The completeness and reliability of information of all types of accounting makes it possible to more effective management enterprise. When interacting (planned and unplanned) with fiscal authorities government organizations the level and accuracy of the data provided significantly reduces the possibility of sanctions.
Accounts
To group enterprise funds and their sources that are homogeneous in content, appropriate registers are used. They are called abacus, movement of each type tangible assets, calculations, capital is presented in them for a certain time period.
To reflect any (perfect) business transaction it needs to be documented. Accounting accounts serve to summarize information about a specific type of asset (source) for a certain period of time; on their basis, all existing accounting registers are filled in (revolving balance or memorial, chess sheet, balance sheet with appendices). Business transactions are recorded on the appropriate account based on primary document. Their processing consists of generating a total (balance) or closing the register. After this, information from the accounts is transferred to the balance sheet, subject to its basic rule - the correspondence of the values of the active part and liabilities.
Structure
Accounts, regardless of purpose, have a standard appearance. This is a table consisting of two sections: debit and credit. Depending on the balance sheet The account balance (the balance at the beginning or end of a certain period) is recorded in its upper corner. This amount appears in all intermediate and final accounting registers.
According to the balance sheet, accounting accounts are divided into active and passive. They have individual number and name. Active-passive accounts form a separate group and are not always reflected in the balance sheet.
The purpose of debit and credit depends on the balance sheet of the account. Business transactions that increase the amount are included in that part of the table that reflects the account balance. Fund movements that reduce the asset are recorded in the opposite column. When closing a period, all debit transactions are summed up, the resulting value is debit turnover, and a similar operation is performed with credit. The account balance is calculated taking into account the initial balance and the turnover of both parts of the table. The procedure for calculating it depends on the balance sheet. General scheme accounts (in tabular expression) looks like on paper So:
Active accounts
Passive accounts
Classification
All accounts are divided according to several characteristics: economic content, structure and in relation to the balance sheet. All types of classifications are relevant and used regularly.
In relation to balance, there is the following division:
1. Active accounts.
2. Passive accounts.
3. Active-passive accounts.
According to economic content, the division occurs into accounts:
1. Household funds.
2. Economic processes.
3. Sources of formation household assets.
According to the structure of education, all accounts are classified as follows:
1. Basics.
2. Operating rooms.
3. Effective.
4. Regulatory.
5. Off-balance sheet.
Chart of accounts
Grouping, combining all objects of accounting and tax type accounting according to their characteristics is used in every enterprise. This classification is approved by law and is mandatory for all tax residents in the Russian Federation.
Order No. 94n of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation approved a new list of accounts and created instructions for their use. In total it contains 99 positions synthetic accounting, you can open analytical transcripts to them, which give a more accurate picture of the work and functioning of the organization. 60 positions are used, the remaining 39 constitute a reserve that can be used when changing or optimizing accounting legislation.
The chart of accounts has the following main sections:
1. Non-current assets (intangible, fixed assets).
2. Current assets (raw materials, productive reserves, spare parts, materials, etc.).
3. Production costs (costing and distribution accounts).
4. Goods, sales (cost and sales).
5. Cash (cash and non-cash).
6. Settlements (with various counterparties, suppliers, buyers).
7. Economic, financial results (interim and final) and use of profits.
8. Reserves and funds of the enterprise.
9. Financing and loans.
10. Off-balance sheet accounts.
Sections are formed according to economic characteristics. One may contain active and passive accounts. Accounts are numbered from 01 to 99; sometimes used off-balance sheet registers have codes from 001 to 011. Active-passive accounts accounting are also in the plan, their serial number corresponds to the section. Every enterprise or organization has a legally enshrined right to use only the necessary accounts, or to expand the accounting system through analytics. All permitted changes made to the chart of accounts are reflected in accounting policy each enterprise (if necessary, adjustments), which is part of the constituent (statutory) documents.
Correspondence
Principle double entry is fundamental when committing any accounting transaction. This means that any movement of funds, assets, settlements or capital is reflected twice, in the debit of a certain account (it is possible to use subaccounts) and in the credit of another, and the amount must be the same. Account correspondence or posting can be complex. In this case, the amount remains the same, but the credit or debit contains multiple accounts. Accordingly, balance is maintained between the sides of the balance sheet: assets and liabilities.
Active accounting accounts
Structured accounting of the enterprise’s property, its funds, current assets requires a large number of registers. This is due to the fact that the balance sheet asset has a rather complex structure. In most cases, not only synthetic, but also a large number of analytical accounting registers are used.
The following active accounts are distinguished by type:
1. Inventory, taking into account the property of the enterprise (01, 04).
2. Cash, reflecting the enterprise’s funds in cash and non-cash form (50, 51, 55, 57).
3. Collective-distributive, open for the formation of costs that are not related to the main production process, but are included in the cost by distributing in proportion to any attribute (25, 23, 26).
4. Cost or costing, designed to form the cost of the finished product.
5. Settlement, designed to work with various debtors on advances received and submitting claims to counterparties.
Structure
Active accounting accounts have a balance (balance) at the beginning of the period or its end only by debit. Transactions related to the consumption of material (current) inventories of the enterprise, cash or a decrease in the value of non-current assets are reflected on the credit of the account. By debit they increase. The balance of active accounts can only be debit. It is calculated using the formula: Balance at the beginning + Debit turnover – Credit turnover = Balance at the end of the period. The balance is reflected in the balance sheet, its active part, and indicates the actual availability material resource in monetary terms.
Active-passive accounting accounts
When carrying out business activities, an enterprise interacts with a number of counterparties, settlements with which for a certain period of time may have ambiguous indicators. Largest quantity active-passive accounts are settlement accounts or form the result of the work of an enterprise or organization. The balance in such cases can be either a debit or a credit to the register. In some cases, an active-liability account has two balances, which are reflected in the balance sheet as the difference in amounts, or are classified, respectively, as a debit account as an asset and a credit account as a liability. Typical examples of such accounts are 60, 71, 62, 76, 75, 99.
Structure
Debit balance (balance) by active passive account reflects the amount of advance payments of various counterparties, or the balance of assets. During a certain reporting period, this amount will be adjusted in a positive direction due to the receipt of new assets or a decrease in settlement balances. The credit balance denotes the balances of the sources of formation of all (current, cash, non-current) funds.
Loan turnover reduces the amount of remaining tangible assets and increases the existing amount of debt. To objectively control settlements on active-liability accounts, it is necessary to use analytical accounting, the data of which will form the overall picture of the register at the end of the reporting (final or interim) period. The amounts received will be reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise.
Active accounting accounts
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ACTIVE ACCOUNTS OF THE CHART OF ACCOUNTS |
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ACCOUNT TYPE |
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Account 01 "Fixed assets" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 03 "Profitable investments in material assets" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 04 "Intangible assets" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 08 "Investments in fixed assets" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 09 "Delayed" tax assets" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 10 "Materials" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 19 "VAT on purchased assets" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 20 "Main production" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 23 "Auxiliary proceedings" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 25 "General production expenses" |
ACTIVE |
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Count 26" General running costs" |
ACTIVE |
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Count 29" Service industries and farms" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 41 "Goods" |
ACTIVE |
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Count 43" Finished products" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 44 "Sales expenses" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 45 "Goods shipped" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 50 "Cashier" |
ACTIVE |
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Score 51" Current accounts" |
ACTIVE |
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Count 52" Currency accounts" |
ACTIVE |
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Count 58" Financial investments" |
ACTIVE |
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Account 97 "Deferred expenses" |
ACTIVE |
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PASSIVE ACCOUNTS OF THE CHART OF ACCOUNTS |
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ACCOUNT NAME |
ACCOUNT TYPE |
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Account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" |
PASSIVE |
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Account 05 "Depreciation" intangible assets" |
PASSIVE |
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Account 42 "Trade margin" |
PASSIVE |
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Account 66 "Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings" |
PASSIVE |
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Account 67 "Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings" |
PASSIVE |
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Account 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages" |
PASSIVE |
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Account 77 "Delayed tax obligations" |
PASSIVE |
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Count 80" Authorized capital" |
PASSIVE |
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Account 98 "Deferred income" |
PASSIVE |
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ACTIVE-PASSIVE ACCOUNTS |
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ACCOUNT NAME |
ACCOUNT TYPE |
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Account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 75 "Settlements with founders" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 79 "Intra-economic settlements" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Score 84" retained earnings (uncovered loss)" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 90 "Sales" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 91 "Other income and expenses" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Account 99 "Profits and losses" |
ACTIVE-PASSIVE |
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Active account funds
In the process of activity in the organization, a large number of business transactions occur that change the balances of funds and their sources in the balance sheet. It is impossible to draw up a new balance sheet after each operation, therefore all business transactions are first reflected in the accounting accounts, since the balance sheet is drawn up on the 1st day of the month (quarter, year), it cannot be used to daily monitor changes occurring in the composition of property and liabilities enterprises, sources of their formation. For current accounting and control, a system of accounting accounts is used.An accounting account is a method of current grouping and accounting, control of assets, liabilities, and business transactions that are homogeneous in economic content.
Accounting for funds and sources in accounting accounts is carried out continuously and consistently. Each accounting account has its own number and name, which shows what funds and processes are reflected in this account. An account is opened for each type of economic funds and their sources. Each separate account records the initial state of the object being taken into account and its changes (operations), and therefore, at any point in time, the new state of the object can be determined.
In my own way appearance The account is a table consisting of two parts: the left one is debit, the right one is credit. The name and code of the account are written at the beginning of the table. In accounting accounts, information can be reflected both quantitatively and in value terms.
To open an account, you need to write down the amount from the balance (under the corresponding item), which is called the balance or balance. There are balances at the beginning and balances at the end of the reporting period.
During the month, the amounts of business transactions are recorded on the account, which are calculated at the end of the month and called turnover. The debit turnover and the credit turnover are distinguished and the final balance is displayed, which is used when drawing up the balance sheet at the beginning of the next period.
Active bank accounts
Active operations of commercial banks are operations that reflect the placement of the bank’s own and borrowed funds in order to generate income.Accordingly, Assets can be defined as the bank's investments that generate income for it.
Active operations of banks are recorded on active balance sheet accounts. The balance on a particular active bank account shows the amount of funds invested by the bank in this particular asset.
Active accounts always have a debit (negative) balance (remaining balance). Increase in balance active account means an expense transaction. A decrease in the balance of an active account means incoming transaction.
For example:
A loan was issued in the amount of 50,000 rubles. Account balance 455 = -50,000 rubles.
Part of the loan of 10,000 rubles has been repaid. Account balance 455 = -40,000 rubles.
Basic active operations commercial banks:
1. Loan operations – operations to provide the borrower with funds on the principles of urgency, repayment and payment.
Varieties of loan operations are also:
Accounting for bills of exchange;
Factoring;
Leasing;
Placement of funds in interbank loans and deposits;
Assignment of claims;
Purchase and sale transactions with deferred payment, etc.
2. Cash transactions– transactions with cash.
3. Stock transactions – transactions with securities on the organized and unorganized securities markets.
4. Commission transactions – transactions carried out on behalf of, on behalf of and at the expense of clients. For example, buying and selling foreign currency, precious metals, trust transactions, etc. Such transactions generate commission income for the bank.
5. Investment operations – investment of funds by the bank in shares and securities non-banking structures.
Bank assets are divided into income-generating and non-income-generating. Assets that do not generate income, for example, include cash in the bank's cash desk, bank investments in fixed assets, etc.
Assets are also divided by liquidity level:
Highly liquid assets are assets that the bank can sell instantly (cash, correspondent account).
Assets current liquidity– assets placed for a period of up to 30 days. Those. The bank can sell such assets only after the expiration of this period.
Long-term liquidity assets are assets placed for a period of more than 30 days.
Illiquid assets are assets that are impossible or very difficult to sell.
Reserves for possible losses are created for bank assets in the manner established by the Bank of Russia.
Debit and credit of active account
In the accounting department of any enterprise, a system of accounts is used to record financial and business transactions. Each of them is designed to reflect a separate group of transactions on the debit or credit side. Familiarity with the structure and meaning of an accounting account makes it possible to clarify what a debit is and its entries for an accountant. We will also look at the concept of a loan and the transactions reflected on it.Concept and structure of accounting accounts
Any existing commercial enterprise participates in accounting of its financial transactions. For achievement main goal activities of an economic entity (profit making), materials are purchased, the process of production and sale of products is carried out, settlements are made with personnel and accounting authorities. To reflect these transactions in groups, a system of accounting accounts is used. Their structure implies a definition of the meaning of certain thematic terms. Since an account has two sides, it is necessary to clarify what debit and credit are in accounting. You also need to become familiar with values such as balance and turnover.
The debit of the account records the property of the enterprise, and the credit records the sources of their formation. Balance means the balance of funds or liabilities, and turnover means the value of business transactions during a period of time.
Depending on whether the current account is kept or non-current property organization or its source, accounts come in several types:
1. Active.
2. Passive.
3. Active-passive.
Each of these three types of accounts has its own structure. Let's look at them. If the account is active, then its opening and closing balances will be debit. Using information about what a debit is, you can derive the value of active accounts. They are intended to reflect transactions related to property and its movement. Receipt of funds is reflected as a debit turnover, and use as a credit turnover. Similarly, for passive accounts, both balances will be reflected as a loan. They are used to account for the sources of property. Credit turnovers in such accounts indicate an increase in capital, and debit turnovers indicate a decrease in capital. Active-passive accounts record balances and turnover on both sides.
What are debit and credit accounts? We have already determined this earlier. It remains to determine the meaning of debtors (debtors of the organization) and creditors (those to whom the enterprise is in debt).
Double entry as a method of accounting in accounting
The double entry method is designed for an accountant to record financial transactions in parallel in several places. The amount indicated in the debit of one account is transferred to the credit associated with it, according to the characteristics of the transaction. Simply put, duplication occurs. Double entry further clarifies what debits and credits are for accounting for financial transactions.
The specifics of this method are closely related to the meaning of the following concepts:
1. Correspondence of accounts, i.e. mutual connection between them.
2. Posting, i.e. a visual aid of corresponding accounts.
General and detailed accounting. Depending on the details of the accounts, they are divided into three groups:
1. Synthetic (generalized).
2. Analytical (detailed).
3. Subaccounts (intermediate).
Depending on the use of accounts in accounting, it is similarly divided into two types:
1. Synthetic is a generalized accounting of transactions. It is carried out on the basis of synthetic accounts.
2. Analytical – a thorough accounting of operations divided into groups. Conducted on the basis of
There is a main principle of general and detailed accounting, which consists in the equality of balances and turnover in analytical accounts and the synthetic account opened for it.
Documenting accounting entries
What are debits and credits in a transaction? Now we need to look at this concept. As already mentioned, posting in accounting means text. It indicates the debit account and the corresponding credit account or vice versa. Postings are divided into simple, affecting only two accounts, and complex, reflecting several accounts related to the transaction.
Accounting entries are drawn up in the form of documentation in which records are kept. These can be journals - orders or memorial orders. Also, most often, for their visual reflection, they use balance sheets, which are of great importance for the preparation of financial statements.
The data in the statements is entered in the form of debit and credit entries. By the end of the month, the balances are withdrawn. In total for the entire reporting period, these data are transferred to the balance sheet. This accounting procedure allows us to understand what debits and credits are in the balance sheet. Accordingly, thanks to documented entries, the meaning of the active and passive sides of the concept under consideration is formed.
Accounting accounts are a whole way of being able to keep records. Without them, it would be impossible to reflect financial and business transactions by dividing them into groups. Thus, we looked at what debit in accounting is, credit and their meaning.
Main active accounts
The main active accounts include:01 Fixed assets;
04 Intangible assets;
10 Materials;
20 Main production;
43 Finished products;
50 Cashier;
51 Current accounts;
52 Currency accounts;
58 Financial investments;
Active accounts have the following features:
The opening balance is always a debit balance and shows the availability of funds at the beginning of the reporting period;
debit turnover reflects the receipt of funds;
loan turnover reflects a decrease in funds;
the final balance is always a debit balance and shows the balance at the end of the reporting period;
active accounts reflect the presence and movement of economic assets and property of the enterprise.
Example of an active account
At the beginning of the month, the company’s warehouse contained various materials worth 22,000 rubles.During the month, the following business transactions related to the movement of materials were reflected:
Exercise. Create an active account 10 “Materials”, calculate the turnover of debit, credit and balance at the end of the month.
In the debit of account 10 “Materials” we enter the cost of materials at the beginning of the month (Сн). Next, we post transactions related to the movement of materials into debit and credit. We record the transaction number and amount on the debit side of account 10 if the operation reflects the receipt of materials, or on the credit side of the account if the operation involves a disposal of materials. Then we calculate debit turnover as the sum of all transactions for the receipt of materials and credit turnover as the sum of transactions associated with the disposal of materials. Next, we calculate the ending balance.
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Active-passive accounts- accounts that reflect both the organization’s property (as in active accounts) and the sources of its formation (as in passive accounts).
Active-passive account scheme
The active-passive account scheme looks like this:
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Opening balance - availability accounts receivable At the beginning of the reporting period |
Opening balance - availability accounts payable At the beginning of the reporting period |
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Debit turnover: increase in accounts receivable; reduction of accounts payable |
Loan turnover: increase in accounts payable; reduction of accounts receivable |
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Final balance - the presence of receivables of the enterprise at the end of the reporting period (when it, the enterprise, is owed) |
Final balance - the presence of accounts payable to the company at the end of the reporting period (when it, the company, should) |
Types of active-passive accounts
There are two types of active-passive accounts:
- Basics of classification of accounting accounts
There are main active, passive and active-passive accounts. Main active accounts are used for... and accounts payable. The main active-passive accounts are intended to account for settlements with...
Active-passive account: details for an accountant
Accounts and double entry
Main questions:
1. The concept of accounting accounts.
2. Structure of accounts, order of entries on accounts.
3.Accounts active and passive, determination of the final balance in active and passive accounts.
4. Double entry, its essence and control value.
5. Correspondence of accounts, accounting entries.
6. Accounts of synthetic and analytical accounting, the relationship between them
7. Turnover statements for synthetic and analytical accounting accounts.
The concept of accounting accounts
The balance sheet provides summarized information on the composition and sources of formation of the enterprise’s economic assets for reporting date. Meanwhile, for financial management economic activity Enterprises need information not only about the state of economic assets and their sources, but also about their movement, about the content of the economic processes themselves. For current (daily) accounting, a system of accounting accounts is used.
Accounting accounts- a method of grouping, systematization, secondary registration and accumulation of information about the state and movement of economically homogeneous types of economic assets, sources of their formation and economic processes.
Each economically homogeneous type of economic assets (for example, fixed assets, intangible assets, cash, etc.), type of sources of formation of economic assets (for example, authorized capital, reserve capital, settlements with suppliers and contractors, etc.), and also the type of business processes (for example, sale of products, works, services, etc. ) a separate accounting account is opened. Accounting for funds and sources in accounts is carried out continuously and consistently. Each account has its own number and name, which shows what funds and processes are reflected in this account.
Structure of accounts, order of entries on accounts.
Schematically, an account can be represented as a two-sided table, the left side of which is debit and the right side is credit.
| Debit account Credit | |
The terms “debit” and “credit” and a two-sided table should be accepted as a generally accepted form of recording business transactions, allowing for clarity and convenience of accounting for the financial and economic activities of an enterprise.
Each account has a name.
Account name- this is the name of the object of economic assets, the source of their formation or the economic process, information about which is reflected in the account.
Recording in accounts begins with indicating the initial (opening) balance of business assets or their sources. The accounts then reflect the transaction amounts that cause changes in opening balances. The value of business transactions that increase the account balance is recorded on the side of the account on which the initial balance is located. Entries that decrease the account are on the side opposite the opening balance.
At the end of the reporting period, both the total amount of the increase in the account for the reporting period is determined (all entries reflected on the corresponding side of the account are summed up) and the total amount of the account decrease for the reporting period (all entries reflected on the corresponding side of the account are summed up). This amount of transactions on each side of the account is called turnover
Depending on the name of the side of the account for which transactions are summarized, they are distinguished debit turnover(or debit turnover) and credit turnover(loan turnover). When calculating turnover, the value of the opening account balance is not included. All entries that increase the account balance are recorded on the side opening balance, all entries that reduce the account balance,- on the opposite side without any arithmetic signs.
Active and passive accounts, the order of entries and determination of the final balance in active and passive accounts.
REMEMBER!
In accordance with the division of the balance sheet into assets and liabilities, active and passive accounting accounts are distinguished, as well as active-passive
Active accounts- these are accounts designed to record the state and movement of economically homogeneous types of economic assets in composition (assets). “Fixed assets”, “Intangible assets”, “Materials”, “Cash”, “Current account” and other accounts opened to account for business assets by composition.
In an active account, the balance is always recorded as a debit account. All entries that increase the account balance are recorded as a debit to the account, and those that decrease the account balance are recorded as a credit. The ending balance of the active account is calculated using the formula:
Final balance (always debit) = Initial balance + Debit turnover - Credit turnover.
Active account scheme
| Debit | Credit |
| Balance of business assets at the beginning of the month | reduction of economic |
| Business transactions that cause increase(+) economic assets in the reporting month | |
| The amount of business transactions will be debit turnover from couple for the reporting month | loan turnover invoices for the reporting month |
| The balance at the end of the month is equal to the balance at the beginning of the month + debit turnover - credit turnover |
Passive accounts- these are accounts designed to record the state and movement of economically homogeneous types of sources of economic assets (liabilities). "Authorized capital", " Extra capital", "Reserve capital", "Deferred income"
In a liability account, the balance is always recorded as a credit to the account. All entries that increase the account are recorded as a credit to the account, and all entries that decrease it are recorded as a debit. The final balance on the liability account is calculated using the formula:
Final balance (always credit) = Initial balance + Credit turnover - Debit turnover.
Passive account scheme
| Debit | Credit |
| Business transactions that cause decrease(-) sources of household funds | Remaining (balance) of sources of economic funds for |
| Business transactions that cause increase (+) economic assets in the reporting month | |
| The amount of business transactions will be debit turnover invoices for the reporting month | The amount of business transactions will be loan turnover invoices for the reporting month |
| The balance at the end of the month is equal to the balance at the beginning of the month + credit turnover - debit turnover |
REMEMBER!
In order to determine whether an active or passive account is used to account for a specific object of economic assets, one should be well versed in the classification of economic assets by composition and functional role in the production process and sources of education and intended purpose.
Active-passive accounts can, as a rule, be distinguished by their names: most of these accounts begin with the word “settlements” (settlements with the budget, settlements with personnel, etc.). These accounts simultaneously reflect both economic funds and their sources.
Active-passive accounts serve:
· to reflect the amounts of credit (debts in favor of counterparties) and debit (debts in favor of the enterprise) debts;
· to reflect amounts financial results activities of the enterprise - profits and/or losses.
Entries on active-passive accounts begin with an indication of the initial balances (balances) of business assets on debit and sources of business funds on credit. Then the accounts reflect the amounts of transactions that cause changes in the initial balances (balances). Debit entries can have different meanings: an increase in funds, a decrease in a source. The account credit entry has different meanings: an increase in the source, a decrease in funds.
If according to active-passive account If there is no initial balance, then the final balance is determined by comparing monthly turnover and is reflected on the side of the account where the turnover is greater. It should be noted that the expanded balance in active-liability accounts in as usual impossible to withdraw. It is determined according to analytical accounting data.
There is a close relationship between accounts and balance relationship:
Active accounts correspond to asset balance; passive accounts - balance sheet liabilities.
Individual names of balance sheet items correspond to the names of accounts.
The balances of economic assets and the sources of their formation are shown on the accounts on the same side as in the balance sheet.
The amounts of balances for all active accounts are equal to the total of the balance sheet assets, and for all passive accounts - to the total of the balance sheet liabilities.
The balance sheet is compiled based on the data in the accounting accounts, and accounts are opened based on the balance sheet data.
Instructions
Create a turnover sheet for synthetic accounting accounts. It should contain a column with the name of the account and three pairs of columns for calculating debit and credit by opening balance, turnover for the period and final balance. Based on the data from the previous reporting period, enter debit and credit indicators for the opening balance.
Determine the turnover for the reporting period. To do this, based on accounting data, indicate the debit and credit amounts for each account. Check that the amounts match primary documentation. Otherwise, mistakes made may lead to inaccuracies when leaving the annual balance sheet.
Analyze the nature of the account for which you need to determine the ending balance. They are divided into active, passive and active-passive. This must be done because the procedure for calculating the balance at the end of the reporting period is different.
Calculate the ending balance for active accounts. Receipts to these accounts are reflected as a debit, and disposals as a credit. When calculating the balance at the end of the month, it is necessary to add debit turnover to the debit opening balances and subtract credit turnover. As a result, the debit bed balance of the active account will be obtained.
Calculate the ending balance for liability accounts. Reflection of receipts and disposals of them is reflected in credit and debit, respectively. In this regard, at the end of the reporting period, the credit ending balance is calculated, which is equal to the sum of the credit opening balance and credit turnover minus debit turnover.
Determine the ending balances for active-liability accounts, which have both a credit and a debit side. To do this, you first need to sum up the debit opening balances and turnovers and subtract credit indicators from them. If the resulting value is greater than zero, then it refers to the debit of the final balance, and if less, then it refers to the credit without a minus.
Sources:
- count on the abacus
The beautiful Italian word “balance” refers to the balance formed on an accounting account. You can define a debit or credit balance. It depends on which side of the bill is larger. However, this concept is used not only in accounting, but also when working at commodity exchanges, analysis of the trade balance or balance of payments of a country.
Instructions
The work of an accountant is a scrupulous accounting of cash flows in an enterprise. Accuracy plays a very important role in it, since even one penny can lead to a serious discrepancy. Accounting is carried out continuously, all financial operations are recorded using the double entry method in the form of account entries.
An accounting account is an accounting position for each homogeneous group of funds and their sources. There are two sides of the account: debit and credit. Hence the double entry, which, while showing the movement of funds on both sides, does not change total balance.
To determine the balance, you need to subtract the amount of the other from the total of the entries on one side of the account. Thus, the difference between incoming amounts and expenses is shown. If the debit exceeds the credit, then the balance is called a debit. If the credit is greater than the debit - credit. If the balance is zero, then such an account is closed.
Active-passive accounting accounts keep records of settlements with various organizations or individuals, i.e., records of receivables and payables.
If an enterprise uses attracted or borrowed funds, then it has accounts payable to other organizations or individuals who are creditors of this enterprise.
If the enterprise is owed by other organizations or individuals, then these debtors are called debtors, and their debt to the enterprise is called receivable.
Debtors owe the enterprise, and creditors owe the enterprise itself. The word "debit" is derived from the Latin word debet, which means "must", and "credit" is derived from the Latin word credo, which means "believe".
Active-passive account scheme:
The main active-passive accounts include:
71 - “Settlements with accountable persons”;
75 - “Settlements with founders”;
76 - “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”;
99 - “Profits and losses.”
On account 71, settlements with accountable persons are carried out. Accountable persons are the employees of the enterprise, who are given money from the cash register for travel expenses or economic needs, i.e. for the purchase of goods for small amounts. After the employee has spent the money received, he must report, i.e. provide invoices for the purchase of goods, railway or air tickets, hotel bills, etc. All this is approved in the advance report, which is submitted accountable person. These costs are usually written off as manufacturing costs.
Let's look at examples of how accounting is kept on active-passive accounts.
Example: Keeping records of settlements with accountable persons.
At the beginning of the month, the accountable person Petrov A.S. owes the company 500 rubles. (accounts receivable).
During the month, the following business transactions related to accountable persons were reflected:
Exercise. Create active-passive account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, calculate turnover and balance.
In order to determine the final balance on an active-passive account, you need to calculate all debit amounts, including the opening balance, and in the same way you should calculate the total credit amount. The final balance on the active-passive account will be where the amount is greater, and will be equal to the difference between the debit and credit amounts.
Account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”
Regarding account 99, which was previously considered passive, the following should be said: all enterprises operate with the main goal of making a profit, but if for some reason they incur losses, then in this case account 99 becomes active-passive. Let's look at an example of how accounting is kept on account 99 “Profits and losses”.
Example: Keeping records of profits and losses. At the beginning of the month, the company has a loss of 4,000 rubles.
The following business transactions were reflected during the month:
Task: Create an active-passive account 99 “Profits and losses”, calculate turnover and balance.
Account 99 “Profits and losses”
Table of passive accounts
02 Depreciation of fixed assets
05 Amortization of intangible assets
42 Trade margin
63 Provisions for doubtful debts
66 Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings
67 Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings
70 Settlements with personnel for wages
80 Authorized capital
82 Reserve capital
83 Additional capital
86 Targeted financing
96 Reserves upcoming expenses
98 Deferred income
Active – passive accounts
These are accounts that can have a balance, either debit or credit, depending on the current result economic results during the reporting period.
And some of these accounts may have an expanded balance, i.e. on debit and credit simultaneously. In this case, the debit balance is shown in the asset side of the balance sheet, and the credit balance is shown in the liability side of the balance sheet.
These are the accounts:
40 Product release
60 Settlements with suppliers and contractors (a debit balance occurs in the case of an advance payment to a supplier)
62 Settlements with suppliers and customers (a credit balance occurs when the buyer has transferred an advance to us)
68 Calculations for taxes and fees
69 Settlements with funds social insurance and provision
71 Settlements with accountable persons
73 Settlements with personnel for other operations
75 Settlements with founders
76 Settlements with various debtors and creditors
84 Retained earnings (uncovered loss) the credit balance reflects the profit of previous years, the debit balance reflects the loss of previous years
90 Sales
91 Other income and expenses
99 Profit and loss (loan profit current year, by debit - loss of the current year).
Passive account credit
Passive account (name of accounting object):
Thus, on the passive account, which takes into account the sources of formation of property, the following are reflected: on the credit side of the account - balances at the beginning and end of transactions and business transactions that cause an increase in balances; On the debit side of the account only business transactions that cause a decrease in balances are shown.
Using the previously given notations, to determine the balance of the passive account at the end of the reporting period, we will draw up the following formula:
Sk = Sn + Ok - Od
In passive accounts, the increase in the sources of formation of economic assets is shown on the right side, and the balance can only be a credit one.
When recording business transactions in passive accounts, there can only be two situations:
Situation one: the amount of the initial balance and the amount of turnover on the credit of the account must be greater than the amount shown on the debit of the account. In this case, we have a balance at the end of business operations, which is determined by the above formula.
Situation two: the amount of the initial balance and the amount of turnover on the credit of the account are equal to the amount shown on the debit of the account. In this case, there will be no balance at the end of the reporting period.
The balances on active accounts, which reflect the organization’s property, and on passive accounts, which show the sources of formation of this property, are then linked and respectively reflected in the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet.
But there are also active-passive accounts, which have characteristics of both active and passive accounts. In such accounts, the balance can be both debit and credit, or both debit and credit (the so-called “expanded balance”).
For example, for the account “Settlements with various debtors and creditors,” the debit balance shows the amount of receivables and is reflected in the balance sheet asset. The credit balance on this account shows the amount of accounts payable and is reflected in the liability side of the balance sheet.
It is impossible to determine the expanded balance in active-liability accounts in the usual manner; this requires analytical accounting data. Analytical accounting provides information on the status of settlements with each debtor (for example, with a buyer) and with each creditor (for example, a supplier of materials to an organization), i.e., the balance is displayed for each buyer and supplier separately, and then the total amount of receivables and accounts payable.
Based on the above, the order of entries in the accounts is as follows:
Accounts are opened at the beginning of the year (period);
During the year (period), accounts are opened as needed;
at the beginning of the year (period), initial balances (balances) are recorded in the accounts according to the balance sheet data;
during the reporting period (month), business transactions are reflected in the accounts;
at the end of the reporting period (month), the turnover of the accounts is calculated and the final balances (balances) are displayed;
at the end of the reporting period (month), a balance sheet is drawn up based on data on the final balances of accounts.
Passive bank accounts
Passive balance sheet accounts reflect: bank funds, funds of organizations and citizens, deposits, funds in settlements, bank profits, accounts payable, other liabilities and borrowed funds. An increase in a liability account is reflected as a credit, and a decrease as a debit.
Funds in passive accounts are the bank's resources for lending and financing the organization, and debt in active accounts shows the use of these resources.
Off-balance sheet accounts are also divided by economic content, like balance sheet accounts, into active and passive. In accounting, transactions are reflected using the double entry method: active accounts correspond to account 99999, passive accounts - to account 99998, while accounts 99998 and 99999 are maintained only in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles.
Based on chart of accounts commercial banks make up the balance. Balance is the basic form financial statements, but directly Balance sheet- this is a report on financial condition bank, which displays its assets, liabilities and equity in monetary terms on a specific date. The balance sheet is the main tool for studying the activities of the bank.
The accounts of the bank's balance sheet are divided into on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet. Balance sheet accounts are either active or passive. They are grouped into sections according to their economic content. One section can contain active and passive accounts.
Active balance sheet accounts take into account: cash in the bank's cash desks, short-term and long-term loans, costs for capital investments, accounts receivable, other assets and diverted funds. In active accounts, an increase is reflected as a debit, and a decrease as a credit.
Passive account debit
Depending on the type of observation object, accounts are divided into active and passive. Active accounts reflect the property of the enterprise, and passive accounts reflect the obligations of the organization (methods of forming this property). For example, active accounts include accounts “Fixed assets”, “Cash”, “Materials”, and passive accounts “Settlements with personnel for wages”, “Authorized capital”, “Reserve capital”, etc. Recording on the accounts begins reflection of the opening balance (opening balance). On active accounts this balance is recorded as a debit, on passive accounts – as a credit.
The accounts then record all transactions that change the balance. Transactions that increase the balance are recorded on the balance side, while transactions that decrease the balance are recorded on the opposite side. That is, in active accounts, an increase is reflected as a debit, a decrease as a credit. In passive accounts, on the contrary, an increase is reflected as a credit, a decrease as a debit. If you add up the sums of all transactions recorded on the sides of the account, you get turnover. The total amount recorded on the debit side of the account is called debit turnover, and on the credit side of the account – credit turnover. When calculating revolutions, the initial balance is not taken into account. The final balance (final balance) of an account is determined by adding to the initial balance the turnover on the same side of the account on which the initial balance is located, and subtracting the turnover on the opposite side. For example, when determining the final balance on an active account, you need to add the initial balance with the debit turnover and subtract the credit turnover. The ending balance (there may not be one) is recorded on the same side of the account as the beginning balance. If there was no initial balance, then the balance at the end of the reporting period is found by subtracting the smaller one from the larger turnover. The balance is recorded on the side of the account on which the larger turnover amount was reflected.
Scheme of the structure of active and passive accounts:
In addition to accounts for accounting for the organization’s property (active) and the sources of its formation (passive), in accounting there are also accounts that simultaneously reflect both the property and the sources of its formation. Such accounts are called active-passive, which are intended mainly for settlements with various debtors and creditors.
Depending on the state of these calculations, there can be three cases:
Or our enterprise is owed by other enterprises, i.e. are our debtors - in this case, the balance on such accounts will be debit and will be reflected in the asset balance sheet, the account itself will accordingly be active;
or our enterprise is a debtor of some other enterprise, which will be our creditor - in this case, the balance will be a credit balance, reflected in the liability side of the balance sheet, and the account itself will accordingly act as a liability;
however, in practice, the following situation most often occurs when our enterprise is owed by other economic entities, and our enterprise is a debtor to some economic entities - in this case, the balance will be both debit and credit (expanded balance), reflected in both the asset and liability of the balance sheet .
In order to determine the final balance for an active-liability account, the following rule is used: the monthly turnover on the side of the account where the initial balance is reflected is added to the opening balance, and the monthly turnover on the opposite side of the account is subtracted. The positive difference will be the final balance, which will be reflected on the same side of the account as the initial one; and a negative difference means that the balance will move to the opposite side of the account in relation to the initial one. If there is no opening balance in an active-liability account, then the final balance is determined by comparing monthly turnover and is reflected on the side of the account where the turnover is greater.
There are two types of active-passive accounts: with a one-sided balance (either debit or credit) and with an expanded balance (both debit and credit at the same time). For example, if the debit turnover on the “Profit and Loss” account exceeds the credit turnover, then the ending balance will be recorded on the debit side of the account (this means that the enterprise in this reporting period suffered a loss). If, on the contrary, the enterprise’s expenses were less than its income (profit was made), then in the “Profit and Loss” account the credit turnover will be greater than the debit turnover and, accordingly, the final balance on this account will be reflected as a loan (profit is the source of the formation of property and is reflected in the liability balance). From this we can conclude that the “Profit and Loss” account is active-passive with a one-sided balance.
An example of an active-passive account with an expanded balance is the account “Settlements with various debtors and creditors.” The debit balance of this account reflects accounts receivable, the credit balance reflects accounts payable. Debit entries can have different meanings - either an increase in accounts receivable or a decrease in accounts payable. The credit reflects either an increase in accounts payable or a decrease in accounts receivable. The structure of an active-liability account with an expanded balance can be presented in the table.
For the accounting material assets They use a different form of account, into which, in addition to monetary measures, they enter natural indicators. This form is used mainly in analytical accounts.
Analytical – accounts that are used for detailed characteristics of the object of observation. They open in the development of each synthetic account.
Active-passive account structure:
Accounts in which the organization’s property, its obligations and business processes reflected in a generalized form are called synthetic. For example, these are the accounts “Fixed assets”, “Payroll calculations”, etc. Accounting carried out on synthetic accounts is called synthetic. It is conducted only in monetary terms. For the operational management of economic activities, as well as control over the safety of property, generalized data obtained using synthetic accounting is not enough. For example, in addition to data about total amount fixed assets, it is necessary to have information about each fixed asset object separately (building, equipment, machinery, etc.); To have full view about settlements with personnel for wages, you need to know the details of settlements with each employee individually (Petrov, Sidorov, etc.). To obtain detailed, disaggregated, analytical data about accounting objects, analytical accounts are used. Accounts that reflect detailed data for each separate species property, obligations of organizations and processes are called analytical. Accounting carried out on analytical accounts is also called analytical.
Analytical accounts are opened in addition to synthetic ones for the purpose of detailing them and obtaining specific indicators for each individual type of property, source of property formation, and business transaction. For example, to synthetic account“Materials” analytical accounts “Gasoline”, “Diesel Oil”, etc. can be opened. In this case, analytical accounts will show the movement of each material separately. Obviously, the following conditions will be met. The amounts of debit and credit turnover of analytical accounts will be respectively equal to the debit and credit turnover of the synthetic account combining them. The sum of the initial balances of analytical accounts will be equal to the initial balance of the synthetic account combining them. The same can be said about ending balances.