Tourism represents a social, cultural and economic phenomenon, associated with the movement of people to places outside their permanent residence, and the motive, as a rule, is entertainment and recreation. It impacts the economy, the natural and built environment and local population in visited places and on the tourists themselves.

In addition to the recognized role of tourism in promoting global competitiveness in international trade, wealth creation and regional development at the level of international organizations, it is increasingly seen as a promising area of ​​economic activity that can become a building block for poverty reduction and sustainable development of a country.

There is therefore a need for a holistic approach to tourism development, management and control, which is not possible without extensive and reliable statistics. Only reliable and adequate statistical data can serve as the basis for developing marketing strategies, strengthening interdepartmental relations, assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of management decisions and measuring tourism performance across the national economy.

International tourism statistics have a long history of development. In 1937, the Council of the League of Nations recommended a definition of the term "international tourist" for statistical purposes, which was slightly modified in 1950 by the International Union of Official Tourist Organizations (IUOTO) at a meeting held in Dublin. In 1953, the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) defined the concept of “international visitor”.

The UN Conference on International Travel and Tourism (Rome, 1963), based on the recommendations of IUOTO, recommended definitions of the terms “visitor”, “tourist” and “excursionist”, which were approved by the UNSC in 1968.

In 1978, the UNSC approved Interim Guidelines for International Tourism Statistics were published. In 1993, at the 27th session of the UNSC, the “Recommendations on Tourism Statistics” (hereinafter referred to as the 1993 Recommendations) and the Standard International Classification of Tourism Activities (SICTA), harmonized with ISIC, were adopted. In 2004, at the 35th session of the UNSC, a decision was made to update these recommendations, as a result of which a revised version was created - the International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics, 2008 (approved and published in 2010). IRTS-2008 was developed by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), which in 2004 was transformed into a specialized UN agency that coordinates the activities of all agencies involved in collecting tourism statistics. The UN Statistics Division, the International Labor Organization (ILO) and other international organizations (OECD, Eurostat, IMF, WTO) also participated in the development of IRTS-2208.

The purpose of IRTS 2008 is to provide countries with a common reference framework for compiling tourism statistics. They contain a system of internally consistent definitions, concepts, classifications and indicators that:

• – recommended for practical application all over the world, both developed and developing countries;
• – consistent with the definitions and classifications used in the SNA, balance of payments, statistics of international trade in services, household and migration statistics;
• – applicable to describe and analyze the tourism sector at the national and subnational levels;
• – differ in conceptual accuracy;
• – are measurable within the framework of statistical monitoring of visitors and activities to serve them;
• – recommended classifications contain references to two main international economic classifications– Central Product Classification (CPC) and International Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (ISIC).

These standards are recommended for use by all UN member countries. The implementation of standards is promoted by UNWTO in collaboration with the United Nations Statistics Division through the provision of technical assistance in the form of country missions and regional and subregional seminars and workshops.

In addition, according to UNWTO, the implementation of standards should be facilitated by the creation in all countries of an inter-institutional alliance of national tourism administrations, immigration authorities, tourism associations, national statistical offices and central banks. To facilitate this, UNWTO has developed a concept of inter-agency cooperation.

The concept of "tourism" is a subcategory of the concept of "travel". IRTS 2008 defines travel as the activity of travelers. A traveler is any person moving between different geographical points for any purpose and for any period of time. Travelers include visitors and other travelers. A visitor is a traveler traveling to a primary destination outside his/her usual environment for a period of less than a year (according to Russian legislation– 6 months) from any main goal(business trip, vacation or other personal purpose), with the exception of the purpose of employment at an enterprise registered in the country or place of visit. Such trips carried out by visitors qualify as tourist trips. The concept of tourism refers to the activities of visitors. This coverage is much broader than the traditional understanding of tourists, which is limited to those traveling for pleasure, and is of fundamental importance for defining the goals and objectives of international tourism statistics.

A visitor is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor) if his/her trip includes at least one overnight stay, or as a day visitor (or excursionist) in other cases, i.e. without overnight stay.

The basic concepts of tourism statistics are:

• – the economy in question; economic territory of the country in question;
• – place of residence: country permanent residence, permanent place of residence (within the country);
• – citizenship and nationality;
• – the usual habitat of a person;
• – tourist trips and visits;
• – tourism and employment in the visited place.

The terms "economic territory" and "economy" are defined in tourism statistics in the same way as in the balance of payments and SNA. The first of them indicates the country for which the measurement is being carried out (the country under consideration), the second refers to economic entities registered in the country under consideration (the economy under consideration).

The country of permanent residence of a household is determined in the same way as in the balance of payments and in the SNA: the household is considered a resident of that economic territory on which the members of that household have, or intend to have, one or more residential premises that are considered and used by the members of that household as their main residence.

A traveler's nationality or citizenship is usually determined by the country whose government issues his/her passport (or other identification document), even if he/she resides permanently in another country. The concept of "citizenship" is not mandatory for the purposes of tourism statistics. MSRT 2008 recommends classifying travelers based on their country of residence.

One of the basic concepts in the field of tourism is the concept of “the usual environment of a person.” It is defined as the geographical area (although not necessarily contiguous in territory) within which a person conducts his daily activities. This characteristic refers exclusively to an individual and complements the concept of “country of residence” used in the SNA and the balance of payments, as well as the concept of “place of residence” used in household statistics.

Travel means the journey of a person from the time of departure from his/her place of residence until the time of return. The trip consists of visits to various places. A "domestic or outbound tourism trip" refers to the visitor's journey from the time of departure from his/her place of residence until the time of return: therefore, it is a round trip. An “inbound tourist trip” refers to the visitor’s journey from the moment of entry into the country to the moment of departure.

In addition to the main purpose, a tourist trip is characterized by the main destination. The main destination of a tourist trip is defined as the place the visit to which formed the basis of the decision to travel, or the place furthest from the permanent place of residence if the visitor is unable to name such a place.

Domestic travel is travel whose main destination is within the visitor's country of residence. An inbound or outbound trip is a trip whose primary destination is outside the visitor's country of residence. An outbound trip may involve visiting places within the visitor's country of residence, just as a domestic trip may involve visiting places outside the visitor's country of residence. Inbound travel only includes visits to places within the country in question.

The term "tourist visit" refers to a stay in a place visited during a tourist trip. A visit does not have to be an overnight stay to qualify as a tourist visit. However, the concept of "visiting" implies stopping. Entering a geographic area without stopping there does not count as visiting that area.

Trips to country houses made by members of a household for the purpose of recreation, vacation or any other leisure activity are usually considered tourist trips if they are not so frequent and the stay in these houses is not so long as to turn them into the main residence of the visitor. IRTS 2008 recommends that such travel be measured separately for purposes of analysis and international comparison.

Any trip undertaken by a traveler the primary purpose of which is to obtain employment in an enterprise registered in the country visited and to receive compensation for labor costs shall not be considered a tourist trip, even if the trip is outside the person's normal environment and does not exceed 12 months. If such employment and payment received are merely incidental to the trip, the traveler will still be considered a visitor (and the trip will qualify as a tourist trip).

• 1) interior– includes the activities within the country in question of a visitor permanently residing there when he carries out either an internal or an outbound tourist trip;
• 2) entry– includes the activities of a visitor not residing in the country in question within this country during his inbound tourist trip;
• 3) away– includes the activities of a visitor permanently residing in the country in question outside this country when making an outbound tourist trip.

The three types of tourism above can be combined in various ways to constitute other types of tourism, in which case the following definitions should be used:

• A) tourism within the country– includes domestic and inbound tourism, i.e. activities of visitors residing and not residing in the country in question, within this country as part of domestic or international tourist trips;
• b) national tourism– includes domestic and outbound tourism, i.e. the activities of visitors permanently residing in the country in question, within and outside the country, as part of either domestic or outbound tourist trips;
• V) international tourism – includes inbound and outbound tourism, i.e. the activities of visitors permanently residing in the country in question outside of it as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips, and the activities of visitors not residing in the country in question within the country during outbound tourism trips.

According to the main types of tourism, visitors are classified as follows:

• – international visitors;
• – internal visitors.

An international traveler qualifies as an international visitor in relation to the country in question if: a) he/she is on a tourist trip and b) he/she is not a resident of the country in question in which he is traveling or is a resident of the country in question traveling outside of it. .

The following do not apply to international visitors: cross-border, seasonal and other short-term workers; long-term employees; nomads and refugees; transit passengers who do not enter the economic and legal territory; crews of public modes of transport; persons entering the country for permanent residence; persons undergoing long-term training; persons undergoing long-term treatment and their families; diplomats, consular officers, military personnel and their dependents; military personnel on maneuvers.

From the point of view of the country in question, a domestic traveler is classified as a domestic visitor if: a) he/she is on a tourist trip and b) he/she is a resident of the country in question through which he is traveling.

In addition to the distribution of visitors by type of tourism, obtaining information on the socio-economic status of visitors, in particular gender, age, economic activity status, occupation, annual household income, family or personal income, and education, is important for characterizing tourist trips.

Personal characteristics of visitors are collected either through administrative procedures (e.g. entry/exit cards, records collected in collective accommodation facilities, etc.), or through household surveys, surveys at borders or at popular tourist destinations or certain travel-related circumstances.

In tourism, the focus is on visitors. However, visitors do not always travel alone; they may travel in companies in which they share all or part of the activities, visits and expenses associated with their trip. In this regard, IRTS 2008 introduced new concepts - "travel party" - visitors traveling together whose expenses are pooled, and "travel group" consisting of individuals or traveling companies: examples would be a group tour with a full service or a group of youth going to summer camp.

Trips associated with various types of tourism may have the following characteristics:

• - primary goal;
• – duration;
• – place of origin and place of destination;
• - types of transport;
• – types of accommodation.

The main purpose of a trip is defined as the purpose without which the trip would not have taken place. Information about the purpose of a tourist trip is useful for determining behavioral patterns of tourist spending. It is also important for identifying key segments of tourism demand for planning, marketing and sales purposes.

When classifying tourist trips according to their main purpose, it is recommended to distribute them as follows.

• 1. Personal goals.
• 1.1. Vacation, leisure and recreation.
• 1.2. Visiting friends and relatives.
• 1.3. Education and training.
• 1.4. Medical and health procedures.
• 1.5. Religion/pilgrimage.
• 1.6. Visiting shops.
• 1.7. Transit.
• 1.8. Other goals.
• 2. Business and professional goals.

At the same time, business and professional goals include independent activities employed persons and employees, unless there is evidence of an express or implied employment relationship with a resident manufacturer in the country or place visited, activities of investors, businessmen, etc. This category also includes, for example, participation in meetings, conferences or congresses, trade fairs and exhibitions; giving lectures, performing at concerts, performances and performances; advertising, procurement, sale or purchase of goods and services on behalf of non-resident producers (of the country or place visited); participation in missions of foreign governments as diplomats, military personnel or employees of international organizations, except when they are on a long-term assignment in the country visited; participation in missions of non-governmental organizations; participation in scientific applied or basic research; drawing up tourist travel programs, concluding contracts for the provision of accommodation and transport services, working as guides or as other tourism workers in the interests of non-resident agencies (of the country or place visited); participation in professional sporting events; attending formal or informal on-the-job training courses; work as part of a crew/team on private means of transport (corporate aircraft, yacht, etc.), etc.

In practice, slightly different groupings of travel purposes may be used. In particular, Russian border statistics divide the purposes of entry and exit of citizens into business; tourism; private; entry/exit for permanent residence; transit; entry/exit of service personnel.

Duration of trip or visit is an important statistical indicator because, in addition to being the most significant measure of any type of tourism, it plays a critical role in determining the maximum limit beyond which a visit is no longer considered a tourist visit, as well as in distinguishing between tourists and day visitors. This characteristic is useful, albeit indirectly, for assessing tourism expenditure, especially if average duration calculated in relation to homogeneous groups of visitors or trips.

The duration of a visit (stay or trip) is measured in hours for day trips and overnight stays for stay visits.

Unlike the 1993 Recommendations, IRST 2008 does not provide uniform intervals for the number of overnight stays for all countries. Each country is invited to independently determine those categories that are significant in its specific conditions. Russian statistics adhere to the following groupings when collecting information from collective accommodation facilities: 1-3 overnight stays, 4-7, 8-14, 15-28, 29-91, 92-182, 183 or more overnight stays.

In inbound tourism statistics, visitors are classified according to country of permanent residence arriving persons, and not by citizenship. It is in the country of usual residence that the decision to travel is made and the trip begins. This classification is the criterion for determining whether a person entering a country is a visitor or not; and if so, whether he is a compatriot or a foreign citizen.

In outbound tourism statistics, visitors are classified by main travel destination.

In most cases, tourism statistics are of interest not only at the country level as a whole, but also at the regional level. In this regard, UNWTO recommends that visitors (both outbound and inbound) be classified according to the country's administrative regions and important host cities and resorts.

In tourism statistics, mode of transport usually means main mode of transport, used by the visitor during the trip. It can be installed different ways, based, for example, on the following:

• a) what type of transport was used to cover the greatest distance in kilometers (miles) during the trip;
• b) in what type of transport the maximum time was spent;
• c) which mode of transport accounts for the largest share of total transport costs.

The standard classification of modes of transport developed by UNWTO for tourism statistics is as follows (Table 10.2):

Table 10.2

Classification of modes of transport

1. Air transport	1.1. Scheduled flights 1.2. Unscheduled flights 1.3. Private aircraft 1.4. Other types of air transport
2. Water transport	2.1. Passenger lines and ferries 2.2. Cruise ships 2.3. Yachts 2.4. Other types of water transport
3. Land transport	3.1. Railway transport 3.2. Intercity and city buses and other types of public transport 3.3. Car rental Vehicle with a driver – taxis, limousines and rental of private vehicles with driver – rental of vehicles with muscle and animal traction 3.4. Owned vehicle (capacity up to 8 people) 3.5. Rented vehicle without driver (accommodating up to 8 people) 3.6. Other types of land transport: riding horses, bicycles, motorcycles, etc. 3.7. Travel on foot

Unlike the 1993 Recommendations, the MRST-2008 does not define the concept of “accommodation facility”. This is due to the difficulty of forming in modern conditions internationally comparable groupings of establishments providing accommodation services, due to the lack of agreed upon distinctive characteristics of such establishments due to the wide variety of services they provide. Accommodation services are sometimes offered to the market in the form of an implicit package in which other services are also provided, such as catering services, recreational services, spa treatment, use of swimming pools, fitness centers, etc., for which separate invoices are not made. accounts. Differences in such packages may affect both prices and sums of money, spent by visitors on other goods and services, which in one case are provided as part of a package, and in another must be purchased separately. There is also confusion in terminology when, within the same category, establishments with the same name provide a different set of services and, on the contrary, the same services can be provided by establishments with different names. Some types of establishments exist in some countries but not in others.

Until common activity groups for international comparison are agreed upon, countries are encouraged to develop their own classifications for use at the national or regional level. Russian statistics use an adapted version of the classification contained in the 1993 Recommendations, according to which accommodation facilities are divided into collective (CAF) and individual accommodation facilities (IFA). As part of the CSR, the CSR are allocated general purpose(hotels, motels, boarding houses, hostels for visitors, etc.) and specialized RACs (health resorts by type, recreation organizations by type, tourist centers, public means of transport).

In addition to the traditional measurement of visitor characteristics and activities using in-kind (non-monetary) indicators, determining the contribution of tourism to the economy requires the use of monetary indicators and primarily indicators of tourist expenditure. Under tourist expenses refers to the amount spent on the acquisition consumer goods and services, as well as other valuables for their own use or transfer to others in preparation for a tourist trip and during its course. These include expenses paid by visitors themselves, as well as expenses paid or reimbursed by others, in particular:

• A) cash expenses for consumer goods and services paid directly by employers for their employees on business trips;
• b) monetary expenses paid by visitors and reimbursed by third parties - employers (companies, governments and non-profit organizations serving households), other households or through social insurance plans;
• V) cash payments, produced by visitors for specific services provided and subsidized by government and non-profit organizations serving households in areas such as education, health care, museum visits, performing arts, etc.;
• d) minor expenses for services provided to employees and their families during tourist trips, which are financed mainly by employers, such as subsidized transport services, accommodation, stays in employers' holiday homes or other services;
• e) additional payments made by visitors to attend sporting or any cultural events at the invitation of their organizers (companies, governments and non-profit organizations serving households), which are mainly paid by these organizers;

Tourist expenses do not include:

• a) payment of taxes and fees not included in purchase price products purchased by the visitor;
• b) payment of all types of interest, including interest on expenses incurred during trips and in preparation for them;
• c) purchase of financial and non-financial assets, including land and real estate, with the exception of material assets;
• d) purchasing goods for resale either on behalf of third parties (manufacturers or other persons) or for one’s own account;
• e) all cash transfers, such as donations to charity or gifts to others (in particular, family members and relatives), as they do not serve the purpose of purchasing consumer goods or services.

Tourist expenses are taken into account according to the SNA rules at the time of transfer of ownership of a product or provision of a service, and not at the time of payment for them, which can be made before, during and even after returning from a trip, for example when paying for credit card or repayment of a special loan taken out specifically for this purpose. Consumer expenses for transport services are considered incurred at the time of transportation, for accommodation services - at the time of stay at the accommodation location, for travel agent services - at the time of providing information and booking travel services, etc.

In order to compare visitor demand with supply in a given economy, it is recommended to collect information not only on total cost tourist expenditures, but also about the components of this total amount. Moreover, to ensure correct interaction of data on supply and demand in the field of tourism, IRTS-2008 proposes the use of a combined classifier, in which subclasses of products according to the CPC are distributed by purpose according to the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP). There are 8 categories in total.

• 1. Package trips, holiday packages and package tours.
• 2. Accommodation.
• 3. Food and drinks.
• 4. Local transport
• 5. International transport.
• 6. Recreational, cultural and sporting events.
• 7. Visiting stores.
• 8. Other.

According to UNWTO recommendations, collecting data on tourism expenditure involves conducting a whole range of sample surveys directly from individual visitors, traveling companies and groups, as well as households. Such examinations include:

• 1) surveys of visitors: diary method; at exit/entry points; in accommodation facilities; in means of transport; in popular tourist places;
• 2) household surveys: those who committed reporting period travel; as individual accommodation facilities for tourists.

The materials of these surveys occupy a central place in the information base of tourism statistics, making up for the insufficiency of data obtained on the basis of statistical reporting and from administrative sources, to construct the tourism satellite account.

Tourism Satellite Account(hereinafter referred to as TSA) is a conceptual framework for viewing tourism from a macroeconomic point of view. Using this tool, it is possible to assess GDP in the tourism sector, establish the direct contribution of tourism to the economy, and develop more complex and advanced schemes based on the inherent relationship of the TSA with the SNA and the balance of payments.

The TSA ensures consistency in data in two ways: first, between measuring tourism in terms of the consumption of goods and services by visitors and in terms of the supply of goods and services by all industries (mainly tourism industries) to meet visitor demand; and secondly, between the general use and supply of all products by all economic entities in the economy and the demand from visitors.

The VST includes a set of 10 interrelated tables that reflect various categories consumption by visitors associated with various types of tourism (Tables 1-4); production of tourism-specific products, related tourism and other products and other products in tourism and other industries (Tables 5 and 6), which makes it possible to calculate the GDP of the tourism sector; employment in tourism industries (Table 7); gross fixed capital formation in tourism (Table 8); public administrative costs associated with the support and control of tourism (collective tourism consumption, table 9); and, finally, some important physical (non-monetary) indicators (Table 10) to support the analysis of the economic data contained in Tables 1–9. The tables are compatible with the general supply and use tables for describing the overall economic balance of goods and services accounts and production accounts in the SNA.

VST has not yet been mastered by Russian statistics.

The implementation of TSA should begin with the identification of tourism-related products, consisting of two subcategories - tourism-specific products and tourism-related products. These subcategories relate exclusively to consumer products.

Tourism-specific products are products that meet the following criteria:

• a) tourist expenditure on the product should constitute a significant share of total tourism expenditure (share of expenditure/demand criterion);
• b) tourist expenditures on a product must constitute a significant share of the supply of this product in the economy (supply share criterion). This criterion assumes that the supply of a particular tourism characteristic product in significant quantities will cease in the absence of visitors.

Table 10.3

Product classification

A. Consumer Products:

A.1. Tourism-specific products include two subcategories

A.1.1. Internationally comparable tourism-specific products, which represent the core of products for international comparison of tourism expenditures

A.1.2. Country specific tourism products(to be determined by each country taking into account its own circumstances using the above criteria). For both of the above products, the activities that produce them will be considered tourism-specific, and the industries in which the main activity is tourism-specific will be called tourism industries

A.2. Other consumer products, consisting of two subcategories that must be defined by each country and are therefore country-specific

A.2.1. Related tourism products, including other products in accordance with their significance for the analysis of the tourism sector, but not meeting the above criteria

A.2.2. Non-tourism related consumer products including all other consumer goods and services that do not fall into the above categories

B. Non-consumer products: This category covers all products that by their nature cannot be consumer goods and services and therefore cannot be considered either as part of tourism expenditure or as part of tourism consumption, other than items that may be purchased by visitors during travel. Two subcategories defined

IN 1. Values

AT 2. Other non-consumer products, including products that are associated with gross fixed capital formation and collective consumption in tourism

The following typology of tourism-specific products and activities is recommended for use in the TSA tables, grouped into 12 categories, the first 10 of which form the basis for international comparison (Table 10.4):

Table 10.4

Grouping products and activities by 12 categories

	Products		Activities
	Visitor accommodation services		Visitor accommodation
	Catering services		Activities in the field of public catering
	Railway passenger transport services		Passenger transportation by rail
	Road passenger transport services		Passenger transportation by road
	Water passenger transport services		Passenger transportation by water transport
	Air passenger transport services		Passenger transportation by air
	Transport rental services		Rental of means of transport
	Travel agency and other booking services		Activities of travel agencies and other booking services
	Cultural services		Activities in the field of culture
	Sports and leisure services		Activities in the field of sports and leisure
	Country-specific tourism-specific products		Retail trade of country-specific tourism-specific goods
	Country-specific tourism-specific services		Other country-specific tourism-specific activities

The listed categories of products and activities correspond to the subgroups of the CPC and ISIC, respectively, and this is an innovation of IRTS-2008 compared to the 1993 Recommendations, in which there was no classification of products, and for the classification of activities a Standard International Classification was proposed based on the four-digit codes of ISIC Rev.3 types of tourism activities (SICTA).

The annexes to IRTS 2008 provide more disaggregated classifications of products and activities for tourism statistics based on the CDS and ISIC groupings.

The transition to using the CPC and ISIC groupings for tourism statistics made it possible to establish a strict link between data on tourism consumption and data on tourism supply.

Under proposal In the tourism sector, we mean the direct provision of goods and services to visitors that form tourist expenditures. To analyze production and production processes in tourism statistics and in the TSA, as in the SNA, a type of statistical unit is used - the establishment. The group of all establishments having the same main activity, which is the direct service of visitors and is one of the characteristic activities of tourism, constitutes tourism industry. Each of the 12 activities listed above is a tourism industry. Together they form the concept "tourism industry".

Since the classification of establishments is based on their main activity, establishments in which a particular tourism-specific activity is a secondary activity should not be included in the relevant tourism industry. For example, if a travel agency service is provided as a secondary activity by a supermarket, then such a service will be included in the total final product of the retail trade industry and not the travel agency industry.

Likewise, many establishments belonging to tourism industries carry out secondary activities that are not characteristic of tourism, or carry out other secondary activities that are characteristic of tourism.

Tourism industries may produce a mixed range of tourism-specific products (eg hotel catering services).

As a result, the production volume of tourism industries may include not only tourism-specific products, and the production volume of other non-tourism industries may include some tourism-specific products.

In addition to the above definitions, classifications and indicators of tourism statistics, IRTS-2008 provides guidelines, subject to which national systems tourism statistics, these systems will be considered relevant international standards, namely:

• – assessments should be based on reliable sources of statistical data reflecting information about both visitors and producers of goods and services;
• – observational data should be statistical in nature and produced on a regular basis, combining basic calculations with the use of indicators in order to increase the usefulness of the results obtained;
• – data must be comparable over time within the same country, comparable across countries, comparable with data for other sectors of economic activity;
• – data must be internally consistent and presented within an internationally accepted macroeconomic framework.

Topic 1

SUBJECT, OBJECT AND TASKS

TOURIST STATISTICS

METHODS OF TOURIST STATISTICS

1. Subject of tourism statistics.

2. Goals and objectives.

3. Classification and coding systems.

4. International methodological developments.

5. Types of tourism.

6. Data coverage.

7. Basic concepts.

8. Classifications related to tourism demand.

9. Classifications related to tourism supply.

10. Object of statistical observation.

11. Unit of observation.

12. Geographical coverage.

13. Methods of statistical observation.

14. Tools for statistical observation.

1. Subject of tourism statistics

Tourism statistics is a branch of socio-economic statistics and studies issues of tourism development and tourism industry.

Subject Tourism statistics is a study of the quantitative side of the state and development of the tourism industry in inextricable connection with the qualitative side.

2. Goals and objectives

Home purpose tourism statistics is a statistical survey of phenomena both limited to leisure markets and covering the global travel market in the interrelationship of various characteristics of tourism, both for independent analysis of activities in this area and for use as a source of data for the development of tourism-related balance of payments indicators and compilation of SNA accounts.

Main objectives of tourism statistics are the organization of statistical monitoring of tourist flows, places of their accommodation, characteristics of trips, wholesale and retail trade, transport, construction, employment, financial intermediation, income and expenses related to tourism based on a unified scientific methodology that complies with international rules and standards.

3. Classification and coding systems

Tourism statistics uses the following types of classifiers.

State:

· Classifier “Types of economic activity” (GKED);

· Classifier of enterprises and organizations (OKPO);

· Classifier administratively - territorial organizations(SOATO);

· Classifier of control bodies (OCOU);

· Classifier of forms of ownership (OKFS);

· Classifier of organizational and legal forms of business (OCOPF);

· Classifier of types of enterprises (KTP);

International:

· Standard International Classification of Tourism Activities (SICTA) WTO)

4. International methodological developments

· System of National Accounts-1993;

· Concepts, definitions and classifications for tourism statistics (“Recommendations on Tourism Statistics” of the UN World Tourism Organization;

· WTO technical manuals on the collection and processing of statistical data on domestic and foreign tourism

· “Unified system of indicators for the functioning of the tourism sector in the Commonwealth countries” (CIS Statistics Committee, 2000);

5. Types of tourism

The following types of tourism are distinguished:

· domestic tourism;

· incoming tourism;

· outbound tourism.

The term "domestic" as used in the tourism context is different from its use in the national accounts context. In tourism terms, the term "domestic" refers to travel by residents of a country within their own country. From a national accounts perspective, it refers to the activities and expenditures of both permanent residents and non-residents traveling within a given country, i.e. both domestic and inbound tourism.

6. Data coverage

The basic units of tourism include individuals who are subjects of tourism activities and are considered in surveys as statistical units.

All types of travelers involved in tourism are defined as visitors. In this regard, the term “visitor” represents the core concept of the entire system of tourism statistics.

In turn, the term “visitor” is divided into two categories: “tourists” (overnight visitors) and “day visitors”.

For the purposes of tourism statistics and according to the main types of tourism, visitors are divided into international and domestic.

Diagram of basic tourism units

Travelers
Visitors				Other travelers
International visitors				Internal visitors
Tourists (overnight visitors)	Same day visitors			Tourists (overnight visitors)		Same day visitors

There are three fundamental criteria that seem sufficient to distinguish visitors from other travelers:

· the trip must be to a place outside the usual environment, which will exclude more or less regular trips between the place in which this person works or studies, and the place in which it lives;

· the stay in the place visited must last less than 12 consecutive months, after which the visitor becomes a resident of the place (from a statistical point of view);

· the main purpose of the trip should not be to engage in activities paid for from sources in the place visited, which will exclude migration movements for the purpose of work.

7. Basic Concepts

7.1. Visitors and other travelers

"Traveler" -"any person traveling between two or more countries or between two or more localities within his usual place of residence."

International traveler -“any person traveling outside his country of residence (regardless of the purpose of travel and the means of transport used, even if traveling on foot”).

The Inner Traveler -"any person traveling within his country of residence (regardless of the purpose of travel and the means of transport used, even if traveling on foot")

"Visitor"- “any person who travels to any place outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months; and whose main purpose of travel is not to engage in an activity remunerated from a source in the place visited.”

International visitor- “any person who travels to any country other than the country of his usual residence and outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months; and whose main purpose of travel is not to engage in an activity remunerated from a source in the country visited.”

Internal visitor- “any person resident in any country who travels to any place located in that country outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months; and whose main purpose of travel is not to engage in an activity remunerated from a source in the place visited.”

Tourists (overnight visitors) – visitors , which

Same day visitors - visitors , who spend at least one night in a group or individual accommodation facility in the country being visited.

Do not turn on Incoming and outgoing international visitors include the following categories of travelers:

· persons entering or leaving a country as migrants, including dependents accompanying or joining them;

· persons known as cross-border workers who live nearby in one country and work in another country;

· diplomats, consular officers and members of the armed forces when they travel from their country of origin to their country of destination or vice versa, including domestic servants and dependents accompanying or joining them;

· persons traveling as refugees or nomads;

· transit travelers who do not formally enter the country through passport control, such as air passengers in transit who remain for a short period in a designated area of ​​the air terminal, or ship passengers who are not permitted to disembark. This category also includes passengers transported directly between airports or other terminals. Other passengers traveling in transit through any country are considered visitors.

Do not turn on The following categories of travelers are included in the number of arriving and departing domestic visitors:

· permanent residents who travel to another place in this country for the purpose of establishing their habitual residence in that place;

· persons traveling for temporary work in institutions located within a given country;

· persons who regularly or partially travel between neighboring areas for work and study;

· nomads and persons without a fixed place of residence;

· military personnel on maneuvers.

Day Trips –"short-term travel outside the usual environment."

There are various types of day trips depending on the place of departure, each of which must be clearly distinguished for the purposes of tourism statistics:

· a round trip starting at your usual place of residence;

· round trip from the area of ​​additional residence or from a place visited by a tourist, regardless of the purpose of the trip;

· during the trip, regardless of its purpose:

Stopover during a plane trip;

Stopover during a sea trip (cruise or other trips during which the passenger spends the night on board the ship);

A stopover anywhere during an overland trip that does not include an overnight stay.

7.2. Regular environment

Regular environment includes a certain area around the place of residence plus all places visited quite often. This concept is the first criterion due to which tourism differs from other travel.

The main purpose of using the term "usual environment" is to exclude from the concept of "visitor" persons who travel every day or every week between their home and their place of work, school, or other frequently visited places.

7.3. Habitual residence

Residence is the main indicator for classifying visitors according to their origin.

Concept usual place of residence is one of the key criteria for determining whether a person entering a country is a visitor or “other traveller”; and if the person is a visitor, whether he is a resident of this or another country. Fundamental principle When classifying international visitors based on their place of origin, it is their country of residence rather than their nationality.

Foreign citizens residing in any country are included in outbound tourism statistics among other permanent residents. Citizens of a country living abroad and returning to their home country for a temporary visit are included in the number of non-resident visitors.

7.4. Resident of any country

From the point of view of international tourism " a person is considered a resident any country, if this person":

The only exceptions are diplomats, consular personnel, and their dependents and domestic servants who serve abroad while residing in the respective country in a separate aliens' area. A person is never considered a visitor when traveling from his country of origin to his place of duty and vice versa, this traditional approach is consistent with UN recommendations on international migration.

7.5. Resident of a place

Similar to the above definition, from the point of view of domestic tourism statistics, “a person is considered to be a resident of a place if that person”:

· lived in this country for 12 months or more

· lived in this country for a shorter period of time and intends to return to this country in the next 12 months for residence.

7.6. Traveler nationality

Traveler nationality determined by the country that issued the passport (or other document proving his identity) even if he usually resides in another country.” Nationality is indicated in the passport of the person concerned (or other identification document), while the country of usual residence must be determined by interview. However, a traveler is considered an international visitor based on his residence and not his citizenship.

7.7. Tourist expenses

Statistics related to tourism expenditure represent one of the the most important indicators, which is required by planners, commercial activities and research. They are used to monitor and evaluate the impact of tourism on national economy

The definition of expenditure is closely related to the definition of consumption in tourism. Tourism consumption is defined as “the value of goods and services used to directly satisfy tourism units (visitors).”

Tourist expenses are defined as " total amount consumer spending made by or on behalf of the visitor in preparation for and during his or her trip and stay at the destination.”

The concept of tourism expenditure covers a wide range of elements of consumption - from the purchase of consumer goods and services that are an organic part of travel and stay, to the purchase of small durable goods for personal use, souvenirs and gifts for relatives and friends.

Certain types of expenses or acquisitions are excluded from the category of tourist expenses:

· purchases for commercial purposes (for resale purposes), as well as purchases made by visitors during business trips on behalf of their employer;

· investments or transactions carried out by visitors and relating, for example, to land, residential buildings, real estate, works of art and other significant acquisitions (such as cars, RVs, boats, second homes), even if in the future they may be used for tourism purposes;

· cash given to relatives or friends during a vacation, which does not represent payment for any tourist product or service, as well as charitable contributions.

Tourist expenses can be divided into three large groups, depending on whether these expenses are incurred in preparation for the trip (allocated according to purpose), during the trip (allocated according to location) or after the trip, namely:

· preliminary expenses necessary for preparation and implementation of the trip;

· expenses incurred during travel and in the places visited;

· expenses related to travel and incurred in the country of departure upon returning from a trip abroad.

In international tourism, visitor expenses represent receipts (income) for the host country and expenses for the country of departure upon returning from a trip abroad.

7.7.1 Receipts (income) provided by inbound tourism

Receipts from international tourism are defined “as expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. They must also include other advance payments for goods and services received in the destination country. In practice, they should include receipts from same-day visitors, unless they play such an important role that they justify allocation to separate category. It is also recommended that, in order to ensure compliance with IMF balance of payments recommendations, receipts from international transport should be separately allocated.”

Receipts from international transport are defined as “any payments made to carriers registered in the relevant country by foreign visitors, whether they have traveled to that country or not.” This category corresponds to the section “Transport, passenger services, credit” in the IMF Standard Reporting Form.

7.7.2. Expenses incurred during outbound tourism

International travel expenses are defined as “expenditures by outbound visitors in other countries, including their payments to foreign carriers for international transport. In practice, they should also include expenses of permanent residents traveling abroad as day visitors, unless these trips are of such significance as to justify their inclusion in a separate category. It is also recommended that, in order to ensure compliance with IMF balance of payments recommendations, international transport costs should be allocated separately.”

International shipping costs are defined as “any payment made to foreign registered carriers by any person resident in the reporting country.”

7.7.3 Costs related to domestic tourism

Expenditure related to domestic tourism is defined as “expenditure that is a direct result of travel by permanent residents of a country within its borders.”

Defines tourism How “temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as citizens) from a permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary stay.”.

Tourism industry- a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, entertainment facilities and means, educational, business, recreational, sports and other facilities, organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as organizations providing excursion services and guide services -translators.

Tourist activities- tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as other travel organization activities.

Tour operator activities- activities for the formation, promotion and sale of a tourism product, carried out on the basis of a license by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur (hereinafter referred to as a tour operator).

Travel agency activities- activities for the promotion and sale of a tourist product, carried out on the basis of a license by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur (hereinafter referred to as a travel agent).

Guide-translator services- activities of a professionally trained individual to familiarize tourists with tourism resources in the country (place) of temporary stay.

Tourist package- a document confirming the fact of transfer of the tourism product.

Tourist voucher- a document establishing the tourist’s right to services included in the tour and confirming the fact of their provision.

Tourist product- the right to a tour intended for sale to tourists.

Promotion of tourism product- a set of measures aimed at selling the tourism product (advertising, participation in specialized exhibitions, fairs, organizing tourist information centers for the sale of tourism products, publication of catalogs, booklets, etc.).

Tourist resources- natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including objects of tourist display, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual needs of tourists, contribute to the restoration and development of their physical strength.

Tourist service- activities of enterprises and organizations to meet the needs of tourists in travel, recreation and excursions.

Tour- a range of services for accommodation, transportation, meals for tourists, excursion services, as well as the services of guides-interpreters and other services provided depending on the purpose of the trip.

Tour program- its essence. How good and thought out the program is to the minutes of stay in a particular place, including free time used by the tourist at his personal discretion, so good and popular is the tour. The program should take into account the physical capabilities of tourists by age categories and other characteristics, changes in time zones, the body’s adaptability to climate change, saturation and the ability to perceive information, etc. Drawing up a tour program is an interesting and important part of the work of a tour operator. However, it is not uncommon for a tour operator to plan only the program itself general view, allowing (leaving the opportunity) the tourist to slightly change individual components. Thus, a tourist can fly not in economic class, but in business class, take accommodation not in a double, but in a single room, in a hotel of a better or lesser class, he is given the opportunity to choose one or another excursion or attraction. All activities, including free time, must be counted by the minute. A tourist should not wait and waste the travel time he has paid for. Such important details as time reserve and the possibility of visiting the toilet, etc. are also taken into account.

The most common types of tours are:

Inclusive tour- travel sold by travel agencies in the form of a full range of services, including obtaining a visa, transportation, hotel accommodation, meals, transfers, excursion services.

Incentive tour- an incentive trip at the expense of a travel agency, organized by an enterprise for its employees for achievements in work.

In international tourism statistics, the term is used as units of observation, recording and analysis "visitor".

One-day visitor- This individual who does not spend the night at the place of visit (for example, the crew of a ship going ashore, but spending the night on the ship).

All visitors are also divided into excursionists and tourists.

Excursionists- these are persons temporarily staying in the country (city, etc.) for no more than 24 4 hours. Tourists from a cruise ship also act as excursionists if they do not use local accommodation facilities for an overnight stay. Overnight visitors are considered tourists.

Tourist- a citizen visiting the country (place) of temporary stay for health, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities for a period from 24 hours to 6 months in a row or spending at least one overnight stay.

Tourism is divided into types, categories, types. There are three types of tourism: internal, external and inbound.

Domestic tourism- travel within Russian Federation persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation.

Outbound tourism- travel of persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation to another country.

Inbound tourism- travel within the Russian Federation by persons not permanently residing in the Russian Federation.

By type, tourism is divided depending on the following:

Number of travel participants: individual and group.

Individual tourism involves traveling from one to five people. Service is personal, usually with higher prices.

Group travel(more than 5 people) are organized on the basis of common interests of group members.

Purely for economic reasons, firms providing tourism services are interested in a reasonably large volume of tourism services and capacity utilization. The greater the flow of tourists served and the greater the turnover, the more profitable the business, it is possible to reduce prices and increase the competitiveness of services in tourist market. In order to intensify the capacity utilization of tourism industry enterprises, these enterprises are introducing significant discounts in the price of group services for tourists.

The concept of a group of tourists, in the sense of its minimum size, depends on the type of tourist service. Thus, on some types of transport, a group ticket and, accordingly, a group discount in price can be obtained if the group of tourists consists of 5 - 6 people. For accommodation, hotels and inns offer group discounts for groups starting from 11 people. However, if this is an expensive business group, then the minimum number can be determined as 7 people.

With a smaller number of tourists, they are classified as individual tourists and normal prices and tariffs are established for them, usually taken as the basic ones. Similar group discounts can be established for services in restaurants, museums, entertainment centers, etc. For some transportation, for example, airlines for small groups of individuals, special discounts are established. Thus, a family traveling on a trip can receive a special family discount (ticket in the name of the head of the family). An individual tour is always more expensive than a group tour. However, there are quite a lot of tourists traveling individually, and therefore prices in catalogs of service industry enterprises are usually indicated for individual tourists. Group discounts are an important part of the contractual work of tourism organizers. Therefore, in order to save money, often clever tourists following guest invitations buy a place on a group tour, and then upon arrival leave the group, returning later on their own. This causes deep irritation to immigration services, since, on the one hand, a visitor visa usually costs more than a tourist visa, and a different, usually more stringent, procedure for obtaining and processing it has been established. On the other hand, such a tourist escapes the control of the services that control the guest’s stay (duration of stay, place of residence, hiring, mandatory departure at the time specified in the visa, etc.).

You should firmly understand that group travel prices are always 50% or more lower than individual prices. Therefore, they are more profitable for mass tourists.

Tourism differs in funding sources: commercial and social.

Initially all tourism activities was of a commercial nature and carried out for the purpose of making a profit. In the field of tourism, as in any other sector of the economy, profit is one of the main indicators of the performance of a tourism enterprise. However, very often, due to this, the goods and services they offer may be available only to people with high and average income levels.

Social tourism has emerged as a counterweight to commercial tourism.

Social tourism- travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs, in order to create conditions for travel for schoolchildren, youth, pensioners, disabled people, war and labor veterans and other citizens to whom the state, state and non-state funds, other charitable organizations and foundations provide social support, as the least well-off part of the population when using their right to rest. Many tourism enterprises (hotels, restaurants, attractions) directly or indirectly participate in the social tourism system.

Tourist vouchers, sanatorium courses to boarding houses, sanatoriums, resorts, holiday homes, schoolchildren and students on vacation, to camps are given to employees of enterprises, students and full-time university students with a significant subsidy, sometimes reaching 70-90% of the total cost or completely free of charge. A separate category consists of pensioners, war veterans, participants in high-risk activities and others classified as preferential categories of the population.

Children and youth always receive discounts on transportation. Young people under the age of 25 and students in the social tourism system receive significant discounts on accommodation and meals. All over the world there is a system of youth hostels (cheap hotels, such as student dormitories), facilitating travel for young people. This is not a bad idea - young people, who have not yet started a family, should see the world, find out how other peoples live, enrich themselves with knowledge and life experience. And civilized society helps them with this. Young people traveling even get the right to call their parents for free once a week and report on their affairs.

The level of social tourism and its share in the total volume of tourism services consumed by the population adequately reflect the social achievements of a given society. In the USSR, social tourism accounted for more than 80% of the total national tourist turnover and up to 50% of international exchange. In Russia, some enterprises (boarding houses, sanatorium-resort enterprises, departmental tourist centers and children's camps) have again returned to the practice of subsidies for organized recreation for employees and members of their families, mainly children. Valid Russian Association Social Tourism - GROWTH.

The system of tourist exchange is of great importance, in particular within the framework of children's and youth tourism. This applies to both domestic and international tourism.

However, social benefits should not be discriminatory for other categories of travelers - this provision determines that benefits are usually given only in certain classes of service, for example, in economic, tourist, budget air transport, second class in railway trains, etc. Destinations and social tourist vouchers are provided through social tourism mainly in the low season. When giving subsidies to the poor part of the population, the bodies providing them choose tours in the low season, the cheapest services.

Social tourism, for all its usefulness, also has negative impacts on the tourism industry of tourist centers. Although the cost of the main part of tourist services (transportation, accommodation and food) is compensated by subsidies and does not affect financial result For the vast majority of tourism enterprises, there is negativity. Categories of tourists who receive free trips through social tourism cannot demand high quality service, service personnel lose their qualifications, and the low-income part of the population on social vacations is not able to spend a large amount of money on goods and related services. This has a negative impact on the development of the entertainment and attractions industry. It is this factor that determines the general low level of tourist services in tourist centers and resorts, which we inherited from previous times.

Way of organizing the trip divided into organized and unorganized.

Tourists satisfy their tourism needs in different ways. They can receive an appropriate set of services through the mediation of a travel agency or without its participation, paying for a trip with comprehensive services in advance or for each service separately as they use it on the spot. Strictly regulated trips offered by travel agencies and usually carried out on an advance payment basis are called an organized tour. Organized tourists purchase tours according to pre-agreed routes, length of stay, and scope of services provided.

Unlike organized tourists, unorganized tourists are not bound by any mutual obligations with various kinds of intermediaries, primarily travel agencies. They travel on the principles of initiative and self-service. These are either young people traveling around the world during the holidays, or tourists who believe that they themselves can plan their trip cheaper. A typical example is hitchhiking using passing cars as a means of transportation.

Among the types of tourism we can name amateur- travel using active modes of transportation, organized by tourists independently.

Amateur tourism is based on the activities of individuals, small tourist groups, voluntary tourist associations, unions and tourist clubs, which on a voluntary basis participate in the organization and implementation of tourism, publish their own regulations regulating tourist activities, conduct hikes, tourist rallies and competitions, publish their own tourist methodological literature and periodicals. There is a judging corps that assigns titles to participants in categorical types of active tourism: mountaineering, cycling, water tourism on kayaks, boats, rafts, etc.

Types of vehicles used can be: bus, air, water, railway, automobile, using other means of transportation.

Rhythm of tourist flows: It can be seasonal or year-round.

By age composition travel participants can be divided into elderly people, middle-aged people, youth, etc.

Tourism depends on the needs: therapeutic, sports, educational, business, adventure, religious, festival, etc.

Tourism statistics is a branch of socio-economic statistics and examines the development of tourism and the tourism industry.

Basic concepts of tourism:

• - sanatorium-resort organizations - treatment and preventive organizations equipped with beds and providing prevention and rehabilitation treatment to the population mainly based on the use of the healing properties of natural healing factors. These include sanatoriums, health resorts, boarding houses with treatment, etc. Recreation organizations are health organizations intended for recreation. These include houses, boarding houses and other recreation organizations, tourist centers. They provide accommodation, food and tourist and excursion services.
• - sanatorium-resort organizations and recreation organizations are located, as a rule, within resorts, health-improving areas, and in suburban areas.
• - a recreational network is a set of recreational institutions located in a country (republic, region, district). These include institutions of medical and recreational recreation, sports and educational tourism. The main indicator of the development of the recreational network is the density of recreational institutions, equal to the number of places in them per 1 thousand square meters. km of territory. In accordance with this, territories are divided into forced, moderately and poorly developed recreational areas. The functional development of recreational institutions is determined by their orientation towards one or another type of recreational activity.
• - demographic characteristics (gender of consumers, their age; number of family members) are among those that are sufficiently used. This is due to the availability of characteristics, their stability over time, as well as the very close relationship between them and demand. Based on age, the following segments can be distinguished, which should correspond to different offers of tourism products:
• - children (up to 14 years old) traveling both with their parents and without them;
• - youth (15-24 years old);
• - relatively young, economically active people (25-44 years old), traveling with families (with children);
• - economically active middle-aged people (45-60 years old) traveling without children;
• - older tourists (60 years and older).

The first segment, related to children's tourism, depends on the decisions of parents and adults. Young people generally prefer relatively cheap travel using less comfortable accommodation and transport. People aged 25-44 years old are characterized by the predominance of family tourism, so it is necessary to be able to use children's playgrounds, children's pools, etc. Consumers aged 45-60 years old have increased demands for comfort and convenience, and meaningful excursion programs. Tourism of the “third” age requires not only comfort, but also the opportunity to obtain qualified medical care, personal attention from service personnel.

Socio-economic characteristics involve the identification of consumer segments based on common social and professional affiliation, education and income level. Family income levels have a significant impact on tourist behavior. A number of researchers argue that income level is one of the criteria for belonging to the upper, middle or lower class of society. It is known that a person’s financial situation affects his needs, preferences, and purchasing choices. Differences in financial situation population generate heterogeneity in tourism demand. On the one side, tourist demand is expanding due to the increasing involvement in tourism of people with average and even relatively low level income as the need for recreation associated with a change of scenery and travel becomes one of the main ones. On the other hand, demand for tourist trips continues to come from people with high level income. The offer of a tourist product for these two different groups should be different. If the former are interested in trips that allow them to get the maximum discount, the main purpose of their trip is to relax at sea, while the choice of vacation destination is mainly determined by the price level. Their principle is to get everything for your money in full. The latter prefer individual travel. Having basically higher education, they are interested in educational trips, seeking a change of impressions. There are two age categories presented here: middle and “third” age. If people of the “third” age travel in groups, then middle-aged people prefer individual trips or trips in small groups of friends and acquaintances. These people are interested in long-distance travel lasting 2-3 weeks. Tourists are interested in souvenirs, and these can be expensive items that indicate that people have made a long, exotic journey.

The following types of tourism are distinguished:

• - route-cognitive;
• - sports and recreation;
• - business and congress tourism;
• - resort;
• - medicinal;
• - festival;
• - hunting;
• - environmental;
• - shop - tourism;
• - religious;
• - educational;
• - ethnic, etc.

Seasonal variations and the country's climatic conditions also affect tourism demand. They have the following features: in the northern hemisphere, the greatest intensity of demand occurs in the third quarter of the year, as well as during the Christmas and Easter holidays. Seasonality of demand varies by type of tourism and territory. Thus, medical and educational tourism is subject to seasonality to a lesser extent, and sea and ski tourism - to a greater extent. Different areas of residence have specific forms of seasonal unevenness. This gives us the right to talk about the specifics of uneven demand in a particular region, country, or on a global scale. The seasonal nature of consumer preferences plays a big role when choosing a vacation spot. For example, the Mediterranean resorts of Turkey, where there is a long tourist season, are rapidly developing. These resorts are very popular among Russians, because when going on vacation in the cold autumn or winter, you can enjoy the Mediterranean Sea and the mild climate at this time. Moreover, tourists are favored by Turkey’s development policy, as a result of which it is possible to combine high-quality and inexpensive holidays.

There are four seasons of tourist activity:

• - peak season - the period most favorable for organizing recreational activities of people, characterized by the maximum density of tourists and the most comfortable conditions for recreation.
• - high season - peak period business activity in the tourism market, the time of validity of the highest tariffs for tourism products and services.
• - low season - the season of reduced business activity in the tourism market, which is characterized by the lowest prices for tourism products and services.
• - “dead” season - the period that is most unfavorable for organizing recreational activities (for example, uncomfortable weather conditions).

So, each tourist chooses the season most suitable to meet his needs and requests.

By appearance entrepreneurial activity are divided into:

• - producers of tourism products - travel companies: travel agent and tour operator, work to make a profit and satisfy the needs of tourists.
• - tour operator - entity or an individual entrepreneur carrying out activities on the basis of a license to form, promote and sell a tourism product.
• - travel agent - a legal entity or individual entrepreneur who, on the basis of a license, carries out activities to promote and sell a tourist product.

Tour operators and travel agents are part of the tourism industry.

Depending on what exactly attracts tourists, and how they travel, as well as on many other factors, a classification can be made by type of tourism: By the purpose of the activity, by the method of implementation, by the number of participants in the trip, by the use of vehicles, by the geography of travel.

Currently, there is a Resort Council under the head of the resort city as a public advisory body. Its representation is limited to members of the public sector - the most authoritative managers of resort health resorts and representatives of the administration, whose functions are aimed at providing infrastructure and normal functioning of the resort. It is this function of caring for the general needs of the resort that is the main one. There was no place on the Resort Council for representatives of the tourism industry and the private sector involved in serving tourists. Therefore, it cannot adequately express the interests of all tourism sectors.

Another organizing center in the field of tourism, namely in excursion services for tourists, is the Coordination Center for Excursion Services and the Methodological Council for Excursion Work. The Coordination Center was created under the Department of Culture of the Executive Committee and is a public association of managers of tourism and excursion companies and entrepreneurs engaged in tourism and excursion activities.

The subject of tourism statistics is a survey of the quantitative side of the state and development of the tourism industry in inextricable connection with the qualitative side.

The main purpose of tourism statistics is a statistical survey of phenomena both limited to leisure markets and covering the global travel market in the interrelationship of various characteristics of tourism, both for independent analysis of activities in this area, and for use as a source of data for the development of tourism-related payment indicators. balance and compilation of SNA accounts.

The main objectives of tourism statistics are the organization of statistical observation of tourist flows, places of their accommodation, travel characteristics, wholesale and retail trade, transport, construction, employment, financial intermediation, income and expenses related to tourism on the basis of a unified scientific methodology that complies with international rules and standards.