The design process is a sequential execution of operations from the initial one (receiving an order for development) to the design project.

The main factor that determines the design process is the purpose of the project. The content and direction of the artist-designer’s work, as well as the methods and means used in the process of work, depend on it. The goal of the project is the properties and functions of products needed by society. The designer needs to design a thing so that it is superior in usefulness to its analogues. The design process has organizational forms. It is divided into stages, each of which has its own tasks. The results of the stages are documented with appropriate regulatory documentation and materials.

In accordance with GOST 2.103-68 “ESKD. Stages of Development" established five main stages in the design of industrial products. All stages of engineering design correspond to certain stages of artistic design, which together form a single process for creating industrial products.

During engineering or technical design, the material basis of the product is developed, and during artistic design, this basis is endowed with ease of use and beauty. Having different objectives, it is thus different from engineering design. The participation of the designer artist in the design is especially important at the beginning of the work - at the stages pre-project analysis and the development of artistic and design proposals, i.e. when the idea and concept of a future product are born. At subsequent stages, the idea is developed and actually embodied in the project.

1st stage. Preliminary analysis and development of technical specifications. A feature of the artistic design method is the systematic search for a solution, when the design process begins long before the appearance of the drawings. At the first stage, the requirements associated with the functioning of the product are determined and General requirements technical aesthetics that always provide A complex approach to the designed product.

The development of technical specifications includes a preliminary analysis, during which information is collected about the goals of the project, the material and technical capabilities of the enterprises that will produce the designed product are established, the need for it and the sphere of consumption, the nature of demand and sales, a set of technological requirements, and the place of the product in the complex are determined. functionally related things, prospects for the development of technology and production technology and other socio-economic issues.

During development terms of reference in the process of designing technical objects, general ergonomic requirements and further special studies that need to be carried out are determined. The principles, methods and requirements of ergonomics are reflected at all subsequent stages of artistic design.

At the first stage of the analysis of social needs and technical and economic opportunities, character traits forms, style orientation and a system of restrictions is formed, which, together with the established general design objectives, serves as the basis for a preliminary assessment of the design situation and determination of the desired properties of the designed product. Understanding and formation common task design is greatly facilitated by the designer's familiarity with product prototypes.

Preliminary analysis at the first stage contributes to the qualified participation of the designer in the development of technical specifications for the design and makes it possible to outline a project strategy.

A technical specification for artistic design is a document (drawn up only by the customer or jointly with the contractor, approved by the customer and the contractor), which establishes the purpose, technical and economic characteristics of the design object, consumer and other requirements for it, as well as the stages of development. At the same time, at any stage, changes to the task are allowed, subject to mutual agreement and approval.

2nd stage. Development of artistic and design proposals. After receiving the assignment, the artist-designer begins to develop preliminary versions of artistic and design proposals. This process is carried out in parallel with an in-depth analysis of the original design situation and prototypes.

At the initial stage of design, the designer-designer, analyzing the initial situation, finds out why it does not satisfy the person and what needs to be changed in it. At the same time, he studies the needs for a specific product, identifies trends in the development of its form and function, technical characteristics, operating features and ways to optimize the functional process, etc. An important role in this analysis is played by information about analogues, i.e. the best and closest to the designed product samples and prototypes. It must be borne in mind that analogues are those products that already exist. But during the design process, more advanced ones may be created (for example, in another country), so the requirements for the product under development may change significantly. Studying the dynamics of the development of products (built in a chain of prototypes) allows us to identify the cultural and historical trend in the change in their various properties, as well as the factors that determined these changes. Such analysis contributes to the formation of the project plan and identification of possible further development products. In practice, there are often cases when the creation of high-quality products was facilitated by the study of distant prototypes.

An important point in the process of analyzing the initial situation, analogues and prototypes is the establishment of objective functional, constructive and other conditions for shaping.

An artist-designer must know the technical capabilities and conditions for shaping products, therefore, when analyzing analogues, the features of their design solution, production technology, and material properties are studied. Such research allows not only to more accurately develop the requirements for a future product, but also to more successfully implement them in the project.

Based on the analysis of analogues and prototypes, a conclusion is also made about the structure of the product shape. Compositional analysis of the form allows us to identify a system of functional and structural connections and comprehensively evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the form, function and design of the product. Therefore, analyzes of function, structure and form are mutually reinforcing.

In addition to analyzing analogues and prototypes of an object - the so-called retrospective modeling and establishing a set of requirements for it - constructive modeling, an important tool in searching for a design concept is forecasting - prospective modeling. Forecasting is based on the correct construction of the ideal of the future object and the main directions of movement towards it, taking into account natural changes in social, technical, economic and other conditions. Each subsequent promising model should grow organically from the previous one, eliminating its inherent shortcomings. Such research contributes to a more correct definition of tasks in the present.

In general, “design research is intended to streamline the cognitive activity of the designer, direct it towards the implementation of the design concept, filling it with specific content. In turn, the design concept makes it possible to establish connections between widely separated scientific data and to see design goals behind particular solutions.”

So, after performing analysis and research, the designer-designer determines a set of requirements for the designed object. Current standards, the optimal range of products (if required), functional, formative and other requirements are established, methodological instructions are developed, etc. Based on the identified requirements, the conditions for the best functioning of the product with human participation, i.e. communication in the HMS system, are determined. Requirements are ranked according to their importance, which is then taken into account when solving the task at hand.

Based established requirements, as well as regulatory materials, the artist-designer develops variants of artistic and design proposals for the designed object, which are not yet product designs, but already include the data necessary to formulate the plan and implement it in the project. After agreement with the customer, one of the options for artistic and design proposals is accepted for further development.

3rd stage. Development of a preliminary artistic design project. At this stage, closely related to engineering design, the general structure, kinematic, electrical and other circuits technical objects, structural and Decoration Materials, purchased products or parts, dimensions of components and products, design solutions used, search and development of the form is underway. The designer-designer carries out a sketch search for the future product based on the decisions made on its design and manufacturing technology, ergonomic research data and others, which meets a set of technical aesthetics requirements. When designing technical objects, the interaction of structural and compositional factors is the main point of the search.

At the stage of developing a preliminary artistic design project, as a rule, a large number of decisions. Sketches of products are made in the form of drawings and drawings, which allows you to quickly make various changes. In addition to making sketches, the design artist searches for and develops product forms using modeling and prototyping. The model reflects the volumetric-spatial solution of the designed product, and the layout, in addition, reflects its color, material texture and graphic elements. Models and mock-ups of the entire product or individual components are made, as a rule, in conventional material (wood, plaster, paper, cardboard, plasticine, etc.).

Draft designs are subject to comprehensive analysis, as a result of which one or more best options are selected. In accordance with the VNIITE SKhKD, a preliminary artistic and design project is a set of documents that contain the main fundamental artistic and design decisions and justification for the chosen option. After agreement with the customer and approval preliminary design serves as a basis for further development.

4th stage. Development of a technical art and design project. This stage corresponds to the development of a technical project. The previously accepted preliminary design is being finalized. Assemblies and structural elements are developed, the feasibility and expediency of the proposed solutions are checked, and the layout diagram is analyzed from an engineering perspective. The designer must take into account in the form of the product all the changes that may occur during the engineering design process, therefore he must have a good knowledge of the design of the product and the technology of its production.

At this design stage, issues of choosing rational structural materials, optimal technology for manufacturing products, and unifying components and parts are also resolved. An ergonomic analysis of the designed product and its further development taking into account ergonomic requirements are important.

When the issues of the shape of the product as a whole have already been resolved, the designer-designer more carefully works out the shape of individual parts, and especially those that are related to the ease of use of the product. The color scheme of the product and surface texture are finalized. Together with a technologist, physiologist and other specialists, the artist-designer selects the necessary facing and finishing materials, since, in addition to aesthetic requirements, the color and texture of the surface must satisfy the requirements of physiology.

When developing a technical (artistic design project), individual technical parameters of the product, technological production capabilities, ergonomic requirements, compositional design and other parameters may be in some contradiction. Therefore, for the artist-designer, an important task at this stage is to coordinate the work of many specialists and link various parameters future product. He must give preference to one or another group of formative factors depending on the purpose of the product and the main design objectives. Assessing the compatibility of factors can lead to clarification and change, but to a more high level, individual product parameters. This, as a rule, is associated with clarification of the set of initial data, and sometimes with a new interpretation of the problem and a change in the technical specifications, since the process of artistic design is complex and reversible. Only after repeated searches does the designer find an option that meets all the requirements. But after that, he also analyzes and evaluates the consumer properties of the product, its social role. After this, the results are submitted for approval.

At the stage of development of a technical art and design project, in addition to general drawings, layout, decorative and graphic elements and technical drawing of the product (perspective image), models and layouts are made in conventional material (or they are used approved at the previous stage and modified taking into account comments). When developing complex and new products, sometimes life-size working models are made, which most fully characterize their real consumer properties. Such models are especially necessary when designing complex objects with a curved surface shape. They serve not only for working out the form, but also for developing accurate design drawings of curved elements and templates.

The artistic design of products with complex shapes can be carried out using electronic devices. Computer-aided design, for example, is widely used in the design of car bodies. It provides accurate information about the surface and the main forming lines of the body model, makes it possible to accurately reproduce the shape of prototypes and production samples, frees design artists and modelers from work related to the construction of perspective images, measurements, and significantly shortens the artistic design process as a whole. The presence of a single information carrier (for example, punched paper tape) stored at all stages of design eliminates the disadvantages of conventional design, namely deviations and layering of errors at each of the subsequent stages and during the manufacture of a prototype. However, priority in solving creative problems remains with the individual.

When designing most products for mass production, it is necessary to produce a prototype - a working product, which, in addition to the shape of the product, reflects its color, material texture, and graphic elements.

A technical art and design project, in addition to drawings and models, also includes an explanatory note, diagrams and calculations. The explanatory note includes the rationale and description of the artistic design solution and a list of requirements and comments for subsequent development or production. The diagrams, the nomenclature of which is determined depending on the complexity of the product being designed, show its component parts and the connections between them in conventional images or symbols. In the calculations made by the contractor, in agreement with the customer, the data necessary to justify decisions taken.

Thus, a technical artistic design project represents a set of documents that contain complete and final solutions for the artistic design of the designed product, its technical and economic indicators.

Detailed design. At this stage, working drawings of the product are developed. Issues of shaping have already been resolved at the previous stages, and the amount of work of the designer-designer is sharply reduced.

When completing working drawings, he acts as a consultant. The design artist controls or is directly involved in the development of templates and complex drawings related to the shape of the surface of products (plaza drawings), as well as in the execution of various inscriptions.

Certain difficulties associated with the technological capabilities of the manufacturer may appear already during the development of drawings of technological equipment. There is a need to make some adjustments to the shape of the product. These issues should be resolved only by the designer or with his participation.

Based on the completed working drawings, one or more prototypes are made, which are intended for artistic and design evaluation of the new product, as well as for testing for compliance functional purpose, strength, durability, etc.

The rest of this chapter covers the steps involved in designing an operating system. These steps include designing products and manufacturing processes, identifying manufacturing facilities and locations, designing the plant, and developing manufacturing operations. This section addresses issues of product and process design for product-oriented industries. The next section discusses product and process design issues in service delivery.

Criteria and selection of projects

PRODUCT DESIGN. Product design should be aimed at meeting customer needs. To analyze the specific customer requirements for a given product, the designer must consider the relative importance following criteria product design:

1. Cost.

2. Economical operation.

3. Quality.

4. Elements of luxury.

5. Size, power or strength.

6. Service life.

7. Reliability in operation.

8. Maintenance requirements, its simplicity.

9. Versatility of use.

10. Operational safety.

In order to obtain the desired product characteristics, the designer must make a selection of options in the following areas during the design process:

1. Sizes and shapes.

2. Materials.

3. The ratio of standard and specific elements.

4. Modular components.

5. Redundant components for increased reliability.

6. Safety elements.

It is clear that trade-offs exist between product design criteria and possible choices. For example, installing air conditioning in a car will make it more luxurious, but will increase the amount of maintenance. Likewise, using thicker sheets of metal for the body will increase the life of the vehicle and improve its safety, but will also make it more expensive and possibly reduce mileage per gallon.

PRODUCTION PROCESS DESIGN. Once a product is designed, the steps in the manufacturing process for that product must be determined. As with product design, the process designer must consider the relative importance of the following manufacturing process design criteria:

1. Production capacity.

2. Economic efficiency.

3. Flexibility.

4. Productivity.

5. Reliability.

6. Maintainability.

7. Standardization and consistency of results.

8. Safety and industrial sanitation and hygiene.

9. Satisfying the vital needs of workers.

To achieve the desired process characteristics, the designer must make choices in the following areas:

1. Type of processing system (project system, small-scale production, mass production, continuous process, a combination of the above options).

2. Own production or purchase of some components.

3. Performing some tasks with your own funds or transferring them to subcontractors.

4. Processing methods (for example, painting can be done by spraying, brushing, dipping).

5. Degree of mechanization and automation.

6. Degree of specialization of workers' labor.

It is clear that product design also influences process design. For example, the process of preparing standard sandwiches cannot be effectively applied to preparing sandwiches to order for individual customers. Therefore, product developers and process developers must work closely together. They must fully understand exactly what customer needs they are going to satisfy. operating system and what kind of expressed competence will help achieve the desired competitiveness.

Product and process life cycle

As a product moves through its life cycle, the process by which that product is produced should also evolve in a predictable manner. If the process life cycle does not evolve in lockstep with the product life cycle, the organization's competitiveness may be seriously compromised.

At the initial stage life cycle products, its sales volumes are low. The design of the product may not yet be completely stable, and competitiveness may be based on its distinctive features, not on price. At this stage, the manufacturing process must be flexible enough to be changed quickly to accommodate changes in product design. The ability to produce in large quantities and with high cost efficiency is not very important. The process at this time can be labor-intensive, small-scale and non-automated.

As the product improves, its design will become increasingly standardized and sales volumes will increase. The main factor of competitiveness in this case will apparently be price. Questions economic efficiency and stability of product output will gain vital importance. The production process will become capital-intensive, highly automated, aimed at mass production of products.

A wonderful example of this concept of life PRODUCT - PROCESS CYCLE V last years demonstrated the personal computer industry. As the product matured, sales volumes increased and prices for personal computers fell sharply. To keep IBM competitive, Apple and other personal computer makers have replaced labor-intensive manufacturing with highly automated factories.

Current level of development of production systems

Advances in computer speed and applications have led to a revolution in manufacturing system design. In this section we will touch upon a number of technologies based on the use of computers used in production-oriented industries.

Computer-aided design (CAD) allows a technical product designer to work with a computer terminal and create the necessary documentation that previously had to be done manually. It can be stored in the computer's memory, easily retrieved from there and made the necessary changes. When needed, the computer can transfer the drawings to paper carrier. It allows you to dramatically speed up the process of developing and drawing a project and gives great opportunities to explore various options. In addition, as the project develops, the computer can check for certain types of errors.

Automated production control system (APS). It refers to a whole range of technologies that allow you to manage and monitor the operation of production equipment using a computer. This technology goes beyond conventional automation mainly by providing flexibility in the production process. The computer can issue a new set of commands to the piece of equipment it controls and change the task the equipment is performing.

ROBOTS are programmable devices that manipulate materials and working tools, which previously had to be done by workers. The use of robots is especially effective in monotonous, frequently repetitive operations that are tedious and exhausting for workers; for operations that require a high degree of stability, as well as work that is dangerous or inconvenient for humans. A distinctive property of robots is that they can be reprogrammed and, if necessary, “taught” a new job.

Automated storage and retrieval (ASR) systems, or “automated warehouses,” use computer-controlled material handling devices that place items in and out of storage on command. The computer also keeps track of exactly where each item is located. These systems not only eliminate manual labor, but also save warehouse space and speed up warehouse operations and improve inventory control.

A common feature of new technologies is that they increase production flexibility. Manufacturing processes that integrate all these technologies are called flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). Their advantage is a high degree of automation without loss of flexibility. GPS makes it possible to reduce the cost of equipment changeover, which ensures cost-effective production of small batches of products. The Japanese were the first to recognize the technical capabilities and competitive advantages of GPS. US manufacturers are still trying to catch up in the implementation and effective use of these technologies.

The combination of the above technologies in a system operating under the control of an integrated information management system is called integrated automated system production management (IASUP). And although such a system is still mostly seen only at the level of conceptual development, the necessary technologies that make it up already actually exist. The problem is to integrate and manage all these technologies in a single system. Many progressive industrial companies are enthusiastically working to create the “factory of the future.”

History of the development of furniture.

Furniture in the interior takes up significant space, especially in residential interiors. It acts as an active component of the composition and plays a large role in the artistic organization of the interior.

Furniture- (from French meuble, from Latin mobius - movable) - equipment designed to place people and various elements of the interior on or behind it.

Many types of furniture appeared in ancient times. Over the millennia, they have acquired stable forms (see the articles History of the development of furniture, Stylistic features in various historical eras (using the example of a chair)). However, with the advent of new technologies and materials (plastic, elastic porous masses, synthetic fabrics), new types of furniture have become widespread. For example, new-shaped chairs on casters with adjustable height and angle of inclination of the backrest and seat.

Furniture design belongs to industrial design. The process of designing and constructing furniture, like the process of designing any other industrial product, is divided into stages, each of which has its own tasks, features and results. The results are reflected and recorded in accordance with regulatory documentation and materials. Here we should distinguish between two concepts: design and construction. Design is a broader concept than construction. It consists of developing a project. A project is understood as a plan, idea, image, including their initial description, justification, preliminary calculations and drawings. Design is the final part of design. Product design refers to the process of creating design documentation for them. It is planned to carry out calculations and develop a set of design documents containing the necessary data for the manufacture of samples, mastering production, control, acceptance, delivery and operation of the product, including its repair. Often these words are understood as synonyms, especially in educational design, when the student acts as a designer and constructor at the same time.

1. Preparatory stage. Marketers work at this stage. They study the market, determine the type of product intended for sale, and the market requirements for it. Marketers also choose a designer who, in close collaboration with them, designers, technologists, economists, sociologists, sales specialists, etc., taking into account all anthropometric and functional requirements, creates a design for a new product.

2. New product project. The final part of the project is the technical specification.

3.Technical specifications(TOR) – a document for the development (design) of a product and technical documentation.States requirements , volume, stages of development and composition of design documentation. The task of the designer, who has received the technical specification in his hands, is to find the correct technical solutions based on it and develop a set of technical documentation for the product.
First of all, an analysis of the technical specifications is carried out. It may contain a lot of ambiguities and incomprehensible places. All this should be clarified with its author-designer. The designer then determines the basic requirements for the design object and the basic principles of its operation.
The next stage is to identify existing technical solutions analogues. At the same time, using catalogs, prospectuses or Internet sites, a selection of various design options related to the object and its basic principle and close to them is made. The study of information usually leads to ensuring constructive continuity - the use in the development of previous experience in the profile of specialization and related industries, the introduction into the design of the object under development of everything useful that is available in existing designs.
At this design stage, the designer imagines himself in the user's place to analyze the behavior of people who will interact with the designed object, and as a way to solve technical problems. At the same time, the designer takes into account all anthropometric and functional dimensions. It is important and simple to assess the dimensions of the furniture on which and at which they will sit, as well as the dimensions of the things that will be stored in it. Often the designer develops the external form, and internal shape, including the dimensions of internal drawers and storage compartments are calculated by the designer. Research on the range of items used by people of different genders and ages exists, but the indicators quickly become outdated because... New household items appear and the sizes of existing ones change.

At the stage of development of technical specifications, the product, regardless of the complexity proposed by the designer, must include maximum simplicity and manufacturability of the design. Ensuring the reliability and safety of products is an important requirement. It must be achieved even regardless of the artistic solution proposed by the designer. At the same time, the designer must remember to save materials. For example, at the stage of preliminary design of cabinet furniture, from time to time it pretends to use computer programs, how its parts fit on the cutting cards, what is their useful output from the slabs of the format used by the enterprise.
Already at the very first stages of design, possible future variations of the product should be provided for, for example, through the use of different fittings and components, changes in facades, upholstery or color schemes.

4. Technical assumption(TP). Based on the results of the analysis of the technical specifications, the collection of data on analogues and the initial development of the design project, a technical specification is drawn up. A technical proposal (TP) is a design design documentation containing a technical and feasibility study for the feasibility of developing a product based on an analysis of the technical specifications and elaboration of possible
product design options.
This means that at this stage, technologists are involved in the development of documentation to help determine the consumption of materials and components, and economists to correctly calculate costs.
A refined image of a new product can be presented in the form of drawings, drawings, three-dimensional images or models in full-scale or reduced scale. In this case, TP is actually combined with the development of a technical project.

5. Technical design . Work on a technical project (PT) begins after approval of the technical proposal, taking into account the comments and wishes of marketers, designers, technologists and economists. A technical project is understood as design design documentation containing final design solutions sufficient to obtain full presentation about the design and values ​​of product quality indicators.
It is very important that the designer developing it, as well as the designer, has mastered the concept of composition, which determines the structure and interrelation of the most important elements of an object, which determine its meaning and express its design. “...Few furniture designers who graduated from technical universities can boast of knowledge of subjects usually studied in art and architectural universities. And they have only one way - self-education. The designer needs to study everything
what is taught today to architects and designers is to constantly monitor fashion trends, the emergence of new materials, keep new catalogs of manufacturers of fittings and components on your desk, regularly visit furniture exhibitions and stores.”

The development of a technical project ends with the preparation of drawings, on the basis of which a full-scale experimental sample of the product is manufactured. Its production is not carried out manually, but on the equipment available at the enterprise or with a complete imitation of the technology used - only in this case it is possible to check the suitability of the product being developed for mastering its production. In addition, the production of a sample occurs under the constant direct supervision of the designer, who monitors the presence of his errors and evaluates the manufacturability of the product he has developed.
After discussing the sample with the participation of the same specialists and under the same conditions as the consideration of the technical design, the approved technical design with the comments taken into account is the basis for the development of working design documentation.

6. Working draft. Working design documentation is design documentation developed on the basis of technical specifications and design documentation of the technical project, intended
to ensure the manufacture, control, acceptance, delivery, operation and repair of the product.
Its set should include working drawings of parts, assembly drawings, diagrams, specifications and lists (statements) of purchased and component products, packaging drawings, instructions for assembling the product by the consumer, etc.
All drawings of serial and small-scale production products subject to certification must be made in accordance with the requirements Unified system design documentation (ESKD).

1. Remember what is common and what is the difference between a sketch and a drawing.
2. What is the essence of creative design?
3. What requirements must a product made according to a creative plan meet?
4. Remember from elementary school which product is called a mock-up and which is called a model. What do they have in common and what are the differences? Why are they made?
5. How do you understand the popular wisdom: “Measure twice, cut once”?

Consider the things you use. Think about what they are intended for, what material they are made of, and whether they are beautiful. Are they convenient to use? What would you like to improve in their design and finishing? Perhaps you have an idea to make New Year's decorations or give a gift to your family or friends? You can make any product yourself. But what do you need to know, what to be able to do, what to learn?

What precedes the creation of a product? First of all, you need to reflect and answer the main question: How do I want the product to look? To do this, they create a creative project. Project translated from English means “a plan thrown forward.” This technological activities person, during which the design of the future product is justified and developed. Project development consists of several stages. The first of these is research and drawing up project objectives. The most common and successful method of solving these problems is fantasizing, that is, imagining, inventing by a person something new, something that does not exist. A mentally imagined idea is displayed in the form of a document called a technical description. It notes the name and purpose of the product, describes its geometric shape, the type of material from which it is intended to be made, presents finishing methods, a list of necessary tools and other data.

The next stage is an artistic and technical search. At this stage, according to the technical description, various options drawings of the future product or their drawing, model sketches or layouts.

You know from elementary school that a model is a copy of a future product (Fig. 172). It is performed with exact observance of the proportions and dimensions of the product in an enlarged or reduced form.

Rice. 172. Model of the Olympic Stadium in Kyiv (a) and its modern appearance (b)

Before designing any product, a designer, design engineer or designer must foresee how climatic conditions (rain, snow, wind, high and low temperatures, etc.) may affect it. This especially needs to be taken into account when planning the construction of bridges, metro stations, buildings, television towers, Vehicle. For this purpose, the constructed mock-up or model is placed in special devices to simulate the effect of the specified factors on them. Based on the research results, appropriate adjustments are made to the project, which makes it possible to prevent the destruction of objects, as well as to avoid material, energy and other costs.

Model– this is a simplified reflection of the product and its components, made in an enlarged or reduced form. Models can be static, that is, motionless (Fig. 173), and dynamic, or moving (Fig. 174).

Rice. 173. Static models: a – houses; b – sailboat; in - airplane

Rice. 174. Dynamic models: a – boats; b – helicopter; in – car

Models and layouts are made from inexpensive materials that can be easily processed (paper, cardboard, plasticine, plywood, veneer, textile and other materials). Models of clothing, toys, and souvenirs are created from paper and textile materials; made of polystyrene foam and cardboard - house models. Plywood and veneer are used to model aircraft, ships, and vehicles. Like every product, models and layouts are constructed according to drawings. The images on them can also be made in enlarged or reduced form, but the dimensions shown on them are actual.

Currently, layouts and models are developed by designers on computers using special programs(Fig. 175). The process of creating a layout (model) from its conception to the development of appropriate technical documents, containing all the data about this object and the technology for its manufacture (drawing of the object, types of materials, manufacturing stages, methods of fastening structural elements, etc.), is called prototyping (modeling). Often in Everyday life You will be faced with problems or tasks related to planning and creative design. In this case, it will be necessary to be able to create new graphic images of future products or read and improve existing ones. They can be made in full size, enlarged or reduced.

Rice. 175. Modeling a house layout using a computer

Rice. 176. Photo Frame Graphic Designs

For example: there was a need to develop a photo frame project. For this purpose, according to our own plans, various versions of their drawings or sketches, geometric outlines of external and internal contours are developed (Fig. 176). Then the material for making the product is determined. Features of artistic design are provided, and calculations of the cost of the future product are also carried out. From the developed options, the most successful drawing or sketch (layout or model) is selected, which is subject to mini-marketing research, that is, studying the opinion about the quality of the product of those who will use it in the future. For surveys, a questionnaire is developed with a number of questions, for example: Are you satisfied with the aesthetic appearance of the product and its dimensions? Will the product be convenient to use? Are you satisfied with the expected price of the product? In your opinion, is the product safe to use?

According to the results of such a study, they analyze the answers, comments and suggestions, on the basis of which they finalize the design of the future product and prepare for its creative defense. In the process of defending the project, the developer must give reasonable answers to all questions, explain his reasoning and support them with reasoned calculations. Subject to a positive conclusion from the users, the finalization of the object is completed and its last copy is created. Next, they begin to make a product that can become a beautiful souvenir for family and friends (Fig. 177).

Rice. 177. General view of the frame

Rice. 178. Original products cut from plywood

As a result of creative design, new original products appear that have an unusual shape and beautiful finish (Fig. 178). If a product consists of several structural elements, then all the data necessary for its manufacture is entered into a special table (Fig. 179). You will learn about the features of developing, drawing and using a feeder later in labor training lessons.

Rice. 179. Feeder design diagram

Rice. 180. Bird feeders

Check out the images in Figure 180. Try to figure out what the product is called, what material its structural elements are made of, what their dimensions are, how to connect them into a structure, what tools are needed for this. Analyze designs and suggest changes that can improve the quality of products.

New terms

design, project, fantasy, artistic and design search, mini-marketing research, configuration.

Basic Concepts

• Architect– specialist in design, construction and artistic decoration of buildings.
• Design– artistic design and finishing of products, creation of new types and types.
• Designer– a specialist in the artistic design and finishing of products, the creation of new types and types.
• Constructor- a specialist who designs something, creates structures.
• Configuration– outlines external form products.
• Outline – general form an object outlined by a line that limits its surface.

Fixing the material

1. What type of human activity is called design?
2. What document is called a project?
3. What is the essence of fantasy?
4. What data is displayed in the technical description?
5. What is the essence of the artistic and design stage of design?

- creation of a new sample of arts and crafts with specified properties, including research, creation of sketches, layouts, models, calculations and drawings of products, production of prototypes.

Product design stages

1. Pre-project study
2. Artistic and design search
3. Construction
4. Modeling
5. Development of manufacturing technology

Stage 1. Pre-project study

At this point preparatory stage All information related to the type of product being developed is collected and analyzed, and requirements for it are identified. The materials and finishes used and the composition of the project are indicated.
The analyzed material is graphically recorded in the form of sketches of existing solutions for the product and its individual components (in black and white or using color). It is possible to use photocopies, as well as records of the most interesting artistic and design proposals with links to the literature used, collecting a database of analogues from literature and the Internet.
All information is analyzed from the standpoint of convenience, manufacturability, efficiency and beauty of the product.
The stage ends with the compilation of a list of scientifically based requirements for the product and its main design characteristics that meet these requirements, identified as a result of pre-design research.
Requirements for arts and crafts products:
Hygienic- optimality, safety from the point of view of preserving normal life and health of humans, the human population and future generations.
Operational– provide convenience and reliability.
Aesthetic– include the artistic design of the product, selection of materials and accessories.
Technical- must be performed during the production process.
Economic– reduction in the cost of goods.

Product requirements. Examples of describing product requirements
Example 1
The costume is designed for sports dancing. It must be relevant, convenient, economical, easy to use, aesthetically pleasing. It must meet the complex latest requirements— functional, ergonomic, structural and technological, economic. The costume must match the style, image, program, and musical accompaniment.
Example 2
The “Lilies” panel must correspond to the general design of the classroom. The elements of the composition must be combined by one artistic, figurative and technological solution based on the use of stencil technology, laser cutting, vector graphics, and pictorial and decorative coatings. Production must be inexpensive and environmentally friendly.

Stage 2. Artistic and design

2.1. Artistic and design search. Performance fore sketches, sketches— Once clear ideas for models are formulated, it is worth making a selection of the best and grouping them thematically. Then you need to methodically work through each one, experimenting with new proportions, necklines, sleeve shapes, fasteners, etc., taking into account the side, back and front views. The most successful drawings will be suitable for the final sketch. Sketches of the developed designs must be accurate, with correct proportions and working notes.
Making sketches of structural elements.

2.2. - the final creative proposal of the artist-designer, which fully defines all the characteristics of the product.
Reflect the mood and image of the product on paper succinctly, elegantly and concisely, show all the important details, structure and quality of materials in order to interest the viewer. Color is not always required, but it is desirable and sometimes necessary. It is worth attaching samples of materials to the drawings.

Stage 3. Construction

Design:

1. Technical drawing
2. Drawing
3. Patterns

Technical drawing- working drawings of products, their graphic specifications. In costume design, the human figure is not depicted, the proportions are not increased. All details, including seams, the product design itself and finishing, are indicated with clear lines without shading to prevent manufacturing errors.

Stage 3. Product modeling

Changing the details of the product base drawing in accordance with the selected model.

1. Changing the shape and size of individual product parts
2. Combining individual parts of a product into single parts
3. Breaking down product parts into parts

Stage 4 Development of manufacturing technology

4.1. Source data analysis

Examples
Analysis of production conditions. Number of products produced: 1 piece. Products are manufactured in a university workshop. Individual operations carried out in a factory workshop.

4.2. Consumer characteristics

4.3. Specifications

Examples
Example 1. Technical characteristics of the “Lilies” panel.
The panel consists of assembly units:
1. Decorative elements, 4 pieces, size 370*370 mm. Plywood, thickness 6 mm.
2. Decorative motifs “Lilies”, 4 pieces. Plywood thickness 6 mm.
3. The main tablet. Size 1005 mm X 1005 mm. Covered with beading.
4. Hooks for attaching to the main tablet - 8 pieces.

The “Lilies” panel (polyptech) consists of square decorative elements (4 pieces) mounted on a common tablet. Made of 6 mm thick plywood, the surfaces are decorated with acrylic paints using stencil techniques. The central elements on the main parts are lilies cut from plywood using laser cutting. Each panel element has two fasteners that are attached to the tablet. (See Figure 5)

Example 2. Technical characteristics of the “Blue Flowers” ​​box.
Specifications:
Construction: the blank is made of cardboard. The body consists of two parts. The outer surface of the blank is covered with denim fabric, decorated using decoupage technique using textile flowers, buttons and lace. The inner surface of the box is covered with satin.
Dimensions: length – 25 cm; width – 21 cm; height – 7 cm.
Decorative finishing techniques: decoupage on fabric, textile flowers.

4.4. Technical requirements to the product.

Examples
The product should be technological samples with examples of surface decoration using stencil painting and collage. The material for the blanks must be durable and not change shape when interacting with paints and varnishes. The surface must be flat so that it does not damage the skin when demonstrating teaching aids.

4.5. Selecting the type of workpiece. Selection and characteristics of materials. Requirements for materials
Using the method expert assessment perform an analysis of possible initial blanks for the main elements.
Apply the expert assessment method, which assigns three evaluation coefficients.
K1 - use of material
K2 - cost of workpiece
K3 - cost of subsequent mechanical and manual processing

Examples
Based on the lowest sum of coefficients, the optimal (cheaper and more environmentally friendly) option for blanks is cardboard. But plywood, to a greater extent, meets the requirements for the product being manufactured and the artistic design. Therefore, we choose plywood with a thickness of 6 mm.

4.6. Instruction Cards

© Preobrazhenskaya, I.V. Stages of design in arts and crafts. Guidelines for students to complete design development in the discipline “Fundamentals of arts and crafts and technical creativity” [Electronic resource]/I.V. Preobrazhenskaya // Irina Preobrazhenskaya’s blog, 2016. - March 24.