The hotel services market gradually began to catch up to Western standards, starting around 1993. During the Soviet period, there were four departments that were involved in the hotel industry. These are the State Committee for Tourism, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, municipal and youth organizations. Each department had its own certification standards and principles. When classifying hotels in the USSR, a system of categories was used that did not correspond well to European standards. Most of the relatively comfortable hotels belonged to Intourist, and hotels for ordinary Soviet citizens were distinguished by a low level of service and comfort. Before the collapse of the USSR, there was only one hotel chain - the Intourist Hotels, which in 1970 ranked 23rd in the world and had more than 27 thousand rooms. The rest of the material base was extremely varied both in terms of comfort and level of service.

One of the negative factors in the development of the hotel industry was the unevenness of the hotel stock. More than 60% of hotels were located in cities, mainly in major cities, and only 30% of hotels were in rural areas. The first attempt to introduce a unified accommodation classification system was implemented by the Moscow government in 1993. In the country as a whole, this process began in 1995 and now there is a classification of hotels into categories from 1 to 5 stars. Restricted mobility of the population for tourism purposes, associated with the negative consequences of economic processes in society, has led to a decrease in demand for hotel services, which in turn has led to a reduction in the number of hotels and room capacity. In many regions of the country, the trend towards unprofitability of the hotel industry has clearly emerged. The majority of hotels are in need of reconstruction and renovation of their facilities, since they currently do not meet international standards.

A distinctive feature of the development of the hotel industry in the last decade of the 20th century. was the introduction of foreign hotel companies from Austria, France, the USA, Great Britain and other countries, as well as attracting foreign investment for the reconstruction of hotels in large cities and tourist centers of Russia.

1. Russian tourism at the present stage and prospects for its development

Tourism in modern Russia is a dynamically developing industry. In all areas of tourism activity, the scope of supply is expanding and its specialization is deepening. The adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and a number of other important legislative acts opened up opportunities for citizens of the Russian Federation to freely exercise their right to travel to the border. This right of every citizen is supported by such important legislative acts as the USSR Law “On procedure for exit from the USSR and entry into the USSR for citizens of the USSR,” put into effect in the Russian Federation by the Decree of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR in 1992. An important role in the development of tourism was played by the solution to the issue of providing Russian citizens with foreign currency to pay for services in foreign countries. Adoption in 1991 of the USSR Law “On currency regulation" and in 1992 the Law “On currency regulation and currency control", according to which the state guaranteed its citizens the right of ownership of currency values, Russian citizens were given the opportunity to convert the ruble funds they earned in authorized banks into foreign currency at the exchange rate and use this currency for payment tourist services during foreign tourist trips.

Of course, inflationary fluctuations in the ruble exchange rate by foreign exchange market and the slow growth rates of ruble incomes for the overwhelming majority of the population created and are creating significant socio-economic restrictions for the development of outbound tourism from Russian Federation However, as life shows, the demand for foreign tourist trips among our citizens is growing, creating the necessary prerequisites for the formation of a capacious and stable market. This process is facilitated to a certain extent by certain measures taken by the government. In particular, we can point to the government’s decision to create a currency corridor, etc.

The beginning of a new entrepreneurial period was marked by the abolition of state regulation and financing of tourism and Decree of the President of the RSFSR No. 213 of November 15, 1991 “On the liberalization of foreign economic activity in the territory RFSR”, which opened up the possibility for all enterprises to carry out foreign economic transactions, there was an almost twofold increase in tourist trips abroad. In accordance with this Decree, all enterprises and their associations registered on the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of their form of ownership, were allowed to carry out foreign economic activities, including intermediary activities, without special registration. As a result, companies such as Intourist, Sputnik and CSTE All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions lost their monopoly right to organize foreign tourism. The way to the tourism business was opened. To date, approximately 4 thousand specialized tourism organizations have been registered in the country, and in addition, about 10 thousand organizations can provide tourism services as part of their statutory activities. There is a tendency in the country to integrate foreign capital into the Russian tourism market. More than 30% of Russian tourism companies are firms in which foreign capital is present in one form or another.

The most characteristic trend for modern tourism business in the Russian Federation is increased competition between tourism organizations. The number of travel companies exceeds the demand for tourism services, which leads to increased competition. In order to combat unfair competition, which can and does cause damage to the entire industry, losing its attractiveness for foreign and Russian consumers, Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1222 of December 12, 1995 was adopted “On licensing of international tourism activities”, which specified the concept of international tourism activity and determined the conditions for its licensing.

Speaking about the prospects for the development of tourism in Russia, it should be emphasized that serious changes have occurred in the geography and types of tourist trips. Social tourism has been going through a period of crisis, although types such as “shop tours” are, on the contrary, on the rise. These trips to purchase goods for subsequent sale in Russia involved large sections of the population who lost their jobs during the reform period. The main destinations of such tours are China South Korea, Turkey, Greece, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Thailand, Singapore and some other countries.

In recent years, the country has seen a steady trend of pilgrimage tourism for believers of various religious denominations: Orthodox, Catholics, Protestant Muslims, Jews, Hare Krishnas, etc. A noticeable trend is the return to our tourist market of countries that occupied a leading position in the former USSR - Bulgaria, Hungary , Czech Republic and Poland.

To date, the polarization of tourism has clearly emerged, which generally corresponds to the social infrastructure of society. At one extreme are expensive, exclusive tours for the wealthy part of the population. The geography of this tourism extends mainly to fashionable resorts in Europe and the world. Travel abroad is carried out for the purpose of playing sports, for example, skiing in ski centers in Austria, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Slovakia. For the majority of the population, the most preferable are inexpensive trips for recreational purposes, including those countries, for example, Egypt, that have sharply reduced prices for tourist services as a result of unfavorable events for tourism.

The popularization of tourism is the appearance on the market of a large number of regional studies and reference literature both on Russia and around the world. Since pre-revolutionary times in Russia, the publishing houses of Inebel Lagov and Kopelman (the “Russian Baedeker” series) have worked fruitfully in this direction. Later, from the 30s to the 60s. Such literature was practically never published in our country. The revival of the publication of reference literature began mainly on socialist countries. In general, the quantity and quality of books on tourism topics were insufficient, and their content was often biased.

The situation has changed dramatically only in recent decades, when book publishing was allowed to float freely and private book publishers appeared. The pioneer in this segment of the book market was the publishing house “Polyglot-Double B” in 1994, which bought the rights to publish translations of famous German guidebooks Polyglot . WITH 1997 The first guide to Russia in the LePetitFute series (Vanguard publishing house) also appears. Although the 1998 crisis had a negative impact on the plans of book publishers. Thus, the KRZ publishing house left the market with the MarcoPolo series, Juventus, AST with the series "Inhabited Island" Currently, about 15 Russian publishing houses operate in the market for publishing book guides for tourists. The most famous tourist series - “Le Petit Futpe”, “Polyglot”, “Window to the World”. The companies producing these series account for the main market share.

Market inbound tourism is experiencing a certain decline. Most foreign experts admit that such a process is associated with political and economic instability in the country, as well as the fact that service in former USSR low quality compared to the service of developed countries in the tourism sector. Although Russia can still attract foreign visitors with its ancient history, monuments, tours along the Golden Ring, the Great Silk Road, as well as routes along the rivers of Siberia, Central Russia, etc.

Tourism is a vital industry that can actively contribute to Russia's prosperity.

The tourism industry is one of the most dynamically developing forms in international trade in services. The importance of tourism in the world is constantly increasing, which is associated with the growing influence of tourism on the economy of each individual country.

Analysis of international tourism development trends allows:

• -identify those countries and regions where international tourism increases, and those where it decreases;
• -explain the reasons for the large differences in geographical division tourist flows and tourism income;
• -identify countries where international tourism has great potential to become an important element of economic development.

The main statistical indicator of international tourism is the total number of tourist arrivals in all countries of the world during a calendar year.

Despite short-term fluctuations in certain periods, the development of international tourism is characterized by stable, dynamic growth. Intensive international tourism is based on the following prerequisites:

• -economic and social progress, especially in industrial developed countries, which made it possible to significantly increase the level wages and pensions, as well as increase the duration of vacations for the population of these countries;
• -improving means of transport, speeding up and reducing the cost of transportation of tourists as a result;
• -easing of customs, currency restrictions, border formalities, as well as their abolition (in particular, between the countries of the European Union);
• -creation of a powerful tourism industry;
• - a significant increase in travel for business purposes.

In the economy of the state, international tourism performs a number of important functions:

• 1. International tourism is a source of foreign exchange earnings for the country and a means of providing employment.
• 2. International tourism expands its contributions to the country's balance of payments and GNP.
• 3. International tourism contributes to the diversification of the economy by creating industries that serve the tourism sector.
• 4. With the growth of employment in the tourism sector, the income of the population increases and the level of well-being of the nation increases.

International tourism is one of the three largest export industries, behind the oil industry and the automobile industry, which account for 11% and 8.6% of global exports, respectively. International tourism in the world is extremely uneven, which is primarily explained by different levels of socio-economic development of countries and regions. International tourism has received the greatest development in Western European countries and the countries of the Middle East. These regions account for over 70% of the world's tourist market and about 60% of foreign exchange earnings. Approximately 20% comes from America, less than 10% from Asia, Africa and Australia combined. Tourism plays a significant role in international relations. About 500 million people visit annually foreign countries for tourism purposes. International tourism is not only a popular form of recreation, but also an actively developing sector of the world economy.

So, international tourism, characteristic feature which is that a significant part of services are produced locally at minimal cost, is playing an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The tourism industry is one of the economic forwards that provides an impressive amount of added value. However, information on the development of international tourism is not absolutely accurate, since it is quite difficult to measure tourist flows. Due to the lack of a uniform way of recording them, the comparison of statistical data between countries is significantly complicated. Today, tourism is perceived as the most widespread phenomenon of the 21st century, as one of the most striking phenomena of our time, which really penetrates into all spheres of our lives and changes the world and landscape around us. Tourism has become one of the the most important factors economy, so we see it as more than just a trip or vacation. This concept is much broader and represents a set of relationships and the unity of connections and phenomena that accompany a person on his travels. High rates of tourism development and large volumes of foreign exchange earnings actively influence various sectors of the economy, which contributes to the formation of its own tourism industry. These days, one cannot help but notice the enormous impact that the tourism industry has on the global economy. Important feature The current stage of tourism development and changes in its organizational forms is the penetration of transport, trade, industrial, banking, insurance and other companies into the tourism business. The intensive development of international tourist relations has entailed the creation of numerous international organizations and the promotion of better organization of this area of ​​international economic relations.

Based on all of the above, we can name the main features of tourism development in the coming decade:

• - further growth of international indicators tourism activities;
• -the constant influence of the economic and political situation in the world on tourism;
• - the determining factors of tourism will be sociodemographic changes, electronic information and communication systems;
• - popularization of the activities of tour operators engaged in both global and medium and small businesses;
• -South and Southeast Asia will apparently become one of the most popular regions of stay. As part of this flow, the role of the international sector of Russia will be strengthened as a center for transit services from Western Europe, as well as the segment of outbound tourism from Russia to these regions.

Analysis of global trends in tourism development.

Modern economic science considers tourism as a complex socio-economic system, in which a diversified industrial complex, called the tourism industry, is only one of the components. Economic problems analyzed in the context of the social and environmental aspects of tourism. Tourism (from French Torisme< Тоuг - прогулка, поездка) возник в тот период развития общества, когда потребность человека в получении информации о новых местах, в путешествии как средстве получения этой информации явилась объективным законом развития человеческого общества. Путешествие приносит человеку удовольствие и дает возможность отдохнуть. На определенном этапе развития экономики, когда потребность в путешествиях резко возросла, появились и производители этих услуг. Это привело к формированию товара особого типа - туризма, который можно купить и продать на потребительском рынке. Производители услуг, предназначенных для обслуживания туристов (путешествующих людей), объединились в отрасль «туризм». Туризм не является товаром первой жизненной необходимости, поэтому он становится насущной потребностью человека только при определенном уровне его дохода и при определенном уровне богатства общества. В настоящее время выделяют внутренний и международный туризм, причем внутренний туризм по степени охвата доминирует над международным. На долю внутреннего туризма приходится 75-80% общего числа туристов в мире, соответственно по финансовым результатам во многих странах он значительно превосходит иностранный. Исследования современных экспертов показывают, что состояние мировой индустрии туризма, несмотря на объективные трудности последних лет, в целом демонстрирует стабильность и сохраняет позиции крупнейшего, высокодоходного и быстро развивающегося сектора мировой экономики. Этим объясняется повышенный интерес к сфере туризма со стороны правительств большинства стран мира, имеющих влиятельные структуры исполнительной власти для обеспечения эффективной public policy its development. In the coming years, the tourism markets of developed industrial countries will grow steadily due to the increasing accessibility of tourism to wider sections of society and the frequency of tourist trips. For new and developing tourist markets tendencies to maintain dynamic growth and a corresponding increase budget revenues in the next decade. A gradual shift in emphasis in tourism development is expected from the traditional markets of Western Europe, the USA, Japan and Canada to alternative markets such as Central and Eastern Europe, including Russia, China, South Korea, Mexico, as well as some countries in the Middle East

Forecast of distribution of inbound tourism volumes by regions of the world (international tourist arrivals, million people)

By 2020, according to forecasts, Europe will retain its leading position, meanwhile, the countries of East Asia are steadily progressing in the tourism market, the share of countries in this region is increasing with each five-year period. One of the most significant trends in the development of world tourism is a sharp increase in competition in the tourism offer market as a result of the emergence of an increasing number of growing countries with ambitious plans to attract tourists, as well as oversaturation of the same type of tourist offer in the market. As a result, countries seeking to maintain or strengthen their positions in international market, carry out tourism planning based on the principles of sustainable development, provide for long-term investments in this area and have clear government strategies tourism development. The main components of strategies that are used in world practice: a detailed analysis of their own markets with an assessment of the relationship between traditional and promising directions, taking into account global trends and the multiplier effect of tourism development, conducting annual international campaigns under certain memorable slogans, as well as the widespread use of advanced information technologies such as a basic platform for communication with consumers of tourism services. The tourism sector, with successful development, can become one of the key elements that makes it possible to create conditions for achieving the strategic development goals of the country, namely, increasing the well-being of the population based on dynamic and sustainable economic growth, ensuring employment of the population, increasing the level of satisfaction of social and spiritual needs, and building capacity for the future development of the state and strengthening Russia’s international positions. Subject to effective government policy, the tourism industry ensures an increase in the quality of services, stimulates the development of human capital, improves the quality of life, and creates and improves infrastructure.

Tourism acts as an “invisible” product. A characteristic feature and unique advantage of tourism services as a product is that a significant part of these services is produced locally at minimal cost. IN Lately tourism has acquired the significance of a social phenomenon. It has moved from the category of an elite product to the category of a product available to the consumer. At the initial stage of its development, tourism was considered as an element of socio-cultural influence. Nowadays it is considered an economic and massive social phenomenon. In the future, tourism is projected to grow by 45.8%. Based on the growth rate of tourist routes and those willing to participate in this process, it can be concluded that tourism will develop at a high rate, exceeding the rate of development of the main sectors of national economies.

However, the true flourishing of international tourism is associated with the formation of the UN and its body UNESCO, which in the 50s developed a tourism development program - ECOSOC, which contributed to the transformation of tourism into the fastest growing sector of the economy. Tourism was even called a “phenomenon” of the 20th century.

In 1963, the UN Conference on International Tourism and Travel was held in Rome, at which the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (IUOTO) was created, reorganized in 1968 into the international World Tourism Organization (WTO). The main purpose of the WTO is to implement international cooperation states in the tourism sector. The WTO unites tourism ministries, commissariats general, directorates general or ministerial services, and official national organizations of more than 100 countries. English, French, Spanish and Russian are accepted as official working languages. The WTO headquarters periodically changes its city of residence.

The main objectives of the WTO are: providing assistance to international tourism for the purpose of development tourism industry economies of member countries and strengthening friendly and cultural ties, the fight against any obstacles to the free international movement of people, the collection and subsequent dissemination of technical information on all types of tourism, research work in the field of tourism, coordination of tourism activities on a regional and interregional scale, cooperation with UN and other international organizations interested in tourism development.

The WTO Charter was adopted on September 27, 1975. Since 1980, this date has been celebrated as World Tourism Day. Every year, World Tourism Day is celebrated under a specific motto. The State Committee for Tourism of the USSR joined the WTO in 1975.

Every four years, the WTO convenes sessions of the General Assembly, between which the Executive Committee of the WTO General Assembly works. The headquarters is now in Madrid.

A notable event in the activities of the WTO was the holding of the World Tourism Conference (WCTC), held in Manila (Philippines) from September 27 to October 10, 1980. The conference discussed the responsibility of states for the development of tourism and such pressing problems as the person - the organizer their recreation, regulation of supply and demand, scientific and technical cooperation in the field of tourism, training of personnel for the tourism industry, etc. The recommendations jointly developed during the discussion were reflected in the final document. This document is called the Manila Charter for International Tourism. The conference was attended by representatives of more than 100 states, a large number of representatives of international governmental, intergovernmental, tourism, youth, trade union and other organizations.

The WTO at its VI session of the General Assembly (Sofia, September 17-26, 1985) approved the “Tourism Charter” and the “Tourist Code”, adopted a special resolution on the role of tourism in strengthening peace, as well as a resolution on youth tourism.

World organizations also include the World Federation of Associations of Travel Agencies (WFAA), created in 1966. The World Association of Travel Agencies (WATA) is a commercial association of travel firms operating on a cooperative basis.

Non-profit global international organizations include associations for public promotion of tourism, as well as scientific, journalistic and others: the International Tourism Alliance (AIT), which unites car clubs, camping clubs, touring clubs and other similar organizations with individual membership; International Academy of Tourism (founded in 1951 in Monaco), which deals with the problems of tourism vocabulary and phraseology, unification and translation of terms into many languages; the International Association of Scientific Experts on Tourism (AIEST), which promotes scientific contacts between specialists dealing with the problems of international tourism, and also provides assistance to scientific centers on tourism and organizes scientific congresses and conferences; The International Federation of Journalists and Writers on Tourism (FIJET), created in December 1951, unites national associations and associations of journalists and writers dealing with issues of travel and international tourism.

In addition to the above organizations, the development of tourism is greatly influenced by global transport and hotel commercial organizations who are involved in various types of tourist services: International Association Air Transport Authority (IATA), uniting 127 major airlines. International Hotel Association (IHA) (established in 1946), which includes 3 thousand international hotels and restaurants from 130 countries and 77 national hotel associations.

In most capitalist countries, there are government non-profit tourism organizations, which are usually part of or controlled by ministries and departments of foreign affairs, national economy, trade, transport, information, etc.

In a number of countries, government functions are vested in national associations of travel agencies (Scandinavian countries, Austria, Switzerland, Japan, etc.). The tasks of these organizations are to provide general management of various parts of the tourism industry, achieve an increase in foreign exchange earnings, develop legislative acts on tourism issues, organize tourist trips to a given country, conduct research work, protect historical monuments, etc.

In a number of countries, state tourism organizations have the rank of ministries, as, for example, in Italy, France, and Belgium. In some countries there are interdepartmental tourism bodies, committees, councils (USA, Switzerland, Austria). In countries such as Great Britain, Sweden, Norway, non-governmental tourism associations are recognized as official tourism organizations - associations of private and public tourism enterprises, travel agencies, restaurants and hotels, insurance companies, shipping companies and individual industrial firms. The main directions of their activities are conducting advertising and information work, providing a variety of services, improving and developing the material base of tourism. These organizations have their representative offices abroad and news agencies.

At the same time, it should be noted that the true masters of affairs in the field of tourism in capitalist countries are not national (governmental and non-governmental) organizations and not municipal and public associations, but large, medium and small private firms.

From agencies that began operating in the middle and end of the 19th century, they have grown into the largest associations, small “tourism factories” that have their branches not only within the country, but also abroad. These include such monopolistic associations as "America Express" (USA), "Thomas Cook and Son" (Great Britain), "Touring Club de France" (France), "Turopa", "Nickerman Tourist-tic", "DER" " (Germany), "CHIT" (Italy). Among the largest concerns for the organization of foreign tourism, it should be noted "Mouzhin Tour" (USA), "Tran-stur" (France), "Reiseburo" and "TUI" (Germany). From wholesale companies for the production and sale of tours, associations and national associations, giant associations emerge: the Union of Travel Agencies of France, the Italian Federation of Tourism and Travel Agencies. Union of Travel Agents (FRG), Association of British Travel Agencies. Japan National Tourism Organization, etc.

International tourism in capitalist countries modern stage has become the most important source of profit for many monopolists, the "tourism industry" accounts for approximately 5 - 6% consumer spending population. It should be noted that revenues from international tourism in these countries amount, as a rule, to 5-7% of revenues from foreign trade. In Italy, Switzerland, Greece it is over 10%, in Ireland and Austria - over 20%, and in Spain - over 40% of the value of all exports of goods. Such revenues range from 2 to 10% of the national income of the listed countries. Moreover, income from international tourism does not take into account the services provided to tourists by domestic transport.

International tourism has reached its highest development in Spain and Italy. Here it has become one of the most important sectors of the national economy. Tourist countries include France, Canada, the USA, which annually receive approximately 15 million tourists, as well as Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain and Belgium. Other countries are visited by tourists much less. Among developing countries international tourism captures Mexico (over 2 million tourists), Thailand (about 1 million) and India. In the Middle East, the bulk of tourists consist of pilgrims to “holy places”.

According to WTO data, the number of international trips in 1995 was 567 million. The Middle East became the most popular tourist destination. Although the number of tourist visits to this region accounted for only 2% of the total number of international tourist trips, their number increased by 11.5% compared to 1994, and income increased by approximately 30%. Egypt, which was visited by every four out of five tourists in the Middle East, saw its annual revenue increase by 95% to $2.7 billion. The number of tourist visits reached 2.8 million, which exceeded last year's figures by 27%. Jordan, Bahrain and Lebanon achieved great success in terms of the number of tourist visits: in 1995, 402 thousand tourists visited them.

Other regions with high rates of tourism development include South Asia, where the number of tourists increased by 11%. East Asia and the Pacific Rim countries.

In third world countries, international tourism developed much more actively than in industrialized countries, which was reflected in the annual income of new tourist regions of third world countries. International tourism revenues account for more than 8% of global export earnings, more than any other type of export, representing 1/3 of all global trade in services.

If we consider continental tourism, America showed a significant increase in the number of tourist visits - by 4.4% (112 million people). However, tourism to the United States, which accounted for 3/4 of the entire region, fell by 1.7% (44.7 million visits), mainly due to a decrease in the number of tourists from Canada and Mexico. At the same time, the number of tourists in South America has doubled compared to the world average; the Caribbean islands have also seen significant growth.

In Europe, 1995 was the best year for the UK tourism industry. Success was achieved as a result of a good advertising campaign and affordable prices.

The number of tourists in Eastern European countries also continued to grow, but at a lower rate, as it was restrained by an increase in the level of tourism infrastructure. Eastern Mediterranean countries contributed to the growth of tourist visits in Europe, especially Israel, which received 27 million tourists, up 13.4% from 1994. Turkey increased tourist arrivals by 7.9% (to 6.5 million) .

There has been an increase in the number of tourists in Africa, although unevenly. Thus, in South Africa, the number of tourists increased by 20%, to 4.7 million, and income by 12%, amounting to 1.6 billion US dollars; there was a decline in North Africa (Morocco and Algeria) and a steady increase in Tunisia, which began in 1990. East Africa and the Indian Ocean countries also showed positive trends in tourism in 1995, mainly due to the increase in the number of tourists from European countries.

Special mention should be made of Spain, which not only took second place in the ranking of tourist popularity, but also pushed aside the United States. France still retained its leading position. In terms of annual tourism income, Italy has moved closer to France, which holds second place, with the United States in first place. Another special feature is that for the first time China entered the top ten.

Table 5. Top ten for receiving tourists in 1995

If we consider tourism in terms of income, the United States of America occupies a strong lead here, far ahead of its closest rivals. The top three winners include France and Italy, whose advantage over each other is insignificant, which intensifies their competitive struggle to maintain their positions. The next four places are occupied European countries-- Spain, Great Britain. Austria and Germany - with different economic indicators. The top ten is completed by Asian countries - Hong Kong, China and Singapore, which have good future prospects for developing tourism and increasing income from this activity. The data in Table 1 allows us to analyze the state of affairs in the tourism business more deeply. 6.

Table 6. Top ten by tourism income in 1995

The rapid increase in foreign exchange earnings from the tourism business makes the task of scientific development and in-depth study of complex and multifaceted problems of international tourism urgent. Recently, almost all Western European countries, as well as the USA and Canada, have research centers engaged in comprehensive analysis of tourism. The European Institute of Tourism was founded in Paris. Similar institutions exist in Warsaw, Bratislava, Sofia, Varna and other cities. In addition, such sciences as economics, geography, sociology, etc. deal with issues of international tourism. Each of them has its own subject of research, solves special specific problems, and has specific methods and forms of analysis.

Recently, international tourism has become a mass phenomenon, involving millions of people and at the same time hundreds of thousands economic enterprises, of which tourism organizations are composed, covering millions of people who subsist on income from tourism.

If we compare the profitability of international tourism with other sectors of the economy, then in 1990 tourism ranked second after the export of gasoline and fuel products, far ahead of the export of cars and spare parts. Data for 1992 - 1994 indicate that the growth rate of income from international tourism exceeded the rate of profitability of gasoline exports.

Thus, international tourism as a set of tourist connections is a major social phenomenon in the system modern relations between peoples, has its own history of origin and development with its inherent laws and traditions. The formation of international tourist exchange as active agent cultural cooperation of the peoples of the planet is a natural result of the development of a general trend aimed at strengthening mutual contacts and interrelations between nations and nationalities.

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Introduction 2

Chapter 1. The emergence and development of tourism 3

Chapter 2. Terminology and concepts of tourism 6

2.1. Tourism industry 6

2.2. Tourist product 8

Chapter 3. Formation and promotion of tours 10

3.1. Tour is the main product of tourism activity 10

3.2. Tour promotion activities 14

3.3. Escort services and meetings - seeing off 15

Chapter 4. Accommodation and catering services in tourism 17

4.1. Accommodation facilities in tourism 17

4.2. Hotel classification 18

4.3. Main hotel services and their purpose 21

4.4. Catering in tourism 23

Chapter 5. Transport support in tourism 25

5.1. Road transport 26

5.2. Rail transportation 26

5.3. Sea and river travel 27

5.4. Air travel 28

Chapter 6. Excursion services 30

Chapter 7. Insurance in tourism 32

Conclusion 34

Bibliography 35

INTRODUCTION

Tourism is a type of human activity whose history begins long before the emergence of a civilized society. In every historical era there are elements of human activity that, one way or another, fall under the category of tourism.

Tourism in modern society plays a big role. The importance of tourism in the lives of people, regions, states and in international life today cannot be overestimated. Currently, tourism is a powerful industry that includes various forms of dynamically developing entrepreneurship.

I decided to consider this topic in more detail, since it directly relates to my future specialty. I tried to look at service activities in the tourism industry as a whole.

CHAPTER 1. THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRAVEL

Journey– a term that characterizes the movement of people in space, regardless of the purpose of such movement. A type of travel is tourism.

Tourism(French tourisme, from tour - walk, trip) is a very young phenomenon, which became widespread only after the Second World War, on the other hand, it has deep historical roots, since travel has been known since ancient times. In the history of tourism, it is customary to distinguish 4 stages:

1. until the beginning of the 19th century. – elite tourism, the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services;
2. Х1Х century – First World War– revolutionary changes in the development of transport, the creation of the first travel agencies;
3. The period between the two world wars is the beginning of the formation of mass tourism;
4. After. World War II - the modern stage - mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.

First stage. Defined as the background to tourism. The need for movement and travel arose among our ancestors in ancient times. The movement (migration) of primitive groups was a common phenomenon. Relocations were necessary. The reasons for the resettlement include climatic ones; they were, as a rule, long-term in nature: the advance of glaciers or interglacial periods lasted tens and hundreds of thousands of years. They brought changes in flora and fauna. These could also be fleeting disasters, for example: earthquakes, river floods.

Second phase. IN In the era of antiquity, the main motives for travel were trade, education, pilgrimage, and treatment. IN Ancient Greece Sports trips originated when spectators from all over the country gathered for the Olympic Games. The early Phoenicians sailed across the Mediterranean to the shores of today's Syria and Lebanon, establishing colonies there and developing trade. .

Third stage . In the Middle Ages, the religious nature of travel intensified. Religious beliefs prompted millions of believers to make pilgrimages to shrines: Muslims to Mecca, Christians to Jerusalem and Rome. The monasteries received travelers. Hospice houses, a type of hotel, were maintained by religious orders.

The era of the Crusades and the mass pilgrimages of Christians to the Holy Land that preceded it were the most massive “journeys” of the Middle Ages. Representatives of almost all social strata took part in them. Numerous memoirs, scientific and research literature make it possible to evaluate these processes and understand the significance of this phenomenon from the point of view of the history of the origin and development of tourism and various service services in Europe during this period.

Fourth stage. This stage in history is characterized by revolutionary changes in transport. The invention of the steam locomotive and steamship, which accompanied the expansion of the road network, led to greater reliability and speed of movement while simultaneously reducing travel costs. Improvements in the quality and reliability of transport, coupled with their reduction in cost, as well as a gradual reduction in working hours, have caused a significant increase in the flow of travelers. In this regard, the first enterprises specializing in serving temporary visitors arose. The first hotels replaced the modest “guest rooms” in the houses of sacred ministers.

By the middle of the 19th century. The leisure industry is expanding its scope of activities. The first travel agencies appear. The first bureau was created in 1841. Englishman Cook. Since 1862 The first catalogs of tourist trips appear, reflecting the process of expanding tourist demand.

After. During the Second World War, tourism became widespread. From a luxury item, it becomes a necessity for the majority of the population of highly developed countries. The tourism industry is being formed with its own institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organization and management.

CHAPTER 2. TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS OF TOURISM

2.1. Tourism industry.

Tourism industry – a set of enterprises, institutions and organizations of material production and non-production spheres that ensure the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of tourism products, the development and use of tourism resources, and the creation of the material and technical base of tourism. Being a complex intersectoral national economic complex, the tourism industry includes the following components:

Tourism organizers - tourism enterprises for the development, promotion and sale of tourism products (tour operators and travel agents);

Enterprises providing accommodation services (hotels, motels, boarding houses, holiday homes, etc.);

Catering establishments (restaurants, cafes, bars, etc.);

Transport enterprises (automobile and aviation enterprises, railway departments, river and sea transport enterprises, etc.);

Tour agency;

Industrial tourism enterprises (production of tourist souvenirs, hotel furniture, tourist equipment);

* -trade enterprises (shops selling tourist equipment and souvenirs);

Leisure and entertainment enterprises (theme parks, cinema and concert halls, interest clubs, slot machine halls, etc.);

Institutions of amateur tourism (hiking, mountaineering, cycling clubs);

Tourism management bodies (government institutions, public tourism organizations);

Educational, scientific, design institutions.

The above list is far from complete. As the processes of organizing tourism expand and become more complex, more and more new sectors and enterprises of the national economy are involved in tourism production. Trade enterprises, banks, and insurance companies provide services to tourists. The tourism industry is indirectly formed by enterprises that serve not only tourists, but also other groups of the population: cultural institutions, medical and medical institutions, communication organizations, enterprises producing consumer goods, public passenger transport, etc.

Based on these premises. The Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” defines the tourism industry as “a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, educational, business, recreational, sports and other purposes, organizations engaged in tourism and travel agency activities, as well as organizations providing excursion services and guide-translator services.

The complex of use values ​​received by a tourist during the travel process is a product of labor invested in tourism, in practice called the “tourist product.”

2.2 Tourist product.

Tourist product– the result of social labor in the form of tourist services with use value. In the broadest sense, a tourism product is any type of tourism service.

Tourist services- expedient production activity that satisfies the needs of tourists and does not, as a rule, take a material form. In accordance with this definition, these services can be characterized as an invisible product of a special kind.

Tourist services include:

Accommodation of tourists;

Movement of tourists from the country (place) of permanent residence to the country (place) of temporary stay and back;

Providing tourists with food;

Satisfying the cultural needs of tourists (excursions, visiting theaters, concert halls, museums, historical and cultural monuments, parks, nature reserves, festivals, sports competitions, etc.);

Satisfying business and scientific interests (participation in congresses, conferences, meetings, seminars, fairs, exhibitions, etc.);

* - information (about tourist resources of a particular region, customs and border formalities, exchange rates, types of transport, prices, etc.);

* - means of communication (use of the Internet, long-distance and international communications, fax);

* - organizational (issue of passports, visas, insurance, provision of guides, translators, etc.);

* -trading enterprises, both general and special purpose (sale of souvenirs, gifts, etc.);

* - intermediary (booking hotel rooms, tickets for various types of transport, sending and delivering correspondence, purchasing gifts, souvenirs);

* - household (clothing, shoe repair, dry cleaning, rental, etc.);

* - sports and recreational (use of swimming pools, sports facilities, hunting and fishing under licenses, etc.).

CHAPTER 3. FORMATION, PROMOTION OF TOURS

3.1. Tour is the main product of tourism activity.

The result of the activities of tourism enterprises in the form of services or their complex, intended for sale on the market, is usually called a tourism product. The latter, depending on the specifics of the activity of a tourist enterprise, can appear in the form of various services, and also be presented in a certain form depending on the satisfaction of certain needs of the client and his preferences. These can be individual tourist services (for example, hotel accommodation) or a complex of them provided to the consumer in the form of a tourist trip for specific purposes and along a pre-planned route. Such a complex of services is perceived by the consumer as one product and is purchased in the aggregate of all its components. Chapter 3. Formation and promotion of tours 10
3.1. Tour is the main product of tourism activity 10
3.2. Tour 14 Promotion Activities
3.3. Escort services and meetings – seeing off 15
Chapter 4. Accommodation and catering services in tourism 17
4.1. Accommodation facilities in tourism 17
4.2. Hotel classification 18
4.3. Main hotel services and their purpose 21
4.4. Catering in tourism 23
Chapter 5. Transportation in tourism 25
5.1. Road transport 26
5.2. Rail transportation 26
5.3. Sea and river travel 27
5.4. Air travel 28
Chapter 6. Excursion services 30
Chapter 7. Insurance in tourism 32
Conclusion 34
List of used literature 35

“SPORTS TOURISM AT THE PRESENT STAGE: STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS materials of the IV All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference Ufa 2009 UDC 796.51 BBK 75.81 C 73 Published by...”

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MINISTRY OF YOUTH POLICY, SPORTS AND TOURISM

REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION BASHKIR

STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

them. M. Akmully

TOURIST AND SPORTS UNION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

SPORTS TOURISM

AT THE PRESENT STAGE:

CONDITION, PROBLEMS

AND PROSPECTS

materials of the IV All-Russian scientific and practical conference Ufa UDC 796. BBK 75. C Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla Sports tourism at the present stage: status, problems and prospects: materials of the IV All-Russian scientific and practical conference April 19, 2009 – Ufa: BSPU Publishing House, 2009. – 142 p.

The collection includes materials presented by participants in the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference, traditionally held by the Tourist and Sports Union of the Republic of Bashkortostan with the active support of the Ministry of Youth Policy, Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla.

The collection is addressed to teachers, graduate students and students of faculties of physical education, departments of training sports and tourism personnel, instructors of sports and youth tourism, employees of tourist clubs, sections, sports schools and a wide range of tourism activists.

Editorial board: D.V. Shornikov, President of TSS RB, MSMC, Ph.D. n.

V.P. Kuchuk, head Department of Tourism and Personnel Training of the Ministry of Sports of the Republic of Belarus V.A. Kiselev, Chairman of the RMKK M.A. Verkhoturov, Doctor of Technical Sciences. Sc., Prof., MSMC G.R. Gilmanova, Ph.D. biol.s. (responsible editor) ISBN 978-5-87978-547- © BSPU Publishing House, Dear conference participants! I am glad to welcome you all to the hospitable land of Bashkortostan! Your forum is dedicated to one of the most important and socially significant sports - sports tourism. It is gratifying to note that interest in sports tourism has increased significantly in recent years, especially among young people. This is correct. Through tourism, one gets acquainted with nature, culture, history, and traditions of the population living in a particular territory. Mass sports and tourism events contribute to the involvement of the population and especially young people in healthy image life, to regular exercise and health promotion, physical and spiritual development.

However, one of the limiting factors in the development of this promising direction There is a shortage of specialists capable of developing, organizing and selling modern tourism products, as well as ensuring the safety of tourist trips and trips. Socio-economic changes in society determine new requirements for the professional training of sports tourism personnel, where the main guideline is professional competence, which cannot be achieved without the exchange of experience accumulated in different regions of Russia and abroad.

The Republic of Bashkortostan has always attached great importance to the development of sports and tourism; the region is a center of attraction for both amateur and professional athletes. Holding the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference on the Problems of Sports Tourism has become a good tradition, demonstrating mutual understanding and integration of efforts government agencies, public organizations and educational institutions to support and develop one of the most popular sports. I am confident that our cooperation will continue to be fruitful and effective. I wish you success!

Minister of Youth Policy, Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Bashkortostan A.P.Nikerin

VARIOUS ASPECTS OF MODERN

SPORTS TOURISM

A.D. Zlobin, Ms. O.I. Boykova. V.Yu.Guseva, E.D.Chainikova

SPORTS TOURISM IS A SOCIALLY IMPORTANT SPORT

The President of Russia, D.A. Medvedev, on the blog www.Krenlin.ru proposed the topic “Culture of recreation and the development of mass sports in the country” for discussion. In two months, more than a thousand responses were received. In February, the problem of education was discussed, which determines the scientific and technical potential of the country for a long time. These two topics are interconnected, because only spiritually and physically healthy people can learn productively, creatively apply acquired knowledge and fulfill the duties of a citizen. Nowadays there is an acute problem of updating the political, scientific and managerial elites, competent, proactive, capable of carrying out the planned reforms.

The level of development of sports in the world is regarded as an indicator of the standard of living of the country's population, economic and cultural development. In a bipolar world, the authorities used the successes of Soviet athletes as an argument to prove the superiority of the Soviet way of life. It would seem that now Russia has no need for this, and much more important are the problems of physical and spiritual health, demography, reducing the level of drunkenness, drug addiction, and crime, especially among young people. Unfortunately, Rossport, now abolished, and the Ministry of Physical Culture, Sports and Youth Policy are more concerned with medals and victories at international competitions, while mass sports are financed on a residual basis. Bloggers unanimously tell the President about this.

In 1990, 27% of pre-conscripts were considered fit for military service, and now - 9%. This, with military service reduced to one year, is a factor of strategic importance. Currently, alcohol consumption has reached 18 liters per capita, which exceeds the level at which the irreversible process of social degradation begins. 36 million Russians are young people. Most of the 2.5 million drug addicts are young people, because at the age of 33 most of them die. It follows from this that currently in the country there is no clear youth policy on introducing young people to a healthy lifestyle (HLS), physical culture and sports.

In 2008, Rossport’s list included more than 100 sports, many of them borrowed from abroad, and sports tourism was excluded from the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification. After lengthy negotiations on regulatory documents, the Tourism and Sports Union of Russia (TSSR) achieved legitimacy, but at a high price.

The approved regulations for sports competitions now contain requirements that are typical for Olympic sports and are so different from traditional norms that it is impossible to hold sports campaigns and Championships under the new ones. During perestroika, sports began to develop on a commercial basis. Sports management is focused on advertising and holding competitions with expensive prizes using television and extorting money for the services provided. In addition, many Federations, headed by ministers or deputies, received powerful lobbying and material support. Management in hockey and football uses the purchase and sale of players, because it is easier to buy athletes than to teach and educate your own. Thus, big sport ceases to perform a socially significant function - the organizer of a mass sports movement.

Sports tourism was introduced into the All-Union Sports Classification in 1949, taking into account its military-applied significance. In the 80s, sports tourism, under the leadership of trade unions, developed on the basis of city (district) and departmental clubs. According to statistics, 7-8 million people took part in sporting events, and there were more than 700 clubs. Each club was the center of educational and methodological work in universities, groups or at the place of residence. In addition to educational and sports work (organization of rallies and competitions, training of personnel), the clubs promoted a healthy lifestyle, held themed evenings, and were a place for communication among young people. In addition to city clubs, there were tourist clubs at the housing office, in universities, departments and enterprises, and tourist sections were created in physical education groups and schools. In terms of mass (9 million), tourism began to compete with skiing.

At the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences

The USSR studied the phenomenon of tourism. It was found that sports tourism is an effective means of raising difficult teenagers, and the romance of tourism is even more attractive than the romance of the criminal world. On the basis of mass sports tourism, the tourism infrastructure of the CSTE was developed in all Union Republics in accordance with a long-term program. Sports tourism was introduced as a normative discipline into the GTO complex. Sports tourism has become a mass folk sport that has no analogues abroad. Freedom to choose a route, complete self-service in the natural environment allowed the development of mass tourism with minimal costs for infrastructure development, based on low costs.

Discounts on travel costs were established for organized tourist groups. During the holiday period, planes and trains heading to places of mass recreation are loaded, and thanks to sports tourists (now about 3 million people) creating a counter flow, a uniform loading of transport was achieved. This macroeconomic effect should now be taken into account when establishing travel benefits for organized tourist groups. Since such groups are trained and prepared, their security is more reliable than that of “wild” groups. This is how you can organize tourist flows, increase safety in tourism, rationally and carefully use natural resources.

Taking into account modern socio-economic problems and tasks posed to athletes, it is necessary to determine the status of non-Olympic, but socially significant sports. Sports tourism should remain in EVSK, because it has:

1. Scientific and methodological basis;

2. System classification;

3. Personnel training system;

4. A set of regulatory documents;

5. Intellectual assets (archives, reports on tourist trips, photos and videos, design developments, publications in the media and intangible assets - traditions, brands, symbols).

As a socially significant sport, it should receive funding at all levels of government in accordance with the programs social development(physical and spiritual recovery, patriotic education, healthy lifestyle and combating drug addiction):

1. To create clubs, training centers and educational routes, to promote a healthy lifestyle, a tourist charter and environmental education.

2. Social order at the Federal, regional and local government levels for carrying out sports and recreational work with schoolchildren, students, pre-conscripts and parents with children.

3. To create new jobs in social sphere for organizing extracurricular activities with schoolchildren, students and teenagers at their place of residence.

4. For international cooperation with the aim of developing public diplomacy, connections with compatriots abroad and the development of inbound sports tourism.

On August 1, 2008, the President held a meeting in Uglich on the problems of tourism development and compiled a list of instructions to the Government of the Russian Federation. Before April 1, 2009, it was necessary: ​​“when implementing the Strategy for the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation for the period until 2015, pay special attention to the development of domestic tourism, including identifying mechanisms aimed at increasing its accessibility for schoolchildren, students, senior citizens, ensuring information support programs for the development of domestic tourism."

The Ministry of Education was instructed, by December 1, 2008, to consider the issue of improving the organization of training qualified specialists to work in tourism infrastructure organizations. So far this order has apparently not been fulfilled.

MODERN CONCEPTS ABOUT PHYSICAL CULTURE,

SPORTS AND TOURISM

The strategic goal of the physical culture system is the formation of human physical culture as an integral component of a comprehensively developed personality, characterized by active self-determination for the creative development of physical culture values.

This goal is achieved by solving specific problems solved in the field of physical education. Physical culture of an individual is a socially determined area of ​​a person’s general culture, which is a qualitative, systemic, dynamic state, characterized by a certain level of special education, physical perfection, motivational-value and socio-spiritual values ​​acquired as a result of education and integrated into physical education and sports. activities, lifestyle culture, spirituality and psychophysical health.

The physical culture of an individual includes a number of elements that are closely interconnected, complement and condition each other.

In general, physical culture is a complex relationship between the processes and results of human and social development. Its components closely border each other, are divided into types and varieties, and have certain functional characteristics (Matveev L.P., 1991).

The structure of physical culture includes physical education, sports, games, and tourism. It is emphasized that the selected components, to one degree or another, perform recreational functions and isolating physical recreation as a separate component is impractical. In the domestic theory of physical culture, the concept of “physical recreation” is sometimes identified with the concept of mass physical culture.

In a study on the problem of physical recreation carried out in domestic science, the scope of the concept of physical culture includes physical education, sports and physical recreation. The study emphasizes the close connection of physical recreation with physical education and sports, it is noted that physical recreation, being a component of physical culture, has connections beyond its borders, moving into general recreation - the science of organizing recreation and improving people's health in free time from the main types of professional activities time.

According to Yu.E. Ryzhkin (1990), various authors identify numerous features that make up the main content of physical recreation, which refers to any forms of physical activity aimed at restoring the strength expended in the process of professional labor.

LITERATURE

1. Matveev L.P. Theory and methodology of physical culture. – Textbook for physical education institutes. – M.; FiS, 1991.

2. Ryzhkin Yu.E. Theory and practice of physical recreation. – Abstracts of the report of the All-Union Conference. – M., 1990. – 73 p.

ECONOMIC ASPECT OF SPORTS TOURISM

In the future, sports tourism, as a mass amateur sport, will become the basis for professional, market-demanded extreme and ecological tourism. In Germany, tourist clubs are sponsored by business because they train instructors who are trained in tourist clubs. A travel agency, sponsoring a travel club, does not spend on staff training, severance pay in case of dismissal and deductions for social protection. In market conditions, this is not the worst option for resuscitating our club system, which obliges us to include a “Management and Marketing” section in the tourist training program.

The cost estimate for a tourist group takes into account the costs of transport, food, equipment, insurance and overhead. Note that time is a valuable non-renewable resource and should be valued when developing a route:

where: time from home to the start of the active part of the sports trip (SP);

Let's take into account that on a short transport distance it is more profitable to take a bus, up to 4000 km - a train and over 4000 km - a plane. It is important to take into account the time savings between train and plane. If it is 5-6 days, then this will affect the time budget, acclimatization and food costs.

In a joint venture with full self-service, the cost of food depends linearly on its duration, as does equipment rental, and insurance depends on the category of complexity. A sports tour (SPT) may have a cook, but it is expensive. When analyzing the estimate, it is important to take into account the price/duration ratio of the joint venture.

KS PVD I II III IV V VI

From the table it follows that from Moscow to participate in the water SP V KS you need to fly to Altai or Pamir (factor 3000), and from Novosibirsk it will decrease three times. Look at the statistics on awarding titles - now there are more masters of sports outside the Urals. With growing social inequality in Russia, the current classification of routes and standards for assigning categories and titles deprives young tourists from the European zone, especially students, of the opportunity to improve their sports skills. As a result, the number of “wild” tourists is growing, tourist clubs are withering away, and the “immortals” remain in the ICC - there is no replacement for them. ROSSPORT has done a dirty deed - the regulations on ST have been tightened and have further pushed out law-abiding tourists. This is how mass amateur tourism degenerates into elite and commercial tourism. If, to assess sportsmanship, we take into account the number of standard local obstacles passed, captured on video, then the Kola Peninsula and Karelia received the status of training and sports grounds. This will attract tourists, local authorities and businesses will promote this and attract certified instructors to work with tourist groups. Students will thus have the opportunity to improve their skills, and while working under a contract with travel agencies they will receive a salary. This will raise the authority of ranks, titles and instructor qualifications. We need to save mass sports tourism, as it is socially significant for Russia, for the physical and spiritual health of Russians. For the tourist elite, let the standards remain at the ZMS level - let them look for expensive routes in the Andes and the Himalayas and glorify Russia.

Mass sports tourism (about 2 million) creates flows to the North and East in the summer, and from the North and East people move to the West and South.

Transport is loaded asymmetrically and sports tourists fill half-empty trains. This is already a macroeconomic effect and a reason for establishing benefits for organized tourist groups, as was the case in the USSR. The effect will be better with a larger number of tourist groups. Tourism will become stronger organizationally, ICCs will be revived, tourists will begin to learn and honor the tourist code. Rank and title will begin to be valued, the reanimation of clubs will begin, and the TSSR will become a noticeable organization in public life. Since sports tourism is a proven means of patriotic education and crime prevention among teenagers, tourist clubs can receive social orders for organizing tourist and sports camps for schoolchildren and students. Nowadays it is legitimate to raise the question that every pre-conscription conscript should have basic tourist training in order to know and be able to act when organizing life activities in the field, to insure in the mountains and at crossings.

Sports tourism, as a military applied sport, as a life activity in an aggressive natural environment, is based on conscious discipline and the ideology of a healthy lifestyle. We were raised and taught by intelligent, educated people, bequeathing to strengthen and increase the traditions of the tourist fraternity. There is no doubt about our prudence and ability to stop the degradation of the tourist sports movement.

Personnel decides everything if they are trained.

LITERATURE

1. Zlobin A.D. and others. About the training of an instructor-guide. Actual problems quality of education and ways to solve them in the context of European and world trends. Collection of materials of the X interuniversity scientific conference (April 2008) / MSUP; M., 2008. 201s.

ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF CHAMPIONSHIPMENTS IN KHMAO

SPORTS TOURISM FOR 2000-2008 BASED

NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS AND NUMBER COMPLETED

DISCHARGES

As a sport, sports tourism has been introduced into the EVSK since 1947. with the main goal of combining active recreation for young people and preparing them for military service. He was extremely popular among young people. It was ranked first in terms of “mass participation” among other sports. According to Rossport specialists, it ranked 6th in this indicator in 2006.

In different periods, this sport had different methods of fulfilling the category requirements. The basis was the principle of certification.

In the beginning it was a collection of different hikes (distances) covered different ways: by boat, on foot, on skis, etc. In the late 60s, a different approach was formed - based on species. It was necessary to collect a certain number of trips of one type of tourism of different categories of difficulty as a participant and leader. This principle has been constantly improved and maintained to this day.

In addition to hikes, tourist rallies were held. As part of the rallies, competitions in tourism techniques quickly emerged: hiking techniques, water tourism techniques, mountain tourism techniques, etc., but they were not separate disciplines of sports tourism and were not included in the EVSC.

Since 1995, a decision was made to include competitions in tourism techniques in the EVSC as a type of discipline “Tourist all-around” of the sport “Sports tourism”.

In March 2008 new rules have been approved, where the sport “sports tourism” is divided into two groups of disciplines: “rout competitions” - former sports hikes and “distance competitions” - former tourism technology competitions.

Sports tourism has been developing on the territory of KhMPO for about years. The distance from traditional tourist regions: the Carpathians, Karelia, the Caucasus, Altai, Sayan, etc., the long winter, the presence of experienced hikers and other conditions created the prerequisites for the development of mass sports tourism “at a distance” - using modern technology.

Since 1996, competitions in this group of disciplines have been regularly held on the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Since 2000, distance sports tourism competitions have been included in the unified calendar of regional competitions.

It was from this period that the quantitative indicators of participants in the KhMAO Championships at distances were analyzed in relation to the joint holding of competitions at the Russian level, as well as the number of categories performed at these competitions.

Competitions on water distances. Since 2000, the number of athletes participating in this type of competition has been growing mainly due to the popularization of competitions and the attraction of participants from other territories, because from 2001 to 2003, the KhMAO Championship was held jointly with the Ural Championship Federal District(Ural Federal District), i.e.

There were actually open competitions with the same starts, but different protocols. There is an increase in the number of participants by 44 people compared to 2000.

In 2004 the number of participants is reduced to 63 participants.

The reason is the joint holding of the Russian Championship and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Championship. The starts of competitions at the same distances were spaced out over days. Not all members of the KhMAO national team were able to play for their club teams, so the number of teams, and therefore the number of participants, was smaller.

Growth in the number of participants in the period from 2004 to 2006. is determined by the holding of competitions according to the previous scheme: joint holding of the KhMAO Championships and the Russian Cup. Despite the fact that the competitions were spread out over days, the schedule was drawn up in such a way that it allowed teams from Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and other territories to participate in two competitions.

In 2007 and 2008, the competition was held only as the KhMAO Championship. The number of participants decreased significantly due to the absence of athletes from other territories.

An important factor in our study is the location. All nine years of the competition are held on the Iset River near the village of Beklenishcheva, Kamensky district Sverdlovsk region– a unique natural site with good infrastructure: communications, road network, shops.

Number of athletes participating in the Championships Competitions on walking distances. In the period from 2000 to 2000, there was a sharp increase in the number of participants in sports tourism competitions (pedestrian tourism competitions) due to the participation of new territories of the district, which coincided with the growth of collective members of the Federation. In 2002, the KhMAO Championship was combined with the Ural Federal District Championship, which was the popularization of these competitions and the participation of teams from other territories in them.

The sharp decline in the number of participants in 2003-05 is due, in our opinion, to the venue: Yugorsk and Khanty-Mansiysk. The complexity of the transport scheme and the high cost of entry did not contribute to an increase in the number of participants in the competition.

From 2005 to 2007 competitions are held in conjunction with the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Championship on water distances. This made it possible to reduce administrative and organizational costs for both the organizers and participating teams, which significantly increased the number of participants in the competition.

The slight decline in the number of athletes in 2007 is difficult to explain, but the number of territories participating in the competitions also decreased. The sharp decline in the number of athletes in 2008 occurs due to the fact that the new competition rules indicate the minimum number of participants in a team - 4 people, which leads to an almost halving of the number of participants.

Ski competitions. In the period from 2000 to 2004, there was a stability in the number of participants in the KhMAO Championship, which was due to an increase in the number of collective members of the Federation.

In the period from 2005 to 2006, there was a slight increase in the number of participants, this is due to the fact that the KhMAO Championship and the Russian Cup in 2006 were held jointly in Nyagan at the same distances.

The increase in the number of participants was due to the participation of athletes from other territories.

In 2007, there was a sharp decline in the number of participating athletes due to a decrease in the number of participating territories and unfavorable accommodation conditions. In 2008, the number of participants increased significantly again.

Of course, the “number of participants” indicator of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Sports Tourism Championship is influenced not only by its combination with Russian-level competitions, but also by other factors: venues, accommodation, weather conditions, financial situation, "change of generations"

In 2002, ranks were not awarded at water distances, because The EBSC ​​condition regarding the number of declared teams was not fulfilled. Competitions at the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Championship are held, as a rule, at three distances.

The diagrams show the number of discharges performed at all distances of the Championship in total, i.e. the same athlete performed it twice or three times. Compliance with MS standards in 2002 took place at the Ural Federal District Championship, which was combined with the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Championship.

The qualitative distribution of categories depends on many factors: the physical and tactical preparedness of athletes, the correspondence of the complexity of distances to the level of training of athletes, whether the athlete already has an existing category (pending completion or confirmation), weather conditions, the level of qualifications of the State Jury, etc.

The following trend can be seen in the diagrams: the total number of discharges performed at the KhMAO Championship competitions is approximately equal to the number of participants, which is natural and should be.

The main goal of the proposed work is to identify correlations between the number of competition participants and the number of discharges performed.

As can be seen from Fig. 5, in general, the number of assigned categories depends on the number of competing athletes. The sharp decline in the completed categories in 2006 was due to the specifics of the construction of tracks taking into account the holding of the Russian Cup. The average dependence coefficient is 1.08.

At the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Championships at walking distances, the dependence of the number of assigned ranks is relatively proportional to the number of participants: the average coefficient is 1.05.

Small fluctuations in the dependence are associated with the performance of categories of the total mass of participants in 2000 (score 2.5), further stabilization due to the fact that the participants in the subsequent 2001 and 2002 were mainly the same athletes (score 1 and 0.97). In 2003-5, there is a “change of generations” of competition participants (total ratio 0.81, 0.59 and 0.62, respectively). In 2006 and 2007, the coefficient is 1.2 and 1.09.

The average coefficient for ski distances is 0.78.

This value is lower than for other types of tourism. The average value of the coefficient for three types of tourism is 0.97, almost 1.0. That is, the number of discharges performed must correspond to the number of participants in the competition. A decrease in this indicator indicates that the participants did not finish for some reason (withdrawal, etc.) or finished with a result that did not allow them to complete the category (athlete’s unpreparedness, etc.). The study showed that, in general, trained athletes participated in the competitions of the KhMAO Championships during the study period and the organization of the competition was at a high level.

GET OUT OF THE CRISIS

Due to the dominance of market relations, the share of transport costs in the budget for a sports trip exceeds 60%, even when traveling by train over a distance of up to 2000 km. This affected the density of tourist routes. The “middle class” and those supported by sponsors can still choose routes anywhere, even in India, Nepal and Chile.

Let us immediately note that this is sports tourism for the Russian elite, but mass sports tourism is dying.

According to research by Kundelsky V.L. You can trace some trends and patterns:

1. From 1968 to 2004, the title of ZMS was awarded to nine tourists in Moscow, Nakhodka, Ryazan, Perm, Magadan, Barnaul, and Ufa.

2. From 1996 to 2006, the title of MSMK was awarded to 31 tourists from 10 cities.

3. In 2005, 29 people from 9 cities received the title of MS.

4. There are no masters in Yaroslavl, Samara, Tomsk, Krasnodar.

5. Sports tourism is on the rise in Novosibirsk and Tatarstan.

6. In the million-plus cities of Chelyabinsk, Omsk and Nizhny Novgorod, there is no growth in sports masters, and, apparently, degradation is taking place.

7. On average, it takes 17.5 years to complete the Master of Sports in Tourism standard, and the title is awarded at the age of 27 - 40 years. Tourism, as a mass sport, fundamentally different from Olympic sports, is dying in a number of regions. The personnel reserve is already below the critical mass that ensures self-reproduction of personnel based on corporate ethics, ideology and traditions. The TSSR does not even receive information from some regions where there is practically no ICC and infrastructure.

8. Personnel of the older generation did not ideologically accept market relations, commercialization, and without government support, mass tourism, as a social movement based on the principles of a healthy lifestyle, environmental understanding and corporate ethics, is degrading.

9. The collapse of organized mass tourism leads to a spontaneous, uncontrolled process. Previously a socially significant sport with the participation of up to 7 million people in hikes, now it unites barely one million.

10. The regulations on sports tourism, adopted under pressure from Rossport in 2007, apply the requirements to ST as well as to Olympic sports, with strict regulation incompatible with the traditions of amateur tourism in crisis conditions. This is a direct path to the collapse of the current ST in Russia.

In order to change the existing negative trend, radical measures must be taken. If in our ranks 75% are people with higher or incomplete higher education, then we need to activate our creative potential and mobilize to protect our rights:

1. We must understand for ourselves and convince those in power of the social significance of ST:

Physical and spiritual wellness:

Form of environmental and patriotic education;

Countering criminal ideology and drug addiction;

An organizational form of communication, cooperation and tourism based on tourist clubs;

The military-applied significance of ST is the argument on the basis of which it was included in the Unified All-Union Sports Classification in 1949.

2. Confirm the declared statements with action.

3. Create public opinion, seek a positive reaction from the President and the Youth Affairs Committee in the State Duma through the media, and conduct a dialogue with local authorities.

4. Active members of tourist clubs must learn management, present unique knowledge and skills as a tourism product, which will be paid for by the authorities in the form of social orders or grants, and by travel agencies - under contracts.

If today the TSSR does not have access to the big press and TV, and the bosses do not read “Free Wind,” then it is necessary to use the websites and blogs of the President, governors and official structures. Sports tourism is approaching the point of no return, and tourism veterans must feel responsible for its resuscitation. We cannot bury the priceless experience paid for by the lives of our comrades, the romance of our youth.

This is not football, where you can buy coaches from anywhere. Sports tourism is a typically Russian phenomenon in ideology, organization and technology.

Experience in the development of sports tourism in Bavaria, for example, cooperation between clubs and businesses. Clubs supply companies with instructors to work with clients. At the same time, companies do not spend money on personnel training, seasonal employment, a social package or taxes, but they sponsor the work of tourist clubs. If commercial tourism is now developing in Altai, then the demand for instructors and their sports qualifications is growing. Is this why Novosibirsk is the leader in their preparation?

If Samara or Nizhny Novgorod no longer have the personnel to conduct instructor training schools, then All-Russian schools need to be held on the basis of distance learning. The University of Dubna has developed a quantum-virtual method of distance learning. Training modules for training in TSSR programs of all four levels have been tested. Using the University’s network resource, tourists can go through the theory, after which they make a training trip based on travel agencies along training routes. After completing the training cycle, tourists must receive a state university certificate and a TSSR instructor certificate for the appropriate instructor qualification. Subsequently, a certified tourist can remain an amateur and go on amateur sports trips, or, as a professional, work under a contract.

A tourist asset must know the basics of management and marketing in order to competently plan the work of Federations and clubs, develop projects and cooperate with travel agencies and local authorities.

The TSSR cannot turn the situation around without the use of technical means. First, you need to protect copyright on intellectual property - club archives, publications, reports, photos, video samples of equipment, paraphernalia and trademark. The TSSR website must become actively visited, and for this it must promptly display relevant and unique information.

Special attention The idea of ​​an Internet ICC deserves. Nowadays, you need to spend a day to contact nonresident tourists with the CMCC, and even with regional ones. You can’t envy the members of the ICC on visiting days - time pressure, but they work on a voluntary basis. Nowadays, it is unrealistic to require the ICC to review application materials 10 days before the trip, and even more so to agree on changes in the composition of the group. That is why it seems advisable to send applications by e-mail. They are registered with the ICC and placed on the website with appropriate comments. This will allow tourists to predict the density of tourist groups in the area, plan meetings with some and leave others, and take into account information in case of abnormal conditions on the route. A prerequisite is being created for establishing connections between tourists, which will strengthen the TSSR. When entering the site, reports on trips will be read by many tourists and the difficulty category of the defining obstacles will be immediately adjusted, taking into account the real determining factors. Mass examination will allow automatic rating of reports, which will facilitate the work of Championship judges and improve the quality of their examination.

Nowadays, many tourists do not seek to formalize the ranks and titles of a lot of bureaucracy. If there is a “Personnel” database, then a dossier of mastery can be immediately maintained; to register a rank, one application from the club or the tourist himself is enough, if there is no tourist club in the city or town.

TSSR should be a source of personnel and accept orders from travel agencies for concluding contracts. Instructors need this so that companies do not impose draconian conditions on them regarding work hours, provision of equipment, insurance, so that instructors do not become “switchmen” in case of emergencies and accidents.

The considerations stated above are not only half a century of experience in sports tourism, but also experience of working in the Central Water Commission of the CSTE, DFSO trade unions, organizing three All-Union seminars on training ST personnel and three decades as Chairman of the Board of the Dubna City Tourists Club.

ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS TOURISM IN

UNIVERSITIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

The issues of increasing the mass participation of sports tourism are currently most feasible, perhaps, in the student environment. This contingent is very active, mobile, one might say, in search of new ways of self-realization. It is important to provide them with such a chance, including in tourism, and today students of almost all universities of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) have this opportunity.

The territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan has unique natural conditions for the development of hiking, skiing, water, mountain, cycling and caving tourism. Sports tourism as a sport is actively developing - students of Bashkortostan are multiple champions of Russia in this type of walking and water distances and in sports trips of the highest category of difficulty. However, this type of sport and recreation cannot yet be called quite widespread, although its development in the republic among young people in recent years has had a positive trend.

There are 9 state universities in the Republic of Belarus, where about 100 thousand students study (including branches of capital universities). The tourist club "Ural" of USPTU has a long history, the club "Vitalis" of BSMU has a little less than ten years, the tourist club of the EHF BSPU celebrated three years in September 2008; The tourist club of the aviation university is being revived, the tourist club of BSAU "Terra" has been operating for more than a year, the development of student tourism is noted at BSU, at the Biological Physical Culture Center, UGAES, and VEGU. Open Cups in multi-event sports are held at USPTU, BSU, and BSPU. For the last four years, sports tourism has been included in the Spartakiad of universities in the Republic of Belarus, and the number of participants increases every year. A number of universities (USPTU, BSPU, BSU) began to hold their open championships as part of intra-university competitions with the participation of faculty teams, which greatly popularizes sports tourism in the non-tourist environment.

It is worth noting that among students, such areas of development of sports tourism as participation in distance competitions and sports trips are quite clearly differentiated. Students from most universities go on weekend hikes; a certain percentage (mainly those who have been involved in clubs for several years) go on categorized hikes, including quite difficult ones. Many students who take part in competitions limit themselves to this - they are not tempted by the hardships of camp life. A certain combination of the first and second directions are cross-hikes (short hikes or marathon distances) - competitions held in the conditions of the Ural midlands, with a number of mandatory peaks and overcoming real obstacles under the supervision of teams of judges.

Another form of attracting students to engage in sports tourism is the organization of summer recreation for students.

In the summer of 2008, the Tourism and Sports Union (TSU) of the Republic of Belarus and the Association of Student Tourist Clubs (ASTK) of the Republic of Belarus, with the support of the State Committee of the Republic of Belarus for Youth Policy, organized for the first time a summer tourism and sports youth camp for university students of the Republic of Belarus. The management of the camp was represented by the leaders of the tourist club “Ural” of USPTU (Shornikov D.V.) and the tourist club of the EHF BSPU named after M. Akmulla (Gilmanova G.R., Chanyshev D.T.). The teaching staff was represented by representatives of the tourist clubs "Ural" (UGNTU), EHF (BSPU named after M. Akmulla), "Sputnik"

The choice of the camp site in the Inzer River valley (Beloretsky district of the Republic of Belarus) had both its pros and cons. Pros: inexpensive access to the camp location (by electric train at a price of 83 rubles); natural relief allows you to practice a variety of technical techniques, organize training with elements of walking, mountain, water, cycling and caving tourism. The presence of interesting natural sites in the vicinity (Atysh waterfall, Zapovednaya cave) made it possible to organize a two-day hike and aroused the sincere interest of the field camp participants. Minuses:

lack of a road and, as a consequence, the impossibility of organizing the delivery of heavy and large equipment for setting up a commandant’s camp.

The duration of the camp is 12 days (arrival and departure days and ten training days). Each day of the camp was structured in such a way that training alternated with active recreation.

The camp included educational, sports and cultural programs.

The curriculum was approved by the Tourist and Sports Union of the Republic of Belarus in accordance with the standard training program for entry-level sports tourism personnel - 72 hours of classes and a two-day training trip1.

All camp participants were divided into teams. Each team was assigned a permanent instructor. The teams worked according to a single program, each according to its own schedule in daily training.

The completion of the training program was a two-day hike and competitions in tourism techniques (short walking distance, personal competition and ligaments).

The sports and cultural programs included competitions in various sports (volleyball, football, badminton, darts), a bivouac competition, and an art song competition.

Financial support for the camp program was carried out at the expense of the participants (travel to the camp and back, purchase of personal equipment), at the expense of the State Committee of the Republic of Belarus for Youth Policy, TSS RB, ASTC RB and sponsors (purchase or rental of special and public equipment).

The implementation of the program of the first summer tourist and sports youth camp for university students of the Republic of Bashkortostan made it possible to organize recreation and education for 78 students from different universities of the Republic of Bashkortostan, lay the foundation for training organizers of sports tourism in universities, create a tourist asset, and instill a love of nature and their native land. Relying on the participants of this program, using their experience and knowledge, it is possible to repeatedly increase the number of young people involved in active recreation and sports. The first positive experience has been gained, the prerequisites have been created for expanding such a system of camps, attracting in the future not only university students, but also lyceums and colleges, and working youth. The disadvantages of preparing and holding the first tourist and sports camp for students include the low level information support project. In the future, it is necessary to more actively use Internet resources and cover the work of such projects in the media.

Working with students is the most promising direction for increasing the mass participation of sports tourism, since these are future school teachers, teachers of universities and colleges, engineering, technical and management staff of enterprises. The knowledge and skills, hobbies and priorities acquired and developed during their student years will be passed on to other generations, in new teams. Plans have already been approved for holding the second summer tourist and sports youth camp. Model program for training personnel in sports tourism in the Russian Federation / Compiled by M.Yu. Vasiliev and V.V. Govor. With additions and changes approved by the expanded Council of the TSSR, Moscow, 8-10.12.2006.

for university students of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the summer of 2009. The area around the Iremel mountain massif was chosen as the venue.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS AND HEALTH TOURIST PROFILE IN PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

IFKiS STUDENTS

Analysis of specialized literature, long-term practice of mass forms of amateur tourism, physical culture and sports in the former Soviet republics indicate the high effect of the activities of tourism specialists in the comprehensive and harmonious education of young people through the means of active recreation and well-organized leisure. Tourism, physical activity, and work within the framework of local history programs are closely interconnected, since they are focused on satisfying the cognitive interests of young people, meeting the needs of the population for organized recreation, and educating and promoting the health of younger generations. As the practice of restructuring the socio-economic spheres of Russian society has shown market economy turned out to be practically unprofitable either in the field of sports or in the tourism service infrastructure. Revival and development social foundations mass sports and amateur tourism, of which sports and health tourism is a part, the creation of conditions for tourist and excursion work among the general public necessitate the establishment of an adequate system of legal regulation of the processes of training, retraining and advanced training of specialists for the field of amateur tourism . Solving the problems of training teachers whose activities are focused on sports and health tourism deserves special attention. Through tourism, sports and local history, the younger generation is introduced to their native land, the peculiarities of the social system, culture, history, and traditions of life of their people. Mass sports and recreational events help introduce young people to a healthy lifestyle, regular physical exercise, health promotion, and physical development.

Tourism and local history activities are currently associated with the most massive movement of children and youth tourism, sports and health tourism, which provides social support for young people in direct and indirect forms. The severity of the problem of training teachers for mass forms of amateur and sports tourism is determined by a general decrease in attention to the health of younger generations on the part of the state and public organizations. About 53% of secondary school students have poor health. The proportion of healthy children by the end of school does not exceed 20-25%.

Children's health is not only a medical, but also a pedagogical problem. It is well known that a teacher conducting tourism and local history activities, including the use of sports, should have a goal - a comprehensive impact on a young person with the solution of problems of upbringing, education and health improvement.

The issues of training specialists for amateur, sports and health tourism are still far from being resolved. The list of specialties of higher vocational education does not include a single specialty in the profile of work under discussion, as in the state educational standard of secondary vocational education.

Approaches to the formation of the content of professional training for teachers of this profile that exist in the scientific and pedagogical literature make it possible to determine relevant topics that orient specialists towards the effective use of tourism, sports and local history in the processes of health improvement, upbringing and education of young people. The formation and development of professional education of specialists and their pedagogical skills in the field of sports and health tourism will be ensured if:

The processes of formation of professionally oriented sections of education will be based on a set of pedagogical knowledge and skills that ensure the educational, health, educational and sports effect of amateur forms of sports and health tourism;

A new educational specialty “teacher of sports and health tourism” will be introduced into the existing ones, and the content of professional education will include the topics of tourism, sports and local history, orienting specialists towards the comprehensive development of personality and introducing young people to a healthy lifestyle;

Training of teachers in the profile of sports and health tourism will be carried out in two main forms - in the system of additional education - at tourist clubs, federations, stations and associations of children's and youth tourism, at faculties of advanced training and in the academic system, according to programs of state educational standards of higher professional education

LITERATURE

1. Gorsky V.A., Zhurkina A.Ya. Pedagogical foundations for the development of additional education for children M., Additional education. - 1999.

2. Konstantinov Yu.S., Kulikov V.M. Pedagogy of school tourism.

M., TsDYuTiK MO RF, 2002. - 152 p.

3. Pankova, T. A., Saltseva, S. V. Educational systems: fundamentals of design: educational manual / T. A. Pankova, S. V. Saltseva. – Orenburg: OGPU Publishing House, 2004. – 203 p.

PROFESSIONAL-ACTIVITY APPROACH IN THE PROCESS

TRAINING STUDENTS IN SPORTS AND HEALTH CARE

TOURISM

Pedagogical theory and practice indicate that socio-economic changes in society create new requirements for professional training. IN modern conditions Higher school is called upon to conduct training proactively, predicting and taking into account the needs of the society of tomorrow, relying on a solid scientific foundation of pedagogical theory. The accuracy of constructing the system of means that should ensure this development in the direction necessary for society depends on the truth of understanding the dialectics of human social development. The main guideline in training personnel in the modern educational environment is professional competence as a combination of fundamental training taking into account globalization and pedagogical innovations aimed at vocational education and professional readiness. The acceleration of the pace of updating pedagogical technologies leads to the need to develop adequate training content and appropriate teaching methods.

Research has shown that the professional training of specialists in the field of tourism raises the emerging need for specialists to organize sports and health tourism. According to the Russian Union of Tourism Industry (RSTI), interest in active adventures and extreme sports has recently been growing by 20-25% per year. One of the limiting factors in the development of this promising area of ​​tourism is the lack of specialists capable of developing, organizing and selling tourism products of this type. Research by various specialists: teachers, sociologists, psychologists, economists, etc. gives us reason to suggest that the formation of the tourism industry in Russia and the growing need for personnel to provide the tourism and health sector will increase at a faster pace than the development of other sectors of leisure activities, which entails an increase in the number of professionals and their demand (T.V. Shchevtsova, 2004).

In addition, the prevailing political, economic and social change in the country necessitate the search for the necessary mechanisms for organizing recreation so that the quality of services provided in this area constantly increases. On the part of society, the requirements for recreation are correspondingly increasing, related, in particular, to safety and health, in which tourism resources are used: natural resources, objects of cultural heritage, facilities and infrastructure, facilities for tourism services and recreation (V.S. Makeeva, 2005 ). However, as the President emphasizes Russian Union Tourism industry S.I.

Shpilko in his report on work in the period from October 2005 to September 2007, that: “one of the most pressing problems remains the staffing of the tourism industry.” He indicated that the most typical shortcomings of personnel training for the industry are the low level of practical knowledge of graduates.

An analysis of the literature showed that many authors express opinions about the lack of relationship between theory and practice, the availability of developed pedagogical technologies in preparing students in various areas of specialties that contribute to the formation of the necessary level of readiness and competence, taking into account organizational and pedagogical conditions. Currently, there is a critical understanding of many theoretical and practical provisions in the field of professional training for the tourism, sports and health sector. A generalization of scientific and methodological literature and best practices allows us to highlight that training students in sports and health tourism based on a professional activity approach this moment insufficiently developed.

Sports and health tourism, which is a developing area of ​​professional activity, allows us to emphasize that the relevance of this study is due to the need to resolve issues of theoretical and methodological substantiation of this problem, determine the content of student training, development, implementation and experimental research of pedagogical technology in the educational process.

The analysis of scientific and methodological literature and the accumulated practical experience training students in sports and health tourism, showed that there is a problem of training personnel in tourism and sports activities, which requires reflection and points to a number of contradictions between:

The existing professional demands of the tourism industry and the professional level of training of students in sports and health tourism;

The current level of training of specialists for the tourism and sports sector and the requirements for professional personnel in sports and health tourism;

The existing traditional approach to professional training of students in sports and health tourism and what is necessary based on the relevant modern requirements and requests of the tourism sector;

The existing content of professional training of students in sports and health tourism and what is necessary based on the application of a professional activity approach in the process of training students in sports and health tourism;

Available pedagogical technologies for teaching students in sports and health tourism and what is necessary, depending on innovative approaches in the educational process;

The existing professional readiness of students for tourism and sports activities and the necessary professionally significant and personal qualities, abilities and skills for carrying out professional activities.

The indicated contradictions actualize the problem of finding the implementation of a professional activity approach in the process of preparing students in sports and health tourism, which will provide effective training aimed at developing the necessary professional and personal qualities, skills and abilities, and will contribute to the readiness of students for professional activities in tourism. -sports field.

Scientists adhere to different points of view on the study of theoretical and methodological positions towards the professional activity approach as a scientific problem. For example, V.I. Mestechkin (2002) proposes to consider as a synthesis of vocational studies, vocational, vocational and system-activity approaches in the development of problems of vocational education, scientifically substantiated by scientists such as: S.Ya. Batyshev, N.N. Bulynsky, V.S. Bezrukova, E.F. Zeer, E.M. Ivanova, N.V. Kuzmina, V.S. Lednev, A.K. Makarova, S.E.

Matushkin, L.M. Mitina, S.G. Molchanov, G.V. Sukhodolsky, V.D. Shadrikov and others.

Another justification for the professional-activity approach is researchers G.A. Bochkareva, N.V. Borisova, G.A. Petrova, A.M. Novikova et al. are considered from the perspective of modeling a system of traditional and active forms, methods and means of teaching subject and social content future activities, where the unit of activity should be a problematic professional situation.

Within the framework of the concept of sign-contextual learning, substantiated by A.A. Verbitsky (1991), the professional activity approach is considered when developing a model of a future specialist, when solving a number of problems, through the tasks and functions of professional activity.

According to the statements of such scientists as O. D. Arefieva, E. R. Blinova, P. Karpinchik, N.V. Kotryakhova and others at the present stage of development of society, personnel training has ceased to satisfy its requirements.

At previous historical stages, there was a separation of academic education from practical activities for the sake of which this training was undertaken. The consequence of this was the loss of cognitive interest of many students presented in the form of algorithms, signs and general theoretical knowledge. Since the content of education is based on the level of personal development, subject and social competence of a person, which is formed in the process of performing educational and cognitive activities, the content of education should predetermine those personal and professional qualities that should be formed as a result of the interrelated activities of the teacher and students with a certain content of training.

Therefore, following A.A. Verbitsky, we believe that one of the key directions for restructuring vocational education can be the integration of education, science and professional activity (production), while there should be a transition to new principles of their interaction, and specifically in the process of the pedagogical system .

Such integration requires the development of models in theoretical form that define the system of transition from educational activities to professional, which will require activity from the student. Based on this, the task will be that the professional-activity approach in the pedagogical process can also be understood as the inclusion of students in various types of active activities for the purposes of training, education, development and inclusion in the process of cognition and mastery of professional activities.

Currently, students are trained in sports and health tourism according to various state educational standards of higher education in such specialties as: “Socio-cultural service and tourism”, “Organization management”, “Physical education and sports”, “Recreation and sports and health tourism”, “Enterprise Economics”, however, as an analysis of educational and methodological literature has shown, the content of training programs in the training of specialists remains traditional, including topics that do not take into account the types of professional activities of specialties (Organization and preparation of trips, orienteering, topography, equipment, etc.).

Scientists N.V. Romanov and A.A. Hwang note that within one profession, various types of activities are recorded. As studies have shown, the profession of a specialist in sports and health tourism can be “saturated” due to the size of the object of activity. To determine its essence, it is necessary to take into account a number of conditions, which we propose to consider in the following logical sequence:

social necessity of the profession; a historically established way of satisfying social needs for special labor functions; relationship with other professions; connection between mastering professions and the process of professional training; integration of various special activities in one profession.

Theoretical and practical studies of the process of training students in sports and health tourism have shown that the evolution of the profession occurs through the natural selection of such types of activities: physical education, health, pedagogical, sports, management and others. What does integration have to do with it? various types activity (the process of interrelated components in professional activity) should intersect with special types of activity - these are “types of work activity within a certain profession” and become universal.

In addressing the issue of professional training of students in sports and health tourism, the problem is repeatedly raised low level acquired practical skills among graduates (I. Drogov, S.I. Shpilko, A.A. Yasakova, etc.). Research of scientific and methodological sources has shown that in the preparation of students there is a problem in determining the relationship between the theoretical component and practical training.

According to E. Lynchevsky, sports and health tourism is a type of professionally applied activity, however, according to the theory of A.N. Leontiev, like any activity, it consists of individual actions, and each action can be decomposed into smaller components - operations and techniques. In this regard, there is a need to comprehend, during the preparation of students in sports and health tourism, the relationship between training and practical activities and to develop mechanisms for interaction between subjects during the implementation of problematic professional situations and clarification of content components, taking into account the specialties being graduated.

Receiving a university diploma does not mean that the student has “obtained a profession.” He can acquire it as a result of independent professional and educational activities: education, self-education and mutual education. However, it can be noted that he does not acquire a profession, but he acquired a cognitive understanding of it. A profession is acquired only in qualifying real-practical activities, which must be developed (independent, creatively transformable, and not just reproductive).

To summarize the above, we believe that the professional activity approach can be considered from the perspective of integrating the content of education, science and professional activity, as well as modeling a system of traditional and active forms, methods and means of teaching the subject and social content of future activity, where the unit will be a problematic professional situation .

In addition, when preparing students for sports and health tourism, the following conditions must be taken into account:

social necessity of the profession; a historically established way of satisfying social needs for special labor functions; relationship with other professions; connection between mastering professions and the process of professional training; integration of various special types of activities in one profession, where the relationship between training and practical activities and the mechanisms of interaction between subjects should be reflected, taking into account the specialties being graduated.

MASSIVE IN SPORTS TOURISM.

CURRENT ISSUES

The task of increasing mass participation in sports tourism is solved by increasing its attractiveness among all segments of society. What is tourism attractive in the first place? This is a sport for all ages, a sport in nature, a sport in a community of like-minded people, a sport that can be practiced simultaneously by several generations, i.e. ensuring leisure, promoting health and achieving mutual understanding within tourist families. Which organizations in the complex structure of sports tourism are capable of solving these primary tasks? First of all, teenage clubs at local administrations, clubs and tourism centers of the educational system, sections and clubs of educational institutions and enterprises. The Tourist and Sports Union of the Republic of Bashkortostan (TSS RB) should facilitate the work of these primary organizations.

TSS RB is a historically established monopolist in the field of amateur sports tourism.

How is the TSS RB structured? In the early 1990s, at the time of the creation of the tourist and sports union to replace the Bashkir Regional Tourist Club (which united all the clubs in Bashkiria), which was ceasing its activities financed by trade unions, all organizations that were engaged in amateur tourism were represented in the TSS. A stable structure has emerged to control and provide sports tourism in Bashkiria. For example, for 2000-2001, the Presidium of TSS RB included: President of TSS RB Khomyakov Konstantin Petrovich, Vice-President of TSS RB for sports tourism, Chairman of the Republican Route Qualification Commission Kiselev Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich, Vice-President of TSS RB for relations with regions Sergey Pavlovich Chetvertnev, Vice-President of TSS RB for children and youth tourism Irina Vladimirovna Lifanova, Vice-President of TSS RB for disabled tourism Gulnara Radievna Sakhibzadaeva, Executive Secretary of TSS RB, Chairman of the Cycling Tourism Federation Starkov Alexander Ivanovich, Chairman of the Water Tourism Federation Yakovets Alexander Vladimirovich, Chairman of the Mountain Tourism Federation Kireev Mugalim Gazizovich, Chairman of the Federation of Hiking and Ski Tourism Prokhorov Oleg Igorevich, Chairman of the Federation of Speleotourism and Speleology Afanasyev Anatoly Aleksandrovich, Rychagova Natalya Ivanovna, Chairman of the Federation of Disabled Tourism Akhmetshin Alfir Mudarisovich, Chairman of the Commission on Tourist Public Personnel Shayakhmetov Rashid Zagitovich, Chairman of the Board of Judges Sh Matchenko Svetlana Nikolaevna, Head of the Volga Regional Search and Rescue Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Klimets.

By 2004, there were some changes in the structure of the Presidium of the TSS RB: President of the Tourist and Sports Union Yakovets Alexander Vladimirovich, Vice President of the TSS RB, Chairman of the Commission for Hiking Tourism, Chairman of the Board of Judges Shornikov Dmitry Vladimirovich, Executive Secretary of the TSS RB, Executive Secretary of the RMKK Pereskokov Yuri Aleksandrovich, Chairman of the Bash Bash RMKK Kiselev Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich, Chairman of the speleotourism commission Afanasyev Anatoly Alexandrovich, Deputy Chairman of the Bash RMKK Verkhoturov Mikhail Alexandrovich, Deputy Chairman of the Bash RMKK Vinogradov Alexander Viktorovich, Chairman of the Council of Veterans Islamov Fauzi Zakievich, Chairman of the Mountain Tourism Commission Kireev Mugalim Gazizovich, Chairman of the Ski Tourism Commission Makukha Gleb Konstantinovich, Executive Secretary of RMKK, Chairman of the Mountaineering Federation Kuchuk Vladimir Petrovich, Chairman of the Commission on Children and Youth Tourism Irina Vladimirovna Lifanova, Chairman of the Tourism Commission for PLHIV Irina Aleksandrovna Chupina, Chairman of the Water Tourism Federation Yuri Gennadievich Ovchinnikov, Treasurer Gulnara Radievna Sakhibzadaeva , Chairman of the Federation cycling tourism Kuchuk Yaroslav Vladimirovich, deputy chairman of the RMKK for personnel training, chairman of the personnel commission Shayakhmetov Rashid Zagitovich.

Here we see that there is no formally established connection with the Ministry of Emergency Situations in the structure of the Presidium of the TSS RB. A representative of mountaineering appeared in the Presidium of the TSS RB.

In 2007, the structure of the current Presidium of the TSS RB was formed in the following areas of activity: President, Vice-President, Executive Secretary, Route Qualification Commission, Panel of Judges, Departments of Personnel Training and Methodological Literature, Organizational, Information, Public Events, Association of Student Clubs of the Republic of Belarus, Tourism clubs of the Republic of Belarus, LOZHV, Commissions for pedestrian, water, speleo, mountain, ski, vehicles (bicycle, auto-moto, horseback).

IN this composition The Presidium of the TSS RB no longer contains representatives of veterans of tourism, children’s and youth tourism, and mountaineering. The association of clubs exists only formally. The mass population cannot but suffer under this leadership policy.

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