The Bank of Russia will increase the minimum capital requirements for federal banks to 1 billion rubles, Central Bank Chairman Elvira Nabiullina announced at the International Financial Congress. “In relation to other banks, except for systemically important ones, which we call banks of federal significance, it is proposed to increase the minimum size requirements own funds up to 1 billion rubles and consistent implementation of international standards,” she said.

According to Nabiullina, the Eurasian Economic Community countries have higher capital requirements for banks than Russia. And even after the Central Bank raises the minimum value to 1 billion rubles, in three countries the requirements will still be higher.

Capital requirements for banks in Russia and Eurasian Economic Union countries

Russia: now - $4.6 million; will be - $15.5 million Kazakhstan: $30 million Armenia: $60 million Belarus: $25 million Kyrgyzstan: $8.8 million Source: Central Bank

Nabiullina promised that banks would have two years to transition period so that they can decide whether they see themselves as regional banks or like federal ones. Currently, the minimum capital for all banks is RUB 300 million.

She also promised that stress tests will no longer be of an informative nature only: “Stress tests will no longer be a purely monitoring exercise; the volume of requirements for banks will depend on their results. Preventive measures against banks, i.e., in the absence of actual violations of prudential standards, but in the presence of potential risks of future violations, will first be applied to the largest banks, whose assets exceed RUB 500 billion.” The Central Bank will take into account the results obtained from stress tests when assessing the possibility of banks joining each other and agreeing on a plan financial recovery, making other decisions on supervision, Nabiullina warned.

In the passive bank balance all sources of formation are reflected banking resources, which are accumulated by the bank for profitable use in the process of operations.

Bank liabilities (“bank resources”) can be divided into two large groups:

• Bank capital and equivalent items (Equity funds (capital) of the bank).
• Raised funds (deposit and non-deposit).

Main source of resources commercial bank are attracted funds, which account for 86-88% or more of all banking resources. The share of own funds of Russian commercial banks accounts for 12-14%, which generally corresponds to the existing structure in global banking practice.

Bank's own funds (capital)

Banking Law and bankingminimum amount of own funds (capital) for operating Russian banks in 2009 it was set at 180 million rubles. But this norm is being introduced into the Russian banking system gradually. Thus, as of January 1, 2010, the amount of equity (capital) that meets the requirements of the law must be at least 90 million rubles. Banks that do not meet the established standards must either increase their capital or transform into a non-bank credit institution, which has lower minimum capital requirements. If the bank’s capital remains below the permissible level as of January 1, 2010, the Bank of Russia is obliged to revoke the bank’s license. And as of January 1, 2012, according to the law on banks and banking activities, the minimum amount of equity (capital) of all Russian banking organizations must be at least 180 million rubles. A bank that applies to expand its operations and obtain a general license must have a capital of at least 900 million rubles.

The bank's own funds (capital) is a calculated indicator, which is defined as an amount consisting of:

• authorized capital jar;
• bank funds;
• retained earnings.

Of the equity, approximately half comes from funds, and the other half is profit current year.

The structure of the bank's own funds is heterogeneous in quality and changes throughout the year depending on a number of factors.

Authorized fund (capital) creates economic basis the existence of a bank and is a prerequisite for the formation of a bank as a legal entity, and therefore special requirements are imposed on it. The authorized capital of a credit organization is made up of the amount of deposits of its participants and determines the minimum amount of property that guarantees the interests of its creditors. Its value is regulated by the legislative acts of central banks. Currently in the Russian Federation the minimum size of the authorized capital of a newly registered bank on the day of filing an application for state registration and issuing a license to carry out banking operations is set in the amount of 180 million rubles. Minimum size The authorized capital of a newly registered non-bank credit organization is set at RUB 90 million. Intangible assets (for example, know-how) cannot be used to form the authorized capital. The Bank of Russia sets size limit property (non-monetary) contributions to the authorized capital of a credit organization, as well as a list of types of property in non-monetary form that can be contributed to pay for the authorized capital. Raised funds cannot be used to form the authorized capital of a credit organization, i.e. founders should not contribute funds taken on credit to the authorized capital.

For the purpose of assessing funds contributed to pay for the bank’s authorized capital. The Bank of Russia can establish evaluation criteria financial situation its founders. The criteria for the participation of individual participants in the formation of the bank are also defined. Thus, the acquisition as a result of one or several transactions by one legal or individual person or a group of persons related by agreements, over 1% shares (shares) of a credit institution requires notifications from the Bank of Russia, more than 20% - prior consent. These provisions are effective from 11 January 2007 for both residents and non-residents.

Reserve Fund will be created in order to absorb possible losses arising in the activities of the bank and ensure the stability of its functioning. Education reserve fund is mandatory for a commercial bank, and its amount is established in legislative order as a percentage of the actually created authorized capital. Now the minimum size of the reserve fund cannot be less than 15% of the authorized capital. The reserve fund is formed from deductions from the profit of the current year, after approval of the annual accounting report general meeting of bank shareholders. Strictly defined purposes have been established for which funds from the reserve fund can be used. This is, firstly, covering the losses of the credit institution based on the results of the reporting year and, Secondly, increasing the authorized capital through capitalization. In this case, only reserve fund funds that exceed the minimum established amount are subject to capitalization.

Other funds can be created in the bank, such as, for example, economic incentive funds, development funds, etc. There is also a group of funds associated with the operation of certain economic factors, such as inflation and exchange rate differences between national and foreign currencies. These are funds for the revaluation of fixed assets and funds for the revaluation of foreign currency assets. The size of these funds is very flexible, and their volume under certain circumstances can reach very significant figures.

In the course of the bank's activities, the amount of its own funds changes. It is adjusted (i.e., depending on the prevailing conditions, it can increase or decrease the size of the bank’s capital) by the amount of revaluation of funds in foreign currency, revaluation valuable papers publicly traded, revaluation precious metals. And there are bank performance indicators that only reduce the amount of a credit institution’s own funds, this is the size of: incurred losses, repurchased own shares, under-recognized reserve for possible losses on loans, under-created reserve for possible losses on balance sheet assets and off-balance sheet accounts, under-created mandatory reserve under the depreciation of investments in securities, the excess of costs for the acquisition of tangible assets (including the acquisition of fixed assets) over own sources, funds in correspondent accounts in credit institutions with a revoked license, etc.

Raised funds from credit institutions

In the total amount of banking resources, attracted funds occupy a predominant place. Their share in various banks ranges from 75% and above.

In global banking practice, all attracted resources according to the method of their accumulation are grouped as:

• deposit;
• non-deposit.

The bulk of the attracted resources of commercial banks - about 90% - are deposits, i.e. funds deposited into the bank by its clients - individuals and legal entities.

Non-deposit funds - These are borrowed funds that are purchased on the market on a competitive basis, and the initiative to attract them belongs to the bank itself. Non-deposit sources of banks' resources include:

• obtaining loans on the interbank market from other credit institutions (interbank credit - IBC);
• obtaining loans from the Central Bank ( different kinds Central Bank loans: settlement, overnight, pawnshop, RSPO operations);
• issuance of own bonds and bills by a commercial bank.

By deposit funds refers to the funds deposited with the bank by its clients to certain accounts and used in accordance with the account regime and current legislation.

The basis for opening a bank account or deposit account is the conclusion of a bank account agreement and the provision of all documents specified by the legislation of the Russian Federation. So, to open a current account, a resident legal entity is provided with the following to the bank:

• certificate of state registration of a legal entity;
• constituent documents of a legal entity;
• licenses (permits) issued to a legal entity in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for the right to carry out activities subject to licensing;
• card with samples of signatures and seal impressions;
• documents confirming the authority of the persons indicated in the card to dispose of funds in the bank account, and in cases where the agreement provides for certification of the rights to dispose of funds in the account using an analogue of a handwritten signature - documents confirming the authority of the persons authorized the right to use an analogue of a handwritten signature;
• documents confirming the authority of the sole executive body legal entity;
• certificate of registration with the tax authority.

The opening of a bank account is completed by making a corresponding entry in the Registration Book open accounts which is maintained by the bank. The client may be refused to open a bank account if documents confirming the information necessary to identify the client are not provided, or if false information. When opening an account, the bank must determine whether the client is acting in his own interests or in the interests of the beneficiary (in this case officials banks must identify the beneficiary).

Banks enter into the following agreements with clients:

• bank account agreement (agreement for settlement and cash services);
• agreement bank deposit(deposit agreement for legal entities and savings for individuals);
• correspondent agreements (balances on correspondent accounts of other banks in this bank - “Loro” accounts).

In accordance with the law Russian Federation Currently, in our country, banks can open the following types of accounts in Russian currency and foreign currency: current accounts, current accounts, correspondent accounts, correspondent sub-accounts, accounts trust management, deposit accounts.

Based on their terms, these accounts are divided into two groups:

• demand deposits;
• time deposits (with their varieties - deposit and savings certificates).

Demand deposits- these are funds in current, settlement, budget and other accounts related to settlements, funds in correspondent accounts of other banks (“Loro”), as well as demand deposits of individuals and legal entities, i.e. These funds can be used by investors at any time, either in whole or in any parts. From their settlement and current accounts, enterprises and organizations pay their expenses related to settlements with suppliers, contractors, the budget and extra-budgetary funds, and withdraw money to pay wages and travel allowances for employees, carried out by others necessary payments. These accounts receive revenue from the sale of products and services of enterprises, other payments are made to legal entities - the owners of these accounts, and cash deposited by enterprises is credited to their bank account. In addition, the settlement and current accounts of legal entities can be credited with the amounts of loans granted to them, contributions of shareholders (participants) of enterprises to their authorized capital, amounts of deposits and interest paid by banks to enterprises for the use of borrowed funds, as well as fines, penalties and other cash receipts in non-cash and cash forms.

A type of demand account that is becoming increasingly common is special card accounts, openable by holders bank cards. Spending of funds from a special card account is carried out within the spending limit (for payment cards) or within the limits provided to the account owner line of credit and spending limit (for credit cards).

As a rule, demand accounts are the lowest-yielding ones, since they either pay no interest at all or pay very little interest. But this is the least stable part of the resources, since they can be used at any time to carry out calculations. For transactions on an account, the bank charges a commission in the form of a fixed monthly fee for maintaining an account or a certain amount (or percentage of the payment amount) charged for each transaction on the account.

Time deposits - These are funds deposited in the bank for a period fixed in the agreement. These accounts are opened to individuals and legal entities for accounting Money deposited with credit institutions in order to receive income in the form of interest accrued on the amount of deposited funds. The interest paid on them is usually higher. But these are the funds that are most interesting for banks, since they are more stable and can be used in long-term investments jar.

Time deposits can be of two types. Deposits with a specified period for warning the bank about withdrawal of funds are to a certain extent a transitional step between demand accounts and time deposits (deposits). This also determines the amount of interest paid on such accounts. When placing funds in banking products of this type, the client enters into an agreement with the bank, which fixes the period (in days, months) of advance notification by the client of the intention to withdraw funds from the bank account. Such an account may also allow for the possibility of replenishing it, which, as a rule, does not require advance notice.

When raising funds in fixed term deposits (time deposits, deposits), the bank undertakes to return to the client the amount of his deposit within the period established by the agreement deposit term. In this case, it is possible to pay interest on the deposit either simultaneously with the expiration of the period for which it was accepted, or at certain intervals (monthly, quarterly, etc.). Early withdrawal of funds from a deposit account in this case usually involves withholding a certain fine from the client or reducing the amount of interest paid on the deposit. The deposit agreement concluded between the depositor and the bank regulates in detail the rights and obligations of the parties to the agreement, the procedure and conditions for returning the deposit amount to the depositor and paying interest on the deposit, the procedure for resolving disputes and contains other substantive issues that are significant for the bank and the depositor.

Attraction of funds by credit institutions for fixed term may be formalized not by a deposit agreement, but by issuing a deposit or savings certificate - a security certifying the amount of the deposit made and the right of the depositor (certificate holder) to receive, upon expiration of the established period, the deposit amount and the interest stipulated in the certificate from the credit institution that issued the certificate. In Russia, certificates of deposit are issued to depositors - legal entities, savings certificates- depositors - individuals.

The structure of bank accounts and deposits depends on the quantity and quality of its clientele, the bank’s place in the banking system and economy, and the bank’s ability to offer investors banking products that satisfy them in terms of reliability, profitability and terms. Bank's ability to deadlines V in full fulfilling its obligations to creditors and depositors is the most important requirement for organizing a bank management system and its liquidity.

conclusions

The main source of funds with which the bank operates is money raised by it from enterprises, organizations and the population - the bank's liabilities. Depending on the conditions under which the bank attracts funds from organizations and citizens, the bank’s liabilities can be divided into deposit and non-deposit, demand and urgent, etc. The basis of deposit resources are demand accounts. Non-deposit forms of raising funds by banks are issuing and placing bonds, bills, other debt securities, receiving loans from central bank and other credit institutions, rediscounting of bills and bankers' acceptances.

Chapter 3. Assessing the quality of equity management.

The concept and necessity of assessing bank capital adequacy.

The problem of determining bank capital adequacy over a long period of time has been the subject of scientific research and disputes between banks and regulators. Banks prefer to make do with a minimum of capital in order to increase profitability and asset growth; bank supervisors require more capital to reduce the risk of bankruptcy. At the same time, it is argued that bankruptcies are caused by poor management, and that well-managed banks can exist with low capital standards.

Excessive “capitalization” of a bank, issuing an excessive number of shares in comparison with the optimal need for equity capital is not a good thing. If the share of capital is underestimated, the bank becomes disproportionately liable to its depositors. A bank's liability is limited to its capital, and depositors and other creditors risk a much larger amount of funds entrusted to the bank. In addition, there are a number of factors that determine the requirements for increasing bank capital:

The market value of bank assets is more volatile than that of industrial enterprises. It depends on the change interest rates, the financial situation of its borrowers, the situation on the stock market and foreign exchange markets;

The bank relies more on fickle sources of short-term resources, many of which can be withdrawn on demand. Therefore, any event of political or economic life may provoke a massive outflow of bank resources.

Determining a sufficient amount of capital and maintaining it within established limits is one of the main ways of capital management by both regulators and the bank itself. Therefore, constant analysis of the structure and amount of capital is an indispensable condition for modern bank management.

An analysis of the adequacy of own funds (capital) is carried out in order to identify the degree of stability of the bank's capital base and the adequacy of capital to cover losses from risks taken by banks.

It is known that the amount of sufficiency equity bank is influenced by the volume, composition, quality and nature active operations. The bank’s focus on primarily carrying out operations associated with high risk requires a relatively large amount of its own funds and, conversely, a predominance in loan portfolio A bank of loans with minimal risk allows for a relative reduction in equity capital. The amount of equity capital required by a bank also depends on the specifics of its clients. Thus, the predominance of large credit-intensive enterprises among the bank’s clients requires it to have a large amount of its own funds with the same volume of active operations compared to a bank focusing on servicing a large number of small borrowers, since in the first case the bank will have high risks per borrower.

In the 80s, the question of the methodology for assessing bank capital became the subject of debate in international financial institutions. The goal was to develop general capital adequacy criteria applied to different entities of the banking community, regardless of their country affiliation.

Regulatory requirements for the size of the bank's own funds (capital).

Russian practice credit system focuses on international standards formation of capital, but commercial banks are deprived of the right to choose a capital adequacy methodology. Central Bank Instruction No. 110-I “On mandatory standards for banks” dated January 16, 2004 established the minimum size and capital adequacy standards for a bank.

In accordance with Chapter 2 of this instruction, the bank's own funds (capital) adequacy standard (H1) regulates (limites) the risk of bank insolvency and determines the requirements for the minimum amount of the bank's own funds (capital) required to cover credit and market risks. The bank's own funds (capital) adequacy ratio is defined as the ratio of the size of the bank's own funds (capital) and the amount of its assets, weighted by risk level. The calculation of the bank’s own funds (capital) adequacy ratio includes:

Magnitude credit risk by assets reflected on balance sheets

accounting accounts (assets minus created reserves on

possible losses and provisions for possible losses on loans, loan and

debt equivalent to it, weighted by risk level);

The amount of credit risk by contingent liabilities credit

character;

The amount of credit risk by forward transactions;

The amount of market risk.

The bank's own funds (capital) adequacy ratio (H1) is calculated using the following formula:

K - the bank’s own funds (capital), determined in accordance with the Regulation of the Bank of Russia dated February 10, 2003 N 215-P “On the methodology for determining the own funds (capital) of credit institutions”, registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 17, 2003 N 4269 ( "Bulletin of the Bank of Russia" dated March 20, 2003 N 15) (hereinafter referred to as Bank of Russia Regulation N 215-P);

Risk coefficient of the i-th asset;

I-th bank asset;

The amount of the reserve for possible losses or the reserve for possible losses on loans, on loans and equivalent debt of the i-th asset (code 8987);

KRV - the amount of credit risk for contingent credit obligations, calculated in the manner established by Appendix 2 to the instructions;

KRS - the amount of credit risk for futures transactions, calculated in the manner established by Appendix 3 to the instructions;

РР - the amount of market risk, in accordance with the requirements normative act Bank of Russia on the procedure for credit institutions to calculate the amount of market risks.

The minimum acceptable numerical value of the H1 standard is set depending on the size of the bank’s own funds (capital):

For banks with equity (capital) of at least the equivalent of 5 million euros - 10%;

For banks with equity (capital) less than the equivalent of 5 million euros - 11%.

The following are interested in the bank's capital adequacy:

1. The banks themselves (to convince large depositors that there are adequate guarantees);

2. Regulatory authorities (to ensure confidence in the banking system as a whole).

Minimum amount of the bank's authorized capital

The authorized capital of a bank (credit organization) consists of the amount of paid deposits of its participants and determines the minimum amount of property that guarantees the interests of its creditors.
The authorized capital of a credit organization ensures the normal operation of the bank in servicing and lending to clients and is formed from the monetary and material assets of the founders.

The Bank of Russia, individually for each bank, establishes the maximum amount of property (non-monetary) contributions to the authorized capital of a credit organization, and also establishes a list of types of property in non-monetary form that can be contributed to pay for the authorized capital.

The authorized capital of a credit organization is determined by Article 11 of the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” dated December 2, 1990 N 395-1 (with amendments).

Authorized capital of the bank

The minimum amount of the authorized capital of a credit organization in Russia in accordance with the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” on the day of filing an application for state registration and issuance of a license to carry out banking operations is established in the following amount:

1. 1 billion rubles - for a newly registered bank with a universal license;


2. 300 million rubles - for a newly registered bank with a basic license;


3. 90 million rubles - for a newly registered non-bank credit organization, with the exception of the minimum amount of the authorized capital of a newly registered non-bank credit organization - a central counterparty;


4. 300 million rubles - for a newly registered non-bank credit organization - a central counterparty.

According to the Bank of Russia, as of November 1, 2017, the number of operating credit institutions in Russia is 572, of which:

• 154 banks have an authorized capital of 1 billion rubles. and higher, which correspond to the status of banks with a universal license, including especially large ones, with an authorized capital of 10 billion rubles. and higher in Russia - only 35.
• 159 banks with an authorized capital of 300 million rubles. up to 1 billion rubles - correspond to the status of regional banks with a basic license.

Of the total number of credit institutions as of November 1, 2017 (572), the first two categories of banks account for 54.7% (154 + 159 = 313). This includes the largest and systemically important banks for Russia, such as: Sberbank of Russia, VTB, Alfa Bank, Rosselkhozbank, Bank GPB, etc.

Banks and non-bank credit organizations, whose authorized capital is in the range from 60 million rubles to 300 million rubles, will soon have to make a difficult decision about their reorganization. There were 186 such credit institutions as of November 1, 2017, and their activities are limited by time frames.

And there are 73 banks and non-bank credit institutions with a minimum authorized capital of less than 60 million rubles as of November 1, 2017 in Russia. They can safely be classified as credit institutions with an increased risk of bankruptcy, their activities are limited by time frames.

What awaits those banks that do not accumulate the authorized capital required by law or that it decreases? The actions of the Bank of Russia regarding such credit institutions are clearly stated in Chapter 20 of the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”:

The Bank of Russia is obliged, except for cases established by federal laws, to revoke a license to carry out banking operations in the following cases:

• if the value of all equity (capital) adequacy standards of a credit institution falls below two percent.
  If, during the last 12 months preceding the moment when, in accordance with this article, the said license should be revoked from a credit institution, the Bank of Russia changed the methodology for calculating the capital adequacy of credit institutions, in order of this article the methodology is used according to which the capital adequacy of a credit organization reaches its maximum value;


• if the amount of own funds (capital) of the credit institution is lower minimum value authorized capital established on the date of state registration of the credit organization. The specified basis for revocation of a license to carry out banking operations does not apply to credit organizations during the first two years from the date of issue of the license to carry out banking operations;


• if the credit institution does not comply within the time limit established by paragraph 4 (1) of Chapter IX of the Federal Law “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”, the requirements of the Bank of Russia to bring the amount of authorized capital into conformity with the amount of equity (capital);


• if a bank with a universal license as of January 1, 2018, the amount of its own funds (capital) does not meet the requirements established by part one of Article 11(2) of this Federal Law on the corresponding date, there are no grounds established by part four of Article 11(2) of this Federal Law to continue its activities as a bank with a universal license, and such bank did not receive, before January 1, 2019, in the manner established by the Bank of Russia, the status of a bank with a basic license, or did not change its status to the status of a non-bank credit organization, or did not receive the status of a microfinance company with simultaneous termination of the status of a credit institution and cancellation of a license to carry out banking operations;


• if a bank with a universal license after January 1, 2019, for four months in a row, allowed the amount of its own funds (capital) to decrease below the minimum amount of its own funds (capital) established by part one of Article 11(2) of this Federal Law, with the exception of its decrease due to a change the Bank of Russia methods for determining the amount of equity (capital) of a bank with a universal license, and within six months from the date of expiration of the specified period did not receive the status of a bank with a basic license in the manner established by the Bank of Russia, or did not change its status to the status of a non-bank
  credit organization, or has not received the status of a microfinance company with simultaneous termination of the status of a credit organization and cancellation of the license to carry out banking operations;


• if a bank with a basic license after January 1, 2018, for four months in a row, allowed the amount of its own funds (capital) to decrease below the minimum amount of its own funds (capital) established by part one of Article 11(2) of this Federal Law, with the exception of its decrease due to a change Bank of Russia methods
  determining the amount of own funds (capital) of a bank with a basic license, and within six months from the date of expiration of the specified period, did not change its status in the manner established by the Bank of Russia to the status of a non-bank credit organization or did not receive the status of a microfinance company with the simultaneous termination of the status of a credit organization and cancellation licenses for banking operations;


• if a bank with a universal license has not fulfilled the requirement stipulated by part seven of Article 11(2) of this Federal Law, and within the period established by part nine of Article 11(2) of this Federal Law has not received the status of a bank with a basic license in the manner established by the Bank of Russia, or changed its status to the status of a non-bank credit organization, or did not receive the status of a microfinance company with the simultaneous termination of the status of a credit organization and cancellation of the license to carry out banking operations;


• if a bank with a basic license has not fulfilled the requirement stipulated by part eight of Article 11(2) of this Federal Law, and within the period established by part ten of Article 11(2) of this Federal Law has not changed its status to the status of a non-bank credit organization in the manner established by the Bank of Russia or did not receive the status of a microfinance company with the simultaneous termination of the status of a credit organization and cancellation of the license to carry out banking operations;


• if a non-bank credit organization, the amount of its own funds (capital) as of July 1, 2016 amounted to 90 million rubles or more, or a non-bank credit organization created after July 1, 2016, allows a decrease in the amount for four consecutive months
  own funds (capital) is below the minimum amount of own funds (capital) established by part thirteen of Article 11(2) of this Federal Law, with the exception of its reduction due to a change in the methodology for determining the amount of own funds (capital) established by the Bank of Russia;


• if a non-bank credit organization, the amount of equity (capital) of which as of July 1, 2016 was less than 90 million rubles, allows a decrease in the amount of equity (capital) for four months in a row (except for its decrease due to the application of a modified methodology for determining the amount of equity ( capital) established by the Bank of Russia) is lower than the amount of equity (capital) it had as of July 1, 2016;


• if the non-bank credit organization has not complied with the requirements established by parts fifteen and sixteen of Article 11(2) of this Federal Law.

So, banks that are in specified periods will not be able to resolve the issue with the minimum amount of authorized capital to the required standard, they will have to either lower their status, or close, or merge with other banks. And banks are already working in this direction.

When choosing a bank to serve, you should first check its authorized capital and what category the bank belongs to. How to do it? In accordance with the Regulation of the Bank of Russia dated July 16, 2012 No. 385-P “On the rules for maintaining accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation, the authorized capital of the credit institution is reflected in balance sheet account No. 102 of the bank’s balance sheet.

Clients can find out or clarify the size of the bank’s authorized capital:

• on the bank’s website (in reports),
• on the Bank of Russia website (in the Directory of Credit Institutions),
• from periodicals,
• in the bank - from the financial statements for the current year.

Thus, in accordance with Article 8 (paragraph 4) of the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” dated December 2, 1990 N 395-1:

The credit institution is obliged upon request individual or a legal entity provide it with a copy of the license to carry out banking operations, copies of other permits (licenses) issued to it, if the need to obtain these documents is provided for
federal laws, as well as accounting (financial) statements for
this year.

Own capital forms the basis of the activities of a commercial bank. It is formed at the time of creation of the bank and initially consists of amounts received from the founders as their contribution to the authorized capital of the bank, which can be made directly if the bank is created in the form of a company with limited liability, and through the purchase of shares, if the bank is created in the form of a joint stock company.

Own capital also includes all savings received by the bank in the course of its activities, which were not distributed among the shareholders (participants) of the bank in the form of dividends or spent for other purposes. Equity capital represents the amount of money that will be distributed among the shareholders (participants) of the bank in the event of its closure.

Own capital provides the bank with economic independence and stability of operation. Equity capital is considered in banking practice to be a reserve of resources that allows maintaining the solvency of the bank even if it loses part of its assets.

Own funds (capital) perform a number of important functions in ensuring the management and functioning of a commercial bank: The protective function is manifested in the fact that capital serves as a kind of buffer, absorbing damage from current losses until the bank’s management resolves emerging problems, ensuring the continuation of the bank’s activities regardless of the presence of losses . Thanks to the presence of own capital, commercial Bank can carry out risky operations. Losses arising from these operations are covered by its own capital, without affecting the funds raised by investors.

At the same time, the possibility of loss of equity capital encourages shareholders to ensure that the bank is managed reliably and wisely. In the event of bankruptcy, the bank's own capital becomes the source of compensation to creditors and depositors.

Regulatory function, when capital acts as a regulator of the bank’s activities, through which government bodies they give him norms of economic behavior that warn him against excessive risks. By current legislation economic standards established by the Bank of Russia and regulating the activities of commercial banks are mainly based on the size of the bank’s own funds. The size of the bank's own funds determines the scale of its activities. The ability of commercial banks to expand active operations is determined by the size of their actual equity capital.

The minimum amount of equity capital (capital) is established for a bank in the amount of 180 million rubles, in addition, according to the Instruction of the Bank of Russia dated January 16, 2004 N 110-I “On Mandatory Standards of Banks”, the ratio between equity capital and the total volume of weighted assets taking into account the risk, for banks whose equity capital exceeds 5 million euros, it is set at 10%, for banks with equity capital less than 5 million euros, 11%. The size of the bank's actual equity capital also determines maximum size risk per borrower and lender (depositor), maximum amount monetary deposits of the population that the bank can attract.

In order to increase stability banking system The Bank of Russia has established the following requirements for the minimum amount of authorized capital required to create a credit organization and the amount of equity (capital) of a bank applying for a General License to carry out banking operations (Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” dated December 2, 1990 N 395-1, as amended by Federal Law No. 28-FZ of February 28, 2009):

The minimum amount of the authorized capital of a newly registered bank on the day of filing an application for state registration and issuance of a license to carry out banking operations is established in the amount of 180 million rubles.

The minimum amount of the authorized capital of a newly registered non-bank credit organization applying for a license providing the right to carry out settlements on behalf of legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts, on the day of filing an application for state registration and issuing a license to carry out banking operations are set at 90 million rubles.

The minimum amount of the authorized capital of a newly registered non-bank credit organization that is not applying for such a license, on the day of filing an application for state registration and issuance of a license to carry out banking operations, is established in the amount of 18 million rubles.

As the banking supervision system develops, the importance of the regulatory function of equity capital increases.

The operational function of equity capital is that equity capital is a source of investment in its own material assets and the development of the bank’s material base. In terms of the authorized capital contributed by the founders of the bank, it acts at the initial stage as start-up funds necessary for the construction or rental of premises, installation of equipment, hiring staff and other expenses, without which the bank cannot begin its activities. During a period of growth, the bank experiences a need for additional funds to create new capacities related to expanding the range of services provided and introducing advanced banking technologies, the source of which is its own capital.

For joint-stock banks, the amount of equity capital is a factor that determines the price of its shares. When assessing the value of a bank, they proceed from the size of its net assets, i.e. actual equity capital, which allows us to talk about its pricing function. Equity capital provides a constant source of income for shareholders (participants) in proportion to the size of the contribution to the authorized capital; each shareholder (participant) receives a share of the bank’s profit in the form of dividends.

The sources of the bank's equity capital are:

Authorized capital;

Extra capital;

Bank reserve fund;

Retained earnings of the reporting year and previous years.

The authorized capital of a credit organization is formed from the amount of contributions of its participants and determines the minimum amount of property that guarantees the interests of its creditors. For joint-stock banks, it is made up of the nominal value of its shares acquired by the founders of the credit organization, and for banks in the form of a limited company and an additional liability company - from the nominal value of the shares of its founders. The amount of authorized capital is determined in the founding agreement on the establishment of the bank and in the bank's Charter. Each participant (shareholder) of the bank, in proportion to his contribution to the authorized capital, annually receives a part of the bank's profit in the form of dividends.

Contributions to the authorized capital of a bank can be made in the form of cash, tangible assets, as well as securities of a certain type.

The bank's authorized capital can only be formed at the expense of shareholders' (participants') own funds; raised funds cannot be used for its formation. Cash deposits to the authorized capital of a credit organization in the currency of the Russian Federation must be transferred from the current accounts of shareholder enterprises (participants). Enterprises and organizations that have an illiquid balance sheet or have been declared insolvent cannot act as founders of banks and purchase their shares during an initial offering.

Credit organizations have the right to pay the authorized capital in foreign currency, but the authorized capital must be reflected in rubles in the balance sheet.

As tangible asset contributed as payment for the authorized capital of a credit institution can only be the bank building (premises) in which the credit institution is located, with the exception of unfinished construction.

The maximum size (standard) of the non-monetary part of the authorized capital of a credit organization being created should not exceed 20%.

Tangible assets must be assessed and reflected in the balance sheet of the credit institution in the currency of the Russian Federation.

In credit institutions created in the form of a limited liability company, the monetary valuation of material contributions to the authorized capital must be approved by a unanimous decision general meeting participants.

In accordance with the instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated August 14, 2002 No. 1186-U, it is allowed to form the authorized capital of a bank at the expense of funds from budgets of all levels, state off-budget funds, free funds and other property owned by state authorities and local governments.

The founders of the bank must fully pay the authorized capital of the bank they created within one month after its registration.

Additional capital includes: increase in the value of property during its revaluation, share premium, i.e. the difference between the placement price of shares at the time of issue and their par value, the value of property received free of charge by the bank from organizations and individuals.

The bank's reserve fund is formed from profits in the manner established by the bank's constituent documents, taking into account the requirements of current legislation.

The reserve fund is intended to cover losses and losses arising as a result of the bank's activities. The minimum size of this fund is determined by the bank's Charter, but it cannot be less than 5% of its authorized capital. Deductions to the reserve fund are made from the profit of the reporting year remaining at the disposal of the bank after paying taxes and other mandatory payments, i.e. from net profit. In this case, the amount of annual contributions to the reserve fund must be at least 5% of net profit until it reaches the minimum value established by the charter. By decision of the bank's Board of Directors, the reserve fund can be used to cover the bank's losses at the end of the reporting year.

Each commercial bank independently determines the amount of its own funds and their structure based on its adopted development strategy.

If a bank, subject to the laws of competition, seeks to expand the circle of its clients, including through large enterprises that are in constant need of attracting bank loans, then, naturally, its own capital should increase. The size of the bank's equity capital is also influenced by the nature of its active operations. With long-term diversion of resources into risky operations, the bank must have significant equity capital. The amount of equity capital determines the competitive position of the bank in the domestic and international markets.

In practice, there are two ways to increase equity capital:

Accumulation of profits;

Attracting additional capital in the financial market.

The accumulation of profit can occur in the form of accelerated creation of the bank's reserve fund with subsequent capitalization or in the form of accumulation of retained earnings from previous years. This is the cheapest way to increase capital, without affecting the existing management structure of the bank.

However, using a significant part of the profit received to increase equity capital means a reduction in the current dividends of the bank's shareholders and may lead to a fall in the market value of shares of open joint-stock banks.

If a credit organization uses its own funds to increase its authorized capital (their capitalization), a decision must be made on the distribution of these funds among the participants for their subsequent targeted use in the authorized capital of the credit organization.

Attraction of additional capital of a bank created in the form of an LLC can occur either on the basis additional deposits its participants, and through contributions to the authorized capital of the bank by third parties, who thereby become participants of this bank (unless this is prohibited by the bank’s Charter).

For effective management own capital and to use it as the most important regulator of the bank’s activities, it is necessary to adequately assess its actual availability.

In fact, equity is equal to net assets bank, i.e. assets free from liabilities. It can be calculated directly by subtracting from market value the bank's assets are the amount of its liabilities, adjusted to their real market value.

Another option is also possible for determining the bank’s actual equity capital by adjusting the amount of sources of capital by amounts that reduce (increase) the balance sheet values ​​of individual items of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet. IN Russian practice Banking supervision applies this option.

The amount of equity capital determined by adjusting the amount of its sources is sometimes called net capital.

According to the regulation “On the methodology for calculating own funds (capital) of credit organizations” dated February 10, 2003 No. 215P, the amount of own funds (capital) is determined as the sum of fixed and additional capital.

The sources taken into account in the calculation of fixed capital include:

Authorized capital of joint-stock banks, formed as a result of issue and placement ordinary shares, and preferred shares of a certain type, not classified as cumulative;

The authorized capital of banks created in the form of a limited (or additional) liability company, formed from the shares (contributions) of the founders (participants) of the bank;

Share premium of banks created in the form of joint-stock companies;

Property acquired free of charge by banks from organizations and individuals;

Bank funds formed in accordance with the requirements federal laws, regulations of the Bank of Russia and in the manner established by the constituent documents, formed from the profits of previous years remaining at the disposal of banks, the use of which does not reduce the value of the bank’s property;

Part of the funds mentioned above, which were formed from the profits of the reporting year, the data of which was confirmed in the conclusion of the audit firm based on the results of the banks’ activities;

Part of the profit of the reporting year, reduced by the amount of distributed funds for the corresponding period, data on which is confirmed by the conclusion of an audit firm;

The amount of the reserve created for the depreciation of shares (participatory interests) of subsidiaries and dependent business companies and resident credit institutions, investments in which reduce the total amount of fixed and additional capital;

Profit of previous years, the data of which was confirmed by an audit organization;

The difference between the authorized capital of the bank and its own funds (capital) in the event of a reduction in the authorized capital to the amount of its own funds due to a decrease in the par value of ordinary and part of the preferred (non-cumulative) shares or shares of the bank;

Additional own funds in the part formed from non-capitalized balances of the closed balance sheet account “Exchange differences on revaluation of own funds in foreign currency”.

To calculate the actual fixed capital from total amount of its sources listed above are subtracted:

Intangible assets (reduced by the amount of accrued amortization);

Own shares purchased from shareholders and shares of participants who submitted an application to leave the bank transferred to the bank;

Uncovered losses of previous years and losses of the current year.

In this case, current losses must be increased by the amount of the excess of the balances on correspondent accounts opened in credit institutions with a revoked license, and the excess of the value of the bank’s other claims to such credit institutions over the amount of the formed reserves for possible losses. Thus, when calculating fixed capital, its sources are reduced by the amount of direct and potential losses and capital losses. This procedure for calculating fixed capital is explained by the fact that in the Russian Federation, as noted, not a direct calculation of the actual availability of capital is used, but an indirect one by adjusting the sources of capital to a reliable assessment of its property and liabilities. The same approach is used when calculating additional capital. The sources of equity capital taken into account in calculating additional capital include:

Increase in the value of property on the balance sheet of banks due to revaluation;

Provisions for possible loan losses to the extent that they can be considered as general reserves, i.e. in terms of reserves created for loan debt classified as the first risk group;

Bank funds in the part formed by deductions from the profit of the current year without confirmation by an audit organization, and the profit of the previous year before confirmation audit firm, the use of which does not reduce the value of the bank’s property. If there is no audit confirmation after July 1 of the following year, funds formed from the profits of the previous year are not included in the calculation of additional capital;

Profit of the current year, not confirmed by the conclusion audit organization and not included in fixed capital. When included in the sources of additional capital, the profit of the current year should be reduced by the amount of the excess of the balances on correspondent accounts opened in credit institutions with a revoked license, and the amount of the excess of the value of the bank’s other claims to such credit institutions over the amount of the formed reserves for possible losses;

Part of the bank’s authorized capital formed by capitalizing the increase in property value during revaluation;

Preferred shares, with the exception of preferred shares of a certain type, the amount of dividend for which is not determined by the bank’s charter and not related to cumulative shares;

Difference between authorized capital joint stock bank and its own funds (capital) in the event of a reduction in the authorized capital to the amount of its own funds by reducing the par value of preferred (including cumulative) shares, with the exception of those that were taken into account when determining the appropriate source of the bank's fixed capital;

Profit of the previous year before audit confirmation, less funds used from the profit of the previous year. If there is no audit confirmation after July 1 of the following year, the profit of the previous year is not included in the calculation of capital.

The total amount of sources of additional capital is included in the calculation of equity in an amount not exceeding 100% of the amount of fixed capital. If the value of fixed capital is zero or negative, then sources of additional capital are not included in the calculation of capital. Currently, given the dire consequences financial crisis For banking sector, increasing banks’ own capital is the most actual problem Russian banking system. The amount of bank capital in the near future will determine the prospects for expanding the credit activity of banks.