously with the signing of the transfer act, the bankruptcy trustee sends to the official publication for publication information about the transfer of property and obligations of the credit organization to the acquirer and includes the relevant information in the Unified Federal Register of Bankruptcy Information. Such information must contain the information specified in paragraph 15
23. Securities owned by a credit institution and admitted to circulation on the organized securities market may be sold at organized auctions or on the basis of a purchase and sale agreement concluded without holding auctions.
CHELYABINSK BANKING SCHOOL
CENTRAL BANK OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
subject: “Accounting in banks”
Accounting for property and results of activities of a credit institution
Completed by: Maletin V.A.
Provepil: Ermolaeva N.P.
1. Fixed assets:
1.1. Accounting for fixed assets.
1.2. Valuation of fixed assets.
1.3. Accounting for depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets.
1.4. Accounting for capital investments and receipt of fixed assets
1.5. Accounting for long-term leased fixed assets.
1.6. Accounting for disposal of fixed assets
2. Accounting intangible assets(intangible assets), low-value and wear-and-tear items (MBP)
3. Accounting for household materials
4. Capital accounting:
4.1. Formation and accounting authorized capital
4.2. Accounting for additional capital of a bank
4.3. Reserve fund accounting
5. Accounting for performance results:
5.1. Accounting for income, expenses and financial results of the bank
5.2. Use of profits
Bibliography
Fixed assets
Accounting for fixed assets.
No credit organization can carry out its statutory activities without the presence of fixed assets. Fixed assets are the bank's property in the form of buildings, structures, equipment, instruments, vehicles, computer equipment, household equipment and other items. Those indicated as fixed assets must meet two criteria:
1. Cost - not less than one hundred times the minimum monthly payment labor (MMOT) established by the government
2. Service life more than one year.
· land owned by the bank, regardless of value.
· Weapons, regardless of cost
· Alarm and telephone installations, regardless of cost, if they are not included in the cost of buildings, during construction
· Books, regardless of cost
· Finished capital investments in leased buildings, structures, and other objects related to fixed assets, they are credited by the tenant bank to its own fixed assets in the amount of actual costs, unless otherwise provided by the lease agreement.
All types of fixed assets are reflected in accounting By initial cost, which is defined for objects:
Contributed by shareholders (participants) as a contribution to the authorized capital of the bank - by agreement of the parties
Received free of charge - by expert means or according to documents of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, or according to market price
Purchased for a fee - based on actual costs incurred, including costs of delivery, installation, assembly, installation
Built - by actual cost
Changes in the original cost are allowed during completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, partial liquidation and revaluation of the object.
To reflect the state and movement of fixed assets, a synthetic account is used № 604 "Fixed assets of banks." The account is active. Debit balance means the initial cost of fixed assets owned by the bank; turnover by debit reflects the initial cost of received objects; loan turnover means the initial cost of retired fixed assets (not counting operations on revaluation of fixed assets).
Accounting is carried out by groups of fixed assets, formed by categories and terms beneficial use objects or depreciation rates (terms) on second-order accounts:
No. 60404 “Earth”
No. 60405 “Long-term leased fixed assets
No. 60406 “Fixed assets transferred for use to banking organizations” - active. On the second-order accounts related to it from No. 60501 to 60506, the same categories of fixed assets are taken into account as on account No. 604
No. 606 “Depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets” - passive.
On second-order accounts: from No. 60601 to 60604, accounting is carried out in the same categories as on account No. 604;
No. 60605 “Rental obligations” - passive;
No. 60606 “requirements for lease obligations” - active;
No. 607 “Capital investments” - active”;
No. 60701 “Own capital investments”;
No. 608 " Leasing operations" - active;
No. 60801 “Machinery, equipment, vehicles and other vehicles leased”;
No. 60803 “Wear and tear of machinery, equipment, vehicles leased” - passive;
No. 60610 “Depreciation (amortization) of long-term leased fixed assets transferred to bank organizations” - passive;
No. 60611 “Wear and amortization of equipment in reserve” - passive
Analytical accounting fixed assets are organized object-by-object, according to personal accounts of items on inventory cards or inventory books 0489007, as well as in the fixed assets journal 0489008. The cards are marked with the numbers indicated on the items being accounted for. Cards are placed in a card index according to groups of homogeneous items. It is allowed to maintain group passport cards for several simultaneously purchased identical items. The fixed assets accounting journal is not concluded at the end of the year and entries in it continue into the new year. At the places of operation of the objects, a list of inventory objects assigned to the material is compiled. responsible persons. The basis for filling out inventory cards or books are primary accounting documents(acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, technical passports and other documents characterizing the condition of the object, its purpose and procedure, operating conditions).
Valuation of fixed assets.
As a rule, fixed assets are accounted for at historical cost, but this is not the only accounting cost. Fixed assets can also be accounted for restored value, which arises as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets carried out by government decision. Replacement cost is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in this moment time, i.e. acquisition or construction of objects based on current prices or costs of manufacturing them under new conditions. Since (for example, in conditions of inflation) the cost of raw materials, materials, spare parts, and labor costs increase, any credit organization needs to create a source of financing to replace worn-out objects in a larger amount than their original cost, respectively, when selling them (objects) sale price should increase. Revaluation is carried out either through established (centrally) coefficients, or by direct recalculation of the original value into the restored value according to the documented market price. At the same time, the amount of previously accrued depreciation is recalculated. The result of the revaluation changes not only the initial cost and the amount of depreciation of the object, but also creates new source– additional capital (account No. 10601 “Increase in property value during revaluation”).
Account No. 604 “Fixed assets of banks”
| Credit accounts No. |
Debit accounts No. |
||
| C – initial cost in operation. |
Initial cost of disposed fixed assets (for any reason) Revaluation with a decrease in the original cost of fixed assets. Fixed assets transferred for use to banking organizations. |
||
| Initial cost of received objects: as a result of construction and acquisitions free of charge. Contribution of founders (participants) to the authorized capital. Increase in the value of fixed assets during revaluation. Excess fixed assets identified during inventory were capitalized. Redemption of long-term leased fixed assets |
Accounting for depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets.
As a result of operation, any fixed asset item wears out, i.e. loses its technical and economic properties and physical qualities. Value expression The loss of these properties by objects is called depreciation of fixed assets. Each bank that owns fixed assets needs to ensure the accumulation of funds (sources) for the acquisition and restoration of worn-out objects. This is achieved by depreciation charges, which are included in the bank's expenses. Their size is determined by the standards established by the government as a percentage of the original cost of objects, depending on their groups and categories (Regulation No. 1072 of October 22, 1990). The standards are annual; they serve as the basis for calculating the service life of an object. If throughout the entire life of the object the amount of depreciation will be the same (at a constant initial cost), then this type of depreciation calculation is called linear. Depreciation is calculated starting from the next month after the month of capitalization on the balance sheet and ends from the next month after the month of disposal of the object.
Depreciation is charged “for full restoration”, i.e. this means not only physical, but also obsolescence of objects, this means that depreciation is accrued for objects that are in operation and in reserve (reserve).
Limit amount accrued depreciation (amortization) for each object must be equal to the book value (initial) value of the object minus the balance of the revaluation fund for this fixed asset. To account for and move amounts of depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets, account No. 606 “Depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets” is used - passive. The credit balance means not only the amount of accrued depreciation included in the bank's expenses, but also its increase or decrease as a result of revaluation: debit turnover - write-off (reduction) of depreciation in connection with the disposal of fixed assets and revaluation, for a loan - accrual of depreciation and its increase at the time of revaluation. Depreciation is calculated monthly. Analytical accounting is organized according to personal accounts.
The fact of revaluation must also be recorded in inventory cards and books, i.e. recording replacement cost and wear. For credit institutions, the amounts of depreciation and amortization do not coincide, since depreciation is the amounts that constitute the bank’s expenses, and depreciation includes an additional amount received as a result of revaluation.
Account No. 606 Depreciation (amortization) of fixed assets
Accounting for capital investments and receipt of fixed assets
Capital investments– these are bank investments in new construction, renovation and acquisition of fixed assets. For this purpose, special sources of financing are created in the form of an accumulation fund, a depreciation (wear and tear) fund, retained earnings or loans received from other banks, etc. Capital investments include:
Construction works;
Installation of equipment;
Equipment requiring installation;
Equipment that does not require installation;
Purchase of inventory;
Cost of design and estimate documentation, etc.
Part of the capital investments can be directed to the reconstruction and modernization of facilities, and at the same time it is not allowed to accept into operation constructed or reconstructed buildings in the absence of security and fire alarm system and telephone installation. Costs for this type objects produced in existing buildings are also carried out at the expense of capital investments and are accounted for as separate objects of fixed assets independent of cost. Capital investments are carried out by contract or business method. In the first case, an agreement is concluded with a third-party construction or installation contractor. The invoice will include costs in the amount of the volume of work performed by them and accepted by the customer under the work acceptance certificate, as well as the cost of equipment requiring installation, or the cost of materials consumed if they belonged to the contractor.
With the economic method of construction and installation, all costs for their implementation are taken into account by type (wages of workers of the relevant profession and qualifications who were on the bank’s staff, the cost of purchased equipment that requires and does not require installation, the consumption of various building materials and other items) directly to the bank account.
To account for costs for all types of capital investments, account No. 60701 “Own capital investments” is opened. The account is active, the debit balance reflects the amount of costs for unfinished capital investments. Debit turnover is the sum of the costs of the reporting period for the acquisition of fixed assets and the production of construction and installation work or costs that do not increase the initial cost of fixed assets (allotment of land, payment for demolished buildings, training of personnel for a newly introduced facility, etc.) directly in a bank account. Loan turnover is the cost of fixed assets transferred into operation, and write-off of costs that do not increase the cost of fixed assets.
Account No. 60701 “Own capital investments”
| Credit accounts No. |
Debit accounts No. |
||
| C – actual costs for unfinished work |
The initial cost of objects transferred into operation (the amount of actual costs), newly built and purchased from long-term leases is written off. Costs that are not included in the original cost of the object are written off. |
||
| Purchase of equipment that does not require installation. Transfer for installation of equipment requiring installation. Objects purchased from long-term lease are accepted. The construction and installation work performed by the contractor has been accepted. Wages have been accrued to full-time employees engaged in capital works, with accruals to extra-budgetary funds. Construction and other materials were transferred. Transferred for training personnel for acquired facilities |
Payment of costs for capital investments is carried out directly from the correspondent account for settlements with suppliers and contractors or from the cash desk when issuing wages to construction workers and other payments.
Sources of financing capital investments intended for these purposes, recorded on balance sheet accounts for accounting for funds and profits, are not subject to movement. The sources used by type and size are reflected in off-balance sheet synthetic accounts:
No. 919 “Sources of financing capital investments, acquisition of intangible assets, equipment for leasing” - passive, having second-order accounts:
No. 91901 “Funds of accumulation funds”
No. 91902 “Depreciation (wear and tear) of fixed assets, intangible assets, equipment for leasing”
No. 91903 “Loans received from other banks for capital investments”
No. 91904 “Capital investment costs. Acquisition of intangible assets, equipment for leasing, produced in excess of available resources” - active.
By the receipt of passive accounts, the amounts of resources are reflected, their increase for each account in correspondence with account No. 99998. By expenditure - the amount of resources used for each account, as well as the amounts aimed at restoring costs. Accounted for on account No. 91904 in correspondence with account No. 99998. Upon receipt of account No. 91904, the amounts of costs not covered by sources of financing are recorded in correspondence with account No. 99999. Expenses include amounts that cover costs incurred in excess of available resources, i.e. accumulated resources in accounts No. 91901, 91902, 91903.
Accounting for long-term leased fixed assets.
The specified objects are accepted on the balance sheet of the tenant's bank upon concluding an agreement with the tenant on the terms of the subsequent purchase by the tenant of the object upon expiration of the lease term or earlier. The contract may stipulate the right to return the object, under certain conditions.
Second-order accounts are intended for accounting for long-term leased fixed assets:
No. 60405 “Long-term leased fixed assets” - active.
No. 60604 “Depreciation (amortization) of long-term leased fixed assets” - passive.
No. 60605 “Rental obligations” - passive
No. 60606 “Requirements for rental obligations” - active.
Receipt of fixed assets under long-term lease in the amount agreed upon by the parties (it will be considered the initial cost):
When calculating depreciation (depreciation) according to this object:
If the terms of the agreement provide for the accrual of interest in favor of the lessor:
When making payments to the landlord
When transferring the property into the ownership of a bank tenant: additional payment:
At the same time, resources used for capital investments are written off in an off-balance sheet account:
Previously accrued depreciation on long-term leased fixed assets is written off (transferred) as intended (into depreciation of own fixed assets).
If at the end of the lease period the object is returned to the lessor:
Return at the end of the rental period:
When renting objects without the right to purchase, the latter are not included in the balance sheet of the tenant, but are accounted for in off-balance sheet account No. 91503 “Leased fixed assets. (This is the current lease).
Bank owned weapons and fire alarm equipment, regardless of cost, are also accounted for in account No. 604 “Fixed assets of banks”, second-order account No. 60403, and ammunition for it is recorded in the corresponding account for accounting for household materials (No. 61006).
The purchased literature is accounted for in the corresponding second-order account for accounting of fixed assets. (60403).
Accounting for disposal of fixed assets
Retirement of fixed assets means their liquidation due to moral or physical wear and tear, i.e. write-off of both fully depreciated and partially depreciated fixed assets, as well as their gratuitous transfer and their implementation.
In order to account for disposed fixed assets and the results of their disposal, the Chart of Accounts provides for account No. 612 “Sale (disposal) of bank property.”
Analytical accounting of disposals is carried out on personal accounts opened for each object. Second-order accounts are divided depending on the result obtained by the bank from the disposal of fixed assets: No. 61201 - passive, No. 61202 - active. Each of them is closed on the day of registration of transactions with the following result: credit account balance No. 61201 - written off to the income account; debit balance of account No. 61202 – to the expense account.
It should be remembered that the amount of accrued depreciation (depreciation) subject to write-off for each object is always less than its original cost by the amount of the balance of the revaluation fund for the disposed object, therefore account No. 61201 must be additionally credited for the amount of the balance of the specified fund.
Accounting for intangible assets (intangible assets)
Intangible assets include bank property that ensures better performance of certain banking operations for servicing clients ( software, acquisition of a brokerage position on the stock exchange) or accelerating the process of registering a bank (development of a charter, constituent agreement, stamps, seal, etc.), so-called organizational expenses, or acquisition of patents, licenses, new technological developments, acquisition of the right to use land plots etc. Just like most assets, intangible assets, i.e. their use should generate income for the bank. These are objects whose service life should be more than a year, regardless of cost. In the chart of accounts, the following second-order accounts are provided for their accounting:
No. 60901 “Intangible assets”
No. 60902 “Intangible assets in bank organizations”
No. 60903 “Amortization of intangible assets.”
Accounts No. 60901, 60902 are active and take into account the status and movement of intangible assets at their original cost in the personal accounts of the objects. Account No. 60903 takes into account the amount of accrued depreciation (recovered cost) for intangible assets - passive (according to personal accounts of objects).
The acquisition, receipt of intangible assets and the formation of the initial cost occurs as a result of:
Contributions by shareholders (founders) towards contributions to the authorized capital - by agreement of the parties.
Purchase for a fee - based on the actual costs incurred to acquire and bring objects into a state of readiness for operation
Free admission - by expert method
Production by the bank - at cost.
Transactions on intangible assets acquired for a fee are reflected in the manner established for accounting for capital investments of fixed assets. In the same manner, off-balance sheet accounts take into account sources of financing capital investments for intangible assets. Thus, the following entries will be made in accounting regarding the movement of intangible assets:
Account No. 60901 “Intangible assets”
As payment documents are paid for intangible assets received from the supplier and other expenses reflected as part of capital investments, the following entries are made in off-balance sheet accounts:
on resource use
d-t sch. No. 97901, 91303, kit No. 99998
within available resources or costs in excess of available resources
d-t sch. No. 91404, set of accounts. No. 99999
Depreciation of intangible assets is calculated monthly based on the original cost of the objects and their useful life, independently established by the bank. The useful life is considered to be the time period during which the object generates income, but always more than a year. If such a period cannot be established, then it is considered to be a period of 10 years, but not more than the life of the bank. Accrued depreciation is included in the bank's expenses in correspondence with account No. 60903 “Depreciation of intangible assets”
Account No. 60903 “Amortization of intangible assets”
Documenting operations on the movement of intangible assets are identical to the documentation on the movement of fixed assets (acts of acceptance and transfer, etc.)
Accounting for low-value and wear-and-tear items (IBP)
IBPs are divided into two types.
Low-value items, the cost of which does not exceed 100 times the monthly minimum wage, regardless of the service life of the item. Wearable items with a service life of less than a year, regardless of cost.
The following accounts are used to account for them: No. 61101 “Low-value and wear-and-tear items”, No. 61102 “Low-value and wear-and-tear items in bank organizations”, No. 61103 “Wear and tear of interbank business enterprises”.
At the time of acquisition (receipt) of IBP from suppliers, their cost is included in the composition of household materials (account number No. 610, account number No. 60311), then, based on documents on the transfer of items into operation (requirements), they are transferred to the composition MBP (account number No. 61101, account number No. 610). If IBPs are transferred as part of constructed objects, then their cost is recorded by posting: d-t inc. No. 61101, set of accounts. No. 60701. For free admission - d-t account. No. 61101, set of accounts. No. 10603. Free cost accepted values determined by a commission of representatives of the transferring organization and the bank, about which a protocol on the contract price and an acceptance certificate are drawn up.
If a surplus is identified during the inventory of SBPs in operation, they are included in the increase in income (account number No. 61101, account number No. 70107). In the credit of account No. 61101, the cost of retired items is recorded on the basis of an act (account number No. 61202, account number No. 61101). If the bank has branches and branches, then the transfer of IBP to them is carried out using account No. 61102 (account number 61102, account number 6G101).
Depreciation on IBP is accrued upon transferring them into operation, including cases of capitalization of surplus, in the amount of 100% of the cost. Therefore, the balances on accounts No. 61101 and 61102 should be equal to the balance on account No. 61103. When depreciation is calculated, its amount is charged to bank expenses (account number 70209, account number 61103). The account “Depreciation of MBP” is debited when they are removed from service (account number No. 61103, account number No. 61201). When assigning the cost of the shortage of IBP to the perpetrators, the amount of their wear and tear is charged to the income account.
Analytical accounting of IBP is maintained on personal accounts opened for each item, indicating the inventory number, price (cost), place of operation, financially responsible person. It is allowed to combine IBP accounting into homogeneous groups, provided they have the same name, the same price, one place of operation, and one financially responsible person. All inventory numbers of items must be indicated on the combined personal account.
For account No. 61102, analytical accounting is maintained on personal accounts opened for each organization. Analytical accounting for the wear and tear account of the IBP is maintained in the same manner. Note also that uniform(special), including shoes, body armor, issued to employees, regardless of cost, is taken into account in account No. 61101 “IBP”. The costs of its acquisition are carried out at the expense of the fund. special purpose. Accounting takes into account the cost of workwear on personal accounts opened for each recipient employee. These items are written off after the expiration of the established period, without drawing up reports.
In addition, account No. 61101 “IBP” takes into account bags for transporting and storing valuables, cash-in-transit bags, regardless of cost.
Accounting for household materials
Household materials are accounted for in account No. 610, and depending on their composition, the following second-order accounts are opened:
· stationery (invoice No. 61001),
· spare parts, including tires, for vehicles, as well as computer equipment (invoice No. 61002),
· equipment requiring installation (invoice No. 61003),
· materials for social and domestic needs (account No. 61004),
· materials for packaging money (invoice No. 61005),
· other materials (invoice No. 61006),
· household materials in bank organizations that are on budget financing (account No. 61007).
In analytical accounting, the specified values are reflected by quantity, price and amount, as well as by places of storage, operation (use) and financially responsible persons. With everyone officials responsible for the safety material assets, upon hiring, an agreement on full financial responsibility is concluded. Accounting of valuables in the warehouse is carried out in books, on cards with the opening of a separate personal account for each type of valuables, or on electronic computers.
According to the established Rules, there is a need to organize separate warehouse and accounting household materials. At the same time, only analytical accounting is maintained in warehouses, and analytical and synthetic accounting is maintained in accounting. Reconciliation of synthetic and analytical accounting accounting is carried out daily, and analytical data from the warehouse and accounting department are reconciled in accordance with the established schedule, but at least once a week. The fact of reconciliation is recorded by the accountant’s signature on the cards (in personal accounts, books) of warehouse accounting. Discrepancies between the indicators are documented in a certificate, and decisions on them are made by the head of the bank.
The receipt of household materials is documented by invoices or the fact of acceptance of valuables is noted on invoices signed by the persons who handed over and accepted the valuables (if the quantity and types of valuables indicated in the supplier’s document and actually accepted coincide).
The release of valuables from the warehouse is carried out on the basis of expenditure documents: requirements, acts, invoices.
When purchasing valuables in cash (for amounts issued for reporting), financially responsible persons (MRP) issue an invoice, and on the sales receipt of the accountable person they make a note that the said valuables were accepted according to invoice No. from, and sign for receipt.
Financially responsible persons, manager warehouse, storekeeper, responsible for the safety of material assets, in deadlines, but at least once a week they submit to the bank’s accounting department a report on the inflow and outflow of valuables, which is a list of incoming and outgoing documents included in a special register. The register is compiled in two copies, one of which is transferred to the accounting department, the second, signed by the accountant, remains with the MOL. The accountant checks that the submitted documents are filled out correctly and that their numbers and quantities correspond to the data specified in the register. On adopted documents The accountant enters prices and values of material assets and indicates the necessary entries. All accounts for accounting of household materials (No. 61001 - 61007) are active. The debit balance reflects the actual value of the balance of valuables in the warehouse; debit turnover - receipt of materials by actual cost; loan turnover - release (expense) of valuables for various needs of the bank, also at actual cost.
The following transactions can be reflected in accounting.
Receipt of household materials:
d-t sch. No. 610 (by types of valuables)
count No. 60311 “Settlements with suppliers, contractors and buyers.”
Payment of supplier invoices:
d-t sch. No. 60311 “Settlements with suppliers, contractors and buyers.”
count No. 30102 “Correspondent accounts of credit institutions in the BR.”
Capitalization of valuables upon delivery advance report:
d-t sch. No. 610 “Household materials”
count No. 60307 “Settlements with bank employees for imprest amounts.”
Write-off of shortage due to fault transport organization:
d-t sch. No. 60323 “Settlements with other debtors”
count .№ 610 “Household materials” and their repayment;
d-t sch. No. 20202, 30102
count No. 60323;
shortages due to the fault of MOL:
count No. 610 “Household materials” and their repayment;
d-t sch. No. 20202
count No. 60308.
Shortages within the limits of natural loss norms are attributed to the bank's expenses:
Issue (consumption) of materials in accounting accounts is reflected depending on intended purpose and use of released values:
for the bank's business needs
d-t sch. No. 70209 “Other expenses”
count No. 610 “Household materials”;
for capital investments
d-t sch. No. 60701 “Own capital investments »
count No. 61003 “Equipment”;
when releasing materials for repairs, report to bank employees
d-t sch. No. 60308 “Settlements with bank employees on accountable
d-t sch. No. 61201 “Sale (disposal) of bank property” (with
contract method).
count No. 610 “Household materials”.
At the end repair work In an economic way, the debt from the accountable person is written off:
d-t sch. No. 70209
count No. 60308
Capital accounting
Formation and accounting of authorized capital
Authorized capital is one of the main own sources household assets and bank resources. On its basis, the process of organizing the bank as a legal entity begins.
Investing in commercial Bank can be carried out by legal entities and individuals through the acquisition of shares or shares in its authorized capital. There are joint-stock banks, i.e. created in the form of a joint-stock company, and non-joint-stock banks created as limited liability companies.
The highest management body of the bank is the general meeting of shareholders or the general meeting of participants. The exclusive competence of the general meeting includes the following issues:
Introduction of amendments and additions to the charter of the company or its new edition;
Reorganization and liquidation of the company;
Election of the board of directors;
Increase, decrease of authorized capital;
Election of the executive body of the company;
Election of members of the audit commission;
Approval of the external auditor;
Statement annual report, balance sheets, profit distribution, committing major transactions and etc.
Executive body is the board of the bank, headed by the chairman of the board of the bank. The board in its activities is subordinate to the general meeting of shareholders or participants of the bank.
National Bank Russia and its territorial administrations since its formation commercial bank exercise constant control over its activities, limiting the degree of risk in their work and reducing the likelihood of bankruptcy. For this purpose, economic standards have been developed that comprehensively characterize financial condition, the regulations of a commercial bank, which must be observed to ensure stable and reliable operation of the bank. In their volume, the bank reports monthly to the main territorial department of the Bank of Russia.
In accordance with the Federal Law “On the Central Bank Russian Federation"(Bank of Russia) with subsequent additions and changes, as well as the instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated October 1, 1997 No. 1 “On the procedure for regulating the activities of banks” established the following economic standards:
Minimum amount of authorized capital for newly created banks;
Minimum size own funds(capital) for operating banks;
Capital adequacy ratio;
Bank liquidity standards;
Maximum size risk per borrower or group of related borrowers;
Maximum size of large credit risks;
Maximum risk per creditor (depositor);
The maximum amount of loans, guarantees and guarantees provided by the bank to its participants (shareholders (shareholders) and insiders);
Maximum amount attracted cash deposits(deposits) of the population;
The maximum amount of the bank's bill obligations;
The standard for using banks' own funds to acquire shares (shares) of other legal entities.
So, specified instructions it is stipulated that the minimum amount of banks' own funds (capital) is established accordingly (for a newly created bank): on January 1, 1998 in an amount equivalent to ECU 4.0 million; as of July 1, 1998 - ECU 5.0 million.
The minimum amount of the bank's own funds (capital), defined as the sum of the authorized capital, bank funds and retained earnings, starting from 01.01.99, is set in an amount equivalent to 5 million ECU. Banks, the amount of their own funds (capital) amounting to an amount equivalent to 1 to 5 million ECU, from 01/01/99 cannot:
a) conduct banking operations outside the Russian Federation (except for opening and maintaining correspondent accounts in non-resident banks for making payments on behalf of individuals and legal entities);
b) carry out operations to attract and place Precious metals;
c) open branches and create subsidiaries abroad;
d) take part in the capital of credit institutions in an amount exceeding 25% of the capital of these credit institutions. Accounting for the authorized capital is carried out in the following accounts:
No. 102 “Authorized capital of joint-stock banks formed from ordinary shares” owned by:
No. 10201 - Russian Federation,
No. 10202 - subjects of the Russian Federation and local authorities,
№ 10203 - state enterprises and organizations
№ 10204 - non-governmental organizations,
№ 10205 - individuals,
No. 10206 - non-residents.
Holders of ordinary shares have voting rights, but may not receive dividends if the financial condition of the bank does not allow them to be accrued and paid;
No. 103 “Authorized capital of joint-stock banks formed from preferred shares.” Capital is grouped by ownership in second-order accounts in the same breakdown as in account No. 102.
For preferred shares, a fixed, predetermined dividend is established, but without the right to vote at the general meeting of shareholders;
No. 104 “Authorized capital of non-joint-stock banks.” Shares owned by:
No. 10401 - Russian Federation,
No. 10402 - to constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities,
No. 10403 - state enterprises and organizations,
No. 10404 - non-governmental organizations,
No. 10405 - to individuals,
No. 10406 - non-residents.
All listed accounts are passive;
No. 105 “Own shares of the authorized capital (shares) purchased by the bank” with a division into second-order accounts:
No. 10501 “Own shares purchased from shareholders”,
No. 10502 “Own shares of the authorized capital are not joint stock bank, purchased from participants."
These accounts, unlike the previous ones, are active.
In case of incomplete sale of shares or the presence of unredeemed shares, an off-balance sheet account is opened:
No. 906 “Unpaid authorized capital of credit institutions” with second-order accounts:
No. 90601 “Unpaid amount of the authorized capital of a joint-stock bank” - active,
No. 90602 “Unpaid amount of the authorized capital of a non-joint-stock bank” - active.
In accounting, transactions can be carried out with the following correspondence of accounts:
| Joint stock bank |
||
| 1. Forms of shares intended for distribution among shareholders were received and capitalized (at a conditional valuation of 1 ruble per form) |
||
| 2. Received in cash in payment for shares: amounts transferred to the bank's correspondent account amounts transferred to a savings account |
||
| 3. Transferred by bank transfer in payment for shares: to a savings account in a bank (the buyer is not a client of the bank) bank client from current account individual (from a deposit account) all amounts received by bank transfer are credited to a savings account |
||
| 4. Property contributed as payment for shares: fixed assets household materials depreciation of the MBP was accrued upon transfer to operation |
||
| 5. At the time of state registration, the unpaid portion of the shares is reflected |
||
| 6. Savings account unlocked |
||
| 7. All funds received in the amount of par value are included in the authorized capital: in the amount of excess placed shares above their par price |
||
| 8. Forms of shares issued to shareholders have been written off |
||
| 9. Additional payment received for shares: cash (purchase price) non-cash (purchase price) share premium |
||
|
nominal cost |
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| 10. The par value of sold shares is written off (from previously unpaid shares) |
||
| 11. Redemption of own shares by: nominal price at a price above par at a price below par |
||
| 12. The unpaid amount of the authorized capital of the joint-stock bank is reflected |
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| 13. The authorized capital (capitalization) increases due to: share premium reserve fund in case of exceeding the standard increase in property upon revaluation special purpose funds profits of previous years accrued and not paid out for dividends |
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| 14. Upon cancellation of registration of a securities issue (permission not received) for the full amount savings account payments to the correspondent account have been restored credited to payers (return of fixed assets) return of other property |
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| 15. If treasury shares are not sold within six months |
||
| Unincorporated bank |
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| 1. Payment by participants for acquired shares in the authorized capital |
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| 2. Unpaid portion of shares in the authorized capital |
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| 3. Write-off of the paid share of the authorized capital |
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| 4. Increasing the authorized capital due to capitalization: reserve fund, within the amount of excess of the standard property revaluation from the remainder of the special purpose fund accrued but not paid dividends retained earnings from previous years |
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| 5. Own shares purchased by the bank authorized capital |
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| 6. Own shares of the authorized capital of a non-joint-stock bank not sold within six months, purchased from participants |
Accounting for additional capital of a bank
Additional capital to the statutory ones are:
o increase in value upon revaluation of property (account No. 10601)
o share premium (account No. 10602),
o the cost of property received free of charge (account ^ 10603).
All of these accounts are passive, their credit balance means an additional source of the bank’s own funds; debit turnover is a write-off, reduction of the source due to inclusion in the authorized capital (account No. 102, 103, 104) reduction and decrease in the value of property as a result revaluation (account No. 604), upon disposal of fixed assets (account No. 612), to repay losses as a result of the transfer of property free of charge (account No. 612); loan turnover - increase in sources funds: due to an increase in the value of property during revaluation (d-t. account No. 604), when selling shares at a price exceeding their nominal value (d-t. account No. 30102, 60322), with gratuitous receipt of property (d-t. account . No. 604) etc.
Operations on accounts are formalized by issuing memorial orders on the basis of certificates, calculations, orders, acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, intangible assets.
Analytical accounting for account No. 10601 is organized according to personal accounts opened for each item of property being revalued; for account No. 10602 - on one personal account; for account No. 10603 - also on one personal account.
Reserve fund accounting
The characteristic features and procedure for using the reserve fund are established by the regulation “On the procedure for the formation and use of the reserve fund in credit organizations" dated December 23, 1997 No. 9-P. The purpose of the reserve fund is to cover losses and damages arising as a result of the bank’s statutory activities. The minimum size of the reserve fund is determined based on the size of the bank's authorized capital and must be at least 15% of its value. Moreover, in banks formed in the form joint stock companies, are based on the amount of amounts actually contributed (shares sold); in other banks - from the amount of the registered authorized capital but not higher than the paid-up capital). The source of formation of the reserve fund is the profit of the reporting year remaining at the disposal of the bank after paying taxes and other payments, i.e. leafing through profits. It is determined after approval general meeting founders of the annual report and profit distribution report.
The amount of the annual contribution in reserve fund is established by the bank's Charter, but it should not be less than 6% of net profit until the fund reaches minimum size established by the bank's charter.
The reserve fund funds are accounted for in the second-order balance sheet account: No. 10701 “Reserve Fund”. The account is passive, the credit balance means the amount of the reserve fund created at the beginning of the reporting period; debit turnover - use of the fund; loan turnover - fund formation.
Account No. 10701 “Reserve Fund”
Accounting for other funds
Other funds formed by the bank include:
1. special purpose funds (account No. 10702)
2. accumulation funds (account No. 10703)
3. other funds (account No. 10704).
All of these accounts are passive and serve to record sources of funds for the purpose of making capital investments (accumulation fund), meeting the social, living and material needs of the team (special purpose fund) and its needs.
Account No. 10702 “Special Purpose Funds”
Depending on the accounting policy adopted by the bank, the formation of funds can be carried out quarterly or annually. The main criterion for their formation is the availability of profit and the right to its formation, established by the constituent documents, which stipulate both the size and conditions of use. If the bank administration does not have such a right, then the specified fund can be formed by decision of the meeting of founders when considering and approving the bank’s annual report and determining the procedure for using net profit.
The bank's constituent documents may provide for the rights to form other funds of the bank (bank chairman's fund), which will be accounted for in account No. 10704.
The accumulation fund (account No. 10703) is intended for investment in the bank's capital investments; is formed at the expense of net profit ("account number No. 70501, account number No. 10703), if this fact is specified in legislative order or the bank's constituent documents. In the case of using accumulated funds on balance sheet account No. 10703, its size does not change if the costs of capital investments made and put into operation are included in the initial cost of the object. If the costs of capital investments are associated with the allocation of land for construction, demolition of objects, training of personnel for a newly created object and are not included in the initial cost of the object, then they are repaid at the time of closing the account for accounting for capital investments from account No. 10703 (d- t account No. 10703, set account No. 60701); at the time these costs are incurred, an entry is made: d-account. No. 60701, set of accounts. No. 60322, 20202, 30102, etc.
The initial cost of capitalized objects as a result of capital investments is recorded not only on balance sheet accounts, but also on off-balance sheet account No. 919 “Sources of financing capital investments,” including on account No. 91901 “Funds of accumulation funds” (Account No. 91901, bill No. 99998) in the amount of the source of funds used, equal to the initial cost of the object transferred for operation.
Accounting for performance results
Accounting for income, expenses and financial results of the bank
According to the Charter, the bank is a legal entity and operates on a commercial basis. This means that it has the following business principles: self-sufficiency, self-financing and profitability.
To implement these principles, all bank activities must be aimed at generating income.
Principle self-sufficiency indicates equality amounts income received and expenses incurred.
Self-financing - This is an investment opportunity, which, in addition to self-sufficiency, involves receiving a profit and investing it in expanding the bank’s production and technical base, and directing it towards material incentives for employees.
Profit - the excess of income over expenses incurred. From here profitability level can be calculated as the ratio of profit: a) to total amount assets or b) only to the amount of income-generating assets; c) to the amount of the authorized capital or d) to the amount of own sources (capital, funds), or e) to the total amount of expenses, etc.
It should be noted that income and expenses are accounted for by the Bank of the Russian Federation using the cash method, i.e. as income is credited to cash accounts and as expenses are actually incurred in reporting period.
The output of operating results (profits, losses) is carried out according to the decision made by the bank in the accounting policy, monthly, quarterly, at the end of the year.
To account for income received and expenses incurred for the reporting period, accounts No. 701 “Income” and No. 705 “Expenses” are used. The first of them is passive, the second is active; therefore, the credit of account No. 701 takes into account income received in the reporting period; on the debit of account No. 702 - expenses incurred during the reporting period. At the end of the reporting period, these accounts are closed to determine the financial result.
Profit (loss) is calculated by debiting the profit or loss account (No. 703) or loss (No. 704) of the amount of expenses incurred and crediting the profit or loss account of the amount of income received (account No. 703, 704, set account No. 702 and account number No. 701, account number No. 703, 704). Which of the accounts should be used (No. 703 or 704) can be easily determined by comparing the results of the income account and the expense account:
the excess of the amount of income over the amount of expenses indicates the amount of profit as the financial result of the bank’s activities and vice versa.
To analyze income and expenses, financial results and use of profits, second-order accounts are allocated.
Income (account No. 701):
No. 70101 “Interest received for loans provided”,
No. 70102 “Income received from transactions with securities»,
No. 70103 “Income received from transactions with foreign currency and other currency values»,
No. 70104 “Dividends received”,
No. 70105 “Income from bank organizations”,
No. 70106 “Fines, penalties, penalties received”,
No. 70107 “Other income”.
Expenses (account No. 702):
No. 70201 “Interest paid for borrowed loans”,
No. 70202 “Interest paid to legal entities on raised funds”,
No. 70203 “Interest paid to individuals on deposits”,
No. 70204 “Expenses for transactions with securities”,
No. 70205 “Expenses for transactions with foreign currency and other currency assets”,
No. 70206 “Costs for the maintenance of the management apparatus”,
No. 70207 “Costs for organizing banks”,
No. 70208 “Fines, penalties, penalties paid”
No. 70209 “Other expenses.”
Profit (account No. 703):
No. 70301 “Profit of the reporting year”;
No. 70302 “Profit of previous years.”
Losses (account No. 704):
No. 70401 “Losses of the reporting year”,
No. 70402 “Losses of previous years.”
Use of profit (account No. 705):
No. 70501 “Use of profit of the reporting year”,
No. 70502 “Use of profits from previous years.”
Account No. 701 “Income”
Invoice No. 702 expenses
| Credit accounts No. |
Debit accounts No. |
||
| C – expenses incurred at the beginning of the reporting period |
|||
| Interest paid to legal entities for attracted loans on interbank loans Interest accrued to individuals on deposits Costs for maintaining management personnel: payroll accrual on wages Travel expenses within normal limits Hospitality expenses as per norm Office expenses Payment rent Costs for maintaining buildings and structures (heat, water, light, etc.) Other expenses including: printing costs, security costs in permitted cases, costs for repairs of all types of fixed assets, including leased ones, except vehicles Fines paid Accrued: Depreciation of intangible assets Depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets of all types and purposes Shortages within the limits of natural loss Reserve for possible losses on loans and equivalent placed funds |
At the end of the reporting period, to determine the financial result, the bank's income and expense accounts are closed. During the reporting year, profit or loss is determined on an accrual basis. If the bank has branches, then the result joint activities is shown collapsed, if there are subsidiaries - legal entities - expanded - profits, losses. After the bank has submitted the annual balance sheet the amount of profit (account balance No. 70301 “Profit of the reporting year”) is transferred to account No. 70302 “Profit of previous years” (d-t account . No. 70301, set of accounts. No. 70302), losses are taken into account in the same way.
After approval of the annual report by the founders of the bank, account No. 70302 is closed by debiting this account the amount of the balance on the account in correspondence with the account “Use of profits from previous years” (account number 70302, account number 70502).
Loss as a result financial activities the bank is repaid from sources determined by the founders of the bank.
Use of profits
It is necessary to distinguish between balance sheet and net profit(remaining at the disposal of the bank). The profit of the reporting year, obtained as the difference between the turnover (debit and credit) of account No. 70301, is called balance sheet Balance sheet profit reduced by the amount of income tax is the amount net profit.
The purpose of account No. 705 “Use of profit” is reduced to accounting for the amount used in reporting year actually received profit and the remaining unused profit of previous years. Account No. 705 - active; debit balance reflects the amount of profit used during the year, before the reporting period, debit turnover - amounts used in the reporting period in the form of: taxes accrued from profits (account number 70501, account number 60301) ;
dividends to shareholders from participation in the authorized capital of a joint-stock bank (account number No. 70501, account number No. 60320);
contributions to the reserve fund (account number No. 70501, account number No. 10701), special-purpose funds, other funds (account number No. 70501, account number No. 10702) and for other purposes .
Loan turnover reflects the write-off of balances on the account in correspondence with the profit and loss account (No. 703 or No. 704). After submitting the annual balance sheet, the balance of account No. 70501 is transferred to account No. 70502, and the amounts of profits are also transferred. Then, after the approval of the annual report by the founders of the bank, account No. 70502 reflects the use of profit not distributed at the end of the year for the purposes specified by the founders (account number No. 70502, account number No. 10702, No. 60320, etc.).
Account No. 70302 is closed in correspondence with account No. 70502 (account No. 70302, account No. 70502).
In analytical accounting, personal accounts are maintained by types of deductions, contributions, and payments.
Thus, we will highlight three time periods for changes in the profit item.
1. At the end of the reporting period: the amount of profit is determined by closing the accounts for recording income and expenses:
d-t sch. No. 70301, set of accounts. No. 702;
d-t sch. No. 701, kit (part No. 70301.
The credit balance on account No. 70301 is the profit of the reporting year (i.e., the excess of the amount of income over the amount of expenses will be financial results bank activities).
2. After submitting the annual report: the amount of profit for the reporting year is transferred to account No. 70302 “Profit of previous years” (account No. 70301, account No. 70302).
In the same way, the amounts of balances in the profit use accounts are transferred (account number No. 70502, account number No. 70501).
3. After the founders (shareholders) approve the annual report and make a decision on the distribution of unused profits from previous years, the following entry is made:
d-t sch. No. 70302, set of accounts. No. 70502 and dt. No. 70502, set of accounts. No. 107, 102, 103, 104, 60320.
Bibliography
1. " Accounting in commercial banks" - E.P. Kozlova, E.N. Galanina.
2. " Bank accounting and operating technology" - K.G. Parfenov.
3. NOTICE Ts.B. “On reflection in the accounting records of credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation, individual transactions on accounting of fixed assets" dated July 12, 2000 No. 821-U
ACCOUNTING FOR BANK PROPERTY
The procedure for maintaining accounting records of bank property is regulated by Appendix No. 10 to the Regulations of the Bank of the Russian Federation No. 302-P “On the rules for maintaining accounting records in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation.”
Compliance with the rules set out in Appendix No. 10 should ensure:
Correct execution of documents and timely reflection in the accounting records of receipts, internal movements, disposal of bank property;
Reliable determination of the initial cost of property, taking into account all costs associated with its creation and acquisition;
Full reflection of the costs of changing the initial cost of property during completion, retrofitting, modernization, reconstruction, technical re-equipment or partial liquidation of property;
Control over the safety of property accepted for accounting;
Continuous, continuous and complete reflection of the movement and availability of property;
Efficiency of property accounting;
Correspondence synthetic accounting analytical accounting data;
Ensuring compliance of property inventory data with accounting data;
Reliable determination of the results from the sale and other disposal of property, taking into account the costs associated with disposal.
The importance of accounting for property in banks lies in the fact that if a bank’s license to carry out banking operations is revoked, the sale of property listed on the bank’s balance sheet should help repay creditors’ claims. It should be noted that the bank usually has expensive office equipment at its disposal; in some banks, in the offices of senior employees there is not only antique furniture, but also art objects, paintings by famous artists, unique porcelain, collections of precious stones and other valuables. In the practice of banks operating in Russia, shortly before the revocation of a license, cases of disappearance of property or its transfer into the possession of third parties were repeatedly observed. These facts were observed on the eve of the revocation of the license for the right to carry out operations by the Bank of Russia in order to avoid its implementation and cover the claims of creditors. There have been cases of deliberate underestimation of the value of property and real estate, so the accounting of bank property is very important, which not only characterizes the professional training of employees of the accounting department, but also the civic position of the bank’s management. Typically, thematic checks performed by Bank of Russia employees do not include checking the correctness of property accounting, since banks have more vulnerable areas of activity related to the accounting of banking operations. Auditing companies also do not always carefully check this area of work, since the volume of banking transactions, as a rule, takes up most of the auditors’ time.
The bank develops rational document flow schemes related to the movement of documents for property accounting, and also determines the persons responsible for the safety of property in each bank premises.
To formalize transactions with property, supporting documents are used, on the basis of which accounting records are maintained.
Banks conduct an inventory of property. Based on the identified objects, the causes of the surplus are determined. The cost of the identified fixed asset item will be reflected by posting:
D 60401 “Fixed assets” K 70601 “Bank income”
The property of a credit institution includes fixed assets, intangible assets and inventories. As a rule, the value of a credit institution's property is a small part of its assets, 5-10%. However, without the required minimum assets, the bank will not be able to provide services to clients in accordance with market requirements banking services level. In this connection, during business activity bank, the question arises about the quantitative and qualitative composition of the property of a rational organization, the procedure for accounting for the acquisition, use, safety and disposal of property.
To carry out these tasks, the credit institution must develop rational systems for document flow and timely accounting, and identify persons responsible for the safety of property.
In accordance with 385-P, it is provided that the head of a credit institution has the right to set a limit on the value of items to be accepted for accounting as part of the operating system, guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Items that cost less established limit cost, regardless of service life, is taken into account as part of inventories. Determining the limit on the value of items when accepted for accounting as part of an operating system is carried out with the Order of the Ministry of Finance.
OS (except land plots) is accounted for in account 60401 “Fixed assets (except land)”, these include: weapons, regardless of cost, as well as capital investments in leased fixed assets.
Land plots owned by a credit institution are accounted for on the balance sheet account 60404 “Land”, and other environmental management facilities are accounted for on the same account.
Regulation No. 385-P “On the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation” stipulates that OS bank property includes: property with a useful life of more than 12 months, and with a value limit on the date of acquisition of over 20,000 rubles including VAT, as well as weapons, regardless of cost, land plots owned by the bank.
Thus, the operating system of a credit organization includes :
Buildings, structures, computer technology, vehicles, industrial and household equipment, land plots, long-term leased buildings, weapons, etc. with a service life of at least a year and with a value limit of over 20,000 rubles.
All OS of the bank must be assigned to financially responsible persons, who must ensure acceptance of the OS, proper conditions for their storage, operation, their release, and registration with the relevant documents.
OS purchased for rubles and foreign currency can be made as a contribution to the management company. Book value The fixed assets do not change until disposal (100% depreciation).
Changes in the initial cost of fixed assets are allowed in cases of completion, reconstruction, revaluation and partial liquidation of the object. Valuation of property, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency determined in rubles, at the Central Bank exchange rate on the current date.
Chapter 2 Operations and chart of accounts in banks
2.1 Bank operations
A credit organization is a legal entity that, in order to make a profit as the main goal of its activities, on the basis of a special permit (license) from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia), has the right to carry out banking operations provided for by the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”. A credit organization is formed on the basis of any form of ownership as a business company.
Bank is a credit organization that has the exclusive right to carry out the following banking operations in aggregate: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities on deposit, placing these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.
Non-bank credit organization is a credit organization that has the right to carry out certain banking operations provided for by the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”. Acceptable combinations of banking operations for non-bank credit institutions are established by the Bank of Russia.
Banking operations include:
1) attracting funds from individuals and legal entities to deposits (on demand and for a certain period);
2) placement of the specified raised funds on one’s own behalf and at one’s own expense;
3) opening and maintaining bank accounts for individuals and legal entities;
4) carrying out settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;
5) collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash services for individuals and legal entities;
6) purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms;
7) attraction of deposits and placement of precious metals;
8) issuance of bank guarantees;
9) making money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts (except for postal transfers).
In addition to the listed banking operations, a credit institution has the right to carry out the following transactions:
1) issuance of guarantees for third parties, providing for the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form;
2) acquisition of the right to demand from third parties the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form;
3) trust management of funds and other property under an agreement with individuals and legal entities;
4) carrying out transactions with precious metals and precious stones in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
5) leasing to individuals and legal entities special premises or safes located in them for storing documents and valuables;
6) leasing operations;
7) provision of consulting and information services.
A credit institution has the right to carry out other transactions in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
All banking operations and other transactions are carried out in rubles, and, if there is an appropriate license from the Bank of Russia, in foreign currency. The rules for conducting banking operations, including the rules for their material and technical support, are established by the Bank of Russia in accordance with federal laws. In accordance with the license of the Bank of Russia for conducting banking operations, the bank has the right to issue, purchase, sell, record, store and other transactions with securities that perform the functions of a payment document, with securities confirming the attraction of funds into deposits and bank accounts, with other securities, transactions with which do not require obtaining a special license in accordance with federal laws, and also has the right to conduct trust management of these securities under an agreement with individuals and legal entities.
A credit organization has the right to carry out professional activities in the securities market in accordance with federal laws. A credit organization is prohibited from engaging in production, trade and insurance activities.
2.2 Chart of accounts for banks
The chart of accounts of banks is a systematic list of synthetic accounting accounts.
Synthetic accounts are enlarged accounts of the first order (3 digits) and second order (5 digits), in contrast to analytical accounts - 20-digit detailed accounts.
The chart of accounts for accounting in banks is an integral part of the “Regulations on the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation” of the Bank of Russia dated December 5, 2002 No. 205-P. In addition, each bank, as part of its accounting policy, develops a working chart of accounts, in accordance with which this bank operates. There are over 1000 synthetic accounts in the Plan. However, real accounting entries are done only between analytical 20-digit personal accounts; between synthetic accounts - only as a reduction for educational, instructive and scientific purposes.
The accounts of the Plan are divided into 5 chapters.
Chapter A “Balance Sheets”. They include the main accounts that form the bank’s balance sheet for its core activities. The accounts of other chapters are either of auxiliary value (Chapter B “Off-Balance Sheet Accounts”) or reflect the accounting of some specific transactions that are not accounted for on the main balance sheet. These include trust management accounts - management of other people's property (Chapter B), urgent operations- operations in the future (Chapter D), securities accounts - accounting for depository activities (Chapter D). Moreover, separate balance sheets are compiled for the accounts of all these chapters.
Balance sheets of different chapters can be linked: bad debts are transferred from balance sheet accounts to off-balance sheet chapters B; balances from urgent accounts of Chapter D - to the main balance when the banking transaction falls due. Cash transactions for trust transactions are reflected simultaneously both in balance sheet accounts and in trust management accounts (Chapter B); trust transactions on securities - simultaneously for chapter B accounts and securities accounts (chapter D).
Balance sheet accounts are grouped into sections: from the first to the seventh and begin with these numbers; a characteristic feature of the balance sheet account of chapter A is the first digit of the account in the range from 1 to 7. Balance sheet accounts are grouped into accounts of the first order (three digits = section number + two digits) and second-order accounts (five digits = first-order account number + two digits). Therefore, the second-order account is read, for example, 405-02, highlighting the first-order account - 405.
2.3 general characteristics Accounting rules in banks
A credit institution develops and approves accounting policies in accordance with the Rules and other regulations of the Bank of Russia.
The following are subject to mandatory approval by the head of the credit institution:
A working chart of accounts for accounting in a credit institution and its divisions, based on the Chart of Accounts for accounting in credit institutions approved by the Bank of Russia;
Forms of primary accounting documents used to formalize transactions, including forms of documents for internal accounting reporting, for which standard forms are not provided in the albums of the State Statistics Committee of Russia;
The procedure for settlements with its branches (structural divisions);
The procedure for carrying out individual accounting operations that do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and regulations of the Bank of Russia;
The procedure for conducting an inventory and methods for assessing types of property and liabilities;
The procedure and cases of changes in the value of fixed assets in which they are accepted for accounting (revaluation, modernization, reconstruction);
Limit on the value of items for inclusion in accounting as part of fixed assets;
Methods for calculating depreciation on fixed assets and intangible assets;
The procedure for attributing the cost of material inventories to expenses;
Document flow rules and processing technology accounting information, including branches (structural divisions);
The procedure for monitoring intra-bank transactions;
The procedure and frequency of printing analytical and synthetic accounting documents. At the same time, the balance sheet, personal accounts on which transactions were carried out (the operation was carried out), as well as statements (second copies of personal accounts) for client accounts are printed daily;
Other solutions necessary for organizing accounting.
In accordance with the Federal Law “On Accounting”, the head of the credit institution is responsible for organizing accounting and complying with the law when performing banking operations.
Responsibility for the formation of accounting policies, maintenance of accounting records, and timely submission of complete and reliable financial statements lies with Chief Accountant credit organization. It ensures compliance of ongoing operations with the legislation of the Russian Federation and regulations of the Bank of Russia, control over the movement of property and the fulfillment of obligations. The requirements of the chief accountant for documenting transactions and submitting the necessary documents and information to the accounting department are mandatory for all employees of the credit institution. Without the signature of the chief accountant or his authorized officials, settlement and cash documents, financial and credit obligations documents drawn up are considered invalid and should not be accepted for execution.
Accounting for transactions performed on customer accounts, property, claims, obligations, business and other operations of credit institutions is carried out in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles.
Accounting for the property of other legal entities held by a credit organization is carried out separately from material assets belonging to it by right of ownership.
Accounting is maintained by a credit institution continuously from the moment of its registration as a legal entity until reorganization or liquidation in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. A credit organization maintains accounting records of property, banking, business and other transactions by double entry on interconnected accounting accounts included in the working chart of accounts. Analytical accounting data must correspond to the turnover and balances of synthetic accounting accounts. All operations and inventory results are subject to timely reflection in the accounting accounts without any omissions or withdrawals.
In the accounting of credit institutions, current intrabank operations and operations for accounting for capital expenditures (hereinafter referred to as “capital investments”) are accounted for separately.
Compliance with the Rules must ensure:
Fast and accurate customer service;
Timely and accurate reflection of banking operations in the accounting and reporting of credit institutions;
Preventing the possibility of shortages, illegal spending of funds and material assets;
Reducing labor costs and funds for banking operations through the use of automation tools;
Proper execution of documents issued by credit institutions, facilitating their delivery and use at their destination, preventing errors and illegal actions when performing accounting operations.
The chart of accounts for credit institutions was developed taking into account the accumulated experience of the banking system in the Russian Federation and the established practice of banking accounting in foreign countries. At the same time, accounting should be fully used for making management decisions, contribute to generating profits, and reducing financial and statistical reporting.
In the Chart of Accounts, second-order balance sheet accounts are defined as only active or only passive.
In analytical accounting, paired personal accounts are opened on second-order accounts defined by the “List of paired accounts for which the balance may change to the opposite.” It is allowed to have a balance on only one personal account from an open pair: active or passive. At the beginning of the operating day, operations begin at personal account having a balance (remainder), and if there is no balance - from an account corresponding to the nature of the transaction. If at the end of the working day a balance (remaining) is formed on a personal account, the opposite of the account attribute, on a passive account - debit or on an active account - credit, then it must be transferred by an accounting entry on the basis of a memorial order to the corresponding paired personal account for accounting for funds. If for some reason there are balances (balances) on both paired personal accounts, then at the end of the working day it is necessary to transfer the smaller balance to the account with the larger balance through an accounting entry based on a memorial order; at the end of the working day there should be only one balance: either debit or credit on one of the paired personal accounts.