Essence, types and main functions of regional banks

I.N. RYKOVA,

doctor economic sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Director of the Institute innovation economy Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation

E.V. ANDREYANOVA,

senior economist of the Tatarstan regional branch of OJSC Rosselkhozbank

The article shows the need to highlight regional credit institutions in the Russian banking system. Approaches to the classification characteristics of such banks are explored, their advantages and development problems are considered.

Regional credit organizations have certain specific features that are different from others. In this regard, there is a need to distinguish them as separate species Russian banking system. The role of local banks in the development of the financial and credit system of a particular region cannot be overestimated - it is they who bear the burden of providing the regional economy with both investment resources and funds used by borrowers to cover cash gaps.

Definition of a regional bank

To characterize a regional bank, first of all, we will determine by what criteria it is distinguished from other credit institutions. In Russia, there is no legally accepted definition of “regional bank”; traditionally, when conducting research, they include credit organizations registered in the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. At the same time, they are guided by the fact that statistical information on a regional basis is collected for the constituent entities of the Federation. In foreign practice, those credit organizations whose activities are limited to a certain territory (state, land, region) are considered regional.

In domestic science, various signs of classifying a bank as a regional bank are considered. From the point of view of some authors, a regional bank is created and operates in the region and does not extend its influence to Moscow and the Moscow region. But such an interpretation is not enough to fully define a regional bank, since state, large federal, and subsidiaries fall under this characteristic. foreign banks.

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In a study by the rating agency Rus-Rating, regional banks are identified in a separate group based on the level of capitalization, distribution of assets and resource base - along with Sberbank, state banks, large federal, foreign, commodity and other banks. In our opinion, such a feature cannot serve as an essential characteristic; it reflects only the quantitative results of the activities of the Russian banking system.

There are other criteria, for example, controlling interest shares of the bank with local authorities, which determines the scope of activity of the regional bank, its role and specifics. So, Yu.Yu. Rusanov notes that the activities of such banks should be related to flows budget funds, government loans, regional programs. The author reduces the role of these banks to performing agency functions regional government. However, this provision is not always consistent with practice. For example, many commercial banks Tatarstan (Tatfondbank, Tatinvestbank, etc.), registered on its territory and providing a wide range of banking services for the development of the local economy, are not agents of the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Some experts highlight the participation of regional authorities both as founders and as owners as a criterion:

■ establishment of a bank by regional authorities and municipalities;

■ the predominance of funds from local authorities in the authorized capital (resources) of the bank;

■ preferential service to local, municipal, budgetary organizations and authorities, local off-budget funds;

■ maintaining accounts of local budget recipients.

In our opinion, these signs of a regional bank cannot be essential, since the participation of government authorities municipality or a subject of the Federation can also be carried out in banks of other regions or capital banks that are not related to the economy of a particular region.

Thus, we see that some authors associate the concept of a regional bank with its service sector, others with its influence on the regional economy and significance, and still others with the establishment of a bank by regional authorities and their services. Analyzing different points of view, we can distinguish four main approaches to determining the essence of a regional bank:

■ client-oriented - the bank operates only in one region and with clients of this region;

■ founder - established by regional authorities and serves them;

■ statistical and administrative - registered on the territory of a subject of the Federation;

■ it is based on the importance of the bank for the territory of a given region.

However, each of the approaches is ambiguous and therefore controversial. In our opinion, additional characteristics of a regional bank are needed to distinguish it from the array of other credit institutions operating on regional market:

■ roots formation equity banks are located in the region;

■ liabilities are formed mainly from the funds of the population and legal entities region;

■ banking services are sold in the regional market;

■ independence from financial resources foreign regional banks.

It is these signs that determine that the successful functioning of a regional bank completely depends on financial condition business and wealth local population, on the one hand, and it has a direct impact on the economic well-being of the region, on the other.

So, let’s formulate the definition of a regional bank - this is an organization that carries out specialized financial intermediary operations in the region with the aim of developing its economy and depends on the financial condition of legal and individuals of this region.

Features of development

Regional banks can certainly be called specialized financial institutions- each individual region has its own specifics economic development Therefore, the bank is forced to provide to the market only those services that are most in demand in this region. In addition, the prerequisites for the separation of regional banks are the peculiarities of the political and economic development of Russia.

Firstly, the features of property relations. With the beginning of privatization, a considerable share of private property (primarily the largest enterprises) ended up in the hands of a limited number of large financial and industrial groups with a center in Moscow. This trend has also affected the banking sector. As a result, credit institutions managed from the center served the industrial complex located in the regions and could not meet the needs of industrial enterprises due to ignorance of local characteristics.

Secondly, the level of economic development of the regions. After the collapse of the centralized planned system regions found themselves in different economic conditions. Where the economy remained strong,

Abstract. Questions of the necessity of allocation of a subsystem of regional banks in bank system of Russia is analyzed. Investigation of Approaches to classification of signs of regional banks on the basis of it author's definition of regional bank is offered. Advantages of regional banks and a problem of their development are considered

Keywords. Region, bank, system, the finance.

Keywords. Region, bank, system, finance.

№6 2011 I BANKING I 27 I

Regional banking systems, consisting primarily of independent credit institutions, were carefully created. In regions economically dependent on the center, branches of Moscow banks were opened mainly (Table 1).

The largest share of banks is in the Central Federal District (57.8% as of 01/01/2011). Far Eastern, North Caucasian and Siberian federal districts have an extremely small number of banks serving the regional economy. Uneven development of regional credit organizations due to objective economic reasons did not make it possible to distribute to all territories unified system management of regional banking systems.

Thirdly, differences in the formation of the resource base of banks. As a rule, large branches or subsidiaries of foreign banks have more possibilities attract cheap liabilities both in the form of funds from parent companies and in the form of budget funds that are placed in the accounts of large banks. The weaker positions of regional banks determined the need to separate them into a separate group to develop independent development strategies and create competitive operating conditions.

Fourthly, significant structuring of banks: in the domestic banking system, along with large ones, there are also very small credit organizations. This feature predetermined problems in approaches to supervision and control on the part of the Bank of Russia (unified without differentiating banks according to their development features). A number of small banks, despite their high degree of importance for the regional economy, could not comply with the regulator’s requirements and were forced to cease their activities. Hence the need arises to identify regional banks, taking into account their risks and other development features.

By the beginning of 2011, the banking system included banks whose equity capital

Distribution banking organizations by regions of Russia

was less than 45 million rubles, they can be classified as multi-small. But the number of such banks is rapidly decreasing: over the last 2 years from 107 to 38. In addition to this group, the regulator identified: banks with a capital of 45-90 million rubles. (their number decreased from 90 to 7 over 2 years); with a capital of 90-180 million (increased from 142 as of 01/01/2009 to 187 as of 01/01/2011); with a capital of over 180 million rubles. (increased from 747 to 766).

VERSAL N.I. - 2013

ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL STABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF METHODS

TARKHANOVA E.A. - 2014

The modern needs of the regional economy for investment determine the need to involve the credit and financial system in the formation of resource potential to ensure development economic system subjects of the Federation. A-priory, functional feature activities of banks is the accumulation of free Money created in the economy of the country in general, and regions in particular. Moreover, if the formation of the revenue part of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation occurs mainly due to tax deductions and is regulated tax policy state, then commercial banks have the ability to form a resource base in accordance with their own deposit policy. Providing depositors with the necessary protection of their investments is a primary task in expanding the resource potential of the region's credit and banking system. Further, the resources generated by banks on their own behalf and at their own expense, according to the strategic plan, are invested by them in priority sectors of the domestic economy. In turn, the allocation of resources, according to some domestic economists, should be carried out jointly with the administrations of municipalities. Thus, banks participate in the reproduction process of priority sectors of the national economy. In order to activate the role of the credit and banking system in the reproduction process of the region, it is necessary to create a mechanism for the formation of a high-quality resource base for its diversified use, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the regional economy.

Summarizing the experience of developing the credit and banking system in Russia over the past few years, it is advisable to highlight the main problems in the functioning of the banking system led by the Central Bank:

not enough effective influence the consequences of monetary regulation of the Bank of Russia on economic development;

the lack of interest of large capital banks in the development of the territorial economy;

small capitalization of regional banks;

industry specialization of commercial banks is servicing the financial flows of enterprises that are part of holdings;

the inability of commercial banks to form a high-quality resource base;

low development of banking investment activities;

passive policy of banks in the field of lending to enterprises of various forms of ownership and the population;

decreased reproductive function national currency and the use of foreign currency by individuals as a store of value.

Summarizing the experience of commercial banks in Russia during the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods, it is advisable to study the activities of the credit and banking system in the territory of one administrative entity. This will allow us to evaluate the results of banks’ activities in the Tyumen region under the influence economic factors, show the role of the banking system in the formation of the resource potential of the region, and formulate a concept for the development of investment activities of banks in the Tyumen region.

The economy of the Tyumen region is characterized by high share industrial production. Most of the Tyumen region, where the main oil and gas production is carried out, consists of autonomous okrugs - Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They are independent subjects of the Russian Federation and provide 94% of the total volume of commercial products and occupy 89% of the region’s territory. The south of the Tyumen region, led by the capital of the region, initially concentrated managerial, financial functions and the functions of industry headquarters and transshipment base. Currently, the south of the region, from an economic point of view, represents a region with a developed agro-industrial complex. IN economic structure The Tyumen region is dominated by enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, and the diversified economy of the region is aimed at servicing the fuel and energy complex.

The second level of the region's banking system is represented by commercial banks registered in the Tyumen region, with an extensive branch network within the region and beyond, as well as branches of banks not registered in the region, including branches of Sberbank of the Russian Federation. 28 regional banks are registered and operate in the Territorial Administration of the Bank of Russia for the Tyumen Region. Their total capital is estimated at 9019.9 million rubles. The largest of them are Khanty-Mansiysk Bank, Surgutneftegazbank, Sibneftebank and Zapsibkombank. One of the large branches of Sberbank of Russia in the Tyumen region is the West Siberian Bank of Sberbank of Russia. The West Siberian Bank of Sberbank of Russia has an extensive network of branches in the Tyumen region that provide resources to the Tyumen branch. Branches of banks in other regions have insignificant total capital, consisting of funds from the reserve and other funds of banks. The largest branches are branches of the Ural-Siberian Commercial Bank and Alfa Bank.

The main activities of the banks that make up the banking system of the region are based on various goals formulated in the strategic plans of these banks. Regional banks consider the goal of their activity to be to provide priority sectors of the economy and the population of the region with necessary banking products. The strategic goal of Sberbank of Russia is to strengthen the achieved position of a universal commercial bank that maintains specialization and leadership in the retail banking market, which means that its main activity is providing services to the population. Branches carry out the tasks assigned to them by their head banks. Depending on the objective factors of functioning, the activities of branches are divided into:

servicing the financial flows of enterprises that are part of the holdings to which the bank belongs or is its founder;

mobilization of free funds created in the region to form the resource base of the head bank;

participation in financing investment projects and programs.

A functional feature of the credit and banking system is the ability to serve financial flows industrial enterprises of various forms of ownership and create their own financial flows. This allows you to concentrate the funds that make up the resource base of the banking system in bank accounts. The potential capabilities of the banking system in the reproduction process of the region depend on the volume and quality of the resource base.

Funds in the accounts of enterprises and organizations are a stable source of resources for banks, but during periods of industry crises their volume decreases and this negatively affects banking liquidity. Legal entities rarely accumulate funds in deposit accounts; their investments are short-term in nature.

Currently, the problem of forming the resource potential of commercial banks is the reduction of fixed-term investments. Commercial banks accumulate excess banking liquidity in accounts with the Central Bank. The growth of the resource base of banks in the Tyumen region is accompanied by an increase in available credit resources. Share of transfers to accounts with the Bank of Russia required reserves accounts for regional banks - 11.3% of total investments; branches - 3.41%; ZSB Sberbank of Russia has 0. By accumulating funds from credit institutions, the Central Bank increases gold - foreign exchange reserves, accounting of bills and loans to credit institutions are reduced. To expand the resource potential of the credit and banking system, the credit issue of the Central Bank is of particular importance. The mechanism of credit emission through commercial banks ensures the supply of money in real sector economy. The Central Bank is helping to increase demand for loans from the “bank of banks” by reducing the refinancing rate, introducing new instruments for securing loans - bills of industrial companies and guarantees from large commercial banks. But commercial banks, especially regional ones, are not active in attracting loans from the Central Bank.

The deposit policy of regional banks is passive, but banking operations for the population are in a stage of continuous development. The era of extensive development of operations for the population is giving way to the intensive growth of complex projects for servicing individuals. The growth of private deposits is due to increasing confidence in the banking system, trends towards strengthening the national currency, and the functioning of salary projects using plastic cards. Having this positive tendency to expand the resource base through deposits and deposits of the population, deposits should be insured against depreciation. In our opinion, a deposit insurance fund can be created by commercial banks that are part of the regional banking system.

Equity and non-issue securities of commercial banks are circulated in the region. By issuing them, the bank attracts urgent resources.

When forming a resource base, commercial banks are faced with the problem of its small volume compared to needs large clients in lending to their needs and investing in production. Low capitalization of the resource base limits many regional banks from expanding investments and capital financing. The problem of short-termism is acute banking resources this makes it difficult to implement mortgage programs and long-term investing. Increasing the resource potential at the expense of funds created in the territory of the district, commercial banks place them in priority sectors of the regional economy. These include fuel and energy complex enterprises, small enterprises serving them, enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the population of the region.

Regional banks are active in the field of lending and investment. The share of lending and investment is 62.07% of the allocated resources of regional banks. ZSB Sberbank of Russia allocates 46.14% of its allocated resources to lending and investment. Banks in other regions lend and invest only 27.20% of the total volume of allocated resources. Such a passive policy of branches in the field of lending is explained by their lack of independence in the selection of potential borrowers and the high share of interbank settlements. At the same time, free credit resources at branches of banks in other regions amount to only 8.11%, at ZSB Sberbank of Russia 0.02%, and at regional banks unused credit resources amount to 38.17. This means regional banks do not properly use their credit and investment potential.

In the structure of credit and investment investments of branches of banks in other regions, resources allocated to lending predominate, amounting to 88.94%. ZSB of Sberbank of Russia allocates 61.06% of the volume of credit and investment investments into lending. The peculiarity of the formation of credit and investment portfolios is maximum diversification, that is, the presence in it of loans of a diverse range of maturities. The share of short-term lending - up to 180 days is 31.51%; from 180 days to one year - 24.76%; the share of medium-term loans - from 1 year to 3 years is 15%, over three years - 25.12%. Regional banks are increasing the share of long-term lending in the total volume of loan investments, so the Khanty-Mansiysk Bank has long-term investments- 47.8% of the total volume of loan investments, Surgutneftegazbank - 72.43%, respectively, Sibneftebank - Zapsibkombank - 16.9%.

In the total volume of credit investments of regional banks, loans to enterprises and organizations in the real sector of the economy prevail; their share in the total volume of ruble loans is 76.49%, and 82.53% in the total volume of foreign currency lending.

Small businesses are experiencing high production growth in the Tyumen region. The needs of small businesses for resources loaned by banks are satisfied by small regional commercial banks, ZSB Sberbank of Russia, Ural-Siberian Bank, Zapsibkombank and so on. The share of small business lending is not large. The reasons for such a passive credit policy are due to the lack credit history, low-quality collateral for loans and high risk investments. The share of lending to the population is only about 10%. If we take into account the growth of household deposits to 18.68% in the total resource base, then such a passive policy of regional banks in lending to the population is explained by the low demand for them from potential borrowers.

The problem is particularly acute mortgage lending and the role of banks in this system. In Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug the model is valid mortgage and housing lending“with the participation of municipalities”, in which the role of the bank is limited to providing bank loans to authorities to finance housing construction. The share of lending by regional commercial banks for construction is not large and amounts to only 3.3% of the total volume. The Khanty-Mansiysk Bank is engaged in long-term lending to the Housing Fund formed by the federal subject, which allocated 600 million rubles for these purposes. Meanwhile, construction costs from municipal budgets are increasing every year. Economic cooperation between regional commercial banks and municipal administrations plays a special role in stimulating long-term lending, including mortgage lending.

The activities of participants in the banking system of the Tyumen region are heterogeneous in terms of functioning goals and methods of achieving these goals. In overcoming these contradictions, the problem of the competitiveness of regional banks in the resource market is acute. The resource market is saturated with supply, but the sources for attracting system participants are different. There is a specialization of banks according to the sources of formation of the resource base. The potential ability of banks to invest money in the regional economy depends on its quality. Until now, by investing and lending to the real sector of the economy, the banking system has not exhausted its capabilities in channeling resources into social sphere. Regional development should be financed from various sources, primarily from resources banking sector, whose role is increasing.

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Banking activities - banking operations, as well as other transactions permitted current legislation, for credit institutions to carry out in addition to banking operations.

Banking operations are transactions that, in accordance with the law, are the exclusive subject of activity of a credit organization on the basis of a license issued by it, these include:

Attracting funds from individuals and legal entities into deposits.

Placement of these raised funds on your own behalf and at your own expense.

Opening and maintaining accounts for individuals and legal entities.

Carrying out settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts.

Collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash service individuals and legal entities.

Purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms.

Attracting deposits and placing precious metals.

Issuance of bank guarantees.

Making foreign currency transfers on behalf of individuals without opening an account.

In addition to the above, a credit institution has the right to carry out the following transactions:

Issuance of guarantees for third parties providing for the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form.

Acquiring the right to demand from third parties the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form.

Trust management of funds and other property under agreements with individuals and legal entities.

Providing special premises for rent to individuals and legal entities or placing safes in them for storing documents and valuables.

Leasing operations.

Providing consulting and information services, etc.

A credit institution is prohibited from engaging in production, trade and insurance (except for risks) activities.

To implement its functions, the bank:

Carry out various operations and transactions permitted by banking legislation;

Uses various financial instruments, differing from each other in conditions, form, scope of application, etc.

The entire variety of banking operations and transactions can be divided into the following main groups depending on their content and resources involved in their implementation:

Passive operations are operations through which banks form and accumulate their own and attracted financial resources.

 Active operations - operations of the bank to place on its own behalf at its own expense attracted and own funds for the purpose of generating income.

 Commission and intermediary operations - operations performed by banks on behalf of clients, at their expense and for a certain fee (commission), i.e. operations that enable the bank to generate income without using its own and borrowed resources.

Passive operations are the initial ones in the activities of a commercial bank, since the bank first forms its resources and then places them among borrowers on different conditions. This:

Formation and increase of the bank's equity capital

Share capital - authorized capital;

Reserve capital - serves to cover possible losses and expenses not provided for in bank plans;

Savings fund - used for further development jar;

Special funds and reserves;

Deposit operations

Demand deposits are funds deposited with credit institutions without specifying a storage period, which can be withdrawn in whole or in part at any time;

Time deposits are funds kept in accounts for a certain period of time (up to 3 months, from 3 to 6 months, from 6 to 9 months, more than a year).

There are the following types of deposits:

Savings deposits - used to accumulate or invest funds. Use various shapes deposits:

Winning;

Urgent;

To bearer;

Christmas;

On demand, etc.

Certificate - a written certificate of the issuing bank about the deposit of funds, certifying the right of the depositor (beneficiary) or his legal successor to receive upon expiration deadline the amount of the deposit (deposit) and interest on it;

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REGIONAL BANKS: CONCEPT AND PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT

Prilutskaya Marina Nikolaevna

4th year student, Department of Finance, Credit and Taxation of KSU, Russian Federation, Kursk

Artemov Vladimir Alexandrovich

Ph.D. econ. Sciences, Associate Professor,head departmentfinance, credit and taxationKSU, Russian Federation, Kursk

In the “Strategy for the Development of the Banking Sector” Russian Federation for the period until 2015” states that the territorial distribution of banking services in the Russian Federation continues to be heterogeneous. In some regions, the supply of banking services lags significantly behind demand. In addition, the promotion of banking services to the regions in some cases requires additional capitalization of credit institutions.

As a result, in the Russian Federation there are groups of the population and entrepreneurs whose opportunities for obtaining banking products and services, including attracting bank loans, are significantly limited. This is mainly the population of rural and remote regions, low-income groups and small businesses. This circumstance hinders the development of small and individual entrepreneurship in the regions of the Russian Federation and slows down the smoothing of regional imbalances, including in the standard of living of the population.

The solution to this problem can be helped by the development of regional banks, whose role in the development of financial credit system of a single region cannot be overestimated - they play a key role in the accumulation of financial resources.

To characterize a regional bank, we first determine what is the criterion for identifying this concept. In Russia there is no legally accepted definition of “regional bank”. Traditionally, when conducting research, these include credit organizations registered on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. At the same time, they are guided by the fact that statistical information on a regional basis is collected for the constituent entities of the Federation. In foreign practice, those credit organizations whose activities are limited to a certain territory (state, land, region) are considered regional.

In domestic science, various signs of classifying a bank as a regional bank are considered. From the point of view of some authors, a regional bank is created and operates in the region and does not extend its influence to Moscow and the Moscow region. However, both state-owned and large federal and foreign subsidiaries fall under this description.

Row rating agencies, separating regional banks into a separate group, proceeds from various performance indicators: the amount of equity capital, the level of capitalization, the volume of balance sheet currency, etc. In our opinion, such a feature cannot serve as an essential characteristic; it reflects only the quantitative results of the activities of the Russian banking system .

There are other criteria, for example, a controlling stake in the bank from local authorities, which determines the scope of activity of the regional bank, its role and specifics. In our opinion, this feature of a regional bank is not decisive, since the participation of government bodies of a municipal formation or a constituent entity of the Russian Federation can also be carried out in banks of other regions or capital banks that are not related to the economy of a particular region.

Thus, there are many approaches, but each of them is ambiguous and therefore controversial. In our opinion, additional characteristics of a regional bank are needed to distinguish it from other credit institutions operating in the regional market:

· the roots of the formation of the bank's own capital are in the region;

· liabilities are formed mainly from funds of the population and legal entities of the region;

· banking services are sold in the regional market;

· independence from the financial resources of banks in other regions.

So, let’s formulate the definition of a regional bank - it is an organization that carries out specialized financial intermediary operations in the region with the aim of developing its economy and depends on the financial condition of legal entities and individuals in the region.

Let's consider some problems of regional banks in Russia.

In our opinion, one of the threats to their activities is the ever-tightening requirements for minimum size capital. This process began with a requirement to increase capital to 90 million rubles. From January 1, 2010, from January 1, 2012 - no less than 180 million rubles and, finally, from January 1, 2015 - no less than 300 million rubles. The government and the Central Bank will consider the possibility of new requirements for the amount of capital of credit institutions at the level of 250-500 million rubles. The purpose of the increase is to strengthen the banking system, suppress the use banking license for questionable transactions. But will this allow us to solve these problems and what disadvantages can be obtained as a result?

According to the Central Bank, there are currently 314 banks operating on the market with a capital of less than 300 million rubles, about a third of all these banks are regional banks. Perhaps these banks will be able to increase their capital and remain universal, but it is also possible that in the future capital requirements will increase to 1 billion rubles.

Experts fear that such a strong increase in requirements for minimum capital will lead to the exit of small regional banks, which play an important role, from the market.

According to the director of the department of licensing activities and financial recovery credit institutions of Mikhail Sukhov, in November 2012, 319 banks did not reach the level of 300 million rubles; they needed about 33 billion rubles for additional capitalization.

In January 2012, there were only 299 banks in Russia with a capital of more than 1 billion rubles, that is, only 30.6% of their total number. In March 2012, there were already 309 of them. As for newly created banks, the amount of capital for them since 2012 has been set at 300 million rubles, and since 2015 all banks must meet this requirement. Russian banks.

Such changes are already bearing fruit. Thus, in 2014, the number of operating regional credit institutions decreased by 40 - to 915 (as of 02/01/2014). As can be seen from Table 1, a downward trend in credit institutions has been observed over the entire period under review. From 2010 to 2014, the number of credit institutions in the regions decreased by 10.5% from 1023 to 915, respectively, i.e. more than 100 banks closed in just 5 years.

As for the distribution of banks by region, the largest share of banks is in the Central Federal District - 59.3% as of 02/01/2014. Moreover, the share of this region is only increasing from year to year. While the share of credit institutions in other regions is insignificant and in most regions is declining from year to year. Thus, the table shows that the majority of banks are registered in the European part of the country, and there are very few regional banks beyond the Urals. Particularly noteworthy is the small number of regional commercial banks in the vast territories of the Far Eastern, Northern and Ural regions. Federal districts, which also decreased significantly over the analyzed period. This circumstance indicates the uneven development of the regional banking system.

Table 1.

Distribution of banking organizations by regions of Russia

Federal District
	number of banks		number of banks		number of banks		number of banks		number of banks
Central Incl. Moscow and Moscow region
Northwestern
North Caucasian
Privolzhsky
Ural
Siberian
Far Eastern
Russian Federation

Let's turn to the analysis foreign experience. In Russia, the ratio of banking sector assets to GDP is 76%, while, for example, in the European Union it is about 300%. The total capital of Russian banks is about 10% of GDP, and in Brazil and Austria it is more than 30%. Indeed, the capitalization of the Russian banking sector is still quite low, but in other countries banks have been increasing their capital for centuries.

Figure 1. Number of banks in a number of countries

At the same time, in Russia the share of the first 20 banks accounts for 70% of assets. The high market share of large banks is characteristic of most many other countries, but in most of them competition is not increased by administrative reduction of market participants. This is evidenced by a large number of credit institutions in these countries. Thus, in the USA there are 15,802 banks, in Germany - 1929, in Italy - 778 (Fig. 1).

For Russia, in our opinion, the problem is not the number of banks, but their quality. The fact that a bank is large or small does not equate to “high quality” or “low quality”. Concentration and centralization of capital, strengthening and possible reduction in the number of credit institutions is an inevitable process; competition in the banking sector will only intensify over time. But this process must follow economic laws rather than through administrative measures.

The departure of regional credit institutions from the market will reduce the potential for expansion of banking products and services in the regions and will not serve to increase the stability of the banking sector.

But the advantages of small regional banks are better knowledge and understanding of the needs of the region, established contacts with regional and municipal organizations, and the opportunity to strengthen their presence in the market of medium and small businesses.

Thus, the main principle of modernization of the banking system should not be the administrative reduction of banks’ capital to some quantitative criteria, but their increase financial stability. The preservation of all banks that confirm their financial solvency and occupy a certain market segment will ensure competition in the financial market, will increase the availability and quality of banking services provided, and will contribute to increasing the efficiency of the economy.

Bibliography:

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2. Voylunov A.A. Prospects for the development of regional credit organizations / A.A. Voylunov // Money and credit. M., - 2012. - No. 11. - p. 12-16.

3. Official website of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Regional section. [ Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://www.cbr.ru/regions/ (date accessed 02/27/2014).

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5. Rykova I.N. Essence, types and main functions of regional banks / I.N. Rykova, E.V. Andreyanova // Banking. M.: - 2011. - No. 6. - p. 26-29.

6. Strategy for the development of the banking sector of the Russian Federation for the period until 2015. [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://www.cbr.ru/ (date accessed 02/27/2014).

Despite the fact that banks have existed for a long time, the question of the essence of a bank is debatable. The following main aspects of banking activities are distinguished:

• money storage;
• institution, organization;
• economic management body;
• exchange agent;
• credit company.

The New Economic Encyclopedia gives the following definition: “A bank is:

• a system used for accumulation (money, information, etc.);
• a credit and financial organization that accumulates funds and savings, provides loans, carries out cash settlements, issuance and accounting of bills and other securities, issue of money, transactions with gold, foreign currency and other functions."

In the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” the concept of a bank is as follows: “A bank is a credit organization that has the exclusive right to carry out the following banking operations in aggregate: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities into deposits, placing these funds on its own behalf and for your account on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.”

Modern economic theory considers banks as a special type of financial intermediaries. Banks as special financial intermediaries are characterized by the following essential features:

firstly, like any financial intermediaries, they exchange debt obligations, i.e. banks issue their own debt obligations, and the funds mobilized on this basis are placed on their behalf in debt obligations issued by other issuers;

secondly, banks form their own liabilities on the basis of highly liquid and fixed deposits. Acting as a financial intermediary, banks assume unconditional obligations with a fixed amount of debt to legal entities and individuals;

thirdly, banks as depository financial intermediaries have high level“financial leverage”, i.e. shares borrowed money in the passive structure. Banks generate credit resources mainly through borrowed funds, which makes them dependent on external and internal factors and necessitates a special system of supervision of banking activities from outside central bank and other organs;

fourthly, banks have the right to open and service settlement, current, currency and other accounts, issue non-cash means of payment and, on this basis, ensure the functioning of the payment system.

Banks like financial intermediaries, taking cash deposits from different entities economic relations, lend them to other entities for various periods. The former can return the money upon request or without notice; the latter usually need the money for a long period. There are subjects who have money that they are willing to lend, but also want to get it back when they need it. At the same time, there are entities seeking to borrow, but with the condition of repaying the money only after a certain period. It is clear that these two groups cannot deal directly with each other. The bank function consists of transforming short-term deposits into long-term loans. The bank acts as an intermediary, accepting deposits, paying interest on them and issuing loans, charging borrowers more high interest rates. Thus, the bank frees the depositor from the need to investigate the reliability of the borrower.

Thus, we can distinguish following functions jar:

• accumulation of funds;
• transformation of resources;
• regulation money turnover.

The whole purpose of banks in servicing borrowers and depositors is to make a profit, and in this capacity they are similar to any commercial organization. How more money banks can lend, the more profit they will make. However, the bank cannot lend all the funds received from deposits, since it is obliged to hold enough funds in liquid form to be able to meet the payment requirements of depositors. This is where the banker's dilemma lies: the more liquid the form in which the funds are held, the lower the rate of return. Storing cash, e.g. The most liquid form of assets does not bring profit to the bank.

Consequently, the bank must maintain certain proportions in the balance between maximizing lending and minimizing liquidity until low level, at which you can work safely. To some extent, this task is facilitated by official controls, but banks still have sufficient room to operate. The conflict between the requirements of profitability and liquidity can be seen as a direct result of the clash of interests of the two groups that provide the bank with its financial resources: shareholders and depositors. Shareholders jointly own bank property and are interested in receiving income on invested capital. Depositors provide the bulk of the funds used by the bank and demand security and the ability to withdraw their money from deposit accounts without notice. Good bank must be able to reconcile the interests of these groups, otherwise it will lose either investors or shareholders.

The role of banks is to ensure the concentration of free capital and resources necessary for simple and expanded reproduction, to streamline and rationalize money circulation.

Types and forms of banks

The banking system as a unity of constantly developing and interacting financial and credit institutions performing banking operations in both in full, and partially, depending on the evaluation criterion, can be classified as follows:

• By form of ownership state, joint-stock, cooperative and mixed banks are distinguished. In a number of countries, the capital of the central bank belongs entirely to the state (Russia, France), sometimes the state owns about 50% (Japan, Switzerland);
• By organizational and legal form banks are divided into open and closed joint stock companies and limited liability companies;
• By functional purpose- emission (issue of money into circulation), depository banks - accepting deposits from the public is their main operation; commercial banks engaged in all operations permitted by law;
• By the nature of the operations performed Banks are divided into universal and specialized. If universal banks are more typical for Europe (risk reduction), then for the USA - specialized, since it is believed that specialization increases the level of customer service and reduces the cost of banking operations;
• By number of branches- branchless and multi-branch;
• By service sector— regional, interregional, national, international; Regional banks also include municipal banks,
• By scale of activity - small, medium, large, consortia, interbank associations.

Separately highlighted banks special purpose which carry out operations at the direction of executive authorities, are authorized banks, and finance government programs.

Elements of the banking system also include banking infrastructure - enterprises and services providing information, methodological, scientific, personnel, and communication services to banks.

Banks are the center of the financial system.

Bank- a special credit institution that specializes in accumulating funds and placing them on its own behalf in order to make a profit.

Main purpose of the bank — intermediation in the movement of funds from lenders to borrowers and in payments. As a result, free funds are converted into loan capital that generates interest.

Working in the field of exchange, the bank regulates money circulation in cash and non-cash forms.

Main functions of banks:

• attracting (accumulating) funds and converting them into loan capital;
• stimulating savings in the national economy;
• credit intermediation;
• intermediation in payments;
• Creation credit funds appeals;
• mediation on stock market(in operations with securities);
• provision of consulting, information and other services.

Banks do not just form own resources, They provide internal accumulation of funds for the development of the country's economy. Saving incentives free funds population and capital formation are provided with flexible deposit policy bank in the presence of a favorable macroeconomic situation in the country.

Incentive policy assumes:

• establishing attractive interest rates by deposits;
• high guarantees of safety of depositors' funds;
• a fairly high reliability rating of the bank and availability of information about its activities;
• variety of deposit services.

Credit mediation- the most important function of a bank as a credit institution. It ensures the effective redistribution of financial resources in the national economy on the principles of repayment, urgency and payment. Credit transactions is the main source of income for the bank.

Mediation in payments- the original and fundamental function of banks. IN market economy all economic entities, regardless of their form of ownership, have current accounts in banks, through which all transactions are carried out non-cash payments. Banks are responsible for the timely execution of their clients’ orders to make payments.

Creation of credit circulation represents the process of money production by the banking system. It is able to expand loans and deposits by multiplying the monetary base. This extension money supply called multiplier effect.

Understanding this process requires an understanding of the main types of banking operations. All operations are divided to passive And active, which is reflected in the bank's balance sheet.

By liability banks reflect the attraction of funds - the formation of deposits, and by asset— their placement by issuing loans or investing, for example, in securities.

All funds mobilized by banks in the financial market represent its resources, that part of them that can be used to carry out active operations called free reserve(or credit resource).

Thus, the activities of banks are of extremely important social importance. Banks organize the monetary and credit process and issue banknotes.

The specific result of banking activities is a banking product.

Banking product- these are special services provided by the bank to clients, and cash and non-cash means of payment issued by it. Specifics banking product consists in its intangible content and limitation to the sphere of monetary circulation.

Types of banks

The following main types of banks should be distinguished: issuing banks, commercial banks (specialized banks, discount and deposit banks, savings banks, mortgage banks, cooperative banks, communal banks). In the vast majority of countries, the bank of issue is central bank countries.

In modern banking systems of developed countries, there are two main types of banks:

To a group of commercial banks in different developed countries includes a number of institutes with different structure and different ownership relationships. Not treated equally in different countries and the very concept of “commercial banks”. Their main difference from the central ones is the rights to issue banknotes. There are two types of commercial banks: universal and special banks.

Universal banks carry out all or almost all types of banking operations: providing both short-term and long-term loans; operations with securities, accepting deposits of all types, providing all kinds of services, etc.

Special bank, on the contrary, specializes in one or a few types of banking operations. In some countries, banking legislation prevents or simply prohibits banks from carrying out a wide range of operations. However, banks' profits from certain special operations can be so large that activities in other areas become unnecessary.

The predominance of one type of bank in the credit system of a country should be understood as a trend. In some countries where, for example, universal banks dominate, there are numerous special banks. Conversely, in countries where special banks dominate, especially in last years, there is an increasing tendency towards universalization. This occurs both as a result of the liberalization of banking legislation in individual countries, and as a result of banks circumventing existing laws. An example is the practice of creating independent special banks that belong to large banks and expand the range of banking operations of the latter. Countries where the principle of bank specialization prevails include the UK, France, USA, Italy and, with a reservation, Japan. The principle of universalization dominates in Switzerland, Germany and Austria. However, in many developed countries, the statistical differences between these two types of banks are becoming increasingly blurred and controversial, since even in those countries where, according to statistics, special banks dominate, in fact, many of them have already become universal. Any obstacles put up by government authorities on the path to universalization contain loopholes. In the USA this is bank holdings . Similar examples exist in other countries. For example, the banking system in Hong Kong has three levels, which consist of three types of banking institutions, namely: licensed banks, banks with limited license and companies withdrawing deposits, which are authorized to accept deposits from the public.

The third type of banking institutions for withdrawal of deposits operates with various restrictions. Only licensed banks and banks with a limited license can be called banks.