When legal entity there are free financial resources available, he has several ways to use them. You can create reserve fund, you can spend them on buying a new, more modern equipment or invest them in another enterprise. The last option is called “financial investment in development” or, in other words, “investment”. This will be discussed further.
The role of financial investments
Investing your money in someone else's business is always risky. Before deciding to take such a step, you need to carefully study the market, the company’s position in it, what its prospects and problems are. If this new idea, then, of course, the business plan is examined in detail, forecasts and time frames for the return of money are analyzed. Sometimes in this difficult matter you cannot do without the help of specialists who will assess the degree of risk and offer the most profitable options.
In any case, financial investments are the engine of progress. The greater the investment (no matter in what area), the greater the chance to improve, and therefore increase your competitiveness, market position, quality of goods, wages employees and so on down the chain. The most the developed countries With high level life - those to whom other states trust their finances. 
What can be considered a financial investment?
- Securities issued by state or relevant municipal authorities.
- Securities of third-party organizations, which must be marked with a maturity date and cost with interest.
- It can be simple deposits other companies, even subsidiaries.
- Financial investments are loans from one organization to another.
- Bank deposits.
- Contributions to the authorized capital of partnerships.
Conditions for the existence of financial investments
Accounting for financial investments in accounting will be carried out if certain conditions are met. First, it is necessary to provide officially executed and signed documents indicating receipt Money and obliging to return them with interest.
Secondly, any organization providing investments must understand that along with loans it receives financial risks:
- increase in price and depreciation of money;
- debtor's insolvency;
- declaring the borrower company bankrupt, etc.
And the third condition that financial investments must meet: they must bring economic benefits to the organization. It is usually expressed as future income and takes the form of a percentage of the amount invested. 
What cannot be classified as financial investments
Financial investments include various loans, but you need to clearly understand which securities can mislead an accountant and be considered investments, although they are not. The legislation clearly states what cannot be considered financial investments:
- Shares issued by a business for resale or cancellation.
- Payment for goods or services with a partner using a bill of exchange.
- Any investment in the development of your own enterprise. For example, allocating money to upgrade equipment or intangible assets, which are the subject of the loan.
- Any precious items, antiques that are not the subject of the main activity.
Types of financial investments
Investments can be classified in different ways. The most popular division into groups is:
- In relation to the established capital, financial investments can either form it or not affect it at all. For example, shares and investment certificates are issued to form or replenish fixed capital, but bonds and savings certificates have nothing to do with it.
- The form of ownership can be public or private.
- The repayment period also matters: long-term ones can be valid for more than one year, short-term ones - only up to 12 months. Examples of this type of financial investment are presented in the figure.
Types of securities
Another important point is to understand what kind of securities may be considered financial investments.
First of all, this is a promotion. It is a security issued by an enterprise for the purpose of forming the authorized capital. The owner of the share has the right to receive dividends, that is, interest on profits, and can participate in general meetings for making management decisions.
The main debt obligation is a bill of exchange. This is a financial instrument with which you can manage the debtor, indicating how much and by what time he must pay the creditor.
Bond. Most often it is issued by government agencies. Has an original price that the debtor must recoup by redeeming the bond. In addition, he is obliged to pay a fixed interest for the right to own or use the bond.
Savings certificate - issued by credit institutions and indicates the opening of a deposit account.
Accounts for recording financial investments
Accounting for financial investments must be reflected in the accounting accounts. According to regulatory documentation, the active account to display cash flows is 58" Financial investments". To display more specific transactions, sub-accounts are opened:
- 58.1 - "Units and shares."
- 58.2 - "Debt securities".
- 58.3 - "Debt loans" (passive subaccount).
- 58.4 - “Deposits under a partnership agreement.”
Formation of primary cost
When a company receives cash investment, the question arises of how to evaluate them correctly and to what balance to count them. This largely depends on the sources of income. They can be different: acquisition of securities, receipt as an investment in the authorized capital, gratuitous donation, payment order for goods supplied or services provided, etc. The financial investments of the organization and methods for the initial assessment of the primary cost, depending on the source of receipt, are presented in the figure. 
Any financial investment in the form of securities must be accepted by the organization in accordance with the rules and requirements. The document must have the following components:
- name of the company that issued the paper, name, series, document number and other details identifying it;
- face value, amount paid upon purchase, and other expenses that may be associated with the acquisition;
- number of documents;
- date, month and year of purchase, storage location.
Financial investments are an extremely important source of investment, which is the real engine of progress.
In progress economic activity the enterprise may temporarily free up funds that do not need to be immediately invested in the main activities of the enterprise.
Development financial markets allows you to invest them in order to generate income, that is, invest.
Existing investment opportunities vary in terms of return and risk. Among the least risky are investments in bank deposits and government securities.
It is also possible to invest in authorized capitals other enterprises, both directly and through the acquisition of their shares on a secondary stock market.
Financial investments are investments in securities and authorized capital (shares) of other organizations, as well as loans provided to other organizations. Financial investments are classified according to different criteria:
1. By purpose:
Acquired for the purpose of generating income from them;
Purchased for resale purposes.
2. Depending on the period for which purchased:
Long-term (more than 1 year);
Short term.
3. In connection with the authorized capital:
Financial investments for the purpose of forming authorized capital;
Investments in debt securities.
Types of financial investments are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Types of financial investments
|
Financial investments include: |
Financial investments do not include: |
The contributions of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement are also taken into account as part of financial investments. |
Assets that have a tangible form, such as fixed assets, inventories, as well as intangible assets, are not financial investments. |
If in the system accounting financial investments are no longer classified as long-term and short-term, then in the form balance sheet this classification has been retained. The classification of financial investments into long-term and short-term is carried out not for current accounting purposes, but only for financial statements. When compiling it, the organization must analyze all these assets and determine, as of the reporting date, which of them are long-term and which are short-term financial investments. When classifying, it is advisable to understand by maturity not the period of circulation of securities (the time from the moment of issue to the moment of redemption), but the degree of their liquidity, i.e. the ability, if necessary, to easily turn them into cash in the shortest possible time.
Long-term investments include financial investments whose return period exceeds one year. These include share contributions in the authorized capitals of other organizations, shares of subsidiaries and affiliates, other shares acquired for the purpose of holding them for an indefinite period, bonds and other debt securities held until maturity if it is expected in more than 12 months.
Contributions to joint activities under a simple partnership agreement also refer to long-term financial investments, because Usually, the organization's funds are diverted for a long period of time.
Long-term financial investments
Short-term financial investments include investments in deposits, loans, bonds and other securities whose maturity does not exceed one year.
Short-term financial investments
Long-term financial investments can be reclassified as short-term and, conversely, from short-term to long-term, if their purpose and intentions for further use change.
Essay
“Accounting for financial investments in an agricultural enterprise”
2. Assessment of financial investments
3. Accounting for financial investments
3.1 Accounting for shares and shares
1. Economic content of the concept of “financial investments” and their classification
Financial investments are funds of an enterprise that are transferred for use to other organizations. It is often more profitable for the owner to use his funds, primarily money, in third-party organizations rather than in his own business activities. The placement of capital in objects of entrepreneurial and (or) other activities with the aim of making a profit or achieving another beneficial effect is also called investment. Financial investments are investments in securities and other financial instruments.
Financial instruments represent any fixed-term agreement that results in the purchase and sale of a financial asset on certain terms and conditions previously agreed upon by the parties.
In accordance with PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial investments,” financial investments include:
State and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, promissory notes);
Contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, including subsidiaries and independent companies;
Deposits of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement;
Loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit organizations, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of claims, etc.
According to clause 2 of PBU 19/02, in order to accept assets for accounting as financial investments, the following conditions must be simultaneously met:
Availability of properly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization’s right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;
Go to organization financial risks related to financial investments (price change risk, debtor insolvency risk, liquidity risk, etc.);
The ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of a financial investment and its purchase value as a result of its exchange, use in repaying the organization’s obligations, an increase in the current market value and so on.).
The most common type of financial investments are investments in securities: the purchase of shares, bonds, bills, certificates of deposit and savings certificates, etc.
Financial investments do not include:
Own shares purchased by the organization from shareholders;
Bills of exchange issued by an organization to the seller when paying for goods, works and services;
Investments in fixed assets, intangible assets and profitable investments in material values.
As a rule, agricultural enterprises operate rather passively on the stock market, and financial investments do not occupy a very large share of the asset structure. This is due to the lack of free working capital for investing in the activities of other enterprises. However, the conditions modern market, including the market for agricultural products, dictate the need to maintain investment activities enterprises Agriculture, including in terms of financial investments. First of all, this is the protection of the own interests of such enterprises in related industries: processing products and supplying raw materials, equipment and machinery, as well as performing work and providing services for enterprises producing agricultural products. The protection of such interests is carried out mainly through the creation of new enterprises in related industries with the share participation of agricultural producers (for example, consumer cooperatives), as well as through the acquisition of securities of enterprises already operating on the market in order to control their activities.
By purchasing securities, an agricultural enterprise becomes an investor - it invests in the acquisition of securities. It itself can issue securities: its own shares, bonds, etc. In this case, the enterprise acts as an issuer (carries out an issue, i.e. puts securities into circulation).
Among enterprises in the agricultural industry, the placement of financial investments is usually carried out by farms that have a stake in the authorized (share) capital of enterprises processing agricultural products.
Financial investments are classified according to different criteria:
in connection with the authorized capital distinguish between financial investments for the purpose of forming authorized capital (shares, investment certificates) and debt (bonds, mortgages, deposits and savings certificates, treasury bills, bills);
by type of ownership distinguish between government and non-government securities;
depending on the period for which the financial investments were made, they are divided into long-term (the maturity of investments exceeds one year) and short-term (the maturity period is up to one year, i.e. for several months).
2. Assessment of financial investments
In accounting, different estimates of the value of financial investments are used depending on the purpose of measurement.
The nominal value of a financial investment is the value specified in the financial instrument itself, accepted in the contract, recorded in the register or printed on the security. The nominal value of equity instruments shows the amount of the share capital that they represent, and the nominal value of debt instruments shows the amount of the borrower's obligations that he undertakes to repay. The purchase and sale of financial investments do not change the nominal value; it remains constant throughout the entire period for which the investment is registered.
The price announced by the issuer (organization) at which securities are offered during the initial placement on the market is the placement cost, or issue price, which may be higher or lower than the nominal value of financial investments. If the issue price exceeds the nominal price, this means that the security is placed at a premium, resulting in the generation of issue income; otherwise, if the par value exceeds the placement cost, the issuer incurs a loss.
The value at which a financial instrument subsequently circulates on the market (sold and bought) is the market, or current, value of financial investments, which is determined at a particular moment by the nominal value, liquidity of investments and the amount of income generated.
When determining the market value, it is necessary to be guided by the resolution of the Federal Commission for the Securities Market dated December 24, 2003 No. 03–52/ps “On approval of the Procedure for calculating the market price of issue-grade securities and investment units mutual investment funds admitted to circulation through trade organizers, and establishing a maximum limit for market price fluctuations.”
Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost. The initial cost of financial investments acquired for a fee is the amount of actual acquisition costs, excluding VAT and other refundable taxes. The initial cost includes the purchase price (issue or market) and direct costs of acquiring financial investments (financial broker's remuneration, interest on borrowed funds used to purchase investments, other direct acquisition costs).
Actual expenses forming initial cost financial investments are recognized:
Investments for contributions to the authorized capital of an organization - a monetary valuation of investments agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization;
Investments made to account for the contribution of the organization - a partner under a simple partnership agreement - at the cost of their reflection in the balance sheet on the date the partnership agreement entered into force;
Investments received free of charge - their market value as of the date the investments were accepted for accounting;
Investments acquired under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations in non-monetary means - at the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization to fulfill the terms of the agreement.
Actual expenses for the acquisition of financial investments are determined taking into account exchange rate differences arising when paying in rubles in an amount equivalent to the amount in foreign currency (notional monetary units).
If for acquired financial investments the main part of the expenses consists of expenses paid under the agreement to the seller, then the remaining expenses for the acquisition of these investments can be recognized by the organization as other expenses, i.e. can be accounted for on account 91 “Other income and expenses”, and not on account 58 “Financial investments”.
After financial investments are accepted for accounting, their value is subject to periodic adjustment, which is carried out directly for investments that have a market value, and indirectly for investments for which the market value is not determined. In the first case, the organization is obliged to reflect financial investments in the balance sheet at market prices. To do this, they are revalued and the difference between the market value and the previous balance sheet valuation (market or initial, when purchasing objects in reporting period) are included in the accounts of other income and expenses. In the second case, instead of revaluation, a reserve is accrued for the depreciation of financial investments if the value or profitability of these investments falls. If the value or profitability increases, the previously accrued reserve is reduced until the original value is completely restored.
According to paragraph 38 of PBU 19/02 in the financial statements, the value of financial investments for which an impairment reserve has been formed is shown at their book value minus the amount of the reserve.
Valuation of financial investments upon their disposal (redemption, sale, free transfer, transfer as a contribution to the authorized capital of another organization, etc.) is carried out immediately at the time of disposal. Financial investments by which the current market price, are assessed based on their last rating.
Financial investments for which the current market price is not determined are valued at the time of disposal in one of the following ways:
1) at the initial cost of each financial investment;
2) at the average initial cost;
3) at the original cost of the first financial investments acquired (FIFO).
Example 1. The following data is available on the availability and movement of financial investments for the period.
In this example, the average initial cost of one security price listed on the organization’s balance sheet was 52.42 rubles in the reporting period. Accordingly, the cost of the retired securities is equal to 11,000 rubles, and the cost of the remaining securities at the end of the period is 56,100 rubles.
With the FIFO method, disposed securities are valued (based on the above data):
80 pcs. + 70 pcs. + 60 pcs. = 40 rub. × 210 pcs. = 8400 rub.
The value of the remaining securities at the end of the period will be:
40 rub. × 790 pcs. = 31,600 rub.
80 rub. × 50 pcs. = 4000 rub.
100 rub. × 100 pcs. = 10,000 rub.
90 rub. × 60 pcs. = 5400 rub.
110 rub. × 70 pcs. = 7700 rub.
Total 1070 pcs. for 58,700 rub.
Valuation of securities using the FIFO method is based on the assumption that securities are sold during the month in the sequence of their receipt, i.e. the securities that first went on sale must be valued at the cost of the securities that were first purchased, taking into account the value of the securities listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the valuation of securities in balance at the end of the month is carried out according to actual cost the latest in terms of acquisition of securities, and the cost of sale (disposal) of securities takes into account the cost of earlier in time of acquisition of securities. The cost of sold (retired) securities is determined by subtracting from the sum of the value of the balance of securities at the beginning of the month and the cost of securities received during the month the cost of the balance of securities at the end of the month.
The method of forming the initial value of securities, as well as the criterion of materiality, must be fixed in accounting policy organizations.
3. Accounting for financial investments
Accounting for financial investments is kept on account 58 “Financial investments”. The debit of account 58 reflects the amount of increase in financial investments (investments), and the credit reflects the write-off of these amounts. According to the contents, account 58 has subaccounts:
1 “Units and shares”;
2 “Debt securities”;
3 “Loans provided”;
4 “Deposits under a simple partnership agreement.” Financial investments are accepted for accounting in the amount of actual costs for the investor. For the amount of actual investments, the organization will receive the income due to it in the form of dividends on shares, interest on bonds, income on investments in the authorized capital of other enterprises, etc.
Amounts of income receivable are reflected in the debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, subaccount 3 “Calculations for due dividends and other income” and the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”. The actual transfer of income is reflected in the debit of account 51 " Current accounts"and subaccount credit 76–3.
A special procedure has been established for analytical accounting valuable papers. Analytical accounting in account 58 “Financial investments” is carried out by type of financial investments and objects in which these investments are made (organizations that sell securities, other enterprises in which the organization is a participant, borrowing organizations, etc.).
To strengthen control over the movement of securities, all securities stored in the organization must be separately recorded in the securities book (introduced in 1997), which provides the following details:
Issuer's name;
Nominal price of the security;
Purchase price;
Number and series;
Total number of securities;
Date of purchase;
Date of sale;
Counterparty (buyer or seller).
The book must be sealed, its pages numbered, and signed by the head and chief accountant of the organization.
The construction of analytical accounting should provide the ability to obtain data on short-term and long-term assets for each accounting object. Accounting for financial investments within a group of interrelated agricultural enterprises, about the activities of which consolidated financial statements are prepared, is carried out separately on account 58, since this is especially important when preparing consolidated statements.
3.1 Accounting for shares and shares
Any agricultural enterprise can be a participant (investor) in the authorized capital of other organizations or in the form of direct investments (purchase of shares, equity participation), or through the acquisition of shares of these organizations. This type of financial investment is the most common among agricultural enterprises.
When transferring equity contributions (shares) in cash or materials (according to balance sheet valuation) to the authorized capital, a direct entry is made to the debit of subaccount 58–1 “Shares and Shares” from the credit of accounts 50 “Cash”, 51 “Cash Accounts” or 10 “ Materials”, 01 “Fixed assets”, 11 “Animals for growing and fattening” or with preliminary calculation of the contribution amount through account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”.
If the amount of the share (equity contribution) differs from book value, do several accounting records. So, in account 01 “Fixed assets”, the amounts are first written off to subaccount 01–9 “Retirement of fixed assets” (from other subaccounts of account 01) and depreciation from account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, then the amount of the residual value of fixed assets is written off from the credit of the subaccount 01–9 “Disposal of fixed assets” to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, and from the credit of account 91 the amount of fixed assets in contractual value is written off to the debit of account 58–1 “Shares and shares”.
Accounting for the acquisition of shares in the debit of account 58 is carried out in correspondence with the credit of different accounts depending on the method of payment: direct transfer of funds from current or foreign currency accounts (credit of accounts 51, "Current accounts", 52 " Currency accounts"), payment through settlement accounts (account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors"), provision of material assets in the order of payment (accounts 10 "Materials", 43 "Finished products", if payment is made at book value).
There are features of how shares listed on the securities market are reflected on an investor’s balance sheet. Investments in such shares must be reflected at market value when preparing the annual balance sheet if it is lower than their book value.
PBU 19/02 provides examples of situations in which depreciation of financial investments may occur:
The organization issuing securities or its debtor under the loan agreement has signs of bankruptcy;
Conducting a small number of transactions in the securities market with similar securities at a price significantly lower than their book value;
Absence or significant decrease in income in the form of dividends (interest).
Information on reserves for depreciation of investments in securities is reflected in account 59 “Reserves for depreciation of investments in securities.” The organization forms the specified reserve at the expense of financial results(as part of other expenses). The formation of the reserve is reflected by the entry:
Dt account 91 “Other income and expenses” Kt 59 “Reserves for the impairment of investments in securities.”
When the market value of securities for which the corresponding reserves were previously created increases, an entry is made in the debit of account 59 in correspondence with the credit of account 91. A similar entry is made when securities for which the corresponding reserves were previously created are written off from the balance sheet.
The loss received when creating a reserve for the depreciation of investments in securities is not taken into account to reduce the tax base when calculating income tax.
Revaluation of the value of financial investments in the event of an increase in their market price is carried out at the end of the reporting period and is reflected in accounting as follows. Dt 58 “Financial investments” Kt 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 1 “Other income”.
Example 2. At the beginning of the year, the cost of a block of shares was 200,000 rubles. The current market value of the shares at the end of each quarter was: I – 215,000 rubles; II – 190,000 rubles; III – 205,000 rub.; IV – 210,000 rub.
The following entries will be made in accounting quarterly:
Dt 58 Kt 91 – for 15,000 rubles. (RUB 215,000 – RUB 200,000);
Dt 91 Kt 58 – for 25,000 rubles. (RUB 190,000 – RUB 215,000);
Dt 58 Kt 91 – for 15,000 rubles. (RUB 205,000 – RUB 190,000);
Dt 58 Kt 91 – for 5000 rubles. (RUB 210,000 – RUB 205,000).
Thus, the book value of shares in the debit of account 58 will increase over the year as of the end of the fourth quarter by 10,000 rubles.
The sale of shares is reflected in accounting entries: Dt account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” Kt 91 “Other income and expenses” - on sale price shares;
Dt 91 “Other income and expenses” Kt 58 “Financial investments” - on the book value of shares.
Additional expenses for the sale of shares are also debited to account 91.
The difference between the debit and credit turnover of account 91 shows the financial result from the sale of shares. This difference is written off from account 91 to account 99 “Profits and losses”.
3.2 Accounting for debt securities
Synthetic accounting of debt securities is carried out in subaccount 58–2 “Debt securities”. At the same time, data on the availability of investments in both government and private debt securities are provided separately. According to paragraph 1 of Art. 2 Federal Law dated July 29, 1998 No. 136-FZ “On the peculiarities of the issue and circulation of state and municipal securities” government securities include securities issued (issued) on behalf of Russian Federation And municipalities(local government bodies).
Financial investments made by an organization in securities are reflected in the debit of account 58 “Financial Investments” and the credit of accounts of valuables to be transferred against these investments. For example, the acquisition of securities by an organization for a fee is carried out in the debit of subaccount 58–2 and the credit of accounts 51 “Currency accounts” or 52 “Currency accounts”.
According to clause 44 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation for debt securities, the difference between the amount of actual acquisition costs and their nominal value during the period of their circulation is allowed evenly, as the income due on them accrues, to be attributed to the financial results of commercial organization.
The procedure for paying income on securities is determined by the terms of their issue.
Securities traded on the market are presented in two types: discount(no coupon) and with coupon income. The discount is defined as the difference between the sale (redemption) price and the purchase (initial placement) price. If an organization has purchased a security and holds it on its balance sheet until the official redemption date, then the difference between the sale price and the purchase price will automatically amount to discount, which was known in advance when investing funds.
Thus, an investor’s profit from transactions with zero-coupon securities can be reflected in accounting in two ways:
1) monthly – in the amount of revaluation of financial investments;
2) at the time of sale or redemption of a security – total amount.
Most often, the first option is preferable for the investor.
Example 3. An organization purchased bonds for 100,000 rubles. with their nominal value of 80,000 rubles. The bond matures in five years. The interest rate on the bonds is 15% per annum and is payable at the end of the year.
The capitalization of bonds is documented by the entry: Dt 58 Kt 51 – 100,000 rub.
At the end of the year, income on bonds was accrued in the amount of 15,000 rubles. (100,000 rubles? 15%), the difference between the purchase and nominal price of the bond was 20,000 rubles, and for one year – 4,000 rubles. The difference between the annual income on bonds and the annual difference between the purchase and face value will be 11,000 rubles. (15,000 rub. – 4,000 rub.).
At the end of the year, accrual of income taking into account these differences is reflected as follows:
Dt 76–3 “Calculations for due dividends and other income” - for the amount of annual income (15,000 rubles);
Kt 58 “Financial investments” - for the annual part of the difference between the purchase and nominal prices (4000 rubles);
Kt 91 “Other income and expenses” - for the difference between income and the annual part of the difference (11,000 rubles).
Dt 51 “Settlement accounts” Kt 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - 15,000 rubles. – the accrued amount of income is credited to the current account.
In the balance sheet at the beginning of next year, the value of the bonds will be reflected in the amount of 96,000 rubles. (100,000 rub. – 4,000 rub.).
3.3 Accounting for loans provided
According to clause 807 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under a loan agreement, one party (the lender) transfers into the ownership of the other party (the borrower) money or other things determined by generic characteristics, and the borrower undertakes to return to the lender the same amount of money (loan amount) or an equal amount of other things received by him things of the same kind and quality. Separately in Art. 809 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation stipulates the procedure for paying interest under a loan agreement.
At loan agreement the amount and procedure for paying interest are determined by the agreement. Interest under the loan agreement may be paid in the manner agreed upon by the parties. If such a procedure is not agreed upon, then interest is paid monthly until the day the loan is actually repaid.
For loans provided, the current market value is not determined - they are reflected in accounting and reporting at their original cost. An organization is allowed to calculate their valuation at present value. In this case, accounting entries are not made.
Cash and other loans provided to other organizations are recorded as the debit of subaccount 58–3 “Loans provided” in correspondence with the credit of account 51 “Current accounts” or other accounts depending on the type of loan. The loan repayment is reflected in the debit of account 51 or another account depending on the type of loan and the credit of subaccount 58–3. The amount of interest on the loan is reflected separately.
Loans provided by the organization, secured by bills of exchange, are accounted for separately in subaccount 58–3.
It should be borne in mind that in accordance with clause 3 of PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization”, the receipt and repayment of a loan provided to the borrower, i.e. receipt of the principal amount of the loan is not recognized as income of the organization. For accounting purposes, income includes only interest received for the provision and use of funds of the organization (clause 7 of PBU 9/99).
At non-monetary loan agreement(loan of material assets) payment for the use of the relevant property is established in cash, i.e. It's practically the same percentage.
The amount of accrued interest under the loan agreement is reflected by the lender in the debit of account 58 “Financial investments” and the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, the receipt of interest is in the debit of account 51 and the credit of account 58.
For the borrowing organization, the amounts of interest paid by the organization for the use of the loan are classified according to clause 11 of PBU 10/99 as other expenses and are subject to debit to account 91.
If the borrower does not repay the loan amount on time, then interest must be paid on this amount, which is determined in accordance with discount rate bank interest existing at the place of residence (for citizens) or at its location (for a legal entity). The amounts of accrued penalties are reflected in the debit of account 76, the subaccount “Calculations for claims” and the credit of account 91.
3.4 Accounting for deposits under a simple partnership agreement
According to Art. 1041 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, two or more persons (partners) undertake to combine their contributions, skills and abilities to make a profit or achieve another goal that does not contradict the law (conclude a simple partnership agreement).
A partnership is created and operates on the basis of a constituent agreement, which is signed by all its participants. The agreement defines:
The size and composition of the partnership's share capital;
The size and procedure for changing the shares of each participant in the share capital;
The size, composition, terms and procedure for making contributions of participants;
Responsibility of participants for violation of obligations to make contributions.
The law does not require a partnership to have a mandatory minimum share capital. At the same time, a certain share capital of the partnership must constitute the property base of its participation in civil circulation. It is this capital that is used to satisfy the claims of the partnership’s creditors in the first place.
By the time of registration of a general partnership, its participants are required to make at least half of their contribution to the share capital. And the rest must be paid within the time limits established by the constituent agreement. If a participant does not make a timely contribution to the pooled capital, then he must pay the partnership 10% per annum on the unpaid portion of the contribution and compensate for the losses caused.
Monetary valuation of participants' contributions is carried out by agreement between them.
The property contributed by the partners, which they owned by right of ownership, as well as the products produced as a result of joint activities and the income received from them are recognized as their common property. shared ownership, unless otherwise provided by law or a simple partnership agreement.
Contributions of partners to joint activities are taken into account by them in account 58 “Financial investments”, subaccount 4 “Deposits under a simple partnership agreement”. The transfer of property as a contribution is reflected in the debit of this account in correspondence with account 51, “Current accounts”, and other accounts of transferred funds.
Contributions from partners can be either cash or different kinds property: fixed assets, intangible assets, raw materials, materials, products, work in progress, etc.
Example 4. An enterprise entered into a joint activity agreement with another company and transferred fixed assets with a residual value of 1,000,000 rubles as a contribution to the joint activity. In accordance with the agreement in separate balance sheet joint activities, these funds were valued in the amount of 5,000,000 rubles. In the accounting of the enterprise that made the contribution, entries will be made: Dt 58–4 Kt 01 - in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles.
The return of funds from a joint activity is reflected in the debit of the accounts of the received property from the credit of subaccount 58–4 in the assessment at which it was contributed, or, if other property is returned, in the assessment agreed upon by the participants upon liquidation of the joint activity.
Example 5. In connection with the termination of the joint activity, the enterprise returned the fixed assets previously transferred to the joint activity. The cost of fixed assets under the agreement between the participants in the joint activity is estimated at 5,000,000 rubles. During the use of fixed assets in joint activities, depreciation was accrued in the amount of RUB 350,000.
In accounting, these transactions are reflected in the following entries:
Dt 01 – in the amount of RUB 4,650,000.
Dt 91–2 – in the amount of 350,000 rubles.
Kt 58–4 – in the amount of RUB 5,000,000.
Upon termination of a simple partnership agreement, the return to the partners of the contributed property is reflected in the credit of account 58 “Financial investments” in correspondence with the accounts of the corresponding property.
3.5 Reflection of transactions on financial investments in accounting registers
To reflect transactions for accounting for financial investments in the registers of the journal order form of accounting, journal order No. 5-APK for account 58 “Financial Investments” and statement No. 28-APK for analytical accounting of financial investments for the same account are used.
In the journal-order No. 5-APK they keep synthetic records of transactions on financial investments during calendar year. Entries on the credit of account 58 are given in correspondent accounts on the basis of summary data in Statement No. 28-APK on credit turnover, and turnover on the debit of account 58 is recorded in general totals. In this regard, analytical accounting of financial investments in account 58 in statement No. 28-APK must precede synthetic accounting.
Analytical accounting of financial investments should provide information on the types of these investments and the organizations in which these investments were made. The construction of analytical accounting of financial investments should also provide the ability to obtain data on long-term and short-term investments.
Entries in statement No. 28-APK on the debit of account 58 are made in chronological order as individual types of funds are invested, differences in securities are reflected, etc. On the credit of this account, in the context of corresponding accounts, the amounts written off to reduce financial investments are reflected positionally. For example, in subaccount 58–3, if a loan granted in 2006 to another enterprise was returned in 2007, this operation is reflected in the credit of account 58 in 2007 according to the position (line) reflecting the issuance of the loan in 2006.
The statement does not contain monthly results of analytical data for the relevant accounts. They are determined selectively for individual positions (accounts, sub-accounts, types of investments with reflection of monthly results in the section “Summary data for entry in the journal-order No. 5-APK for the credit of account 58”). In this case, entries on the credit of the account are made in the context of corresponding debited accounts. Monthly totals from statement No. 28-APK for the credit of account 58 in the context of corresponding debited accounts are transferred to journal order No. 5-APK in one entry. Turnovers on the debit of account 58 are shown as a total amount without breakdown by corresponding accounts.
As necessary, for significant financial investments, loose-leaf sheets are used in the statement according to their types and objects. To ensure that the statements are not cumbersome, when completing operations for most of the analytical accounting items, it is advisable to use the remaining amounts for certain species long-term investments, passing from previous years, transfer to new analytical accounting statements. With a small number of carryover long-term investments, the statement is opened for a year.
Credit turnovers of account 58, transferred from statement No. 28-APK to journal-order No. 5-APK, are subject to reconciliation according to the corresponding accounts with data from other registers: for account 50 - with the data of the debit turnover section in journal-order No. 1-APK, according to accounts 51 and 52 - with data from sections of debit turnover in journal order No. 2-APK, for accounts 66 and 67 - with data from statement No. 26-APK, etc.
After reconciliation with the data of other registers, the credit turnover of account 58 as a whole and broken down by corresponding accounts is transferred to the General Ledger in the prescribed manner.
When making an inventory of financial investments, the actual costs of securities and the authorized capital of other organizations, as well as loans granted to other organizations, are checked. Unaccounted for securities identified during inventory are credited to account 58 from the credit of account 91 based on the data inventory list securities and forms strict reporting(Form No. INV-16). Shortages and losses from damage to securities are written off from account 58 to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”, uncompensated losses of securities associated with natural disasters, fires, etc., are written off from account 58 to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
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- a security certifying the amount of the deposit with a written certificate from the bank about the deposit of funds.
Types of financial investments and their assessment
The implementation of financial investments should be preceded by a thorough analysis of the market for financial assets, which facilitates the selection of the optimal option that ensures the reliability and profitability of the investments made.
Financial investments— investments in and securities of other organizations, acquisition costs; funds lent on the territory of Russia and abroad; deposits in credit institutions; receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim, etc.
In accordance with PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial investments”, the financial investments of an organization for accounting purposes must include following assets: state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, bills); contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies); loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of claims, etc.
The contributions of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement are also taken into account as part of financial investments (Table 12.1).
Composition of financial investments
To accept assets for accounting as financial investments, the following conditions must be simultaneously met:- the presence of correctly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization’s right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;
- transition to organizing financial risks associated with financial investments (risk of price changes, risk of debtor insolvency, liquidity risk, etc.);
- the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends, or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of a financial investment and its purchase value, as a result of its exchange, use in repaying the organization’s obligations, an increase in the current market value, etc.).
- treasury shares joint stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;
- bills issued by the organization-issuer of the bill and received by the organization-seller when paying for goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered (in payment for these goods (works, services), if the payer for them is the buyer himself;
- investments of an organization in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) for the purpose of generating income, i.e. assets that have a tangible form, such as fixed assets, inventories, as well as intangible assets that are not financial investments;
- precious metals, jewelry, works of art and other similar valuables acquired for purposes other than normal activities.
The accounting unit for financial investments is selected by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these investments, as well as proper control over their availability and movement. Depending on the nature of financial investments, the order of their acquisition and use, a unit of financial investments can be a series, batch, etc., a homogeneous set of financial investments.
The organization maintains analytical accounting of financial investments in order to provide information on the accounting units of financial investments and the organizations in which these investments are made (issuers of securities, other organizations in which the organization is a participant, borrowing organizations, etc.).
An organization needs to keep analytical records of financial investments. An organization can form in analytical accounting Additional information about the organization’s financial investments, including by their groups (types).
Paragraph 6 of PBU 19/02 separately stipulates what information about securities should be disclosed in this case. For government securities and securities of other organizations accepted for accounting, analytical accounting must contain at least the following information: name of the issuer and name of the security, number, series, etc., nominal price, purchase price, expenses associated with acquisition of securities, total quantity, date of purchase, date of sale or other disposal, place of storage. Features of the assessment and additional rules for disclosing information on financial investments in dependent business companies in financial statements are established separately. normative act in accounting.
Receipt and initial assessment of financial investments
In accordance with Civil Code RF securities are movable property organizations. Like any other property, they are subject to mandatory monetary valuation and are reflected in accounting. When accepted for accounting, financial investments are divided into two groups: by which the current market value can be determined and by which this cannot be done. The first group includes quoted securities, shares (if the founder mutual fund regularly publishes their price), as well as other financial investments whose current value is documented. In this case, financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost.
The initial cost of financial investments acquired for a fee from other organizations is recognized as the amount of the organization's actual costs for their acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by law Russian Federation on taxes and fees).
The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments are:- amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;
- amounts paid to organizations and other persons for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets. If an organization is provided with information and consulting services related to making a decision on the acquisition of financial investments, and the organization does not make a decision on such acquisition, the cost of these services is included in the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of operating expenses) or an increase in the expenses of a non-profit organization of that reporting period when the decision was made not to purchase financial investments;
- remuneration paid to an intermediary organization or other person through which assets were acquired as financial investments;
- other costs directly related to the acquisition of assets as financial investments.
General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring financial investments, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of financial investments.
The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments can be determined (decrease or increase) taking into account the amount differences that arise in cases where payment is made in rubles in an amount equivalent to the amount in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) before accepting the assets as financial investments in accounting.
If the amount of costs (except for the amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller) for the acquisition of such financial investments as securities is insignificant compared to the amount paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller, the organization has the right to recognize such costs as other operating expenses of the organization in that reporting the period in which the specified securities were accepted for accounting.
The initial cost of financial investments made as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of an organization is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The initial cost of such financial investments as securities received by an organization free of charge from the founders or other organizations and persons is recognized as:
- their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. For the purposes of these Regulations, the current market value of securities is understood as their market price, calculated in the prescribed manner by the organizer of trading on the securities market;
- the amount of funds that can be received as a result of the sale of received securities on the date of their acceptance for accounting - for securities for which the market price is not calculated by the organizer of trading on the securities market.
The initial cost of financial investments acquired under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.
If it is impossible to determine the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization, the value of financial investments received by the organization under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost at which similar financial investments are acquired in comparable circumstances.
The initial cost of financial investments contributed to the contribution of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the partners in the simple partnership agreement.
The initial cost of financial investments, the cost of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, is determined in rubles by recalculation foreign currency at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation effective on the date of their acceptance for accounting.
Securities that do not belong to the organization by right of ownership, economic management or operational management, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the agreement, are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the agreement.
The initial cost of financial investments at which they are accepted for accounting may change in cases established by law and these Regulations.
For the purposes of subsequent assessment, financial investments are divided into two groups: financial investments for which the current market value can be determined in the manner prescribed by these Regulations, and financial investments for which their current market value is not determined.
Financial investments for which the current market value can be determined in the prescribed manner are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their valuation as of the previous reporting date. The organization can make this adjustment monthly or quarterly.
The difference between the assessment of financial investments at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments is attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of operating income or expenses) or an increase in income or expenses of a non-profit organization in correspondence with the financial investment account.
Financial investments for which the current market value is not determined are subject to reflection in accounting and financial statements as of the reporting date at their original cost.
When purchasing financial investments using borrowed funds, the costs of loans and borrowings received are taken into account in accordance with the Accounting Regulations PBU 10/99 “Organization Expenses” and the Accounting Regulations PBU 15/01 “Accounting for Loans and Credits and the Costs of Their Service.”
One of the main components of financial investments are securities. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the following types of securities are allowed for circulation on the Russian stock market: government bonds, bonds, bills, checks, deposit and savings certificates, bank savings books bearer, simple and double warehouse receipts (and each part thereof), bills of lading, shares, privatization securities, housing certificates, as well as derivative securities - option certificates.
All securities must contain required details. Their absence or non-compliance entails the invalidity of the transaction made through them.
Purchase of securities
When purchasing securities for a fee, their initial cost includes:- amounts paid to the seller;
- cost of information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these securities;
- intermediary remuneration;
- other costs directly related to the purchase of securities.
This list does not include interest on loans received for the purchase of securities (clause 3.2 of Order No. 2 of the Ministry of Finance dated January 15, 1997). From January 1, 2003, interest on such loans does not increase the cost of financial investments (securities) reflected in balance sheet account 58 “Financial investments”. They should be classified as operating expenses (subaccount 91/2 “Other expenses”).
The only exception is when the company uses the loan received for prepayment. Then the receivables must be increased by the amount of interest (clause 15 of PBU 15/01). But this must be done before the papers are accepted for accounting. Also, the costs of purchasing securities do not include general running costs(unless they are directly related to this purchase).
Example. The organization purchased 100 bonds third party organization. The price of each bond is 450 rubles. The brokerage commission amounted to 540 rubles. (including VAT - 90 rubles).
The accountant must make the following entries:
- debit of account 19 “Value added tax on acquired assets”, credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - 90 rubles. — VAT on brokerage services is reflected;
- debit of account 58/2 “Debt securities”, credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - 45,450 rubles. (45,000+
+ 540 - 90) - bonds are credited to the balance sheet.
In accordance with Tax Code Russian Federation securities are not subject to VAT, so there is no need to record incoming VAT on them.
The purchase and sale agreement may provide that securities (as well as services for their acquisition) are paid in rubles at the foreign currency exchange rate on the day the buyer transfers money. In such a situation, the purchase price is adjusted (increased or decreased) by the amount of the amount differences. True, this can only be done before the papers are accepted for accounting.
As a rule, the largest part of the purchase costs is the actual cost of the securities. If the share of all remaining costs does not exceed 5% of the amounts paid to the seller, then they can be recorded as operating expenses.
Example. Let's use the condition of the previous example.
Other costs for the purchase of bonds amounted to 1% (540 rubles - 90 rubles) / 45,000 rubles, which is less than 5%. Therefore, the accountant can take them into account either in subaccount 58/2 “Debt securities” or in subaccount 91/2 “Other expenses”. In the second case, you need to make the following entries:
- debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, credit of account 51 “Settlement accounts” - 45,000 rubles. (100 pieces * 450 rubles) - money was transferred to pay for bonds;
- debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, credit of account 51 “Settlement accounts” - 540 rubles. — the brokerage company’s remuneration has been paid;
- debit of account 19 “Value added tax on acquired assets”, credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - 90 rubles. — VAT on brokerage services is reflected.
Financial investments, depending on the time period for which they are made, are divided into 2 types: long-term and short-term.
The return period for long-term financial investments exceeds 1 year. Such investments include contributions to the authorized capitals of other organizations, including costs abroad for the acquisition of shares, interest-bearing bonds, and the provision of loans.
The period for return or repayment of short-term financial investments does not exceed 1 year. TO this species financial investments also include investments in securities for which the maturity date is not established without the intention to receive income for more than one year.
Account 58 “Financial investments” is intended for accounting of financial investments.
The procedure for recording loans in loan accounting accounts is as follows:
reflection of the amount of funds loaned to another organization:- debit account 58/3 "Loans provided",
- credit account 51 "Current accounts";
- debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors,
- credit to account 99 "Profits and losses";
- credit account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors."
The party receiving borrowed funds is required to pay value added tax to the budget.
When repaying loans received, the following accounting entry is made:
- debit of account 51 "Current accounts",
- credit account 58 "Financial investments".
Financial investments of the enterprise- is an investment of free cash and other resources in assets not related to the main activities of the enterprise.
The analysis of the financial investments of the enterprise is carried out in the FinEkAnalysis program in the block Analysis of financial condition in dynamics.
According to the investment period there are:
- short-term financial investments (investing funds for a period of up to one year)
- long-term financial investments (investing funds for a period of more than one year).
To reduce the level of risk, financial investments are usually made in a variety of financial instruments, the totality of which forms an investment portfolio.
Accounting for financial investments
To accept assets for accounting as financial investments, the following conditions must be simultaneously met:
- the presence of properly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization’s right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;
- transition to organizing financial risks associated with financial investments (risk of price changes, risk of debtor insolvency, liquidity risk, etc.);
- the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of a financial investment and its purchase value, as a result of its exchange, use in repaying the organization’s obligations, an increase in the current market cost, etc.).
The organization's financial investments include:
- state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, bills);
- contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies);
- loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of claims, etc.
The contributions of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement are also taken into account as part of financial investments. Financial investments do not include:
- own shares purchased by the organization from shareholders;
- bills issued by an organization to the seller when paying for goods, works and services;
- investments in fixed assets, intangible assets, as well as in property, which is then provided for temporary use to third parties.
Financial investments are classified according to various criteria:
- in connection with the authorized capital,
- by type of ownership,
- the terms for which they were produced, etc.
Depending on the connections with the authorized capital A distinction is made between financial investments for the purpose of forming authorized capital and debt investments. Investments for the purpose of forming authorized capital include:
- stock,
- contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations,
- investment certificates confirming the share of participation in investment fund and giving the right to receive income from the chain securities that make up the investment fund.
Debt securities include:
- bonds,
- mortgages,
- deposit and savings certificates,
- treasury bills,
- bills.
By forms of ownership distinguish between government and non-government securities.
Depending on the the period for which financial investments were made, they are divided into:
- long-term (when fixed time their repayment exceeds one year or the investments were made with the intention of receiving income from them for more than one year),
- short-term (when the established repayment period does not exceed one year or the investments were made without the intention of receiving income from them for more than one year).
The accounting unit for financial investments can be a series, batch or other homogeneous set of financial investments. It is chosen by the organization independently and must ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about the availability and movement of financial investments.
Financial investments on balance sheet
Financial investments are line 1240 “Financial investments (except for cash equivalents)”
Impairment of financial investments
Depreciation of financial investments is understood as a sustained significant decrease in their value. The difference between the book value of financial investments and the amount of reduction in their value is called the estimated value of financial investments. This indicator are calculated for those financial investments for which the current market value is not determined.
A sustainable decrease in the value of financial investments is characterized by the presence of the following conditions:
- at the reporting date and at the previous reporting date, the accounting value of financial investments significantly exceeds their estimated value;
- during the reporting year, the estimated value of financial investments decreased significantly;
- at the reporting date there are no signs of a significant increase in the estimated value.
Depreciation of financial investments occurs when organizations issuing securities show signs of bankruptcy, transactions with securities are made on the securities market at a price that is significantly lower than their value, there is no or a significant decrease in income from financial investments, etc. If these or similar situations arise The organization is obliged to check the existence of conditions for a sustainable decrease in the value of financial investments.
If the audit confirms a sustained significant decrease in the value of financial investments, then the organization creates a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments for the difference between their book value and estimated value.
The formation of the reserve is reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and the credit of account 59 “Provisions for depreciation of financial investments”. The amount of the reserve is used to form the book value of financial investments, which acts as the difference between the book value and the created reserve. At the same time, the created reserve provides coverage for possible losses on transactions with financial investments.
A check for impairment of financial investments is carried out at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of impairment; it can be produced on reporting dates interim financial statements.
If the results of the audit reveal a further decrease in the estimated value of financial investments, then the amount of the created reserve increases accordingly. When the estimated value of financial investments increases by the amount of the increase, the created reserve is reduced.
In this case, account 59 “Provisions for impairment of financial investments” is debited and account 91 “Other income and expenses” is credited. A similar entry is made when writing off financial investments for which corresponding reserves were previously created from the balance sheet. Analytical accounting for account 59 “Provisions for impairment of financial investments” is carried out for each reserve.
If by the end of the year following the year of creation of the reserve for impairment of financial investments, this reserve in any part is not used, then unspent amounts When preparing the balance sheet at the end of the year, they are added to the financial results of the organization for the corresponding year (debit account 59 and credit account 91).
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