Online Tests Quizzes Entrepreneurship and Economics Economic Theory Questions
106. According to the Keynesian point of view, the effectiveness of the restriction financial and credit policy higher expansionist in consequence.
Opportunities for the economy to fall into an inflationary or liquidity trap
107. Keeping in mind the well-known convention of dividing into micro and macroeconomics, find out what does not apply to the latter.
The lack of rain for a long time caused a drop in grain yields in the center of Russia
108. The concept of "demand for money" testifies.
Same as sum of money demand for asset side money demand and transactions
109. The concept of variable and fixed costs of production take place only.
In the short term
110. A constant disadvantage in a command economy are.
Services and goods
111. Permanent
lack of market economy are.
113. Lost his job due to economic downturn falls into the category of the unemployed, covered.
Cyclical form of unemployment
114. Government policy on taxation and spending is.
fiscal policy
115. Government policy on taxation and spending:
fiscal policy
116. Marginal cost is.
The cost of producing each additional unit of output
117. Assume that GDP increased from $500 billion to up to 600 billion c.u. and the GDP deflator from 125 to 150. Under these conditions, the value of real GDP.
Will not change
118. Assume that the real market price below equilibrium. In this case.
The quantity demanded will be greater than the quantity supplied
119. The ideas of the Russian thinker of the 18th century I Pososhkov about prosperity are closest to.
Source: oltest.ru
Rosneft surpassed Gazprom in terms of capitalization
These and a number of other questions will be answered in the article.
general information
Let's first define what a market deficit is. This is the situation when quantitatively demand exceeds supply at a given price level. The phrase may seem difficult to understand, so let's break it down.
In the market for each product, a certain price is set at which it is sold. When demand exceeds supply, the product sells out quickly and disappears from the shelves. And sellers usually take advantage of the situation by increasing the price. Producers, stimulated by rising incomes, begin to produce more of the scarce good. In this case, market equilibrium will be established over time.
There are two possible scenarios for the development of events. If the trend continues, the situation may become problematic again, and consumers will again suffer from a shortage of the specified product, the price of it will increase. Either the market is saturated, the rush demand for the product will disappear, which will lead to a drop in cost and a reduction in the range of products on the market. Potentially this situation can lead to a "crisis of overproduction".
Thus, sellers can realize their interests in making a profit only for a limited time. It is believed that the market equilibrium is optimal for the economy. Then on the list of desired market conditions are surplus and scarcity. The focus of the article will be on only the last of them, but for the sake of completeness, we will touch on other topics. After all, what is market equilibrium, surplus and scarcity, it is easiest to understand when a connection is drawn between them.
Time frame
Is permanent deficit possible in a market economy? No, this is ruled out by the very principles of building the system. But it can persist for a long time, provided that the price increase is limited by certain factors. As such, one can name state regulation or the lack of physical opportunities to increase the output of goods. By the way, if there is a chronic market deficit, then this indicates that enterprises have no incentives to correct the situation or the state does not want to help them in this. In such a case, one can observe a decline in the standard of living, as people can no longer fully satisfy their needs with goods.
Consequence of deficits
When such a situation occurs and queues begin to line up for the goods, then even in the presence of competition, the seller is not interested in improving the quality of his product and the level of service. For example, consider the situation with the Soviet Union in last years his existence. Shops started working late and ended relatively early. At the same time, there were always huge queues, despite which the sellers were in no hurry to serve the buyer. This irritated the buyers, resulting in constant conflicts. Another consequence of the market deficit is the emergence of the shadow sector. When a product cannot be purchased at official prices, there will always be enterprising people who will look for ways to sell products at a significantly inflated cost.
Shadow market
We have already found out, Now let's pay attention It occurs if there is an unsatisfied demand. In such conditions, there are always those who want to satisfy him, but at inflated prices that have nothing to do with the officially declared ones. But even here there are limits - after all, the higher the cost, the fewer people will be able to afford a certain product or service.
Excess
This is the name given to the situation in the market, which is characterized by an excess of supply over demand. Surplus can occur in cases where there is a crisis of overproduction or a product (service) is offered at a price that the average citizen cannot pay. Such a situation may arise due to state regulation(for example, establishing a minimum cost of the product).
Here, too, no matter how paradoxical it may sound at first glance, a shadow market may arise. All that is needed for this is that some sellers have incentives to sell their products at a lower price than officially established. In such a case, the lower ceiling can be set at the level of cost plus the minimum profitability at which the manufacturer agrees to manufacture the product or provide the service.
Market equilibrium
Scarcity and excess have their pros and cons. The optimal situation is considered when there is an equilibrium price. When it is quantitatively the supply is equal to the demand. Certain difficulties arise when one of these parameters is changed. In such cases, there is high probability loss of market equilibrium. Even more risky is the situation when they change at the same time. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the fact that shortages and surpluses can quickly appear or disappear. So, when demand increases, it leads to the fact that the price is literally "pushed" in the direction of growth. A significant supply in quantitative terms, in turn, puts pressure on the cost from above. This is how market equilibrium occurs. There is no shortage/surplus in this case.
Peculiarities
So we found out what is the deficit in a market economy. Now let's look at situations where it can occur.
First of all, it is necessary to note the inefficient use state mechanism regulation. In particular, price ceilings. We have already considered the minimum cost, but the most popular is still the setting of the upper bound. This mechanism is a popular element social policy. Most often it is used in relation to essential goods. With this, everything is clear. But when can you see the price limit (minimum level) in action?
The state resorts to the use of this mechanism in cases where it is necessary to avoid the crisis of overproduction and the collapse following it. It can also be used to stimulate certain types goods. As a supplement, all surpluses that have not been bought by the people in the market are purchased by the state itself. Of these, a reserve is formed, which will be used to regulate the situation in the event of a shortage. An example is food crises.
Deficiency mechanism
Let's look at the situation, how there is a lack of supply. There are several most common schemes:
- Due to economic processes. So, there is an enterprise that has successfully entered the market. It offers a good and quality product that many people want to buy. But initially it cannot provide for everyone, and there is a certain shortage of goods or services. Over time, it will be able to eliminate and even create an excess. But the development of new proposals will call into question its further release. Therefore, if someone wants to buy an outdated sample of this product, then he will face a shortage. Its characteristic feature will be that it will not be large.
- due to a change in ownership. An example is the situation that arose during the collapse Soviet Union. After the creation of new states, the old economic ties collapsed. Production at the same time largely depended on enterprises located in another territory. As a result, plants, factories and so on were idle. Since the necessary products were not produced in the required quantity, it gradually became less on the market. There was a deficit.
- "Foreseen" shortage. Occurs in cases where it is predetermined how much of something will be released, and no more is planned. Examples include "anniversary" books or expensive cars. In the case of the latter, one can cite Lamborghini, individual models of which are produced in batches of several pieces and only once.
Conclusion
Market deficit is not a welcome guest in any state. It is better to live in times of abundance. But alas, humanity has not yet grown up to it. The best thing we can "boast" is the equilibrium of prices. In addition, it is difficult to avoid short-term deficits during exacerbations of crises. If we look closely at the current state of affairs, we can confidently say that we still have room to develop. Building an economic system that would not know the negative aspects, such as crises and deficits, is the cherished dream of many people. Attempts to chart the path were made by Karl Marx, and there are many modern doctrines that offer various mechanisms that can potentially help humanity on its path to abundance.
Economics test
Option number 1 (second half of the year).
1.On present stage economic development The main measure of the country's economy is:
a) budget revenue; b) labor productivity; c) per capita income;
d) internal gross product per capita.
2. Permanent deficit in a command economy is (em):
a) goods and services; b) work force; c) money; d) raw materials.
3. An important task of the financial policy of the state:
a) stimulating the development of production;
b) financing unprofitable enterprises;
c) financing of charitable actions;
d) setting the minimum size of the consumer basket.
7. Which of the following is the interest of the consumer in a market economy? a) ensuring mutually beneficial exchange;
b) monopolization of the economy;
c) increase in taxes on the producer;
d) fixed prices for goods.
Are the judgments correct? A market economic system is characterized by:
A. the dictate of the consumer over the producer.
B. the constant rise in prices for all goods and services.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
The concept of "economics as a science" involves the study of:
a) objective laws of development of nature;
b) methods of distribution of material wealth;
c) systems of features that determine the structure of society;
d) principles and norms for the exercise of state power.
Are the judgments correct? central bank aims to:
A. government lending.
B. maintaining the stability of the national currency.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
Economics test
The state budget reflects the state's calculations about (about):
c) foreign exchange rates;
2. Which of the following could be the reason for the decline in consumer
demand? a) unlimited use of the goods;
b) shortage of goods;
c) the constancy of prices for all services and goods;
d) the impossibility of acquiring goods on credit.
3. Are the judgments correct? In market conditions.
A. the state is called upon to form prices for the products of monopoly firms;
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
4.What is the subject of study of economics as a field of knowledge?
a) principles of changing forms of government;
b) the consequences of changes in climatic conditions;
c) analysis of public opinion on budget problems;
d) criteria for the distribution of produced material goods.
5. Appropriation in the interests of the whole society can take place within the framework of the forms
ownership: a) cooperative; b) partnership; c) municipal; d) private.
6. The value of money is determined:
10. The disadvantages of the market mechanism are manifested in:
a) allocation of limited resources;
b) increasing the efficiency of production;
d) distribution of income;
Economics test
Option number 1 (second half of the year).
1 - d; 2 - a; 3 - a; 4 - in; 5 - 2; 6 - in; 7 - a; 8 - a; 9 - b; 10 - 2.
Economics test
Option number 2 (second half of the year).
ANSWERS:
1 - b; 2 - d; 3 - a; 4 -d; 5 - in; 6 - in; 7 - 2; 8 - b; 9 - in; 10 - g.
0.5b. - 0.6b. - score 2.
0.7b. - score - 3.
0.8b. - 0.9b. – score 4.
Yes, they are the best! Prehistoric questions from the time of SGI!)))
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Capital Humanitarian Institute
Tests
according to the course
"Economy"
1. What does the general study economic theory:
1 laws of economic development
2 accounting
3 functioning of economic sectors
4 economic statistics
2. If economics is studied as complete system, then this is the analysis:
1 microeconomic
2 macroeconomic
3 positive
4 normative
3. Mark statements related to macroeconomics:
1 result of competition among computer firms - lowering the price of computers
2 The dollar exchange rate on the MICEX reached its highest level in a week
3 the government raised wages in one of the budgetary sectors of the economy
4 total amount taxes on corporate income in Russia is more than 50% of income received
4. Obviously, the economic backwardness of the country can be overcome by radical structural changes in priority sectors. What kind of science is called upon to formulate such a recommendation:
1 positive
2 normative
3 perspective
4 regressive
5. Macroeconomics studies the following subjects except:
1 inflation mechanism
2 valuable papers Gazprom
3 Growth of total production in Russia
4 import-export operations between Russia and China.
6. The fundamental question of economics is:
1 to enable everyone to have a dacha, a yacht and a car
2 redistribute income and eliminate poverty
3 lower unemployment
4 learn to cope with the scarcity of all resources
7. The process of focusing only on the most important factors to explain a phenomenon in economics is called
1 abstraction
2 margin analysis
3 rational choice
4 controlled experiment
8. Highlight what's different economic resources from the factors of production:
1 It's the same
2 factors of production do not include labor resources
3 economic resources do not include entrepreneurial activity
4 factors of production are economic factors involved in the production process
resources
9. Means of production are:
1 part of capital
2 labor and capital
3 objects of labor and means of labor
4 all material resources
10. Means of labor are part of the means of production:
1 on which a person acts in the production process
2 by means of which man influences the substance of nature
3 which is for hiring labor
4 which is for the purchase of raw materials
11. To intensive factors economic growth should include:
1 increase in the number of employed workers
2 labor productivity growth
3 expansion of production areas
4 increase investment while maintaining existing level technologies
12. The extensive factors of economic growth include:
1 use of achievements of scientific and technological progress
2 expansion of production areas
3 staff development
4 labor productivity growth
13. In what type of income is land ownership realized:
1 percent
2 salary
3 profit
4 rent
14. The division of labor is:
1 assigning people involved in production to certain types of labor activity
2 division of the national economy into industries
3 distribution of people by profession
4 distribution of the created product between the participants of the labor process
15. The following is not a consequence of the deepening of the social division of labor:
1 labor productivity growth
2 equalization of material security of various segments of the population
3 product quality improvement
4 development of exchange relations
16. Problems: what, how and for whom to produce - are related:
1 only to the administrative-command system
2 only to a market economy
3 only to a backward economy
4 to any economic system
17. When economic problems solved partly with the help of market mechanisms, partly on the basis of state intervention - then this is the economy:
1 traditional
2 command
3 market
4 mixed
18. Which of the following characteristics does not apply to the traditional system:
1 private property
2 central planning
3 freedom of private enterprise
4 fidelity to centuries-old traditions
19. What features are not typical for the administrative-command system:
1 manufacturer competition
2 consumer goods shortage
3 prices for the vast majority of goods are set by the state
4 administrative methods of managing the economy
20. What common feature typical for traditional and command-administrative systems:
1 lack of private land ownership
2 national economic planning
3 free pricing
4 the predominant role of tradition
21. In a command economy, the question of what goods and services should be produced is decided by:
1 consumers
2 state
3 foreign investors
4 enterprises
22. What factors led to the inevitability of a shortage of resources in the administrative-command economy:
1 prices that do not take into account the ratio of supply and demand
2 no unemployment
3 competition of commodity producers
4 social orientation of the economy
23. Benefits of an administrative-command system include:
1 mobilization of human and material resources in priority areas
2 pronounced social differentiation
3 persistent resource scarcity
4 prohibition or restriction of private enterprise
24. Which of the named characteristics does not apply to the administrative-command system:
1 central planning
2 freedom of private enterprise
3 government pricing for the vast majority of goods and services
4 self-supporting incentives
25. An administrative-command system can do:
1 without "shadow economy"
2 without free competition in the domestic consumer market
3 central planning
4 administrative management methods
26. Determine in which economic system the right to use private economic resources of one's choice is valid:
1 traditional
2 administrative command
3 market economy free competition
27. In the production of 1 kg of metal, 10 ceramic vases were not received. Which of the production possibilities tables does this correspond to:
product:
A B C D
Aluminum, kg
5 7 6 5 3 4 1 2
Vases, pcs
10 20 20 30 10 20 30 10
28. In an economic system, an increase in the production of one product occurs while reducing another. Economists call this situation:
1 economic crisis
2 inefficient
3 efficient
4 traditional economy
29. The opportunity cost of obtaining an education does not include:
1 salary you would have received without studying
2 money spent on textbooks
3 money spent on food
4 money paid for tuition
30. If the state obliges everyone to sell goods at low prices, then it can reduce opportunity costs to small values:
1 always
2 in some cases
3 never
4 if this requirement is enforced
31. There are three main factors of production. Which of the following groups of categories includes all three components:
1 entrepreneurs, money, rent
2 workers, machines, plant
3 air, scientists, cars
4 oil, gas pipeline, jewelry
32. Cost is:
1 property of a commodity to be exchanged for other goods in certain quantitative proportions
2 production costs by the manufacturer
3 social labor embodied in a commodity
4 concrete labor embodied in a commodity
33. In the circuit model:
1 entrepreneurs always exchange factors of production for money
2 households always exchange money for goods
3 households are sellers in the resource market and buyers in the goods market
4 Entrepreneurs are buyers in the commodity market and sellers in the resource market
34. K objective conditions the emergence of a market economy system does not apply to:
1 social division of labor
2 economic isolation of the subjects of the system
3 rigid production management system
4 limited resources
35. What is a sign of only a market of perfect competition:
1 the company chooses the volume of output so as to get the maximum profit
2 enterprises sell substitute products
3 the company does not have market power
4 there are several enterprises producing this product on the market
36. A firm is a monopsonist in the labor market compared to a competitive market:
1 hires fewer workers and pays them higher wages
2 hires more workers and pays them less wages
3 hires fewer workers and pays them lower wages
4 hires more workers and pays them higher wages
37. What is a constant deficit in a market economy?
1 social guarantees
2 world-class specialist services
3 money
4 smart goods
38. Of all the concepts below, you must choose one - the only correct one for this case. So the demand is:
1 quantity per person
2 quantity of a good that people are willing to buy at a given price
3 substitutes for the good, i.e. goods used instead
4 solvent need
39. The market demand curve shows:
1 How will the consumption of a good decrease with a decrease in the income of buyers
2 at what price will the vast majority of transactions be carried out
3 the magnitude of the substitution effect, expressed in monetary units
4 how many goods consumers are willing and able to purchase per unit of time at different prices
40. The market demand curve shows:
How will the consumption of a good increase if its price increases?
How will the consumption of a good decrease if the income of buyers decreases?
How will the consumption of a good decrease if its price increases?
4 How will the consumption of a good increase when the income of consumers decreases?
41. The demand curve will shift to the right if:
1 consumers' incomes will rise
2 new useful properties of this good will be discovered
3 the economy is expected to increase prices
4 all of these factors will lead to the specified shift
5 none of these factors will lead to such a shift
42. Other equal conditions An increase in supply will:
1 to an increase in the equilibrium price and a decrease in the quantity
2 to lower prices and increase the physical volume of sales
3 to a fall in the equilibrium price and a decrease in quantity
4 nothing will change
43. Improving technology shifts:
1 demand curve up and to the right
2 demand curve down and to the right
3 supply curve down and to the right
4 supply curve up and left
44. Moving from point B to point A can be associated with:
1 with decreasing demand
2 with reduced demand
3 with demand shift
4 with increasing supply
45. Movement from point B to point C can be caused by:
1 increase in supply
2 increase in demand
3 increasing demand
4 none of the above
46. Moving from point B to point C can
be called:
1 change in the price of this product
2 shift in the supply of this product
3 a change in the price of a product related to
consumption with data
4 price change used in
resource production
47. If the price of a commodity is below the equilibrium point, then there is:
1 excess
2 deficiency
3 rising unemployment
4 all options are wrong
48. The market for goods and services is in equilibrium if:
1 demand equals supply
2 price equals cost plus profit
Tier 3 technology is applied gradually
4 supply is equal to demand
49. Patties replace buns in consumption, and butter complements. What happens in the respective markets if the price of buns goes down?
1 the prices of pies and butter will decrease
2 the price of pies will increase - and the price of butter will decrease
3 the price of pies will fall, but butter will rise
4 the prices of pies and butter will rise
50. Increased incomes of the population. Line of DD VCRs:
1 will go down to the left
2 will remain in place
3 will go right up
51. The price of mutton has increased. DD line for pork:
1 will go right up
2 will remain in place
3 will go down left
52. The price of gasoline has risen. DD line for minicars:
1 will remain in place
2 will go right up
3 will go down to the left
53. Prices for tables have risen. SS line of chairs:
1 will not change its position
2 will go right
3 will go to the left
54. Increased prices for mineral fertilizers. SS wheat line:
1 stayed the same
2 will go left
3 will go right
55. In my own way natural form GDP is:
1 sum of all goods and services sold
2 sum of all final goods and services
3 sum of all goods and services produced
4 sum of all finished goods and services
56. The difference between GNP and GDP is that:
1 GNP includes the value of goods and services produced by residents in their national territory;
2 GNP is greater (less) than GDP by the value of the balance between profits and incomes received by enterprises and individuals this country abroad;
3 GDP differs from GNP by the amount of the balance between profits and incomes consumed by residents of this country abroad and profits and incomes received by foreign residents in the territory of this country
4 makes no difference
57. Nominal GNP is measured:
1 at export prices
2 at basic (constant) prices
3 in prices of the previous period
4 at market current prices
58. The GNP deflator is equal to the ratio:
1 real GNP to nominal GNP
2 nominal GNP to real GDP
3 real GDP to nominal GNP
4 nominal GNP to real GNP
59. Index consumer prices can be used to evaluate:
1 difference between the structure of production in the current and previous year
2 differences in market value"commodity basket" of two different time periods
3 differences in price levels between two different countries
4 difference between the level of wholesale and retail prices
60. Increasing unemployment rate:
1 does not depend on the volume of real GNP
2 is associated with an increase in real GNP
3 is associated with a decrease in real GNP
4 are different problems
APPLICATION:
correct answers to questions Economics
1. 1 29. 3 57. 4
2. 2 30. 3 58. 4
3. 4 31. 3 59. 2
4. 1 32. 3 60. 3
5. 2 33. 3
6. 4 34. 3
7. 1 35. 3
8. 4 36. 3
9. 3 37. 3
10. 2 38. 4
11. 2 39. 4
12. 2 40. 3
13. 4 41. 4
14. 1 42. 2
15. 2 43. 3
16. 4 44. 1
17. 4 45. 3
18. 2 46. 3
19. 1 47. 2
20. 3 48. 4
21. 2 49. 3
22. 1 50. 3
23. 1 51. 1
24. 2 52. 2
25. 2 53. 3
26. 3 54. 2
27. 2 55. 2
28. 3 56. 3
1. What is the main measure of the country's economic development today:
A) budget revenue; b) labor productivity; c) per capita income;
d) GDP per capita.
2. What is a constant deficit in a command economy:
a) goods and services; b) labor force; c) money; d) raw materials.
3. What is important financial policy states:
a) stimulating the development of production;
b) financing unprofitable enterprises;
c) financing of charitable actions;
d) providing high wages all categories of the population.
4. What is an indirect tax:
A) income tax; b) pension tax; c) value added tax; d) income tax.
5. Are the following statements correct? What is profitable for the manufacturer in market conditions:
A. active increase in prices for goods;
B. reducing costs per unit of output;
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
6. Regardless of its organizational - legal form what the enterprise has the right to: a) determine the amount of taxes;
b) reduce the rent for premises;
c) protect property rights;
d) install minimum size consumer basket.
7. What is the interest of the consumer in a market economy
a) mutually beneficial exchange;
b) monopoly economy;
c) a production tax increase;
d) stable commodity prices.
8. Are the judgments correct? The market economic system is characterized by:
A. consumer dikat over the manufacturer.
B. continuous rise in prices for industrial products and services.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
9. What is meant by Economics and Science as concepts:
a) the study of the objective laws of the development of nature;
b) the study of ways to distribute material wealth;
c) study of the system of signs that determine the structure of society;
d) the study of legal norms and principles of the exercise of state power.
10. Are the judgments correct? aim central bank is:
A. Stabilization of the economy, by lending to the government.
B. Ensuring the stability of the national currency.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
11. What does the state budget reflect in itself:
a) According to the profitability of the population and entrepreneurial activity;
b) Expenses for state. control;
c) Changes in foreign exchange rates;
d) the unemployment rate.
12. What is the reason for the gradual decline in consumer demand
a) The service life of the product is unlimited;
b) shortage of goods;
c) constant prices for products;
d) you can not purchase a product on credit.
13. Are the judgments correct? In market conditions.
A. the state forms prices for goods of monopoly firms;
B. There is no budget deficit.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
14. The subject of the study of economics in the field of knowledge is?
a) changes in the principles of forms of government;
b) various changes in climate conditions;
c) analysis of the state budget by the society;
d) Different distribution of benefits and their criteria.
15. In what case can appropriation take place within the framework of the whole society: a) cooperative; b) partnership; c) municipal; d) private.
1 - d; 2 - a; 3 - a; 4 - in; 5 - 2; 6 - in; 7 - a; 8 - a; 9 - b; 10 - 2.
11 - b; 12 - d; 13 - a; 14 -d; 15 - in