The areas of old development were formed in the 19th - early 20th centuries. In the era of the scientific and technological revolution, they are being reconstructed, but along with this, new industrial, urban, transport construction and agricultural development are taking place in a number of areas. This is how areas of new development emerge. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the location of production and its structure are influenced by new equipment and technology. Thus, direct reduction and continuous casting of steel have led to new types of enterprises - mini-factories, automatic enterprises that focus on areas with a lack of labor resources. The general pattern of changes in branch structure world economy is a consistent transition from a high share Agriculture, the mining industry in the manufacturing industries that create products based on high technology. The most important trend in the change in the GDP structure of the industrialized countries of the world in the second half of the 20th century was the transformation of the service sector (tertiary sector) into the predominant part of their economy. New industrial and post-socialist countries have approximately the same level economic development what is it in GDP indicators per capita, and in terms of the sectoral structure of the economy. In these two groups of the region, a relatively high share of agriculture (6-10% of GDP) remains, which is gradually approaching the level of developed countries (2-4%) The share of industry in the GDP of both groups countries (25-40%) are affected by the level of post-industrial countries and even exceed it. This is due to the relatively high level development of the service sector (45-55% of GDP). structure of GDP developing countries remains high proportion agriculture (20-35%) The share of industry in the GDP of these regions is often small (10-25%) It is noticeably higher in the RAMS-exporters of mineral raw materials and fuel, while the share of manufacturing in them varies between 5-15%. So, in the era of scientific and technological revolution in the sphere material production(primary and secondary sectors of the economy), the proportions between industry and agriculture continue to change in favor of industry, and the leading place belongs. In the manufacturing industry of developed countries, there is also a process of shifting the center of gravity from material-intensive industries (metallurgy, chemical industry) to science-intensive ones (electronics, robotics , organic synthesis) a niche appears in production, is occupied by new industrial states that transfer traditional labor-intensive industries to developing, middle and lower levels. About 1.1 billion people are employed in world agriculture (about 40% of the economically active population of the world) developed countries, countries with transition economy, the new industrial states are dominated by commercial, predominantly intensive agriculture. developing countries(except for the newly industrialized countries), a significant share of subsistence farming in the agro-industrial sector remains. Agriculture in almost all countries of the world consists of two large interrelated industries: crop production and animal husbandry, the ratio between which changes markedly under the influence of scientific and technological revolution. In highly developed countries, it has led to a preference for animal husbandry over crop production.

Terms and concepts

Economic resources

Natural resources

Exhaustible / inexhaustible resources

Human Resources

Economically active population

Unemployment

Migration

Questions and tasks for independent work

1. What is the classification natural resources?

2. How are natural resources distributed in the world economy?

3. Are there problems in the use of natural resources in the 21st century?

4. What factors cause unemployment among the active part of the able-bodied population?

5. What role does adult literacy play in development economic potential countries?

Chapter 4. Sectoral structure of the world economy. Scientific, technical and innovative potential of the world economy

Structural shifts in the world economy are understood as changes in the relationship between the main areas, sectors and branches of the economy in the creation of the gross product.

As evidenced by world practice, the key factor in the ongoing structural shifts is scientific and technological revolution(NTR), which is characteristic of each stage of the development of the world economy.

Scientific and technological revolution is understood as a qualitative leap in the development of productive forces. For the world economy of the 20th century, especially its second half, the features of the scientific and technological revolution consisted in the transition to automated systems production and management based on computerization, the use of fundamentally new technologies.

characteristic feature modern stage STD is the rapid development of the rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICT), i.e. development of the information economy.

ICT actually eliminates the problems of space and time, rapidly increasing the amount of information transmitted over any distance. Moreover, ICT in combination with interactive multimedia software and the development of computer networks form dynamically developing information and communication technological complexes (systems).

Modern information and communication technology systems significantly reduce transaction costs, positively affect the growth of labor productivity not only in the industries included in ICT, but also in the industries that produce them.

The widespread use of ICT contributes to the internationalization of transactions for goods and services, intra-company business processes and, in general, the globalization of the world economy.

In the modern world economy, taking into account the foregoing, there are changes in the ratio between material and intangible spheres production in favor of the latter, primarily due to an increase in the share of services (the so-called tertiary sector of the economy). In particular, at present, the service sector accounts for more than 2/3 world GDP, almost 70% of the total volume foreign investment in the world and about ¼ of world exports of goods and services.

As for material production, there is a combination of two trends - deindustrialization and reindustrialization.

Deindustrialization manifests itself in a relative reduction in the share of industry in the economies of developed countries, primarily due to a decrease in the share of the extractive industry and some traditional manufacturing industries.

reindustrialization is manifested in the rapid development of new science-intensive industries and the modernization of traditional industries on a new technological basis.

However, the trend that is actively manifesting in the world economy in the 2000s is post-industrialization.

Under post-industrialization means the transition from industrial society to the post-industrial one, the development of which is based on the information economy and a fundamentally new technological order (TS).

Technological order - this is a large complex of technological sets connected with each other by the same type of technological chains, forming technological basis economy. According to scientists, the period of TU dominance in the global economy is approximately 40-60 years, but as it accelerates scientific and technological progress this period is gradually decreasing.

Each TR forms its core, i.e. set of technologically related industries. And the technological innovations that are involved in the creation of the core are called key factors.

The industries that play the most important role in the spread of the new TR are its supporting industries.

In the literature, throughout the history of mankind, scientists identify five successively replacing each other TR (Scheme 1). The fifth TU has been developed since the end of the 20th century. and, according to scientists, will last the first two decades of the XXI century.

A key factor in modern technological development is the development of microelectronics and software, which, according to scientists, are approaching the limit of their growth. Signs of its final phase are sharp fluctuations energy prices, education, the collapse of financial bubbles (90s of the last century) and the current global financial crisis.

The restructuring of the economy begins on the basis of the sixth TS, which will dominate over the next few decades.

Each stage in the technological development of mankind corresponded to interrelated characteristics, the analysis of which shows that each new TS is based on the achievements of the previous one, and continuity is characteristic of world technological development (Table 14). This means that, without a strong technological base of the previous order, it is difficult to make a breakthrough in the conditions of the new technical conditions, and with each successive “missed” period, the technological backwardness of states is growing. According to scientists, for Russia the “missing” period is the fifth TU.

Table 14 - The main characteristics of TU

Characteristics TU	TU number
Technological leaders	France, Belgium, UK	Germany, USA, France, Belgium, UK	Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany, USA, France, Belgium, UK	Japan, USA, Western Europe	Japan, USA
TU core	Iron processing, textile industry, textile machinery, iron smelting, water engine, canal construction	Coal and machine-tool industry, ferrous metallurgy, steam engine, railway construction, transport, machine and steamship building	Steel production and rolling, inorganic chemistry, power lines, electrical engineering, heavy engineering	Durable goods manufacturing, organic chemistry and synthetic materials, oil production and refining, non-ferrous metallurgy, automotive and tractor construction	Computing and fiber-optic technology, electronic industry, software, telecommunications, robotics, gas production and processing, information Services
key factor	Textile machines	Steam engine, machine tools	Electric motor, steel	Internal combustion engine, petrochemistry	Micro electronic components
The emerging core of a new way of life	Mechanical engineering, steam engines	Heavy engineering, inorganic chemistry, steel, electric power industry	Organic chemistry, oil production and processing, road construction, non-ferrous metallurgy	Aviation industry, pipeline construction, radar, gas production and processing	Nanotechnology and molecular biology

According to scientists, the challenge for Russia lies in the fact that as a result of the latest global scientific and technological trends in the most developed countries and among new global players, a reproduction link of the economy based on the latest technological base will be formed. According to available estimates, this will happen no later than 2020. The strategic significance of this event is determined by the fact that countries that claim a significant role in global processes technological development and at the same time they will not have time to form a production system based on the technologies of the new order, they will soon face a real danger of becoming technological outsiders, doomed to follow the path of technological borrowing.

As noted above, if the fifth TU is based on the use of microelectronics achievements in controlling physical processes at the micron level, then in the sixth TU the development will be based on the use of nanotechnologies that operate at the level of one billionth of a meter. The key areas for the development of the sixth TU will be the following:

Biotechnologies based on discoveries in the field of molecular biology and genetic engineering;

Nanotechnology;

Artificial intelligence systems;

Integrated high-speed transport systems;

Global information networks.

The main trends in world technological development until 2020, according to Academician S. Glazyev, will be the following:

· development of nuclear power engineering of increased safety and thermonuclear power engineering;

technology achievement alternative energy economically acceptable parameters (use of wind and solar energy, hydrogen energy);

· transition from microelectronics to nano- and optoelectronics;

introduction of materials with predetermined properties, incl. compositional;

formation of global infocommunication networks;

· the use of biotechnologies that will change not only the agricultural sector, but will also become the basis for the development of high-tech methods for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases;

· changes in the methods and means of environmental protection activities, which will reduce the technogenic impact on the biosphere.

In connection with the latest world economic trends, such a process as the convergence of technologies (their convergence and mutual influence) stands out, which in 20-30 years can lead to results that significantly exceed the sum of the effects of each individual invention. And it is this trend that is usually called the new technological revolution.

As world practice shows, all changing technologies, first of all, are manifested in the development of industry in the world economy.

The general pattern of changes in the sectoral structure of the world economy is a consistent transition from a high share of agriculture, extractive industries to manufacturing industries that create products based on high technology.

The most important trend of changing structure. The GDP of the industrialized countries of the world in the second half of the 20th century was the transformation of the service sector (tertiary sector) into the predominant part of their economy

The newly industrialized and post-socialist countries have approximately the same level of economic development, both in terms of indicators. GDP per capita, and by sectoral structure of the economy. In these two groups of the region, a relatively high share of agriculture (6-10% of GDP) remains, which is gradually approaching the level of developed countries (2-4%). Share of industry c. The GDP of both groups of countries (25-40%) remains at the level of post-industrial countries and even exceeds it. This is due to the relatively low level of development of the service sector (45-55% of GDP).

in the industry structure. In the GDP of developing countries, the share of agriculture remains high (20-35%). Share of industry c. The GDP of these regions is often low (10-25%). It is noticeably higher in cr. RAMN-exporters of mineral raw materials and fuel, while the share of the manufacturing industry in them ranges from 5-15%.

So, in an era. Scientific and technological revolution in the sphere of material production (primary and secondary sectors of the economy) continues to change the proportions between industry and agriculture in favor of industry, and the leading place belongs to.

In the manufacturing industry of developed countries, there is also a process of shifting the center of gravity from material-intensive industries (metallurgy, chemical industry) to science-intensive ones (electronics, robotics, organic synthesis); lower level.

About 1.1 billion people are employed in global agriculture (about 40% of the world's economically active population)

In developed countries, countries with economies in transition, and new industrial states, commercial, predominantly intensive agriculture predominates. In other developing countries (except for the newly industrialized countries), a significant share of subsistence farming in the agro-industrial sector remains.

Agriculture in almost all countries of the world consists of two large interrelated industries: crop production and animal husbandry, the ratio between which changes markedly under the impact. NTR. In high-risk countries, it has determined the preference for animal husbandry over crop production.

. One of the manifestations STD - increase in the share of employment in the service sector(tertiary sector of the economy). On average, the tertiary sector employs about 1/4 of the workers in the world, and c. USA - 75%. What this group of tertiary sector industries has in common is that, compared with many other service industries (transport and communications, procurement, marketing and procurement, lending, finance, and insurance),

are more focused on the production and dissemination of knowledge and services to the population than on services to the branches of material production

The scientific and technological revolution has made noticeable changes in the work of world transport, in particular, the structure of its freight and passenger traffic. In cargo turnover, sea transport occupies the first place (more than 60%), which primarily serves international trade, the share of rail transport has significantly decreased (12%), and the share of pipeline transport (13%) is growing rapidly.

Transportation involving two or more modes of transport is becoming more and more common.

In passenger traffic, road transport remains the leader, the share of which has increased to 79%

World trade has undergone significant changes, which ensures the exchange of production results - various products and products. Its volume is growing at a high rate, outpacing the growth rate of production: for the last decade, for every 10% increase in production, 16% of the increase in world trade is accounted for.

The impact of scientific and technological revolution on the territorial organization of production

For accommodation various industries production is influenced by various factors. Some of them have been traditional since the emergence of these industries, some have gained importance in the era. NTR, and some are actually generated by scientific and technical night. Revolution.

Thus, the location of industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was determined primarily by resource, primarily natural, factors. Coal and iron ore basins became the cores of industrialization c. England, no name. Russia (Midland,. Ruhr,. Donbass). In an era. The scientific and technological revolution industry gravitates less and less towards mineral resource bases. The orientation of the developed post-industrial countries to cheap imported raw materials turned the coal and iron ore regions of these countries into depressive (economic decline), giving rise to unemployment in them and the outflow of the population to other regions.

In an era. Scientific and technological revolution are the most dynamically developing countries and regions that do not have their own raw material bases. So,. Japan, which imports up to 95% of raw materials and fuel, has managed to become a highly developed post-industrial region in a different way. In other states, the enterprises of the metallurgical industry moved from raw material and fuel bases to new areas where a modern industrial structure has developed (from the Northeast of the USA to California, from the Ruhr to Germany to the south of the country, etc.). The mining industry is the basis of production only in the new resource areas of developed countries (northern and western territories of Canada, Alaska in the USA, northern territories of Australia, shelf zones of the World Ocean).

In developing countries, mineral resources remain the most important factor in the development of industry and continue to significantly affect the location of production.

One of critical factors location of production in the modern world is becoming demographic-social. A special place among them is occupied by the attraction to centers of science and education (institutions of social infrastructure in Uri, which concentrate highly qualified labor resources - scientists, design engineers, etc.). First of all, this indicator determines the geography of science-intensive industries.

In the location of many industries, not only the qualifications of the labor force are decisive, but also the cost. This is due to the situation, more and more manufacturing industries are moving. TNCs in no third world countries to use cheap labor.

They have not lost their significance in the era. Scientific and technological revolution consumer, energy, transport factors, etc.

An increasingly important factor began to play geographical location individual countries and regions

One of the decisive factors for the location of a number of industries in post-industrial countries was the environmental factor. Since they have very strict environmental legislation, many TNCs are trying to move you production, heavily pollute environment(ore enrichment and concentrate production, basic chemistry, wood chemistry, etc.), to third world countries, and sometimes to countries with economies in transition.

The current stage of development of the world economy has led to a high territorial concentration of production and population

At present, the importance of scientific and technological revolution as a factor economic growth has increased unusually, since such scientific and technological achievements have appeared and are being introduced into practice, which carry out a revolution in production and society. Also in our time, the process of STP (scientific and technological progress) is underway. Scientific and technical progress is “the use of advanced achievements of science and technology, technology in the economy, in production in order to increase the efficiency and quality of production processes, to better meet the needs of people.” This phenomenon "increases the possibilities of production to create new goods, improves the quality of already mastered products", allows solving many production problems. It is obvious that a country that widely applies scientific and technological innovations has great opportunities economic growth. The issue of scientific and technical potential, the tendency to intensify development, self-development based on the accumulated industrial and scientific potential, is of decisive importance in the new stage of scientific and technological revolution, in the conditions of the restructuring of the world economy. Based on the above facts, we can conclude that the topic of the work is really relevant in our time. Obviously, the scientific and technological revolution has had a significant impact on absolutely all spheres of public life, including the economic one. Accordingly, the results of the scientific and technological revolution have made their changes in the structure of the industry of the world economy. The structure of industry is extremely important for modern world, so depending on whether the proportions between industries are correctly distributed, one can judge the effectiveness of the functioning of the world economy system, the global division of labor, and international economic relations generally. In the presented work, the definition, characteristics and main features of the scientific and technological revolution will be considered; a description will be given of how exactly this phenomenon manifested itself in the world economy; structural changes are listed both in the industry of the late 19th - early 20th century, and the end of the 20th - early 21st century.

Scientific and technological revolution: definition, characteristics, features.

• Definition;

« Scientific and technological revolution (NTR)- a fundamental qualitative revolution in the productive forces of mankind, based on the transformation of science into the direct productive force of society.

• Characteristic;

Within the framework of the scientific and technological revolution, a huge number of different concepts and ideas were put forward. They were all united by the fact that people recognized a significant increase in the importance and role of information in life. modern society. In this regard, the scientific and technological revolution is inseparable from such a process as the information revolution. Like any global, large-scale phenomenon, the scientific and technological revolution has its main features. These include:

• Universality and inclusiveness (all branches and spheres of public life are involved and involved);
• Significant acceleration of scientific and technological transformations (when a new phenomenon is discovered or new equipment is invented, it is introduced into production as soon as possible);
• Growth of science intensity of production;
• Military-technical revolution (its distinguishing feature is the enhanced improvement of weapons and equipment);
• Main features.

The main components of the NTR are presented in the diagram below:

So, the main features of the NTR are:

• Science becomes a direct productive force, its active development takes place. In addition to the main important economic indicators, particular importance has been given to government spending on R&D (research and development work). If R&D costs are significantly lower than in other countries, this most often indicates a low technical level of production development.
• More attention began to be paid to the education system.
• The widespread use of computers, the introduction of new technologies and innovations, the development and use of new types and sources of energy (for example, wind energy), is used in most industries by highly qualified work force which can significantly improve productivity.
• In connection with the development of science, technology and production, an urgent need to coordinate this production began to be felt.

This was the reason for the development of such a direction as management.

The manifestation of scientific and technological revolution in the world economy

To begin with, I would like to define such a term as "world economy". The world economy is “a system of international social division of labor and economic relations of individual national economies with each other. It unites all aspects and directions of international trade, economic, financial, scientific and technical ties into one whole.

The main features and trends in the development of the world economy are determined by the objective laws of functioning social production. Historically, the world economy was formed on the basis of the capitalist mode of production. Further, it should be clarified that the world economy began to take shape in the 16th century, since it was at this time that the world market arose. Every year, every decade, and even more so every century, its structure becomes more complicated. The centers of the world economy have changed over time. For example, until the end of the 19th century, Europe was considered the center, at the beginning of the 20th century - the United States. Between World Wars I and II, the transformation of the USSR and Japan into powerful, strong powers played a significant role. After World War II, groups of oil-producing countries began to form, which, in turn, also affected the balance of power in the world economy. The main trend of the last decade is the fact that new industrial countries began to develop especially rapidly. "NIS (English new industrial countries) - the countries of Southeast Asia and Latin America who have made great strides in their industrial development and approached the lower echelon of the developed capitalist countries; Argentina, Brazil, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Mexico." It is believed that in the 21st century the model of the world economy is polycentric, i.e. there are several large centers.

Before the world faced such a phenomenon as industrial revolution, the main source of material wealth was agriculture, so the agricultural industry dominated. Starting from the second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century, it was replaced by the industrial structure of the economy, which meant the predominance of industry over other industries.

Directly from the middle of the 20th century, the gradual formation and emergence of the so-called post-industrial (or informational) structure began. Its main feature is the change in the proportions between the production and non-production spheres (the predominance of the non-production sphere began). Considering the changes in the structure of material production, it is worth noting the fact that the predominance of industry over agriculture is more and more evident. The share of manufacturing industries is growing (it is 90%). In agriculture, the intensification of development paths, the introduction of new modes of transport can be traced. The territorial structure of the economy is also influenced by the scientific and technological revolution. Main Feature is that there is an active development of areas of new development, where the location of production is influenced by the level of development of equipment and technologies.

Structural changes in industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

For a relatively short (with early XIX century) during the establishment of machine production, more tangible results were achieved in the economic progress of society than in its entire previous history.

The dynamism of needs, which are a powerful engine for the development of production, combined with the desire of capital to increase profits, and hence to master new technological principles, greatly accelerated the progress of production, brought to life a whole series of technical revolutions.

The rapid development of science led to the emergence of a number of discoveries of a fundamental nature, which were widely used in production. Among the most important are: electrical energy, internal combustion engine, a significant growth in the chemical and petrochemical industry (primarily due to the use of oil as a fuel and raw material). Also, a huge number of new technologies have been introduced into the metallurgical industry. Such a rapid progress in science, technology and production was the reason for the integration of science and technology in various areas. Thanks to the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the scale of output in absolute terms in all industries of the world continues to increase.

• structural changes in the economies of individual countries: the creation of large-scale machine production, the advantage of heavy industry over light industry, the provision of an advantage for industry over agriculture;
• new industries are emerging, old ones are being modernized;
• the share of enterprises in the production of gross national product(GNP) and national income;
• there is a concentration of production - there are monopolistic associations;
• the formation of the world market is completed at the end of the 19th - at the beginning of the 20th centuries;
• the unevenness in the development of individual countries is deepening;
• sharpened interstate conflicts.

Structural changes in industry in recent years

The scientific and technological revolution caused a general acceleration in the rate of production growth. However, in different industries they are far from the same. It is these differences that have led to structural changes in industry.

The main change brought about by the scientific and technological revolution is the further increase in the share of industry. It follows from the outstripping growth rates of industry as the main branch of material production.

In the structure of industry, the extractive industries develop, as a rule, more slowly than the manufacturing ones. As a result, the share of the extractive industry in the cost of industrial output is constantly decreasing. At the same time, of course, individual sectors of the extractive industry are also growing at uneven rates. The most striking example is the fact that in the period from 1950 to 1970. world gas production increased only 1.7 times, while world oil production increased 4.4 times. Disproportions of this kind often determine progressive structural shifts in the global fuel and energy balance.

However, the most significant changes are taking place in the structure of the manufacturing industry. In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, a distinctive feature of the industry is the outpacing development of three sectors - the electric power industry, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the listed industries are much more than others influencing the implementation and obtaining successful results of the scientific and technological revolution.

In fact, the electric power industry acts as the basis for the automation of modern production, the growth of labor productivity, and the increase in its electric power. It is with it that the main revolutionary transformations in the energy sector are connected, which find expression primarily in the ever-increasing use of atomic energy.

The difference and special importance of mechanical engineering lies in the fact that a qualitative revolution in technology is associated with it. During the period of scientific and technological revolution, such new branches of mechanical engineering as the production of electronic computing devices - the basis of the modern "industry of knowledge", automatic control and measuring devices, machine tools with program control, equipment for nuclear power plants, rockets, spaceships are growing at the highest rates. Along with this, mechanical engineering is mastering the production of new types of cars, ships, turbines, electrical apparatus and instruments, including household ones. In the most developed countries, the share of mechanical engineering in the gross output of the entire industry reaches 80-35%.

The share of the chemical industry in gross output is usually 10-15%. In this industry, with all the importance of basic chemistry (the production of sulfuric acid, soda, fertilizers), the leading position has already passed to the chemistry of organic synthesis, which relies mainly on oil and gas raw materials and produces polymeric materials. Chemical fibers provide almost 2/s of all raw materials used by the textile industry. Synthetic rubber is already consumed in the world more than natural rubber. Metals and wood are increasingly being replaced by plastics.

In addition to these facts, important structural changes are taking place in other industries. Perhaps the most striking example is such an old industry as metallurgy. Although steel is still the most common structural material and its smelting is 20 times higher than the smelting of all non-ferrous metals combined, the role of non-ferrous metallurgy is growing especially rapidly these days. This is primarily due to the rapid growth of demand for the so-called "metals of the 20th century." Until recently, only aluminum and magnesium were referred to them. The development of new industries (nuclear, rocket, space), television, radar, computer technology has sharply increased the demand for beryllium, lithium, zirconium 1, cesium, tantalum, germanium, selenium and other metals.

Changes are also taking place in the structure of agriculture. In crop production, the production of fodder, as well as vegetables and fruits, is growing faster. Structural shifts are also taking place in world transport, where new types of it are developing at an especially rapid pace - automobile, pipeline and air. If we compare with the pre-war period, the freight turnover of rail transport has increased by about 4 times, and air - by almost 500 times. hallmark structural shifts in foreign trade is a noticeable decrease in the share of raw materials and food and an increase in the share of finished industrial products.

Conclusion

Based on the analysis, several main structural changes Industries affected by the NTR:

• There is an accelerated growth in the non-productive sphere, i.e. services
• There is a transition from basic industries(which are resource-intensive) to knowledge-intensive industries
• A significant reduction in the share of agriculture in the GDP of countries
• Growth in agricultural efficiency
• Manufacturing industries are the backbone of industry
• Increasing the share of manufacturing products
• The leading industries are: mechanical engineering, electric power and chemical industry

In conclusion, I would like to say that it is impossible not to note how significant the contribution of scientific and technological revolution to the development of modern industry is. Even despite some shortcomings (reducing the share of certain industries in overall structure), we can conclude that most of the changes have improved the functioning of the world economy.

Scientific and technological revolution. Unlike scientific and technological progress (STP), which accompanies the development of mankind, the scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a period of time during which a qualitative leap occurs in the development of science and technology, which decisively transforms the productive forces of society.

Modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by four main features:

1) the rapid, accelerated development of science, a sharp reduction in the time between scientific discovery and its introduction into production;

2) universality, i.e. scientific and technological revolution has covered all branches and spheres of human activity in all countries of the world;

3) increased requirements for the level of qualification of people;

4) the military-applied orientation of scientific and technological revolution as a consequence of its inception during the Second World War.

NTR is a complex system in which four components interact.

1. Science. A system of "education--science-production" emerged. An important indicator development of the country were the cost of research and development (R&D). A huge share of such expenses (85%) falls on the leading developed countries: the USA, Japan, Germany, France and the UK. R&D expenditures in them amount to 2-3%, and for education - 4-7% of GNP. In most developing countries, the share of R&D spending averages 0.4%.

2. Technique and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries. Technology creates new means of production A with the help of technology - new methods of processing and processing of raw materials and materials. The most striking expression is the transition to latest technology and technology finds in the production of electronic equipment. That is why the latest wave of scientific and technological revolution is called "microelectronic revolution".

3. Production. Electronization and automation of production are the most important consequences of the "microelectronic revolution", which led to the reindustrialization of advanced countries on a completely new basis. Other directions can be considered the restructuring of the energy sector based on energy saving, wider use of new energy sources, in particular nuclear; the production of advanced structural materials, biotechnology and the microbiological industry, and, finally, the development of the aerospace industry. The most important feature of all these areas - their science intensity, i.e. the share of R&D costs in the total costs for the production of a particular product.

4. Management. The science of management, the general laws of receiving, storing, transmitting and processing information is called cybernetics. "Cybernetic revolution" was marked by the transition from paper to computer science. She also created a complex information infrastructure, including automated control systems, data banks, information bases, data centers, video terminals, nationwide Information Systems etc. Ahead of other countries in the development of informatics and cybernetics are the United States, as well as Japan, Canada, Sweden, Austria.

World economy. The formation of the world economy took place throughout the history of mankind. At the turn of the XV-XVI centuries. as a result of the great geographical discoveries, trade between countries covered almost the entire globe, which led to the birth of the world market. The next stage was the industrial revolution of the 18th-19th centuries, which sharply spurred the development of primarily transport and the entire machine industry, requiring the importation of huge masses of raw materials and food for the rapidly growing urban population. Thus, the world economy was finally formed by the end of the 19th century. as a result of the emergence of the world market, the development of large-scale machine industry and transport.

In the early 90s. the socialist camp ceased to exist. As a result, the world ceased to be split into two types of economy and acquired a polycentric character, although the main economic power is still wielded by the three main centers - Europe, the USA and Japan (28%, 26% and 10% of world GDP, respectively). Today, the main "watershed" is not between East and West, as it used to be, but between the North (center) and South (periphery), and the gap in the level of socio-economic development between them continues to grow. On the entire periphery of the world economy by the beginning of the 90s. accounted for only 15% of the world GDP.

Geographical division of labor. international geographical division labor(MGRT) - the most important concept economic geography, is expressed in the specialization of the economy of individual countries in the production of certain types of products or services and in their subsequent exchange. In order for such specialization to occur in a particular country, certain conditions are necessary:

a) the country must have some advantages, such as resources, over other states in the production of relevant products, and these advantages must be maintained for a long time;

b) there must be countries in need of these products;

c) the cost of production and delivery of products to the consumer should be lower than in other countries;

d) the country must produce more of this product than it needs.

As a result of the fulfillment of these conditions, industries of international specialization are being formed in the country, oriented towards the export of products and defining the "face" of the country in the MGRT.

In turn, international specialization necessitates the international exchange of goods and services, which contributes to the development of international economic ties, an increase in freight traffic, and a certain territorial gap is formed between the place of production and the place of consumption.

Thus, world economy-- this is a historically established system of interconnected national economies, which is based on the international geographical division of labor, various economic and political relations.

The impact of scientific and technological revolution on the world economy. IN 20th century thanks to the scientific and technological revolution, the growth rate of the world economy was very high. This process has been named third industrial revolution or reindustrialization.

In the history of the development of the economy, three historical and economic structures can be distinguished. Until the 18th century dominated the world economy agricultural structure. After the industrial revolution in economically developed countries, there was a industrial structure. Since the middle of the XX century. after the start of the scientific and technological revolution began to form post-industrial (informational) a structure that is characterized by a change in the proportions between the production and non-production spheres in favor of the latter. Thus, in the USA, Canada, Norway, more than 70% of the labor force is employed in the service sector, while in Russia - 31%, in Burundi - 6%.

IN production area The scientific and technological revolution touched, first of all, on changes in the ratio between industry and agriculture in favor of the former. This is explained, on the one hand, by the most important role played by industry in supplying the population with goods and in raising labor productivity, and, on the other hand, by the intensification of agriculture and its industrialization. Currently, in developed countries, only 2-7% of the economically active population is employed in agriculture (in industry - 25%), in Russia - 13% (31%), China - 73% (14%), Nepal -- 93% (1%) respectively.

IN branch structure industry of developed countries, the role of manufacturing industries has increased, and first of all, science-intensive ones: mechanical engineering, chemical, and also electric power industry. The share of the mining industry is falling sharply - to 2-3% of the total industrial production. In the structure of agriculture, the role of animal husbandry is increasing, giving in developed countries up to 75% of all agricultural products.

Scientific and technological revolution had no less impact on territorial structure economy. Many old factors in the location of production have acquired a new content, the emergence of others is directly related to the scientific and technological revolution.

IN economically developed countries formed the territorial structure of the economy with a high level of "maturity". There is a system of economic regions of three types:

a) highly developed regions, where there are major scientific centers, science-intensive industries, and a well-developed non-productive sphere;

b) depressed areas, which are old industrial, where the influence of scientific and technological revolution is very weak;

c) backward agrarian regions, generally weakly affected by industrialization.

IN developing countries The territorial structure of farms was established in the colonial era. It is typical for her low level"maturity" and at the same time a very high degree of territorial concentration of production and population. The role of the main center of the entire territory is usually performed by the capital, which very often happens to be the main seaport countries. The role of auxiliary centers of the territory can be performed by areas of export specialization - mining or plantation agriculture. These two or three centers are connected, as a rule, by a single railroad, which transports mineral or agricultural raw materials to the port of export. The role of the periphery is played by vast territories with traditional consumer agriculture.