Plastic card is a general term that denotes all types of cards that differ in purpose, in the range of services provided with their help, in technical capabilities and in the organizations that issue them.

The most important feature of all plastic cards is that they store information used in various automated application programs banking systems.

The first bank cards appeared in America. These were credit cards, but they were not bank cards and only confirmed the creditworthiness of the owner outside his bank. They were made from cardboard. In 1914, some stores and restaurants began issuing such cards to wealthy customers for use as a document when completing a transaction. Thus, the stores sought to “bind” the client to themselves, which was later called a customer loyalty program.

In the 1920s, cards moved from "clean" stores and restaurants to "dirty" gas stations (hence the name "gasoline cards"). It was necessary to change the material, and in 1928 the Boston company Farrington Manufacturing produced the first metal cards. Identification data was extruded (embossed) onto them, which made it possible to automate the card acceptance procedure to some extent.

When making a purchase, the seller used a special press (imprinter) to make an imprint of this data on the sales receipt - receipt (slip). This technology for accepting cards, despite impressive modern technical achievements in this area, has survived to this day.

Bank credit cards were started by John S. Biggins, one of the consumer loan specialists at Flatbush National Bank in Brooklyn. In 1946, he launched the Charge-it credit scheme, which involved receipts that local stores accepted from customers for small purchases. After making a purchase, the store handed over these receipts to the bank, which paid them from the customers' accounts.

The first mass payment card system was the Diners Club company created in 1949. Its main difference from previous systems was that between clients and commercial companies there was an intermediary who took over the settlements. This is what allowed Diners Club to become the first and very widespread universal card.

The idea to create such a map was born in the center of Manhattan, namely at the Major’s Cabin Grill restaurant. There they met Alfred Bloomingdale, the grandson of the founder of one of the largest American department stores, his longtime friend Francis McNamara, who at that time headed the financial company Hamilton Credit Corp., and Francis' lawyer, Ralph Snyder.

During lunch, the conversation turned to one of McNamara's clients in the Bronx. This entrepreneur allowed his neighbors to use his bank account for interest. Store clerks called him on the phone and, having received permission, wrote down the cost of purchases to his account. In such a transaction, the innovation was the presence of an intermediary who, using his creditworthiness, provided a loan to people who could not get it in any other way.

They really liked this financial scheme. They saw a flaw only in lending to people who did not have a credit line in the store. After all, most often it is with them that problems arise. Therefore, the restaurant seemed to them the most successful place to develop a new business.

The co-founders decided to use embossed plates as customer identification, which by that time were already quite common and used in many stores and gasoline companies. 10–12 nearby restaurants in the city were involved in the program. In the first month, the turnover amounted to 2 thousand dollars, but after four months - 250 thousand. Within a year, 285 trade and service organizations served 35 thousand company cardholders. Diners Club regularly charged its customers a $3 annual fee for the card. By the end of 1951, the company brought owners a profit of $61,222 from a turnover of 6.2 million cards.

Further, along with the development of the United States market, card transactions began to be introduced everywhere. In 1951, Diners Club gave the first license to use its schemes and its name in the UK. And after this, such well-known payment systems as Visa, MasterCard and American Express appeared.

The first credit cards entered our country with foreign tourists and businessmen in the late 60s. Work with them was entrusted to a special department of the USSR State Committee for Tourism. Like almost any operation related to currency, work with cards was strictly regulated and was under the watchful eye of the state. Cards were not issued within the country - all work with them was limited to organizing payments with cards of international systems, which were accepted in some currency stores and hotels.

It should be noted that the cards of most payment systems, including international ones, at that time had a magnetic stripe. The introduction of cards with a microchip, that is, chip cards, by international payment systems was uncertain, because the development of a unified EMV standard was also required. The same applied to the situation in Russia. In the mid-90s, several development companies simultaneously proposed solutions for organizing payment systems based on chip cards. Russian banks began implementing such local payment systems, and even issued tens of thousands of cards, but due to the lack of a uniform standard of service, such cards were accepted for payment only in these same payment systems. The most successful payment systems using chip cards include Sbercard (a Sberbank project) and Zolotaya Korona. Only these two systems were able to develop to an all-Russian size. Unfortunately, the situation in Russian politics and economics made its own adjustments, and the 1998 crisis caused the loss of the leading positions first by STB Card, and then by Union Card. However, there is serious competition in the card market between international and Russian payment systems.

Let us pay attention to some historical aspects of the development of the card business of Russian banks.

Initially, Russian banks set fairly strict conditions for issuing cards from international payment systems, and they also chose clients carefully. In the mid-90s, tariffs for issuing and servicing plastic cards of international systems of any bank necessarily contained a clause on the presence of a “security deposit” or “guarantee coverage” - an amount inaccessible to the client, which was, however, in his separate account. They used this deposit as a guarantee against an overdraft on a special card account, although in fact these funds constituted account balances that the bank freely used. The amounts of the security deposit were decent, and the interest accrued on it was minimal. At the same time, the commission for withdrawing funds was quite high - 2-3% in the ATM network of your bank and even higher when withdrawing from ATMs of other banks. In addition, a fairly large annual maintenance fee was charged.

By 2005, the situation in the card industry had changed significantly. More than a ten-year period of development of this area of business in Russian banks has led to a reduction in tariffs. For example, Electron class cards within salary projects and not only they began to release them for free. There was also a significant expansion of the product range, for example, full-fledged credit cards appeared and became very popular - the dream of any potential borrower. In addition, the scope of application of payment cards has become wider, as banks have begun to implement card issuance programs jointly with non-banking companies. Cards were issued for chains of retail stores, airlines, restaurants, etc. And finally, the card business itself in Russian banks has reached a certain level, becoming efficient, unified and friendly not only towards clients - card holders, but also towards “customers on the street”. The result of the rapid development of consumer lending, observed in 2000–2004, was the appearance in many large stores of small banking offices that could issue a store buyer within 15–20 minutes credit card.

Today independent commercial banks Russia, having complete freedom of action in relation to plastic cards, offers its clients both international and Russian cards.

Many banks prefer to diversify their activities and combine the issuance of international cards with membership in Russian payment systems. Cards of international payment systems still have an undeniable advantage over Russian ones, since they are accepted all over the world. There is no doubt that in Russia such cards have stable consumers among organizations and citizens who often travel abroad.

Introduction

1. International payment systems

1.1 The emergence of bank plastic cards

1.2 The concept of plastic cards

1.3 Issuers and acquirers

1.4 Payment system and types of cards

2. Market of bank plastic cards in Russian Federation

2.1 Russian market bank cards points in numbers using the example of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation

2.2 Government regulation bank plastic cards in the Russian Federation

2.3 The problem of underdevelopment of bank cards in the Russian Federation

Conclusion

Applications

Introduction

The topic I have chosen, “Bank plastic cards as a modern tool for non-cash payments,” is important at the present stage of development of banking systems.

IN modern society on the initiative of participants in the economic process, many transactions are concluded daily for the acquisition of goods and services, including financial instruments. Transactions are paid for using money either in circulation or in the form of deposits in bank accounts, and credit may also be used. In addition, the budget is replenished through contributions from business entities and individuals, as well as financing government programs And budgetary institutions and organizations. All emerging monetary obligations are regulated either by transferring cash (cash payments) or by transferring funds from accounts to accounts opened with banks ( non-cash payments).

Relevance of the research topic in modern conditions development of world economic relations, there is a process of integration of the economies of individual states and a change in the operating conditions of payment systems, which finds its manifestation, first of all, in the development non-cash forms calculations. One of the instruments of non-cash payments, the rapid development of which has been observed in recent years, is a bank card; its widespread use simultaneously characterizes the degree of integration of the banking system and society, development banking operations and payment turnover.

The subject of study is the topic "Bank plastic cards as a modern tool for non-cash payments."

The object of study of this work is the latest data from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the development of bank plastic cards.

The purpose of this work is to establish the value of bank cards in modern world, consideration of the development of bank plastic cards in the Russian Federation, identifying shortcomings and, after analyzing, finding ways to improve.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks should be studied:

The emergence of bank cards

2. The concept of plastic cards

Issuers and acquirers

Payment system and types of cards

Market of bank payment cards in the Russian Federation

1. International payment systems

1.1 The emergence of bank plastic cards

It is believed that the idea of credit cards was put forward by the Boston journalist E. Bellamy in the 80s of the last century, describing them in his futurological story “Look Back to the World of the Year 2000.”

The time of appearance of bank plastic cards is to some extent a controversial issue. It all depends on what cards we are talking about. In the CIS, even many bank employees, when talking about cards, confuse different concepts. Some people talk about credit cards, some call them bank cards, some call them plastic cards. Although these concepts overlap, they are not precise. In fact, when we talk about plastic cards, we only mean the material from which they are made. By calling them banking, we clarify who issues them. When we talk about credit cards, we mean a payment scheme between card holders and the issuer, which may not be a bank, but, for example, a store or an insurance company.

As strange as it may seem, the first to appear were credit cards, which were not yet bank or plastic cards. Their purpose was to confirm the client’s creditworthiness outside his bank. Naturally, such a means of lending could appear no other way than in the USA, where consumer credit to individuals has been rapidly developing since late XIX century.

Already in 1914, some enterprises retail and oil companies began issuing special cards to their wealthiest regular customers to “stick” these customers to themselves. In 1928, the Boston company Farrington Manufakturing produced the first metal plates, and then plastic ones, on the surface of which information about the card holder and its expiration date were applied. The process of applying embossed alphanumeric and special characters to a card was called embossing. The seller put such a plate into a special machine called an imprinter, and the letters embossed on it were imprinted on the sales receipt. After that, all that was left was to enter the purchase amount and send the check to the bank for redemption. In subsequent years, such elements of a financial credit scheme were invented as minimum monthly debt repayment, a deferment period, that is, interest-free lending, and many others.

Most experts believe that the beginning of bank credit cards was laid by John S. Biggins, a consumer loan officer at Flatbush National Bank in Brooklyn, New York. In 1946, Biggins set up a credit scheme called Charge-it. This scheme involved receipts that were accepted from customers by local stores for small purchases. After the purchase took place, the store handed over the receipts to the bank, and the bank paid them from the customers’ accounts.

The first American Express card was issued on October 1, 1958. A year later, this company numbered 32 thousand enterprises and more than 475 thousand card holders. The main reason was the existing extensive international network of servicing American Express traveler's checks and huge financial resources, which made it possible to provide loans to clients.

In the 1950s, over 100 American commercial banks began their credit card programs. But, perhaps, a fundamentally new period in the development of the card business began when the first and second largest commercial banks entered it: Bank of America and Chase Manhattan Bank. This happened in 1958.

As card programs grew, most banks faced the main obstacle - the local network for servicing their cards. In 1966, Bank of America began licensing BankAmericard cards to other banks. In response to this, several large competing banks of Bank of America created their own Interbank Card Association - ICA (Interbank Card Association). In 1969, the association bought the rights to Master Charge cards, issued by the Western States Bank Card Association, and most ICA member banks switched to Master Charge cards. In turn, the banks that issued BankAmericard insisted that the card program be removed from the control of Bank of America. So in July 1970, National BankAmericard Incorporated - NBI was created.

In parallel with the development of the American market, there was also an internationalization of card transactions. It dates back to 1951, when Diners Club was granted the first license to use its name and scheme in the UK.

Around the same time, the British Hotel and Restaurant Association began issuing the BHR credit card, which, although not a bank card, was still a universal card. In 1965, this system merged with its Swedish competitor Rikskort, owned by the Wallenberg family, to establish Eurocard International, headquartered in Sweden.

The competition of American association cards in Europe continued. In 1974, MCA made a significant breakthrough in the competitive race with BankAmericard by signing an agreement with the British ExpressCard system, which was part of the Eurocard Association. This is how the cooperation between Eurocard and the American Interbank Card Association, which issues Master Charge, began.

This was one of the reasons why in 1976 the NBI renamed its BankAmericard card to the now known VISA. MCA took a similar step in 1980, giving its card a new name - MasterCard. It also did not stand still. Expanding its cooperation with Mastercard, this association, as new technologies emerged, entered into agreements with Cirrus/Maestro, which made it possible to expand the range of services offered to customers through cards for receiving cash from ATMs. At the end of 1992, Eurocard International merged with the Eurocheque payment system. The new organization began to be called Europay International.

The competitive struggle unfolded between payment systems not only in Europe. In Japan, for example, despite active attempts by Visa and MasterCard to conquer this market, they lost to JCB cards. The total number of holders of these cards in 1980 was almost 2 times more than Visa and MasterCard issued in Japan combined.

1.2 The concept of plastic cards

A plastic card is a personalized payment instrument that provides the person using the card with the opportunity to make cashless payments for goods and/or services, as well as receive cash at bank branches (branches) and automated teller machines (ATMs). Trade/service enterprises and bank branches that accept the card form a network of card service points (or receiving network).

A peculiarity of sales and cash withdrawals by cards is that these operations are carried out by stores and, accordingly, banks “on credit” - goods and cash are provided to customers immediately, and funds for their reimbursement are credited to accounts service companies most often after some time (no more than a few days). The guarantor of fulfillment of payment obligations arising in the process of servicing plastic cards is the issuing bank. Therefore, the cards remain the property of the bank throughout their entire validity period, and clients (card holders) receive them only for use. The nature of the issuing bank's guarantees depends on the payment authority granted to the client and recorded by the class of the card.

.3 Issuers and acquirers

The issuing bank, issuing cards and guaranteeing the fulfillment of financial obligations associated with the use of the plastic card issued by it as a means of payment, does not itself engage in activities that ensure its acceptance by trade and service enterprises. These tasks are solved by the acquiring bank, which carries out the full range of operations for interaction with card service points: processing requests for authorization, transferring funds for goods and services provided with cards to the points’ settlement accounts, receiving, sorting and forwarding documents (paper and electronic), recording transactions using cards, distribution of stop lists (lists of cards for which transactions for one reason or another are currently suspended), etc. In addition, the acquiring bank can issue cash using cards both in its branches and through its ATMs. The bank can also combine the functions of acquirer and issuer. It should be noted that the main, integral functions of the acquiring bank are financial, related to the execution of settlements and payments to service points. As for the technical attributes of its activities listed above, they can be delegated by the acquirer to specialized service organizations - processing centers.

The fulfillment of their functions by acquirers entails settlements with issuers. Each acquiring bank transfers funds to service points for payments from card holders of issuing banks included in this payment system. Therefore, the appropriate funds (and possibly any cash refunds) must then be remitted to the acquirer by these issuers. The prompt execution of mutual settlements between acquirers and issuers is ensured by the presence in the payment system of a settlement bank (one or more), in which member banks of the system open correspondent accounts.

.4 Payment system and types of cards

We will call a payment system a set of methods and the entities implementing them that provide, within the system, the conditions for the use of bank plastic cards of the agreed standard as a means of payment. One of the main tasks solved when creating payment system, consists in developing and observing general rules servicing cards of issuers included in the system, conducting mutual settlements and payments. These rules cover both purely technical aspects of card transactions - data standards, authorization procedures, specifications for the equipment used, etc., and financial aspects of card servicing - settlement procedures with trade and service enterprises that are part of the receiving network, rules for mutual settlements between banks , tariffs, etc.

Thus, from an organizational point of view, the core of the payment system is the contractual association of banks. The payment system also includes trade and service enterprises, forming a network of service points. For the successful functioning of the payment system, specialized non-financial organizations are also needed to provide technical support for card servicing: processing and communication centers, technical service centers, etc.

The processing center - a specialized service organization - ensures the processing of requests for authorization and/or transaction protocols received from acquirers (or directly from service points) and/or transaction protocols - recorded data on payments made through cards and cash withdrawals. For this purpose, the center maintains a database, which, in particular, contains data on banks - members of the payment system and cardholders. The center stores information about cardholder limits and fulfills requests for authorization if the issuing bank does not maintain its own database (off-line bank). Otherwise (on-line bank) the processing center forwards the received request to the issuing bank of the authorized card. Obviously, the center also ensures that the response is forwarded to the acquiring bank. In addition, based on the transaction protocols accumulated during the day, the processing center prepares and sends final data for mutual settlements between banks participating in the payment system, and also generates and sends stop lists to acquiring banks (and, possibly, directly to service points). The processing center can also meet the needs of issuing banks for new cards, ordering them at factories and subsequent personalization. It should be noted that an extensive payment system may have several processing centers, the role of which at the regional level can also be played by acquiring banks.

Communication centers provide payment system entities with access to data networks. The use of special high-performance communication lines is due to the need to transfer large amounts of data between geographically distributed participants in the payment system when authorizing cards in trading terminals, when servicing cards at ATMs, when conducting mutual settlements between system participants and in other cases.

During the development of card systems, different types of plastic cards emerged, differing in purpose, functional and technical characteristics.

According to the payment mechanism:

1 Double-sided cards

· arose on the basis of bilateral agreements between settlement participants;

· cardholders can use them to purchase goods in closed networks.

2.1 Multi-sided cards

· head national bank card associations;

· provide the cardholder with the opportunity to purchase goods on credit from various merchants and service organizations;

· receive cash advances;

· use machines to withdraw cash from a bank account, etc.

2. According to their functional purpose, the following types of cards are distinguished:

· credit cards used in credit payment systems;

· debit cards - used in debit payment systems;

· cards with overdraft.

3. By functional purpose:

1 Credit cards:

· payment for various services and goods using a loan provided by a bank or a specialized service company, without having either cash or money in a bank account;

· it is necessary to have an agreement with the bank in which the client undertakes to repay the debt incurred as a result of payment to the bank within a certain period of time.

3.2 Debit cards:

· used to pay for goods and services, obtain cash from banks by directly debiting money from the payer’s account;

· the client manages only the amount from his bank account;

· card processing in on mode.

· the ability to make payments in excess of the amount credited to the cardholder’s account;

· this relatively small amount is interpreted as an automatic provision of a loan without a special loan agreement.

4. Based on the material from which the card is made:

· paper;

· plastic;

· metal.

Currently, plastic cards have become almost ubiquitous. However, paper (cardboard) cards sealed or pressed into plastic film are often used to identify the card holder. This is card lamination. If the card is used for payments, then in order to increase security against counterfeiting, more advanced and complex technology for manufacturing cards from plastic is used. At the same time, unlike metal cards, plastic is easily heat-treated and pressure-treated, which is very important for personalizing the card before issuing it to the client.

Plastic cards are also classified according to the method of recording information (see Table 1) and by issuer (see Table 2).

The main advantages of bank cards (especially international payment systems) are their versatility. Payment systems are interested in their widest possible distribution. For example, bank cards can be used in shops, cafes, restaurants, museums, cinemas, casinos, gas stations, train stations, airports - the list goes on for quite a long time.

Unlike bank plastic cards, private commercial or club cards are used only in the company's PTS, i.e. cards for paying for restaurant services, no matter how wide the network of points around the world, are limited by the limits of such a system. These cards cannot be used to pay for goods in stores or receive other services.

Bank and other cards used for payments:

stand-alone "electronic wallet";

“electronic wallet” with duplicate account with the issuer;

“account key” is a means of identifying the owner of an account maintained with the issuer.

It should be noted that the vast majority of bank cards are an identifier, not a wallet. These include all Visa, Eurocard/MasterCard, American Express cards. Typically, smart cards are used as “electronic wallets”, and cards with a magnetic stripe are very rarely used as a “wallet”, since the magnetic stripe does not provide an acceptable level of protection for the information recorded on it by the issuer.

However, it should be noted that, according to experts, in the foreseeable future the share of smart cards in the global plastic services market will become dominant.

2. Market of bank plastic cards in the Russian Federation

2.1 Russian bank card market in numbers using the example of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation

According to the Bank of Russia, in the first half of 2011, Russian banks issued 157.7 million cards. The increase for the first half of the year amounted to 13.3 million cards. Compared to 2010, the number of issuing and acquiring banks increased from 688 at the end of 2010 to 692 at the end of the first half of 2011. This is 69.2% of the total number of credit institutions.

The number of card transactions in the first half of the year increased to 1.9 billion transactions, and the volume of card transactions, including cash withdrawal transactions, increased to RUB 7,774.9 billion. Moreover, for the entire 2010 this figure amounted to 12,849 billion rubles. The number of receiving devices also increased significantly and at the end of the first half of 2011 amounted to 788 thousand units, an increase of 95 thousand.

The dominant position among payment systems on the Russian market is occupied by international payment systems. They account for 137.2 million cards out of 157.7 million cards in circulation in Russia. This is 87% of the total emission. It should be noted that according to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the share of “active” cards in the card issue of international payment systems is quite low - only 52%, while for Russian payment systems it is 85%. This is explained by the fact that a significant share of the issue was carried out within the framework of salary projects, i.e. cardholders did not open them themselves, and, therefore, use them reluctantly or do not use them at all.

For cards of international payment systems, the share of transactions to receive cash is higher than for cards of Russian payment systems - 61% and 51%, respectively; and the share of the volume of cash receipt transactions is also significantly higher - 83% and 54%, respectively. This also suggests that holders are much more likely to use cards from Russian payment systems to pay for goods and services (see Table 3, Table 4).

The structure of cards issued is still dominated by debit cards, which account for 71.6% of the issue. However, the shares of credit and prepaid cards are growing year by year. At the end of the first half of 2011, the share of pure credit cards in the total issue was already 7.6%, debit cards with overdraft - 15.2%. Thus, the share of cards with a credit function (in one form or another) was 22.8%. The share of prepaid cards is 5.6%. The development of the card industry in different regions of Russia is traditionally not uniform. The highest rate of cards per capita - 1.6 - is in Central federal district. This is higher than the average for the Russian Federation (1.1 cards). It also has the highest number of ATMs and electronic terminals per million inhabitants - 1033 and 4955 devices, respectively. Two more districts - Northwestern and Ural - also exceed the national average for cards per capita and for ATMs and electronic terminals per capita. (see diagrams 1,2,3,4)

However, the highest average transaction was noted in the Ural Federal District - 6179 rubles, while in the Central Federal District - 5341 rubles. The center was also surpassed in this indicator by the Siberian and North Caucasus districts. At the same time, it should be noted that despite the fairly high development of ATM networks on the territory of the Russian Federation, the population uses them mainly to withdraw cash. A low level The provision of trade and service enterprises with POS terminals restrains the growth of non-cash retail payments (see diagram 4).

2.2 State regulation of bank plastic cards in the Russian Federation

In accordance with the Regulations on the issue of bank cards and on transactions performed using bank cards dated December 24, 2004. No. 266-P, a credit institution has the right to issue bank cards of the following types: payment (debit) cards, credit cards and prepaid cards.

A prepaid card is intended for its holder, an individual, to carry out transactions, settlements for which are carried out by the issuing credit institution on its own behalf at the expense of funds provided by the holder, an individual, or funds received by the issuing credit institution in favor of the holder, an individual , if the possibility of using funds received from third parties is provided for in an agreement between the holder - an individual and the credit institution - issuer. A prepaid card certifies the right of its holder - an individual - to claim against the credit institution - issuer for payment for goods (work, services, results of intellectual activity) or for the issuance of cash.

A credit organization has the right to engage bank payment agents to distribute payment cards issued by this credit organization, as well as distribute payment cards issued by other credit organizations and foreign legal entities that are not foreign banks on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Specific conditions for the provision of funds for settlements on transactions made using payment (debit) cards, credit cards, the procedure for returning funds provided, the procedure for documentary confirmation of the provision and return of funds may be determined in an agreement with the client.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, credit organizations carry out settlements with trade (service) organizations for transactions carried out using payment cards and issue cash cash payment card holders who are not clients of these credit institutions.

A credit institution has the right to simultaneously issue bank cards, acquire payment cards, and distribute payment cards. The issuance of bank cards, acquiring of payment cards, as well as the distribution of payment cards is carried out by credit institutions on the basis of internal bank rules developed by the credit institution in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, including these Regulations, other regulations of the Bank of Russia, and the rules of settlement participants containing them rights, obligations and procedure for settlements between them.

A bank account agreement (bank deposit agreement) for performing transactions using a prepaid card is not concluded.

Specific conditions for the calculation and payment of interest (interest rate, payment terms and other conditions) on the loan provided for settlements on transactions made using payment (debit) cards, credit cards, and on the client’s cash balances in his bank account, may be determined in the agreement with the client.

Payment by a credit institution of interest accrued on the balances of funds in the client's bank account is carried out on the basis of settlement documents in a non-cash manner by crediting funds to the client's bank account.

The Legislative documents of the Russian Federation contain the following definitions of terms:

ATM is an electronic software and hardware complex designed to carry out, without the participation of an authorized employee of a credit institution, operations of issuing (receiving) cash, including using payment cards, and transmitting orders to a credit institution to transfer funds from a bank account (deposit account) client, as well as for drawing up documents confirming the relevant transactions;

Personalization is the procedure for applying information provided for by the rules of settlement participants to a payment card and recording it in the microprocessor memory and on the magnetic strip of a payment card;

Register of payments for transactions using payment cards - a document or a set of documents containing information about transactions performed using payment cards for a certain period of time, compiled by a legal entity or its structural unit that collects, processes and distributes information to payment participants - credit institutions transactions with payment cards (processing center), and provided in electronic form and (or) on paper;

Electronic journal - a document or a set of documents in electronic form, generated (generated) by an ATM and (or) electronic terminal for a certain period of time when performing transactions using these devices.

The issuing credit institution is obliged to determine the maximum amount within which it assumes obligations on one prepaid card (hereinafter referred to as the prepaid card limit). The prepaid card limit established by the issuing credit institution must not exceed 100,000 rubles or an amount of foreign currency, equivalent to 100,000 rubles at the official exchange rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the date of issue of the prepaid card. (see Appendix 2)

2.3 The problem of underdevelopment of bank cards in the Russian Federation

Currently, there are about 25 million bank cards in payment circulation in our country. various systems. Approximately 15 million - international banking VISA cards, EuroCard / MasterCard, more than 8 million cards of private payment systems. Since 2002, 50 Russian banks have established their own production of plastic cards.

As for servicing plastic bank cards, there are serious problems with this in our country. In total, about 3 million trade and service enterprises are equipped electronic terminals and can accept cards for payment. If we talk about ATMs, there are now only 1.5 million of them in the country. There are also just under 489 thousand cash issuing points in the country. It should be noted that today the network of ATMs and terminals is developed only in Moscow and regional centers.

The underdevelopment of the technical infrastructure for servicing bank cards is one of the reasons for the small number of cardholders in our country.

Thus, in order to improve the operation of payment systems and increase the number of bank card holders in the Russian Federation, in my opinion, trading enterprises should be equipped with electronic terminals (which can accept cards for payment) as much as possible.

Conclusion

Thus, in the process of studying the topic “Bank plastic cards as a modern tool for non-cash payments” I made the following conclusions:

Bank plastic cards are of no small importance in payment methods, since in the context of increased competition in the retail services market, banks and payment systems began to pay more attention to improving the quality characteristics of their products, stimulating customers to make purchases using cards, including by providing an overdraft for accounts for settlements using payment cards. And banks are looking for new ways to conquer the market, they are trying to interest the client so that he uses the card as often as possible. At the same time, the essence of a payment card is not a piece of plastic at all, but the organization of a well-functioning system of non-cash payments within the payment system. As part of the study of the card payment system, the issue related to the influence of the payment instruments used on monetary policy, which is the most interesting and controversial;

2. In the Russian Federation, there is an underdeveloped technical infrastructure for servicing bank cards due to the fact that today the network of ATMs and terminals is developed only in Moscow and regional centers;

To improve the operation of payment systems and increase the number of bank card holders in the Russian Federation, in my opinion, trading enterprises should be equipped with electronic terminals (which can accept cards for payment) as much as possible.

Thus, the goal of my work has been achieved.

bank plastic card non-cash

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Material from the report of the Retail Banking Research company "By 2007, the number of ATMs in the world will reach 1.5 million." // World of cards. - 2006 - No. 9. - P.28-30.

Olekhnovich A.E. Assessing the effectiveness of electronic payments. - 2006 - No. 2. - P.49-54.

Plastic cards: Practical encyclopedia / A.A. Andreev, E.L. Bystrova and others; Edited by A. A. Andreeva. - M.: Publishing group "BDTS-Press", 2006. - 576 p.

Pishchik I.A. By the beginning of 2006 the volume of plastic cards issued should exceed 2.5 million pieces // Banking Technologies. - 2005 - No. 7. - P.12-13.

Pishchik I.A. State and prospects for the development of the payment system and non-cash payments // Banking Bulletin. - 2000 - No. 17. - P.12-16.

REGULATIONS ON THE ISSUANCE OF BANK CARDS AND ON OPERATIONS PERFORMED USING PAYMENT CARDS dated December 24, 2004 No. 266-P

Applications

Annex 1

Table 1.

BY METHOD OF RECORDING INFORMATION
Graphic	Embossing	magnetic stripe		laser recording
the earliest and simplest form of recording information	allows you to process a card payment transaction much faster by imprinting a slip on it	used before the invention of magnetic stripe	one of the most common methods of putting information on a map today	Very expensive technology	Even more expensive cards than chip cards
until now time is used in all maps		low privacy	very popular in payment systems	The most reliable storage of information	The recording technology on them is similar to recording on laser discs
last name, first name, sample signature and information about the issuer are entered		not distributed in payment systems			not widespread in banking technologies

Table 2.

Table 3.

Summary statistics Russian market payment cards

			I half of 2011
Number of cards issued, million units.
Number of issuing banks and acquirers (% of the total number of credit institutions	700 KOs (66.2%)	688 KOs (68.0%)	692 KOs (69.2%)
Number of payment systems
Number of transactions with cards, billion units.
Volume of transactions with cards, billion rubles.
Number of devices accepting cards, thousand units.

Table 4.

Payment card market statistics for the first half of 2011, distribution by payment systems

	International PS	Russian PS

Number of “active” cards, million units. (for the second quarter of 2011)
Number of transactions with bank cards, billion units.
Receiving cash
Non-cash transactions
Volume of transactions with bank cards, billion rubles.
Receiving cash
Non-cash transactions

Diagram 1.

Diagram 2.

Diagram 3.

Diagram 4.

Diagram 5.

Appendix 2.

CENTRAL BANK OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

December 2004 N 266-P

REGULATIONS ON THE ISSUANCE OF BANK CARDS AND ON OPERATIONS PERFORMED USING PAYMENT CARDS

Chapter 1. General provisions

1 This Regulation applies to credit organizations, with the exception of non-bank credit organizations carrying out deposit and credit operations.

2 The requirements of these Regulations do not apply to cards issued by issuers that are not credit institutions, intended for individuals, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs to receive prepaid goods (works, services, results of intellectual activity).

3 The following terms are used in these Regulations:

ATM - an electronic software and hardware complex designed to perform, without the participation of an authorized employee of a credit institution, operations of issuing (receiving) cash, including using payment cards, and transmitting orders to a credit institution to transfer funds from a bank account (deposit account) client, as well as for drawing up documents confirming the relevant transactions;

personalization - the procedure for applying information provided for by the rules of payment participants to a payment card and (or) recording in the microprocessor memory, on the magnetic strip of a payment card;

register of payments for transactions using payment cards (hereinafter referred to as the register of payments) - a document or set of documents containing information about transactions performed using payment cards for a certain period of time, compiled by a legal entity or its structural unit that collects, processes and distributes to participants settlements - to credit institutions information on transactions with payment cards (processing center), and provided in electronic form and (or) on paper;

electronic journal - a document or a set of documents in electronic form, generated (generated) by an ATM and (or) electronic terminal for a certain period of time when performing transactions using these devices.

4 On the territory of the Russian Federation, credit institutions - issuers issue bank cards, which are a type of payment cards as a non-cash payment instrument intended for individuals, including authorized legal entities (hereinafter - holders), to carry out transactions with funds held by the issuer, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the agreement with the issuer.

This Regulation does not establish requirements for the characteristics of a bank card (card with a magnetic stripe, card with a microprocessor, scratch card, card with in electronic format and others).

5 A credit organization has the right to issue bank cards of the following types: payment (debit) cards, credit cards and prepaid cards.

A settlement (debit) card is intended for transactions by its holder within the limits of the amount of funds (spending limit) established by the credit institution - issuer, settlements for which are carried out at the expense of the client’s funds in his bank account, or a loan provided by the credit institution - issuer to the client in accordance with the bank account agreement in the event of insufficient or absent funds in the bank account (overdraft).

A credit card is intended for its holder to carry out transactions, settlements for which are carried out at the expense of funds provided by the issuing credit institution to the client within the established limit in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement.

The issuing credit institution is obliged to determine the maximum amount within which it assumes obligations on one prepaid card (hereinafter referred to as the prepaid card limit). The prepaid card limit established by the issuing credit institution must not exceed 100,000 rubles or an amount in foreign currency equivalent to 100,000 rubles at the official exchange rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the date of issue of the prepaid card.

Additional provision (transfer) of funds to the credit organization - issuer to increase the amount of obligations of the credit organization - issuer on a prepaid card can be carried out within the limit of the prepaid card (if the possibility of additional provision (transfer) of funds to the credit organization - issuer to increase the amount of obligations of the credit organization - issuer on a prepaid card is provided for by an agreement between the holder - an individual and the credit institution - issuer). The total amount of additional provision (transfer) of funds to the credit organization - issuer to increase the amount of obligations of the credit organization - issuer on a prepaid card, the identification of the holder - an individual of which was not carried out, should not exceed 40,000 rubles during a calendar month.

6. A credit organization (except for a settlement non-bank credit organization) issues settlement (debit) cards and credit cards for individuals, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, prepaid cards - for individuals. A settlement non-bank credit organization issues payment (debit) cards for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, and prepaid cards for individuals.

The issue of bank cards for individuals, individual entrepreneurs, and legal entities is carried out by a credit organization on the basis of an agreement providing for transactions using bank cards. The issue of settlement (debit) cards intended for performing transactions related to the credit organization's own economic activities is carried out on the basis of an order of the sole executive body of the credit organization.

The issuing credit organization carries out settlements for transactions with payment (debit) cards, credit cards, prepaid cards, taking into account the requirements of the currency legislation of the Russian Federation and these Regulations.

7 A credit organization has the right to engage bank payment agents to distribute payment cards issued by this credit organization, as well as to distribute payment cards issued by other credit organizations and foreign legal entities that are not foreign banks on the territory of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the distribution of payment cards).

When a credit organization - issuer engages bank payment agents to distribute prepaid cards, the occurrence of monetary obligations credit organization on prepaid cards to bank payment agents - legal entities, including by pre-payment of prepaid cards.

8 Specific conditions for the provision of funds for settlements on transactions made using payment (debit) cards, credit cards, the procedure for returning the provided funds, the procedure for documentary confirmation of the provision and return of funds may be determined in the agreement with the client.

The provision of funds by a credit institution to clients for settlements on transactions performed using payment (debit) cards is carried out by crediting the specified funds to their bank accounts.

The provision of funds by a credit institution to clients for settlements on transactions made using credit cards is carried out by crediting the specified funds to their bank accounts, as well as without using the client’s bank account, if so provided loan agreement when providing funds in the currency of the Russian Federation to individuals, and in foreign currency - to non-resident individuals. Documentary evidence of the provision of a loan without using the client’s bank account is the payment register received by the credit institution, unless otherwise provided by the loan agreement.

Repayment (return) of a loan provided for settlements on transactions made using payment (debit) cards, credit cards is carried out in a manner similar to the procedure established by paragraph 3.1 Regulations of the Bank of Russia dated August 31, 1998 N 54-P “On the procedure for the provision (placement) of funds by credit institutions and their return (repayment)”, registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on September 29, 1998 N 1619, September 11, 2001 N 2934 (“Bulletin of the Bank of Russia” dated October 8, 1998 N 70-71, dated September 19, 2001 N 57-58) (hereinafter referred to as Bank of Russia Regulation N 54-P). Individuals can repay loans in cash using ATMs.

9 On the territory of the Russian Federation, credit organizations (hereinafter referred to as credit organizations - acquirers) carry out settlements with trade (service) organizations for transactions performed using payment cards, and (or) issue cash to payment card holders who are not clients of these credit organizations (hereinafter referred to as acquiring)<*>.

10 A credit organization has the right to simultaneously issue bank cards, acquire payment cards, and distribute payment cards. The issuance of bank cards, acquiring of payment cards, as well as the distribution of payment cards is carried out by credit institutions on the basis of internal bank rules developed by the credit institution in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, including these Regulations, other regulations of the Bank of Russia, and the rules of settlement participants containing them rights, obligations and procedure for settlements between them.

11 Internal bank rules are approved by the management body of the credit organization, authorized to do so by its charter, and must be mandatory for all employees of the credit organization. Internal bank rules, depending on the specifics of the credit institution’s activities, must contain:

the procedure for the activities of a credit organization related to the issuance of bank cards;

the procedure for the activities of a credit organization related to the acquiring of payment cards;

the procedure for the activities of a credit organization related to the distribution of payment cards;

the procedure for the activities of a credit institution when making settlements for transactions performed using payment cards;

risk management system when carrying out transactions using payment cards, including the assessment procedure credit risk, as well as preventing risks when using codes and passwords as an analogue of a handwritten signature (hereinafter referred to as ASP), including when processing and recording the results of verification of such codes and passwords;

the procedure for the credit institution to act in the event of the holder’s loss of payment cards;

description of document flow and technology for processing accounting information on transactions performed using payment cards;

the procedure for storing payment cards before the personalization procedure (hereinafter referred to as non-personalized payment cards) purchased by a credit institution and containing details (name of the issuer, etc.), payment cards after the personalization procedure, as well as an approved list of officials responsible for their storage; the procedure for moving non-personalized payment cards within a credit institution and transferring them for personalization;

the procedure for providing funds to the client in the currency of the Russian Federation and in foreign currency for settlements on transactions performed using payment (debit) cards, credit cards, and the procedure for returning these funds, as well as the procedure for calculating interest on the amounts of funds provided and the procedure for payment their client in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, including regulations of the Bank of Russia and these Regulations;

12 The client makes transactions using payment (debit) cards, credit cards by bank account(hereinafter referred to as the account of an individual, individual entrepreneur, legal entity) opened on the basis of a bank account agreement providing for transactions using settlement (debit) cards, credit cards, concluded in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the bank account agreement).

The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to transactions performed using credit cards when providing funds to a client without using a bank account in accordance with paragraph 1.8 of these Regulations.

13. A bank account agreement (bank deposit agreement) for performing transactions using a prepaid card is not concluded.

Funds received by a credit institution from a legal entity or individual entrepreneur upon a return of payment (for returned goods, refusal of work, services, results of intellectual activity) made using a prepaid card increase the amount of the credit institution's liability for the same prepaid card, with using which the specified payment was made, within its limit, unless the agreement between the holder - an individual and the credit institution - issuer provides for a different procedure for paying the refunded payment.

14. When issuing a payment card or performing transactions using a payment card, the credit institution is obliged to identify its holder in accordance with Article 7 Federal Law dated August 7, 2001 N 115-FZ “On combating the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2001, N 33, Art. 3418; 2002, N 30, Art. 3029; N 44, Art. 4296; 2004, N 31, Art. 3224; 2005, N 47, Art. 4828; 2006, N 31, Art. 3446, Art. 3452; 2007, N 16, Art. 1831; N 31, Art. 3993, Art. 4011; N 49, Art. 6036; 2009, N 23, Art. 2776; N 29, Art. 3600; 2010, N 28, Art. 3553; N 30, Art. 4007; N 31, Art. 4166; 2011, N 27, Art. 3873).

15. Specific conditions for the calculation and payment of interest (interest rate, payment terms and other conditions) on the loan provided for settlements on transactions made using payment (debit) cards, credit cards, and on the client’s cash balances held in his bank account account may be determined in the agreement with the client.

Interest accrual on the loan provided for settlements on transactions made using payment (debit) cards, credit cards, and on cash balances in the client’s bank account is carried out in a manner similar to the procedure established by the Regulations of the Bank of Russia dated June 26, 1998 N 39-P "On the procedure for calculating interest on transactions related to the attraction and placement of funds by banks", registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on July 23, 1998 N 1565, on January 26, 1999 N 1688, on December 11, 2007 N 10675 ("Bulletin Bank of Russia" dated August 6, 1998 N 53-54, dated August 28, 1998 N 61, dated February 4, 1999 N 7, dated December 17, 2007 N 69).

Payment by clients of interest on the loan provided for settlements on transactions performed using payment (debit) cards, credit cards is carried out in a manner similar to the procedure established by clause 3.1 of Bank of Russia Regulation No. 54-P. Individuals can pay interest on the loan in cash using ATMs.

Introduction

1. Fundamentals of the functioning of a payment system based on plastic cards

1.1. Evolution of the development of a payment system based on plastic cards 7

1.2. Types of eraser cards 12

1.3. Basic schemes of transactions with bank plastic cards 35

1.4. Legal and regulatory regulation of the functioning of the payment system based on plastic cards 55

2. The procedure for reflecting payments based on plastic cards in accounting

2.1. Accounting for payments based on plastic cards from legal entities - suppliers of goods (works, services) 68

2.2. Accounting for payments based on plastic cards for legal entities - cardholders 76

2.3. Payments for wages made using plastic cards and the procedure for their reflection in accounting 106

3. Credit transactions using bank cards

3.1. Features of a loan provided using a bank card 117

3.2. Assessing the efficiency of the payment system based on bank cards 126

Conclusion 148

References 155

Introduction to the work

Relevance of the research topic. In connection with emerging and aggravating problems in modern conditions, such as: excessive costs of maintaining money turnover, a progressive shortage of cash, the complexity of control over money circulation, non-cash payments are becoming increasingly important, as they lead to the replacement of cash and a reduction in circulation costs, that is, to a reduction in the cost of printing cash, its transportation, recalculation and storage. The circulation of the cash money supply is very expensive both for the state and financial structures.

According to experts, on average, approximately twenty kopecks from the ruble are spent on maintaining its own turnover.

The rational organization of non-cash payments ensures the normalization of payment turnover, reduction of mutual debt of enterprises, and increased responsibility of business entities for the state of payment discipline. One of the possible and most promising ways to solve the problem of cash circulation is the creation of an effective automated system of non-cash payments based on plastic cards. This technology will create a convenient system for servicing banks, consumers and enterprises.

The use of an electronic system based on plastic cards greatly simplifies the management of non-cash payments, while the system of electronic banking services is not just a replacement traditional system paper-based payments, but a means of providing alternative and more convenient services.

The degree of knowledge of the problem. IN last years Russian specialists in the field of the plastic card market now have access to foreign developments in the field of organizing and putting into practice a system of non-cash payments based on plastic cards from authors such as A. Lipis, T. Marshall, J. Matuk, M.J. Auriemma, P.E. Sayer. Many problems in the organization and development of payment systems are considered in the works of such prominent economists as A.S. Bakaev, N.P. Baryshnikov, N.G. Gadzhiev, I.E. Glushkov, Yu.A. Danilevsky, V.V.Kovalev, O.M.Ostrovsky, A.D.Larionov, D.G.Leontyeva, N.NKudryavtsev and V.V.Nitetsky, B.E.Odintsov, A.N.Romanov, V. V. Patrov, V. F. Paliy,

L.Z. Shneidman and others. In connection with the development of payment systems based on plastic

maps in Russia, since the mid-90s, works of such Russian

V.M. Usoskin.

The relevance and significance of the listed works are undoubted. However,

It should be noted that for the most part, these works, in detail

considering theoretical and practical aspects of system organization

non-cash payments based on plastic cards, as well as detailed

technical and technological characteristics of various payment systems,

used in the work of banks, practically do not affect the specifics

organizations and issues of managing non-cash payments based on

plastic cards at trade and service enterprises.

In particular, to such insufficiently developed theoretically, and especially

methodologically include problems related to the organization and

maintaining accounting records of payments based on plastic cards within

trading enterprise.

Insufficient elaboration of the above issues in accounting,

great theoretical and practical significance of its further

improvements determined the choice of the dissertation topic.

Purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the dissertation research is

development of methods for organizing and implementing non-cash payments, as well as

plastic cards.

In accordance with the stated goal, the following are formulated in the work:

tasks that determined the internal structure of the study:

Creation optimal scheme functioning of the non-cash payment system based on plastic cards;

Determining areas for improving accounting of payments made using plastic cards;

Formation of models for accounting profits and losses of issuing banks and acquirers when using various types of plastic cards;

The listed problems were solved in the dissertation, and corresponding conclusions and recommendations were made.

The subject of the study was the methodological foundations and organization of accounting for payments made using plastic cards at trade and service enterprises with the aim of improving them.

Object of study. Practical activities of various manufacturing and trading companies in Russia, especially in St. Petersburg and Barnaul. The following was chosen as the base organization:

JSC Center for Scientific Research and Audit "Panacea". Information base research served:

Legislative and regulations Russian Federation concerning the organization of non-cash payment systems based on plastic cards; Theoretical and methodological basis Research consists of scientific works of domestic and foreign authors in the field of the plastic card market, periodicals on the implementation of non-cash payment systems based on plastic cards.

In the process of research, methods of analysis and synthesis, grouping and comparison, scientific abstraction and modeling, economic and mathematical methods were used, allowing for the most complete study of the phenomena under study.

Scientific novelty of the research. During the research process, the following results were obtained, characterizing the scientific novelty of the dissertation work:

The necessity of introducing an electronic payment system into the non-cash payment system of trade and service enterprises is substantiated;

The main types and types of plastic cards are summarized and classified not only in terms of their functional purpose, areas of application, etc., but also from an accounting point of view;

Options have been developed for accounting for settlements for commodity transactions, with accountable persons and for wages carried out using plastic cards;

The accounting of profits and losses of the issuing bank and the acquiring bank when using various types of plastic cards was modeled;

Theoretical and practical significance of the work. Consists in the fact that it represents an independent complete Scientific research one of current problems formation of a market mechanism Russian economy: the process of formation and development of payment systems based on plastic cards, as well as regulation of their functioning in the Russian economy. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in their orientation towards solving pressing issues of the effectiveness of using non-cash payment systems based on plastic cards at trade enterprises and the possibility of using the main provisions and conclusions in a number of scientific, theoretical and practical areas, as:

Recommendations for managers and specialists in the field of accounting. The proposed methods, methods and techniques can be used to improve the methodology and organization of accounting for payments made using plastic cards at trading enterprises.

Approbation and practical implementation of the results of the work.

The main provisions of the dissertation received a positive assessment at the scientific conference of St. Petersburg State University. The proposed methodology for accounting for payments using plastic cards has been tested in trading enterprises in Barnaul.

Publications:

Evolution of the development of a payment system based on plastic cards

Plastic money (predecessors of electronic money) have a fairly long history. The first sentence about possible use cards as a means of payment were made in England at the end of the last century by James Bellamy in the book “Looking Backwards” (James Bellamy, Looking Backwards., 1880) [Eroshin, p. 35].

However, in practice, the United States became the pioneer in this area. The first to appear were credit cards, which were not yet bank or plastic cards. Credit cards were designed to prove the holder's creditworthiness outside of his bank. The USA is known to be a country where consumer credit is very widespread. The first credit card was issued in 1914 by General Petroleum Corporation of California (now Mobil Oil). The cards were used for payment in the process of trading petroleum products. In this capacity they quickly gained popularity. The card holder received significant convenience in service and discounts when purchasing goods, and the issuing company received regular customers and stable income.

In 1928, Farrington Manufacturing Company of Boston produced the first metal plates embossed with the customer's name and address and issued to creditworthy customers. The seller put such a plate into a special machine called an imprinter, and the letters embossed on it were imprinted on the sales receipt.

In subsequent years, elements of the financial credit system began to develop, such as minimum monthly debt repayment, a deferment period, that is, interest-free lending, and many others.

In 1936, the first association of enterprises appeared, agreeing to provide loans to common clients. [Vasilenko V., p. 73].

Most experts believe that the first person to propose the use of bank credit cards was John S. Biggins, a consumer loan specialist at Flatbush National Bank in Brooklyn, New York. In 1946, Biggins set up a credit scheme called Chargeit. This scheme involved receipts that were accepted from customers by local stores for small purchases. After the purchase took place, the store handed over the receipts to the bank, and the bank paid them from the customers' accounts. In Flatbush, the classic settlement chain, now used everywhere in the banking card business, was tested for the first time. [Plastic cards in Russia, p. 7].

However, such an authoritative banking researcher as Lewis Mandell believes that the first mass payment card system was the Diners Club company, which in 1950 introduced payment cards accepted as payment for services in restaurants, hotels and travel agencies .

Restaurant patrons in good standing could receive a Diners Club card and present it at many New York City restaurants instead of cash. Restaurants submitted copies of invoices to Diners Club, which paid them and then issued the customer one total invoice each month.

One of the main differences from previous systems was that between clients and commercial companies offering not only goods, but also services, there is an intermediary organization that undertakes settlements. Essentially, this was the first full-scale scheme of a multilateral agreement involving the card issuer, merchants and cardholders, and it was this feature that allowed the Diners Club card to become the first mass (as opposed to store, “gasoline”, etc.) card. In 1958, American Express offered a similar card. In 1951 - 58 over 100 American banks, appreciating the success of Diners Club, began to create their own card systems, but their scale was small and the cards were local in nature. Banks viewed cards as an additional service to customers and did not see the enormous potential opportunities that cards opened up in the field of payments and lending. The first mass-produced credit card offering the possibility of extending credit was issued in 1958 by Bank of America. Bank card Americard, now VISA. This card quickly became widespread. The volume of transactions with Bank Americard increased from $75 million in 1961 to $335 million. in 1967, the number of cardholders increased from 1 to 2.7 million people, and the number of trade and service enterprises participating in the program increased from 35 to 83 thousand. [Usoskin, p. 43].

This is how payment systems began to take shape: the bank issued a card and opened an account for the client; A whole network of shops, bars, restaurants, hotels, etc. arose on the territory of the country and abroad, where cards issued by the issuing bank were accepted for payment, and a center was equipped that handled card payments (processing). But when we start talking about the development of the plastic card market in Russia, the likelihood of information distortion increases. This is, on the one hand, a consequence of many years of closedness of our society and unreliable advertising. On the other hand, the explanation lies in the youth of our card business; The problem is that there is a catastrophic shortage of specialists, and any successful experience in this area is considered a trade secret, used as a weapon in competition.

Accounting for payments based on plastic cards from legal entities - suppliers of goods (works, services)

With the advent of such a new type of service on the banking services market as payments with plastic cards, it became necessary to develop a methodology for reflecting transactions for payments with plastic cards in accounting accounts both in credit institutions and in trade (service) enterprises. From an accounting point of view, a plastic card is a technical information medium, the proper use of which guarantees the reliability and targeting of calculations. A trade and service enterprise enters into an agreement on the use of plastic cards as a means of payment with the acquiring bank, which stipulates the procedure for authorizing cards, the terms of payment for goods (work, services), the conditions for providing the trade enterprise with the necessary technical means (POS terminals, etc.). etc.) In addition, instructions on the procedure for servicing plastic card holders are attached to the agreement. The basis for recording in accounting accounts and entries in accounting registers are cash register reports with attached documents. The main document is the slip (from the English slip - form, registration card), which is a special form indicating that a purchase was made in the store and includes the details of the card holder, authorization code and transaction amount. Slip forms are handed over to the merchant by the acquiring bank and are strict reporting forms.

Slip forms are issued for financial reporting responsible person(usually to the cashier) and are taken into account in off-balance sheet account 006 “Strict reporting forms” in the conditional valuation. The slip is filled out in triplicate as a carbon copy.

The first is handed over to the buyer, the second is attached to the consolidated register of slips (which indicates the number of slips being handed over and their total amount) and is handed over to the collector, the third with a copy of the consolidated register of slips is transferred to the accounting department as part of the cash report. Collection periods are set depending on the quantity and total amount accumulated slips and are specified in the contract. Before the arrival of the collector, a register of slips is compiled indicating their number and amount. The register is filled out in two copies: the first is transferred with slips to the collector, the second, with the receipt of the collector, remains in the store.

Based on the received copy of the slip, as well as primary documentation: invoices, delivery notes, sales receipts, the accounting department of a trading enterprise reflects sales on the accounting accounts. Based on the study, it was concluded that the organization of accounting for transactions using plastic cards requires the introduction of new sub-accounts. In our opinion, it is necessary to open the following subaccounts to the accounts: to account 55 “Special accounts in banks” - subaccount “Special card account”, to account 57 “Transfers in transit” - subaccount “Settlements with banks by cards”, to account 76 " Settlements with various debtors and creditors" - subaccount "Settlements with banks by cards".

IN Methodical recommendations on accounting and registration of operations for the receipt, storage and release of goods in trading enterprises, approved by the letter of the RF Committee on Trade dated July 10, 1996. No. 1-794/32-5 provides for one option for reflecting in the accounting of payments using plastic cards at enterprises that accept plastic cards as payment for goods (work, services) - for enterprises that sell goods for cash (mainly these are enterprises retail):

Features of a loan provided using a bank card

A bank card is a means for drawing up settlement and other documents to be paid at the client’s expense.

But a bank card can serve not only as a payment tool, but also, if a credit card is used, it provides access to the bank’s credit resources. A bank credit card is a plastic card that allows its holder to defer payment when purchasing goods or services. Each cardholder is assigned a credit limit on his or her loan account. Periodically, the holder receives a statement of the flow of funds in his loan account, detailing the dates and costs of purchases made and receipts of cash in the form of advances, since overdrafts (loans with interest) are allowed.

Overspending is allowed in the amount line of credit provided by the issuer.

Within a certain period after receiving the report, the card holder has the right to repay the debt without paying interest for using the loan, or to pay part of the amount and repay the rest of the debt, while paying interest to the bank. Let's consider one of the most common credit schemes. Within 25 calendar days (the so-called "grace period") after the monthly statement is sent to the client card account Interest is not charged on the loan (debt) amount, but it is necessary to pay 10% of the debt. After 25 days, interest begins to accrue daily on the unpaid portion of the debt at the rate of 20% per annum. The bank does not charge a commission for non-cash payments for goods and services; for each receipt of cash, a 2% fee is charged. The annual fee for using the card is $25.

Thus, classic credit cards allow their holder to repay monthly only 5-10% of the amount of bills paid by the bank, and the other part of the bills that remains unpaid is a loan from the issuing bank to the card holder. This loan is provided today at 15-20% per annum (depending on the credit scheme of the issuing bank).

The loan can be either one-time (in this case cards are called payment cards) or renewable (revolving).

The main feature of a classic credit card is that the bank opens a line of credit, which is used automatically whenever goods are purchased or a cash loan is taken out. The credit line operates within the limit set by the bank, that is, the limit means the amount of the loan provided, within which the card holder can spend funds. The size of the limit is determined based on the client’s wealth and monthly income.

In addition, banks offer such a type of credit card as a card with a limited credit period ( payment card) .

Unlike “classic” credit cards, obtaining a loan with payment cards is limited to one month. In fact, there is a settlement scheme that involves paying the entire amount of monthly expenses within a certain period after receiving a bank statement without the right to extend the loan. For the period between making purchases and payment, the client receives a free loan, and in case of delay in payment, he is obliged to pay penalty interest. I would like to note that the credit payment scheme using plastic cards, in addition to the obvious advantages that it gives both cardholders and issuing banks, also contains a certain risk for the latter. When opening a credit line to a cardholder, the bank faces problems that are inherent in this area of banking operations. Before issuing a credit card to a client, the bank must conduct a thorough examination financial situation future borrower, study it credit history and identify the degree of risk associated with late payments and loan defaults. A loan issued using a bank card is associated with a greater degree of risk than other types consumer loan. This risk is as follows:

Firstly, when issuing a regular consumer loan to a client, the bank, as a rule, receives security in the form of collateral material assets(for example, durable goods purchased on credit - cars, refrigerators, televisions, etc.) or financial assets (savings books, policies), as well as in the form of various kinds of sureties and guarantees. This makes it possible in the event of a loan default or long delay payments to sell the collateral and use the received funds to pay off the debt. In contrast, a bank card loan falls into the category of unsecured loans. The only guarantee here is the name of the borrower himself, his good will, desire and ability to repay the loan. Naturally, the risk for the bank increases significantly [Usoskin, p. 101].

Secondly, in the case of a regular consumer loan repayable in installments, the borrower’s debt to the bank (and, accordingly, the amount credit obligations for a given loan) gradually decreases as the borrower makes periodic (monthly) installments. Accordingly, as the debt decreases, the risk of the loan decreases. With a credit card, a revolving line of credit is opened for the borrower. The operation of the credit scheme is such that when the client repays part of the debt on previous transactions, the unused part of the limit on the credit line is automatically restored to the appropriate amount and again becomes available to the borrower upon subsequent use of the card.

Improving the economic mechanism in the context of the transition to a market places increasingly higher demands on the functioning of the monetary circulation system, the organization of settlement and cash service, both individuals and enterprises and organizations. The growth of payment turnover and the resulting increase in circulation costs strongly dictates the need to improve the mechanism of money circulation, ensuring the rapidly growing needs for payments and accelerating the turnover of funds while simultaneously reducing monetary circulation costs and reducing labor costs.

Constantly increasing requirements for the range and quality of services, growing competition between banks for clients force us to look for new forms, methods, and tools for working with the population.

This problem cannot be solved with the massive use of cash, since due to their physical nature they have a limit of mobility, cause high labor intensity of financial calculations, which do not ensure the continuity of the chain of payments and make it difficult to control their movement. The main way to solve it is to use the so-called “paperless” technology based on the best experience of using non-cash payments in practice. One of the directions of this path is the development of settlements using bank plastic cards.

The state of the economy of any country largely depends on the organization of national money circulation. That is why central banks of all countries of the world constantly study international experience and trends in the development of money circulation, strive to develop and implement new schemes for its organization based on national characteristics.

Cash transactions are extremely costly for government and commercial financial institutions. The release of new banknotes into circulation, the exchange of old ones, the maintenance of a large staff, the inconvenience and great loss of time of ordinary customers - all this places a heavy burden on the country's economy. One of the possible and most promising ways to solve the problem cash turnover-- creation of an effective automated system of non-cash payments as a fundamental element of the modern economy.

Use of modern payment systems and high-tech banking products is an indispensable condition for the successful development of new types of retail services. Banking service, focused primarily on the client, involves the introduction and use of payment cards in the field of payments.

Today, bank cards are a key element of electronic banking systems, actively displacing the usual check books and cash. Another important feature is that the card contains a certain amount of information necessary to access a bank account, make payments for goods, services or work, as well as withdraw cash, allowing it to serve as the simplest and most progressive means of organizing non-cash payments.

A plastic card is a payment instrument through which its holders can make non-cash payments for goods, works and services or receive cash.

IN this definition I would like to note three main points.

Firstly, a plastic card is only a means of accessing funds in the holder’s account, through which he carries out the above operations (with the exception of cards electronic money). It contains certain information, with the help of which, as well as an individual code (PIN code), the holder has access to the funds in his account. In addition to the PIN code, cards with a chip also store information about the latest status of the balance in the correspondent account.

Secondly, a plastic card is a means of making payments, and not the means of payment itself. In other words, the card does not replace money itself (legal tender), nor does it replace or duplicate the function of money as a means of payment. It is only a tool through which money performs this function. Thirdly, the card is not a money surrogate. As noted above, the card contains only certain information about the account, and not funds. In itself, it has no value (except for the cost of plastic).

Let's consider the types and capabilities of bank plastic cards. So, as already mentioned, the card is a carrier of information for accessing the account. Information about the card and its holder is printed on the front side of the card and electronically recorded on a magnetic stripe or microcircuit (chip) on the back side. It is the data on the magnetic stripe or chip that the terminal reads when performing a transaction. Let's list what data is contained on the card (Figure 1.1 and 1.2):

Figure 1.1 - Front side of the card

Note - Source:

Figure 1.2 -Reverse side cards

Note - Source:

On the front side there is the name of the issuing bank and the logo of the payment system. On the reverse side there is information in case of loss of the card and customer service phone numbers. A mandatory element of the design of the card service point is the logo of the payment system, which must match the logo on the card.

Let us describe the main types of cards:

By bank account type:

The money in a bank account can either belong to its owner or be provided on credit by the bank. In the first case, the card is called debit, and in the second - credit.

There are also mixed type cards, when on the account, in addition to own funds the owner has a certain limit within which the bank is ready to provide a loan. Basically, such cards are debit, and the allowed credit is called permitted overdraft(from English overdraft- overexpenditure).

Thus, a debit card is issued (issued) to a current account (card account), and a credit card to a credit account (credit debt account).

By who the card is issued to:

More than one card can be issued for one account: in the name of the account owner or his authorized representative. The first card is always issued to the account owner and is basic, second and subsequent cards - additional.

If you, as the owner of the account, want to provide access to the funds on it to another person, for example, a family member, then you need to issue an additional card from the bank in his name. The person in whose name the card is issued is called the card holder. Only the card holder is allowed to make transactions using it.

With the development of card technologies, cards appeared that were issued by banks without opening an account - prepaid cards, with or without the possibility of replenishment. The amount spent on purchasing a prepaid card is equal to the face value of the card minus the service fee.

According to the technology of work:

Cards with magnetic stripe

Historically, the first cards with electronically data entry. When a card is issued, information about it is recorded in encoded form on a magnetic stripe located on the back of the card.

Microprocessor cards are the modern standard in the payment card industry. Data about the card is entered onto a microcircuit (chip) located in the form of a contact pad with reverse side cards. Most microprocessor cards are also equipped with a magnetic stripe to work in older devices that do not support microprocessor cards. In principle, plastic cards with a microprocessor are ordinary plastic cards (Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.3 - Microprocessor (chip) cards

Note - Source:

The production of chip cards is carried out using the same technologies, only instead of a magnetic strip with information, a special microprocessor is built into the cards. Such a chip is actually a small computer. Bank plastic cards with a chip are used to store any type of information - the number of services received, the history of banking transactions, etc. Chip cards are highly functional and most often combine two functions of a plastic card - identification and payment.

Plastic cards with chips are divided into contact and contactless. Contact plastic chip cards must be applied to the reader, i.e. To transmit information to microprocessors, physical contact with a special device is required. This can be avoided by using contactless chip cards. It is enough for such cards to be within the reader’s coverage area and transfer the entire necessary information by radio signal. Accordingly, the service life of contact cards is not as long, unlike contactless chips.

There is an opinion that chip cards actually have many undeniable advantages over their magnetic counterparts. It is not difficult to distinguish a microprocessor card from a regular one: a metal square is soldered into it; in fact, this is the chip on which all information about the bank account is stored. On a traditional plastic card, this information is encrypted on a magnetic strip. It is easy to fake such a strip for criminal purposes; all you need is a skimmer - a special device that reads information from the card. An electronic microprocessor uses a much more complex protection algorithm, and information from the chip cannot be copied with a skimmer.

The production of counterfeit magnetic cards in the world is now established almost on an industrial scale, but no cases of counterfeit microprocessor cards have yet been recorded. A transaction generated by a magnetic card always has the same data identifying the card, which is transmitted to the bank. Therefore, they can be copied and a fake card made. A microprocessor card works differently: each transaction is confirmed by a code specially generated for it, and for each subsequent operation it is required new code. Therefore, using data from transactions that have already taken place does not make sense, and it is virtually impossible to duplicate the chip.

Nowadays, “pure” chip cards are rarely produced in the world. So far, only combined “plastic” is simulated - it contains both a microprocessor and a magnetic stripe. They do not dare to switch to a microprocessor only due to the lack of a full-fledged infrastructure for servicing such cards. Such combination cards, given their high level security compared to a regular plastic card, in theory they should cost more. And for a bank, producing a microprocessor costs much more than issuing a card with a magnetic stripe. However, the annual service fee for combination cards is no different from the prices for regular cards. Additional fee banks do not charge for the chip, but they also do not provide additional services, although they could well do so. Various programs can be installed on the microprocessor built into the card at the discretion of the bank’s marketers and its technical capabilities.

Currently, bank plastic cards with a chip are increasingly replacing traditional plastic cards with a magnetic stripe. Increasingly, banks are giving preference to cards with a microprocessor, primarily due to their resistance to hacking. Thus, in the countries of the European Union, an initiative has been adopted on the mandatory transition to microprocessor cards before the beginning of 2011. The number of Belarusian banks issuing microprocessor cards is also gradually growing. By belonging to the payment system: Like most phenomena in our lives, a bank card is part of a larger system. Or more precisely, a payment system.

Cards of international payment systems

Among the international payment systems, the most famous and widespread are Visa, MasterCard And American Express. They account for about 96% of all payment cards in the world. Belarusian banks issue international cards Visa And MasterCard.

Cards of internal payment systems

National-scale payment systems are called domestic. For example, in the Republic of Belarus there is an internal payment system “BelKart”. IN big countries Several internal systems can operate simultaneously.

Cards of private payment systems

Payment systems on the scale of one or more banks are called private. Such payment systems can be both domestic and international. While offering similar services, payment systems nevertheless operate independently of each other.

To begin issuing international cards, the bank must join one or more international payment systems, having passed the necessary certification. Joining the system and maintaining card programs incurs significant costs for the bank, including payments to the payment system, so when making such a decision, banks must assess their market opportunities.

A solution could be to join the domestic payment system - this is less expensive for the bank and its clients, and at the same time helps to strengthen financial independence countries. A feature of the domestic payment system is its local nature, which does not allow using the card abroad. On the one hand, this limits the capabilities of the card holder, on the other hand, it is safer for everyday use.

This division has been developed in international payment systems. The table in Appendix A presents cards for comparison Visa And MasterCard.

For the state, the development of the bank plastic cards market means attracting funds to banks; These are resources that influence the growth of the economy in a country. And tax revenues - any non-cash transactions are transparent, and cash can be hidden. That's why National Bank advocates for the development of non-cash payments.

By expert assessments, effective automated system non-cash payments reduces cash by almost a third money turnover. Thus, as of January 1, 2012, there were a total of more than 9.8 million bank cards in circulation in the republic.

The most widespread are three payment systems: two international - Visa International And MasterСard WorldWide and one domestic one - “Belkart”. According to the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus, for 2011. More than 571 million transactions were carried out using bank plastic cards on the territory of the Republic of Belarus. The share of non-cash transactions in their total number using bank plastic cards was 56.1%, and in total terms - 15.7%.

Today, the card business in Belarus is not developing as dynamically as we would like. And, despite the fact that the payment culture of the population of the republic is improving every year, a huge mass of retail payments are still carried out using cash. But further active use of bank plastic cards, electronic payments and Internet payments will reduce the costs associated with servicing cash circulation, increase the speed of settlements and the level of service to the population.

It should be noted that citizens of most highly developed countries have long felt the benefits of a bank plastic card and use it when paying for goods and services. Not only do they receive cash from ATMs, but they also pay for air tickets and hotel bills using electronic payments. A bank plastic card is not only a convenient payment instrument, but also a safe means of making electronic payments and receiving cash. A bank plastic card has become one of the most popular payment instruments in the electronic banking services system. Its use allows us to reduce the cost of services provided to clients, as well as expand their range. In addition, it helps reduce cash turnover, accelerate the movement of funds between clients, replenish the resource base of banks, expands opportunities for growth in trade turnover and production, increases the security of money circulation in the country and the payment culture of citizens.

In research Global Insight Inc., relating to economies developed countries, there are positive aspects from the use of electronic banking services on a macroeconomic scale, which contribute to improving the efficiency of the economy and its growth. One of them is increased consumer spending.

Thus, based on calculations carried out Global Insight Inc., an increase in the existing share of electronic payments in the country by 10% leads to an increase consumer spending by 0.5%.

The second positive point is cost savings. According to the calculations of the same organization, the electronic payment network compared to systems based on paper media information, contributes to cost savings at a level equal to 1% of GDP per year. This level is achieved by increasing the speed of money circulation, reducing settlement time and reducing the cost of making payments. Thus, in the USA, savings from the use of electronic payments are about 60 billion dollars annually, in the UK - 10 billion dollars, in Belarus it could be about 750 million dollars.

The third indisputable advantage of electronic funds transfer systems is the accumulation of capital and the creation of a potentially powerful resource for economic growth through the transfer of cash to bank accounts and the formation of low-cost investment funds. So, according to American economists, thanks to the investment activity of banks in the USA, an increase in their resource base by 10% contributes to GDP growth in this country by more than 1% per year.

As in any economic activity, for Belarusian specialists in the field of plastic cards, it is important to take into account both the positive and negative global experience of banks, primarily European ones, since only through the experience of the oldest banks can one accurately predict the results of their activities for a serious future.

Until recently, the entire range of payment cards, which provided the ability to record and store on a storage medium (microchip) a certain amount (information about the amount) in monetary terms, was united by one concept “prepaid card”. But in accordance with the latest report to the European Commission on the regulatory aspects of the issue and use of prepaid cards, which was compiled based on an analysis of relevant national legislation and regulations of the European Union countries, the concept of “prepaid card” has changed somewhat. There was a division of prepaid payment instruments into electronic money cards and cards with full accounting operations. This is due to significant differences between these cards when carrying out transactions using them at all stages, from issuing the card to transferring funds to the seller of goods (services).

Systems built on prepaid cards with full accounting of transactions allow for complete accounting of the movement of funds.

This is done by card issuers who, through terminals, have the ability to track every transaction. These cards are similar to debit or credit cards, and the procedure for their release and circulation is regulated by the Rules.

In the Resolution of the Board of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus “On the minimum requirements for carrying out transactions with bank plastic cards of electronic money” dated June 27, 2001 No. 146, electronic money is defined as the obligations of the issuer to the holder in monetary terms, stored electronically on a technical device. Electronic money is non-personalized.

The legislative and regulatory framework for the functioning of non-cash payments using bank plastic cards reflects:

Creation and improvement of the legal space for organizing the circulation of cards of various systems and types on the territory of Belarus, including cards of international and domestic systems, credit and debit cards, used for both individuals and legal entities;

Creation of prerequisites for the mass release of cards into circulation, including servicing the population with wages;

Creation of a unified information space for non-cash payments for goods and services, including payment utilities(a unified network of ATMs, trade and service enterprises that accept cards from international and domestic payment systems);

Improving settlement mechanisms in order to optimize liquidity and reduce all types of risks.

It should be noted that the existing normative base covers the main aspects of the functioning of banks within the framework of card systems. But, as it seems to us, it is necessary to refine existing documents and develop new ones that regulate the following areas of the card business:

Development of a program of economic support for enterprises

countries operating within the framework of card programs;

Development of regulatory documents for document storage,

formed in the process of working with plastic cards;

Development of regulatory documents regulating the procedure for working with non-bank and combined plastic cards, etc.

To summarize the above, it should be noted that a plastic card is a payment instrument through which its holders can make non-cash payments for goods, works and services or receive cash. In addition, a plastic card is also an effective tool monetary policy states. It is the state that is interested in broadly attracting funds to banks, developing non-cash forms of payment for goods and services, reducing the cash supply and the costs of maintaining it, reducing the scale of shadow economic turnover and controlling transactions in the consumer market, as well as increasing the scale of consumer lending population.

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Plastic cards as a payment tool. Improving the payment system using plastic cards. Recommended list of dissertations

1. International payment systems

1.1 The emergence of bank plastic cards

1.2 The concept of plastic cards

.3 Issuers and acquirers

.4 Payment system and types of cards

2. Market of bank plastic cards in the Russian Federation

2.1 Russian bank card market in numbers using the example of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation

2.2 State regulation of bank plastic cards in the Russian Federation

2.3 The problem of underdevelopment of bank cards in the Russian Federation

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Evolution of the development of a payment system based on plastic cards

Accounting for payments based on plastic cards from legal entities - suppliers of goods (works, services)

Features of a loan provided using a bank card

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