Promising directions of mechanical engineering. Prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia. There is a trolleybus plant in Engels

Mechanical engineering, creating an active part of fixed production assets - tools of labor, significantly influences the pace and direction of scientific and technological progress in various industries national economy, on the growth of labor productivity and others economic indicators, determining the effectiveness of the development of social production.

The structure of mechanical engineering includes 19 large complex industries, more than 100 specialized sub-sectors and productions.

Each industry produces products for a specific purpose, has similar technological processes and raw materials used. Based on their role and importance in the national economy, the mechanical engineering industries can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:

IN first group includes sectors that ensure the development of the entire national economy:

instrument making;
chemical engineering;
electrical engineering;
power engineering.

In second group includes industries that ensure the development of mechanical engineering:

machine tool industry;
tool industry.

IN third group includes industries that ensure the development of individual sectors of the national economy:

road construction production;
production of tractors and agricultural machinery;
production of equipment for various sectors of the national economy.

To ensure its leadership, mechanical engineering requires certain conditions. One of them can be represented by the ratio: “1:2:4”. It means that if the rate of development of the country’s economy is taken as one, then mechanical engineering should develop 2 times faster, and its most important industries (electronics, instrument making and others) - 4 times faster. In Russia, this ratio was approximately “1:0.98:1”.

The mechanical engineering industry is distinguished by the widespread development of inter-industry and intra-industry ties, based largely on production cooperation.

Mechanical engineering accounts for more than 3 of the production volumes of commercial products of the Russian industry, about 2/5 of the industrial production personnel and almost 4 of the main industrial production assets.

The range of products of the Russian mechanical engineering industry is very diverse, which causes deep differentiation of its industries and significantly influences the location of production of certain types of products.

In Russia, mechanical engineering is one of the most widespread industries in territorial terms. However, in some areas it has a core significance, while in others its functions are limited mainly to meeting internal needs.

By the nature of the technological process, many branches of mechanical engineering gravitate towards areas of high technical culture. At the same time, these areas are usually quite large consumers of finished products.

The coincidence of sources of raw materials with places of consumption of finished products is the optimal option for locating machine-building enterprises. In this case, transport costs for transporting metal, machinery and equipment are significantly reduced, and conditions arise for establishing connections between mechanical engineering and ferrous metallurgy. Machine-building plants are freed from some operations that are more characteristic of metallurgy, and metallurgical plants get the opportunity to use waste from mechanical engineering and specialize in accordance with its needs.

Given the territorial disunity of raw material bases and the main consumers of machinery and equipment, consumption areas have advantages. The fact is that in mechanical engineering, the consumption of raw materials per 1 ton of finished product averages 1.3-1.5 tons, while the costs of transporting any machine are much higher than the costs of transporting the metal that was used for its production. Therefore, even metal-intensive industries that produce low-transportable products often gravitate toward consumption areas.

Analysis of the conducted scientific research on the problems of location of individual branches of mechanical engineering showed that in resolving issues of their territorial organization there is still no unity either in the formulation of the problem or in the methods of calculation and evaluation of efficiency, which complicates the search for a rational option for the location of mechanical engineering as a whole.

Economic science has many methods for calculating the comparative effectiveness of location options. The main ones are:

calculation for an analogue enterprise (the located enterprise is taken as an analogue for all economic regions; this method is used to calculate the costs associated with the placement of an analogue enterprise for each economic region);
calculation based on a conditional representative (the type of product whose production predominates in the industry is chosen as a conditional representative);
calculation based on actual technical and economic indicators of production (with this method, calculations are carried out for specific industries, and when assessing the efficiency of their placement, more reliable results are obtained);
determination based on optimization calculations (this method using mathematical modeling makes it possible to simultaneously solve many problems of the territorial organization of production).

Among the factors influencing the location of mechanical engineering, specialization and cooperation of production play a significant role.

Specialization gives great opportunities for the use of highly efficient production equipment, as well as automation of production processes. Specialization can be of the following types:

detailed or detailed, which implies the release of individual parts or parts of the finished product;
subject, i.e. responsible for the release of certain final types of products;
technological - production of semi-finished products (casting, various types of blanks) or implementation separate operation and technological process.

Specialization is closely related to cooperation, which involves the participation of several enterprises in the production process of the finished product.

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography.

Science intensity. The production of the most progressive and complex equipment is concentrated in regions and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus, pilot plants in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. Focus on scientific potential is the leading factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.

Labor intensity - These are high costs and highly qualified labor used. The production of machines requires a very large amount of working time. Therefore, many branches of mechanical engineering gravitate to areas with high population concentrations. The development of new types of equipment requires not just human resources, but highly qualified workers and engineering personnel. High labor intensity is inherent in the machine tool industry (Moscow), the aviation industry (Kazan, Samara), and the production of instruments and electronic equipment (Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk).

Metal consumption. The machine-building complex consumes a significant portion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants that produce metal-intensive products (metallurgical, energy, mining equipment) are guided by metallurgical bases. Large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals (Ekaterinburg).

Many branches of mechanical engineering are developing in areas with an economic and geographical position favorable for organizing cooperation. For example, the automotive industry is in the Center and the Volga region. Since the transportation of machines is usually carried out over long distances and in different directions, machine-building plants are located on large transport routes.

Some engineering enterprises focus on consumers of their products, since their products are difficult to transport due to their heavy weight and large dimensions. It is more profitable to produce them directly in the areas of consumption. For example, tractors for transporting timber are produced in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), combine harvesters for grain harvesting are produced in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog).

Depending on the characteristics of the interaction of such factors as material intensity, labor intensity and energy intensity, heavy engineering, general engineering and medium engineering are distinguished.

Heavy engineering refers to material-intensive industries with high metal consumption and relatively low labor intensity. Heavy engineering includes the production of metallurgical, mining, large-energy, lifting equipment, heavy machine tools, large marine and river boats, locomotives and carriages. The location of heavy engineering primarily depends on the raw material base and areas of consumption.

For example, the production of metallurgical and mining equipment is located, as a rule, near metallurgical bases and in areas where finished products are consumed.

One of the most important branches of heavy engineering is the production of equipment for the metallurgical industry. The high metal intensity of the products of these industries and the complexity of transportation led to the location of these enterprises near the centers of development of metallurgy and consumption of these products: Yekaterinburg, Orsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Large centers for the production of mining equipment have been created in Western Siberia- Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo. One of the largest factories for the production of heavy excavators, which are used in the development of lignite deposits in the Kansk-Achinsk basin, was built in Krasnoyarsk.

The production of equipment for the oil and gas industry has developed in oil and gas producing regions - the Urals, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, and Western Siberia.

Power engineering is represented by the production of powerful steam turbines and generators, hydraulic turbines and steam boilers. It is located mainly in large centers of developed mechanical engineering with the presence of highly qualified personnel. The largest centers for the production of turbines for hydroelectric power plants are St. Petersburg and Taganrog (the Krasny Kotelshchik plant, which produces half of all steam boilers in the country). High-performance boilers are produced in Podolsk and Belgorod. St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg specialize in the production of gas turbines. The development of nuclear energy determined the production of equipment for nuclear power plants. Nuclear reactors are produced in St. Petersburg; a major center of nuclear power engineering was formed in Volgodonsk.

Enterprises producing heavy machine tools and press-forging equipment operate in Kolomna, Voronezh, and Novosibirsk.

The main centers of marine shipbuilding have formed on the coasts of the Baltic Sea (St. Petersburg, Vyborg), which specialize in the production of passenger, cargo-passenger, and nuclear-powered icebreakers. On the White Sea, the main shipbuilding center is Arkhangelsk, on the Barents Sea - Murmansk. Timber trucks are produced in these centers.

River shipbuilding is represented by shipyards on the largest river highways: the Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Amur. One of the largest shipbuilding centers is Nizhny Novgorod, where Krasnoe Sormovo JSC produces vessels of various classes: modern passenger liners, river-sea type motor ships, etc. River vessels are manufactured in Volgograd, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Blagoveshchensk.

Railway engineering: Kolomna, Novocherkassk (North Caucasus region), Murom ( Nizhny Novgorod Region), Medinovo ( Kaluga region), Demidovo.

Car manufacturing (wood raw materials are also needed for the production of cars): Nizhny Tagil, Kaliningrad, Novoaltaisk, Bryansk, Tver, Mytishchi, Abakan Carriage Plant (Khakassia).

One of the main tasks of mechanical engineering is the radical reconstruction and accelerated growth of such industries as machine tool building, instrument making, electrical and electronic industries, and the production of computer equipment, which will allow Russia to pick up the pace to approach the world level of economy.

Domestic mechanical engineering is characterized by a whole range of problems, which can be grouped depending on their nature.

1. Developmental issues machine-building complex:

low growth rates of leading industries, and in some cases, a decline in production;
disruption of technological connections;
downtime of many enterprises;
low rate of equipment and product renewal (for example, 60% of metalworking machines are more than 10 years old).

2. The need for structural adjustment:

the bulk of Russian mechanical engineering products have been of defense significance for a long time, which is why there was a need for a justified repurposing of industries;
the need to reduce imbalances in the growth rates of individual industries;
the need for accelerated growth in such industries as machine tool building, instrument making, electrical and electronic industries.

3. Problems of improving the quality of manufactured machines:

non-compliance of the overwhelming majority of domestic equipment and machinery with international standards;
low reliability of manufactured machines (due to poor quality of components, 20 to 30% of mechanical engineering products fail in the first year of operation).

Among main directions of development of the machine-building complex in the conditions of transition to market relations, we can distinguish:

priority development of knowledge-intensive industries, mechanical engineering equipment, automotive industry;
demonopolization (today the share of monopoly production in Russia is 80%);
expansion of many engineering production facilities (precision machine tools, oil equipment, minibuses) in Russia;
establishing new technological connections with neighboring countries and far abroad;
revival of investment activity, government support for enterprises focused on the production of high technology products.

Factors in the development of mechanical engineering

The mechanical engineering industry is distinguished by the widespread development of inter-industry and intra-industry ties, based largely on production cooperation.

Mechanical engineering accounts for more than 1/3 of the production volume of commercial products of the Russian industry, about 2/5 of industrial production personnel and almost 1/4 of fixed industrial production assets.

An analysis of the conducted scientific research on the problems of location of individual branches of mechanical engineering shows that in resolving issues of their territorial organization there is still no unity either in the formulation of the problem or in the methods of calculation and evaluation of efficiency, which complicates the search for a rational option for the location of mechanical engineering as a whole.

Economic science has many methods for calculating the comparative effectiveness of location options. The main ones are:

calculation for an analogue enterprise (the located enterprise is taken as an analogue for all economic regions; this method is used to calculate the costs associated with the placement of an analogue enterprise for each economic region);
calculation based on a conditional representative (the type of product whose production predominates in the industry is chosen as a conditional representative);
calculation based on actual technical and economic indicators of production (with this method, calculations are carried out for specific industries, and when assessing the efficiency of their placement, more reliable results are obtained);
determination based on optimization calculations (this method using mathematical modeling makes it possible to simultaneously solve many problems of the territorial organization of production).

Among the factors influencing the location of mechanical engineering, specialization and cooperation of production play a significant role.

Specialization provides great opportunities for the use of highly efficient production equipment, as well as automation equipment for production processes. Specialization can be of the following types:

detailed or detailed, which implies the release of individual parts or parts of the finished product;
subject, i.e. responsible for the release of certain final types of products;
technological - production of semi-finished products (casting, various types of workpieces) or the implementation of a separate operation and technological process.

Specialization is closely related to cooperation, which involves the participation of several enterprises in the production process of the finished product.

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography.

Science intensity. The production of the most progressive and complex equipment is concentrated in regions and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus, pilot plants in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. Focus on scientific potential is the leading factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.

Labor intensity- this involves high costs and high qualifications of the labor used. The production of machines requires a very large amount of working time. Therefore, many branches of mechanical engineering gravitate to areas with high population concentrations. The development of new types of equipment requires not just human resources, but highly qualified workers and engineering personnel. High labor intensity is inherent in the machine tool industry (Moscow), the aviation industry (Kazan, Samara), and the production of instruments and electronic equipment (Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk).

Metal consumption. The machine-building complex consumes a significant portion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants that produce metal-intensive products (metallurgical, energy, mining equipment) are guided by metallurgical bases. Large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals (Ekaterinburg).

Many branches of mechanical engineering are developing in areas with an economic and geographical position favorable for organizing cooperation. For example, the automotive industry is in the Center and the Volga region. Since the transportation of cars is usually carried out over long distances and in different directions, machine-building plants are located on major transport routes.

Some engineering enterprises focus on consumers of their products, since their products are difficult to transport due to their heavy weight and large dimensions. It is more profitable to produce them directly in areas of consumption. For example, tractors for transporting timber are produced in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), combine harvesters for grain harvesting are produced in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog).

Kemerovo State University

Department of General and Regional Economics

Course work

In the discipline “Location of Russia’s productive forces

and sectors of the national economy"

Development and location of the machine-building complex in Russia

Scientific adviser:

Coursework completed by a first year student

Kemerovo 2000

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ .......... 3

1.Composition and importance of mechanical engineering in the national economy of Russia.................... 4

1.1. The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy 4

1.2. Composition and intersectoral connections................................................................... ............... 6

1.3. Comparative characteristics sectoral structure mechanical engineering developed and developing countries peace........................................................ ....... 9

2. Features of the development and location of the mechanical engineering complex of the Russian Federation 12

2.1. Features of the location of mechanical engineering in Russia.................................... 12

2.2. Heavy engineering................................................................ ..................... 15

2.3. General mechanical engineering................................................... ........................ 18

2.4. Medium mechanical engineering................................................... ...................... 19

2.5. Russia’s place in the global production of mechanical engineering products 25

3. Problems and prospects for the development and location of mechanical engineering in our country.................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 31

CONCLUSION................................................. ................................................... 37

List of sources used:........................................................ ................ 39

The mechanical engineering complex consists of mechanical engineering and metalworking. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machines and equipment, various types of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, service sector. Consequently, mechanical engineering products are consumed by all sectors of the national economy without exception.

Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment.

The structure of mechanical engineering is very complex; this industry includes both independent industries, such as heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine tool and tool industry; instrument making; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for the light and food industries, etc., as well as many specialized sub-sectors and industries.

The mechanical engineering industry also produces consumer goods, mainly durable ones. This industry is of great importance for the national economy of the country, as it serves as the basis for scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the factors of location of its industries and productions, as well as to characterize the current state of the complex, prospects and options for exiting the difficult economic situation that has arisen today.

Taking into account the peculiarities of this topic and the range of issues raised, the first and second chapters will highlight theoretical issues: the role and significance, the specifics of location, the industry structure of the machine-building complex, and in the third the currently unfavorable economic situation in the complex, and practical prerequisites for exiting it.

1.1. The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy

The mechanical engineering complex is the leading among intersectoral complexes and reflects the level of scientific and technological progress and the country's defense capability, and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. This is due to several reasons:

1. The machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, accounting for almost 25% of the value of manufactured products and almost 35% of all workers in the Russian economy, as well as about 25% of the value of fixed industrial production assets. In our country this complex is underdeveloped. In economically high developed countries the products of the engineering industry account for 35-40% of the cost of industrial production and 25-35% of those employed in industry; in developing countries it is much less.

Compared to industry as a whole, mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by more large sizes enterprises ( the average size enterprises in the industry have a workforce of about 1,700 people, compared to less than 850 in the industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products. Complex mechanical engineering products require a diverse and highly qualified workforce.

Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of its share in gross output and industrial production personnel, and second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial production assets, as well as in the structure of exports.

2. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, everyday life, and transport. Therefore, scientifically technical progress in all sectors of the national economy is materialized through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and production of electronic computer equipment. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out.

Therefore, its industries are developing at an accelerated pace, and their number is constantly growing. Based on their role and importance in the national economy, they can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:

1. The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution throughout the national economy are instrument engineering, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.

2. The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering are the machine tool industry and the tool industry.

3. Industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy are road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive industry, etc.

Over the past decades, a number of new industries have emerged related to the production of automation equipment, electronics and telemechanics, equipment for nuclear energy, jet aircraft, and household cars. The nature of products in the old branches of mechanical engineering has changed radically.

The main economic purpose of mechanical engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

1.2. Composition and intersectoral connections

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the manufacturing industry. It is this industry that reflects the level of scientific and technological progress of the country and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. Modern mechanical engineering consists of a large number of industries and industries. Enterprises in the industry are closely connected with each other, as well as with enterprises in other sectors of the economy. Mechanical engineering, as a large consumer of metal, has extensive connections, primarily with ferrous metallurgy. The territorial proximity of these industries makes it possible for metallurgical plants to use waste from mechanical engineering and specialize in accordance with its needs. Mechanical engineering is also closely related to non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical industry and many other industries. Mechanical engineering products are consumed by all sectors of the national economy, without exception.

Currently, the structure of mechanical engineering includes 19 independent industries, which include over 100 specialized sub-sectors and industries. Complex independent industries include: heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine tool and tool industry; instrument making; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc.

Heavy engineering. Factories in this industry are characterized by high consumption of metal and provide machinery and equipment to enterprises of the metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining chemical complexes. Enterprises in the industry produce both parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) and individual types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators).

The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical engineering, mining, hoisting and transport engineering, diesel locomotive and track engineering, carriage building, diesel engineering, boiler building, turbine engineering, nuclear engineering, printing engineering.

The production of metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of product value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large steel and rolled products production. The sub-industry produces equipment for sintering factories, blast furnaces and electric melting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.

Profile of mining engineering plants - machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and beneficiation of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and industry building materials, transport construction. Mining engineering enterprises produce mining and shearers, rotary and walking excavators.

The products of lifting and transport engineering are of great economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy, moreover, more than half are engaged in manual labor. The sub-industry produces electric overhead cranes, stationary and belt conveyors, and equipment for complex mechanization of warehouses.

Diesel locomotive building, carriage building and track engineering provide railway transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc.

This sub-industry also produces track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow clearing, etc.).

Turbine manufacturing, supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the energy sector. Sub-industry factories produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and recycling equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Nuclear engineering specializes in the production of pressure vessel reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants.

The printing engineering industry has the smallest volume of commercial products in the industry and produces printing presses, conveyors for printing houses, etc.

Electrical industry. The industry produces more than 100 thousand types of products, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds all sub-sectors of heavy engineering in total. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes. The main range of production consists of: generators for steam, gas and hydraulic turbines, electric machines, electric motors; transformers and converters, lighting, electric welding and electrothermal equipment.

Machine tool industry includes the production of metal-cutting machines, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. About half of the production volume comes from metal-cutting machines.

Instrumentation. The products of this industry are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires highly qualified work force and research personnel. Factories in the industry specialize in the installation and commissioning of automation equipment, software development, design and production of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, and office equipment. These high-tech products are the main element of automation systems for technological process control, as well as management, engineering and technical work, and information systems.

Mechanical engineering for light and food industries. This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitting, clothing, footwear, leather, fur industries, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main factor of placement is proximity to the consumer.

Aviation industry. In the aviation industry, enterprises from almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and operating personnel. The industry produces modern passenger and cargo aircraft and helicopters of various modifications.

The rocket and space industry produces orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and manned ships and reusable ships of the Buran type, combining high technology with a wide inter-industry complexity of production.

Automotive industry. In terms of production volume, as well as in terms of the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of mechanical engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular goods in retail trade.

Agricultural and tractor engineering. In agricultural engineering, subject and detail specialization is carried out; significantly fewer plants are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul of equipment. The industry produces various types of combines: grain harvesters, flax harvesters, potato harvesters, corn harvesters, cotton harvesters, etc. As well as various modifications of tractors: wheeled row-crop, wheeled arable, tracked row-crop, etc.

Shipbuilding industry. Most enterprises in the industry, despite consuming a significant amount of metal of large parameters, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the presence of cooperative ties with enterprises in other sectors of the national economy.

1.3. Comparative characteristics of the industrial structure of mechanical engineering in developed and developing countries of the world

The distribution of industries in countries around the world has developed under the influence of a large number of reasons, the main one of which is the labor factor. The focus on labor determines the main shifts in the location of the industry: it has moved to areas with “cheap” labor. After the war, mechanical engineering developed especially rapidly in Japan, Italy, subsequently in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, as well as in some countries of “new industrialization.”

The second most important factor influencing the location of mechanical engineering is scientific and technological progress. NTP determines structural changes in mechanical engineering. General economic trends caused by scientific and technological revolution, predetermined the increase in the share of labor in the cost of production. Thus, the position of countries with cheap labor became preferable compared to countries with resources.

Thirdly, there is a systematic complication of mechanical engineering production, which predetermined the division of countries into producers of mass products and producers of highly qualified, knowledge-intensive products, as well as the emergence of a tendency to “transfer” mass production, but not requiring the expenditure of skilled labor, to “new” countries and the preservation of highly qualified production in old countries that are “monopolists” of scientific and technological progress.

All of the above processes are superimposed on the tendency of increased specialization and cooperation in the mechanical engineering of individual countries and the whole world. This trend is driven primarily by the benefits of increased production scale. In this regard, it can be argued that the practice of TNCs, creating a production and cooperation network designed for the markets of entire continents, has certain technical and economic grounds.

It is very difficult to determine the level of development of mechanical engineering in different countries. However, based on the sum of characteristics, the following groups of countries can be distinguished:

1. Countries with a full range of engineering production. Examples: USA, Germany, Japan. Russia also belongs to this group.

2. Countries with insignificant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - England.

3. Countries with significant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - Italy.

4. Countries are forced to import part of their engineering products from abroad.

5. Countries with uneven development of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering: machine exports cover less than half of imports. (Canada, Brazil).

This typology can be used to regionalize the global economic system and determining the role of individual regions in the location of global mechanical engineering.

The North America region (USA, Canada, Mexico) accounts for 1/3 of global engineering production.

This region acts on world markets primarily as an exporter of highly complex products, heavy engineering products and knowledge-intensive industries.

The Western Europe region accounts for 25 to 30% of global mechanical engineering production.

The third region is “East and Southeast Asia” (about 20% of mechanical engineering products), the leader of which is Japan.

The fourth region of world mechanical engineering is being formed in Brazil.

In recent years, countries with cheap labor have found themselves in a more favorable position than countries with raw material resources.

The second most important factor was scientific and technological progress. Mechanical engineering production is becoming more complex, therefore, countries producing mass products and producers of complex high-tech products are being singled out, specialization and cross-country cooperation are developing.

A feature of mechanical engineering in developed countries compared to developing countries is the most complete structure of mechanical engineering production and an increase in the share of electrical engineering; high quality and competitiveness of products; hence the high exportability and large share of engineering products in total cost exports (Japan - 64%, USA, Germany - 48%, Canada - 42%, Sweden - 44%).

General engineering is far from homogeneous in developed and developing countries. In the first group of countries, machine tool manufacturing, heavy engineering, and equipment production predominate; in the other, agricultural engineering. The leaders in the machine tool industry are Germany, the USA, Italy, Japan, and Sweden. The entire group of developing countries accounts for only 6% of machine tool production.

The electronics industry has rapidly advanced in the electrical industry. There are two sub-sectors of the electronics industry: military-industrial and consumer electronics.

The first is the lot of economically developed countries, the second (requiring a large number of cheap labor) has become common for developing countries. Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Mauritius export household appliances even to developed countries.

In the mechanical engineering industry itself, the process of internationalization of production has been developing in recent years. This process is carried out mainly between industrialized countries, where about 9/10 of the mechanical engineering capacity and more than 9/10 of the R&D volume are concentrated. In mechanical engineering, flexible automated production and computer-aided design systems are being introduced. Japan and the USA play a leading role in the production of equipment for these systems.

The structure of transport engineering has also changed. Shipbuilding and the automobile industry developed intensively. Moreover, the relocation of shipbuilding and rolling stock production to developing countries is noticeable.

Locomotives are produced in India, Brazil, Argentina, and Türkiye. Among the production of wagons, Mexico, Egypt, Iran, and Thailand stand out.

Noticeable changes have also occurred in the automotive industry. Japan took first place, overtaking the USA, then France, Italy, Spain, and Great Britain. Truck production is concentrated in the USA, Japan, CIS countries, Russia and Canada. Auto assembly, in addition to Brazil and the Republic of Korea, has spread throughout the world in recent years. The automobile industry in China is growing significantly, stimulated by the development of automobile assembly in “free economic zones.”

Basically, the role of individual regions of the world in the location of mechanical engineering is as follows: the countries of North America account for more than 30% of global mechanical engineering production, the countries of Western Europe account for 25-30%, and the countries of East and Southeast Asia account for 20%.

By the most important indicator, reflecting the scale of development of the industry, the cost of mechanical engineering products among developed countries is led by the USA, Japan and Germany. Other countries are significantly inferior to them in terms of the scale of mechanical engineering. The share of developed countries in the world's mechanical engineering is about 90%.

In the CIS countries, the machine-building complex accounts for 30% of the cost of industrial products. These countries occupy an intermediate position between economically developed and developing countries of the world.

In general, the bulk of mechanical engineering output is still concentrated in developed countries. The shift of mechanical engineering to countries with cheap labor was due to the energy crisis. Despite this, the share of developing countries (especially countries of “new industrialization”) in the production of engineering products continues to remain insignificant, and there is no need to talk about fundamental changes in global engineering.

2.1. Features of the location of mechanical engineering in Russia

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important thing is the availability social need in products, qualified labor resources, in-house production or the ability to supply construction materials and electricity. And although mechanical engineering in general belongs to the industries “ free placement", since it is less influenced by factors such as the natural environment, the presence of minerals, water, etc. At the same time, the location of mechanical engineering enterprises is strongly influenced by a number of other factors. These include:

Science intensity: It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most complex modern equipment (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Focus on scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.

Metal content: The mechanical engineering industries involved in the production of products such as metallurgical, energy, and mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of this type of product usually try to be located as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.

Labor intensity: From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high qualifications of labor. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, it is sufficient a large number of mechanical engineering industries gravitate towards areas of the country where the population concentration is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and technical personnel. The following sectors of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).

Consumer proximity: The products of some branches of mechanical engineering, such as the production of energy, mining, metallurgical equipment, which consume large amounts of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, are not economically feasible to transport over long distances due to their large size and high transportation costs. Therefore, enterprises in many branches of mechanical engineering are located in areas where final products are consumed.

As a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering, one can consider military-strategic aspect. Taking into account interests state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are located far from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.

Table 1.

Grouping of engineering industries by location factors:

Source:

Economic and social geography; reference materials.

Dronov V.P., Makasovsky V.P.

The machine-building complex annually produces 30 thousand types of various machines and 130 thousand parts. Its products are needed almost everywhere, i.e. Mechanical engineering is characterized by ubiquitous consumption. Therefore, mechanical engineering is developed in all economic regions of Russia, although its role in the economy of the regions is not the same.

Table 2.

Consequently, 87.5% of engineering products are produced by Western economic zone and only 12.5% is produced by the Eastern Economic Zone. In the Eastern zone, mechanical engineering works not for local needs, but for European zone(79% of products are exported to European areas, and 67% of products come from European areas).

Depending on the specific location in mechanical engineering, several groups of industries can be divided into several groups, including:

1. Heavy engineering (67% of production).

2. General mechanical engineering (18% of production).

3. Medium mechanical engineering (15% of production).

2.2. Heavy engineering

The group of heavy engineering industries is characterized by high metal consumption, relatively low labor intensity and energy use. Heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, large power equipment, heavy machine tools and forging machines, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and cars. Features of the production of heavy engineering products include casting, machining and assembly of large-sized parts, assemblies, assemblies and entire sections. For this purpose, the industry is characterized by both enterprises of a complete production cycle, which independently carry out the procurement, processing and assembly of parts and assemblies, and factories that combine these operations with the installation of imported parts, assemblies and sections that arrive in the order of cooperative connections. The industry also includes highly specialized factories. Heavy engineering produces 60% of the industry's marketable output; the costs of raw materials and materials here range from 40 to 85%, wage costs 8-15%, transport costs from 15 to 25%, and electricity costs 8-15%. Heavy engineering plants can be oriented both to metallurgical bases and to areas of consumption. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European zone, the rest in Western Siberia and the Far East. The main regions and centers of heavy engineering include:

- Central(Electrostal).

- Ural economic region(Uralmash plant in Yekaterinburg.)

- Siberia(production of metallurgical and mining equipment in the cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, production of turbines in Novosibirsk)

- Northwestern: St. Petersburg is a historical center of heavy engineering (the Elektrosila plant, which produces turbogenerators)

New centers associated with the production of nuclear reactors - the Avtommash plant in Volgodonsk.

The production of metallurgical equipment has developed both in large metal production areas and outside these areas. Enterprises of this profile specialize in the manufacture of certain types of equipment for ore mining, its preparation, blast furnace, steelmaking, foundry, rolling equipment or individual units.

The Ural factories concentrate the country's production of excavators for ore mining, sintering machines, and equipment for blast furnaces and electrothermal furnaces (Ekaterinburg, Orsk).

Equipment for open-hearth furnaces, rolling and welding of pipes is produced in the Central region (Elektrostal). Ore grinding equipment is supplied by the Volga region (Syzran). Foundry machines - Far East (Komsomolsk-on-Amur), etc.

The production of large power equipment arose and developed primarily outside metallurgical bases in large centers of developed mechanical engineering, which specialize in the production of certain types of this complex product requiring skilled labor. Powerful turbines and generators for power plants are provided by the Northwestern (St. Petersburg), Ural (Ekaterinburg) and Western Siberian (Novosibirsk) regions. The largest center for the production of this metal-intensive, but small-scale or individual products is St. Petersburg. In these regions and centers, specialization has developed in the production of certain types of equipment. Almost all of them produce steam or hydraulic turbines and generators for them, but of different capacities and designs, especially for different types of hydroelectric power plants. The rapid development of nuclear energy has forced a transition to the production of complex equipment at existing plants. Power equipment - powerful diesel engines for ships - are produced in St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Khabarovsk, for diesel locomotives and power plants - in Balakovo, Penza, Kolomna.

High-performance boilers producing hundreds and thousands of tons of steam per hour are produced in the Central region (Podolsk), Central Chernozem region (Belgorod), North Caucasus region (Taganrog), Western Siberian region (Barnaul).

The production of heavy machine tools and press-forging equipment is located primarily outside the metallurgical bases. They are produced in small series and often on individual orders for domestic and foreign factories. Enterprises in this industry are located in Western Siberian (Novosibirsk), Central (Kolomna, Ivanovo), Central Chernozem (Voronezh), Volga (Ekaterinburg), etc.

The production of mining equipment developed in the main coal regions of the West Siberian country (Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo); Uralsky (Ekaterinburg, Kopeysk); East Siberian (Cheremkhovo, Krasnoyarsk). Often, such placement of enterprises for the production of mining equipment is associated with taking into account the local characteristics of the extraction of coal, ore and other minerals.

The majority of enterprises in the shipbuilding industry are located outside metallurgical bases, despite their consumption of large quantities of metal profiles that are inconvenient for transportation. Shipyards specialize in the production of vessels for specific purposes, with different types of marine engines. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of standard and special equipment on them. Therefore, in shipbuilding, cooperative ties with numerous related enterprises are extremely developed, supplying not only equipment, but often entire units and sections of ships. The construction of ships begins on land, and they are completed afloat. Therefore, many naval shipyards are located in sheltered estuaries of large rivers (Neva, Amur), or harbors protected from the sea. The largest maritime shipbuilding area has developed in the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg, with a number of factories specializing in the construction of linear passenger, cargo-passenger, tankers, nuclear-powered icebreakers, and river vessels. There are shipbuilding plants in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. Marine shipbuilding shipyards are also located in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Astrakhan, and Vladivostok. Ship repair yards are located in Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river highways: on the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd), Ob (Tyumen, Tobolsk), Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk), Amur (Blagoveshchensk). The creation of deep-water fairways on rivers, the construction of canals that connected the most important river arteries with each other, made it possible to move on to the construction of river-sea vessels not only in the lower reaches of rivers, but also in the middle and upper reaches. These river shipyards also build lake-type vessels and small sea-type vessels. Profitable geographical position Such river shipyards relative to related enterprises in the central regions make the construction of ships at them very efficient.

Railway engineering is one of the oldest branches of mechanical engineering, relatively highly developed in pre-revolutionary Russia and reconstructed in the 60s. The technical process in transport in the post-war years led to a change in types of traction: the replacement of low-efficiency steam locomotives with more efficient and powerful electric and diesel locomotives, an increase in the carrying capacity of cars, and the creation of new types of cars for the transportation of specialized, liquid, bulk cargo. Modern diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger and special freight cars are not only material-intensive products that use a variety of structural materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, wood, glass, but are also equipped with sophisticated equipment - powerful diesel engines, electric motors, refrigeration units, heating units for special tanks, pneumatic installations for unloading bulk materials.

The concentration of locomotive production in the Central region (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga) has increased sharply; in the city of St. Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for broad and narrow gauge are supplied primarily by enterprises in the Central region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are produced in Nizhny Tagil, Altaisk, and Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Ural); for the metro - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.

2.3. General mechanical engineering

The group of general engineering industries is characterized by average consumption rates of metal and energy, and low labor intensity. General mechanical engineering enterprises produce technological equipment for the oil refining, chemical, paper, forestry, construction industries, road and simple agricultural machines. Predominant are specialized enterprises associated with the production of blanks and assembly of structures, units and parts supplied through cooperation. A number of enterprises producing equipment for industries with chemical technology require special types of steels, non-ferrous metals and plastics. General engineering enterprises are among the most numerous in the industry and are located in many regions of the country. General mechanical engineering produces 25% of the industry's marketable output. The cost of wages for the cost of production here ranges from 12 to 33%, the cost of raw materials and materials in this group is not very large - from 4 to 8%, the cost of electricity is 3 - 5%.

Agricultural engineering has numerous and large enterprises for the production of various agricultural implements for cultivating soils, sowing crops, and harvesting. Agricultural engineering gravitates towards areas of consumption, taking into account the profile of agricultural production:

Production of grain combines - in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog), in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk);

Production of potato harvesting machines - in the Central region (Ryazan, Tula), flax harvesting machines (Bezhetsk), silage harvesting machines (Lyubertsy). Various agricultural machines and equipment are produced by factories located in Voronezh, Syzran, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk.

Equipment for enterprises with chemical processing of raw materials (oil refining, chemical, paper) is produced in Penza, Tuymazy, Kurgan, Yekaterinburg, Izhevsk, Petrozavodsk.

2.4. Secondary mechanical engineering

Medium-scale mechanical engineering unites enterprises with low metal consumption, but high energy and labor intensity. The main technological processes in medium-sized mechanical engineering are the mechanical processing of parts, their assembly on conveyors into units, assemblies and finished machines. This industry consumes a large variety of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, rubber, and glass. Medium-sized engineering enterprises are the most numerous, highly specialized, and have extensive cooperative connections. Their products are massive and large-scale, it includes the production of cars and aircraft, tractors, combines, engines for them, medium and small metal-cutting machines and forging machines, pumps and compressors, machines and various technological equipment for the light, food, and printing industries.

The automotive industry is the leading branch of mechanical engineering in industrialized countries. It stimulates the development of many industries, employment of the population in the production and maintenance of automotive equipment, increases trade turnover, strengthens the monetary system, and determines the need for products throughout industry. In countries with the most developed automotive industry, the industry's share in the total volume of mechanical engineering products is 38-40% in Western Europe, 40% in the USA, and 50% in Japan. As a result, the share of the automobile industry in the gross domestic product of the USA and France is 5%, in Japan and Germany 9-10%. Countries leading in terms of GDP are also leaders in the global automotive industry.

Picture 1.

Share of GDP and automotive products in global production:

In the exports of industrialized countries, the share of finished passenger cars by value is 7-8% of the total volume and 13-15% of exports of machinery and equipment. The automobile industry was one of the levers for the rise of all material production in post-war Japan and Germany. It plays a progressive role in the nationwide rise in manufacturing and services in Spain, South Korea, Mexico and Brazil, Poland and the Czech Republic. Many countries including the USA, leading countries of Western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand have almost reached their limit in terms of saturation with passenger cars (USA 740 cars per 1000 inhabitants). In Russia, achieving a level of motorization of 150 cars per 1000 inhabitants in 5 years can be considered the most important socio-economic task.

Currently, the Russian automotive industry employs up to 1 million people, and the share of the automotive industry in the mechanical engineering industry of the Russian Federation is 33%, which is a fairly high figure economic situation industry. Due to excise taxes, VAT, contributions to pensions and other funds, automobile factories are one of the main sources of income for the state budget system. After vodka and tobacco, a car is one of the most profitable types of goods for the budget. On average, from one ton of mass of a produced car, the income to the budget is equivalent to approximately 2.0-3.0 thousand US dollars.

The automotive industry, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of cars, also the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.

The largest factories created numerous branches. Thus, in addition to four factories in Moscow, JSC ZIL has branches specialized in the production of units, components, parts, blanks and spare parts in Smolensk, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Petrovsk, Penza, Ryazan, and Yekaterinburg.

Car engines are made not only by the parent enterprises themselves, but also by a number of specialized factories. Most of these factories were located outside automobile manufacturing centers. They supply their products through cooperation to several car factories at once. The automotive industry produces bearings for all sectors of the national economy. It consists of more than a dozen factories located in most economic regions of the country. Each of the factories specializes in the production of certain standard sizes of bearings and supplies them to various enterprises in the country.

Automotive manufacturing enterprises are located in various parts of the country, but the vast majority of production is concentrated in old industrial areas of the European part with a high concentration of road transport. The main areas where the automotive industry is located are: central, Volgo-Vyatsky, Povolzhsky. The role of the Moscow region is especially great, where ZIL, the Likinsky Bus Plant, and factories for the production of bearings and components are located.

- Cars upper and middle class produced in the Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Ural (Izhevsk) regions; subcompact- in the Volga region (Togliatti), minicar- in Serpukhov.

- Medium tonnage trucks - They are produced by factories in the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), and Ural (Miass) regions.

- -Small tonnage and heavy duty vehicles produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)

Network created bus factories in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volga-Vyatka (Pavlovo), Ural (Kurgan), North Caucasus (Krasnodar) regions.

Operates in Engels trolleybus factory.

Specialized enterprises for motor production are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, Trans-Volga region.

The Russian tractor industry is one of the largest in the world. In terms of placement, it resembles a car one. Various types of tractors are produced not only for Agriculture, but also for industry. The range of tractors produced in terms of power has sharply increased: from small garden tractors to several Horse power before powerful cars several hundred horsepower. With the increase in the number of tractors for processing crops, the share of tracked tractors, used primarily for plowing, harvesting in agriculture and for industrial needs, has sharply decreased. This determines the specialization of enterprises and regions in the production of certain brands of tractors (by purpose, power, design). The changes that have occurred in the types of tractors produced and the improvement of their design have increased the dependence of tractor factories on related enterprises (foundries, rubber, electrical equipment, etc.). The most complex product of agricultural engineering enterprises is the production of combine harvesters. In the combine industry, cooperative ties with related enterprises have become of great importance. 225 factories are involved in the production of the Niva combine.

There have been major shifts in the location of the tractor industry in recent years. Having emerged in the main agricultural regions of the country (Volga region - Volgograd, in the Urals - Chelyabinsk) to provide these areas with arable machines, the tractor industry was located near metallurgical bases. Tractors are intended not only for agricultural work, but also for industrial needs (they are used to produce earth-moving machines - bulldozers, scrapers, etc.) For other industries, tractors and skidders are produced. For the needs of agriculture, the production of special types and modifications of tractors has been launched (except for row crops - gardening, for work on steep slopes, on moist soils, in beet fields), intended for use in different regions of the country. This led to the specialization of tractor factories and wide inter-district exchange of manufactured products. Therefore, in subsequent years, new tractor factories arose both in the central industrial regions and in other European regions.

Tractor factories are located in St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Rubtsovsk. For the forestry industry, the production of skidding tractors has been created in Petrozavodsk, industrial ones - in Cheboksary.

The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, as well as at the Taganrog and Krasnoyarsk plants, potato harvesters in Ryazan, flax harvesters in Bezhetsk (Tver region). Wheeled row-crop tractors are produced by factories in Vladimir and Lipetsk; tracked row crops - in Volgograd, Vladimir; industrial - in Barnaul, Chelyabinsk, Bryansk, Cheboksary.

Machine tool industry - technical base all mechanical engineering. Metal consumption in it, as a rule, is low, most of the blanks and parts are produced at the enterprises themselves, cooperation with other plants most often comes down to the supply of engines, injection molded products, and electrical equipment. Their placement is greatly influenced by the labor intensity of the product, the availability of qualified workers, engineering personnel and designers. Enterprises in the industry are equipped with sophisticated equipment. The increase in the production of more modern machine tools - semi-automatic and automatic machines, milling, grinding, aggregate, precision, program-controlled machines, machine lines and, finally, automated workshops and factories - has strengthened the role of large scientific and design centers in the location of machine tool industry. The role of cooperative connections has increased (unification of standard units in different types of machines, special electrical equipment, etc.). The narrow specialization of machine-tool enterprises predetermined the widespread development of inter-district connections: each of them provides most of the country's regions with its products.

Currently, machine tool manufacturing enterprises are located in many cities of the Central region, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Urals, and Western Siberia. The leading regions for the production of metal-cutting machines included Ural (30%), Central (28%), Volga (13%).

Large centers machine tool industries are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Saratov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk.

Instrumentation concentrated in the Central region (Moscow), and also developed in the Northwestern region (St. Petersburg and Leningrad region) And North Caucasus areas. The production of electronic equipment is concentrated in Moscow, Orel, Zelenograd, Smolensk, Penza.

Enterprises radio engineering industry, specializing in the production of radio receivers and televisions, were created in the Central (Moscow, Alexandrov), North-Western (St. Petersburg), Central Black Earth (Voronezh) regions.

The most typical placement features for medium-sized mechanical engineering are very clearly visible in the placement aviation industry. In this most complex branch of modern mechanical engineering, enterprises from almost all branches of heavy industry, and especially mechanical engineering itself, cooperate, supplying a variety of structural materials from ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical materials, electrical, electronic and radio equipment. Aviation industry enterprises are distinguished by an exceptionally high level of classification of engineering and technical personnel and workers. This led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers, where, in addition to experienced production personnel, there are research institutes and design bureaus. In such large industrial centers, as a rule, there are related enterprises. Aircraft factories in individual cities specialize in the production of certain types of aircraft.

Modern passenger aircraft of international class are produced: in Moscow - Il-96-300, Il-114, Yak-42M; Smolensk-Yak-42; Voronezh-Il-86, Il-96-300; Kazan-Il-62; Ulyanovsk-Tu-204, An-124; Samara - Tu-154, An70; Saratov - Yak-42, Omsk - An-74; Novosibirsk - An-38. Helicopters are produced in Moscow and Kazan. Rocket and space industry(Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara, Primorsk, etc.) produces various kinds of orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites and orbital stations and reusable spacecraft of the Buran type, combining the most modern, high technologies with wide intersectoral complexity production. Our aerospace industry is one of the most advanced in the world.

Production of low-current equipment, precision machines , tools associated with stamping and precision casting of blanks, precision machining of parts, assembly of parts, components and assemblies. The mass production organization predominates, employing highly qualified personnel and using large quantities of labor. Enterprises in the industry consume a relatively small amount of materials, but a wide range (ferrous, non-ferrous, noble, rare metals, various types of glass, plastics, etc.). The complexity and accuracy of manufactured products places very high demands on production standards and equipment. Many enterprises in the industry (especially low-current ones - electrical, electronic and other equipment) are primarily engaged in the installation and assembly of parts and assemblies received through cooperation. Enterprises in this industry are located in areas with developed mechanical engineering, where there are research and development centers (Moscow, St. Petersburg).

One of the main tasks of the development of the machine-building complex is the radical reconstruction and accelerated growth of such industries as machine tool building, instrument making, electrical and electronic industries. Important is given to the preservation of scientific and technical potential, the development and implementation of new technologies, and the restoration of production in mechanical engineering industries capable of producing competitive products. To successfully solve these problems, a revival of investment activity and government support for enterprises focused on the production of high-tech products is required.

2.5. Russia's place in the global production of mechanical engineering products

In terms of exports, mechanical engineering ranks second after the fuel and energy complex. This industry accounts for 15% of Russia's exports. But if we take Japan and Germany, then their mechanical engineering exports are:

Table 3.

Production of engineering products in selected countries of the world

(early 90s).

Source: Goskomstat website www.gks.ru

Currently, the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation is in deep crisis, which could not but affect the export potential of the industry. The general decline in the export capabilities of mechanical engineering is caused by both external and internal factors. The first include the destruction of subject specialization within former USSR, as well as changes in the ratio of producer prices for products from the raw materials and manufacturing industries.

Internal factors include low, in comparison with foreign analogues, product competitiveness, as well as unwillingness to be active in the field of market monitoring, marketing and maintenance of equipment in the field of operation.

At the same time, the mechanical engineering range includes competitive types of equipment and technology that are in demand in domestic and foreign markets. Russia's exports are dominated by products of the defense industry and heavy energy and transport engineering.

Russian weapons have excellent fighting qualities, low cost, and large reserves surplus weapons allow Russia to carry out deliveries in record time. But despite this, the potential for Russian arms exports is limited. First of all, because trade in arms and military equipment is very much subject to the influence of foreign policy factors, which negate the technical and other advantages of Russian weapons.

Despite the completion of the rearmament of the armies of the countries of the Near and Middle East, this region will remain the largest buyer of weapons until the end of the century. Orders from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the UAE naturally went to the USA, UK and France, which ensure the security of local regimes

Arms sales to Iran are being held back due to pressure on Russia from the United States. The threshold level of Russian supplies to Tehran, after which complications may follow, is limited to $350-400 million for “non-destabilizing” weapons systems. In case of an attempt to supply tactical missiles, MiG-29 fighters of the latest modifications or modern systems Air defense complications in Russian-American relations will follow immediately.

Russia has the opportunity to supply weapons to Syria, Algeria and Egypt, but the import potential of these countries is far from the capacious markets of Arabian importers.

More favorable prospects for increasing Russian arms exports to India and China. Every year Russia exports $0.6-1 billion to each of them.

The European market is also limited. Former socialist countries are focusing on purchasing Western weapons, although economic reality forces them to maintain ties with Russia. In 1997, at least three European countries Finland, Cyprus and Hungary were among the top ten buyers of Russian weapons. In total, they received weapons worth $300-350 million, but supplies to Finland and Hungary went to pay off the debt. In recent years, a dynamic increase in military purchases by countries has been recorded Latin America. However, due to US opposition, Russia, at best, can increase the average annual export volume to this region to $300 million.

Exports of heavy engineering come mainly from energy and metallurgical equipment. Activities to expand the geography and range of exports are carried out through working groups with many foreign countries: Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary, Cuba, China, Vietnam and many others. In heavy, power and transport engineering, mining equipment, railway locomotives, and diesel engines are competitive, and the main power equipment for thermal and hydroelectric power stations corresponds in technical indicators to the best world standards.

In the machine tool industry, models of machines, equipment and tools are distinguished that meet the basic criteria of competitiveness and can serve as the basis for expanding export supplies to the world market and purchases on the domestic market. These include the turning-left-hand turning module of the Alapaevsky plant, the drilling and milling machine of the Kuibyshev SPO, some highly complex machines of the Klinsky machine tool plant, the processing center of the Kolomna heavy machine tool plant, diamond powder produced by JSC MPO diamond tools Tomal.

Among the produced road construction equipment, the following are competitive: the asphalt paver "DS-181" and the road roller of JSC "Raskat", the truck-mounted crane of JSC "Avtokran", the walking excavator of JSC "Uralmash", the hydraulic equipment of JSC "Pnevmostroymashina".

Certain types of chemical and petroleum engineering products have a high technical level, are competitive and are not inferior to foreign analogues. These are large-scale installations for the production of liquid and gaseous cryogenic products, capacitive equipment for storage and transportation of liquid cryogenic products produced by Cryogenmash JSC, as well as products by Geliymash JSC. Over 50% of this equipment is exported.

The drilling rigs of Uralmash JSC, the subway cars of Metrovagonmash JSC, the loading mine machine of the Krasnogorsk Machine-Building Plant, the mainline passenger diesel locomotive and diesel engines of the holding company Kolominsky Plant are competitive and not inferior to the world level.

The export of tractors accounts for 20% of their production volume. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new markets to expand sales of agricultural machines that meet world standards in their parameters. Among them are tractors of the Vladimirovsky, Lipetsk, Altai tractor plants, grain harvesters of the Krasnoyarsk combine plant, “Don 1200” and “Don 1500” of the Rostselmash plant, a feed chopper “Volgar 5” of the Syzranselmash plant, rakes and tedders of the Sol- Iletskmash.

A number of products from the electrical engineering and instrument making industries are also not inferior to analogues from foreign companies in terms of technical level and basic parameters. These are turbo and hydrogen generators, transformers, large electrical machines, electric motors, cables. But the expansion of export supplies of electrical and instrument-making products is hampered due to the high saturation of foreign markets with them.

Machine-building enterprises individually are not able to ensure the comprehensive competitiveness of their products. Since the concept of competitiveness of any product, especially an expensive one that lasts for a long time, includes not only prices and basic technical characteristics, but also many other parameters. A comprehensive assessment of the competitiveness of technology involves taking into account:

Product quality indicators - technical level, reliability, adaptation to local conditions, level of service, maintainability, ergonomic characteristics, design, as well as the image of the manufacturer and seller. Often enterprises are not able to satisfy the entire range of such requirements;

Price indicators - price, the possibility of purchasing on credit, the availability of discounts, state support for the production of expensive high-tech products with long term cost recovery. Here we have to take into account that Western manufacturers often receive loans from their banks under guarantees from Russian government agencies. Our enterprises, with an acute shortage of working capital and high taxes, do not have such an opportunity;

Sales indicators - availability of a dealer network and representative offices, market coverage. Such functions are available only to efficient production;

Most enterprises cannot provide a set of necessary characteristics for the competitiveness of their products. But this is often not required, since in a market economy a large part of these characteristics is achieved by large strategic intermediaries. They are recognized to occupy the niche that was previously occupied government system logistics. Consequently, the formation and support of such intermediaries can be considered one of the main elements public policy in the field of increasing the competitiveness of mechanical engineering enterprises.

In 1996, imports exceeded exports by 177.3%. Moreover, the excess was observed both in the CIS countries (106.6%) and in non-CIS countries (210.7%). But in general, in 1996 there was a downward trend in the share of imports. This trend continued in 1997, and therefore positive changes in the development of domestic mechanical engineering are possible. This is also confirmed by the indicators of the share of imports in the sales volume on the Russian market of some of the most important types of engineering products.

MVES specialists state that the commodity structure foreign trade The Russian Federation at the beginning of 1998 did not undergo fundamental changes. Exports were dominated by fuel and energy goods, which accounted for more than 50% of all supplies, as well as ferrous and non-ferrous metals (17%); V import - products mechanical engineering(35.3%), food and consumer goods.

Figure 2.

Foreign economic turnover of engineering products

for 1991–1999 (millions of dollars)

Figure 3.

Sources:

1. USA: economics, politics, ideology., 1998, No. 2, No. 9.

In industrialized countries, where crises and production declines recur periodically, changes in the current market environment least affect the production of the latest high-tech products, which creates certain impulses to overcome crisis situations. Mechanical engineering in Russia has recently been characterized by a diametrically opposite trend - an accelerated decline in the production of the most advanced equipment. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over previous years, although not of sufficient quality, but still of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.

The collapse of the unified machine-building complex of the USSR into separate republican blocs sharply aggravated the problems of machine-building in Russia, since at the same time foreign economic relations in the field of trade in machinery and equipment, which had been debugged for decades, had collapsed and thanks to which a certain balance had emerged in the saturation of sectors of the Russian national economy with modern technology. The structure of the final products of the domestic mechanical engineering at the turn of the last decades was characterized by “heaviness” and a high degree of militarization. The share of military equipment remained prohibitively high with a sharp lag in production consumer goods and especially equipment for the non-production sector. In the first half of the 80s, the growth in production of investment engineering products completely stopped, and in the second half a decline began, which turned into a landslide in the early 90s.

The decrease in demand in consumer industries forced the mechanical engineering industry to adapt to the conditions of use of its products, increasing the production of universal equipment and introducing primitive technologies. This will lead to the cessation of the production of high-tech products, a further curtailment of mechanical engineering production and, ultimately, to the attenuation of the investment process and the liquidation of basic sectors of the economy (except for raw materials, which have export potential).

The sharp decline in production in the early 90s affected less the production of durable goods, the share of which was above average - mainly passenger cars and the production of household appliances, with the most rapid growth in prices and high profitability of production. Thus, the main feature of the changes taking place was the focus on the production of relatively prestigious products, while the conditions for the production of many others were deteriorating, which was largely due to the protective customs policy of the state, for example, in relation to the automotive industry. Therefore, the relative well-being of some enterprises in this industry is temporary and, in conditions of constantly rising production costs and growing competition from foreign manufacturers, a decline and periodic stoppages of production are inevitable. The situation in mechanical engineering was also aggravated by the high level of concentration and monopoly of production. Among 2/3 of enterprises, each produces over 75% of a certain type of product, that is, in fact, it is its monopoly producer.

A distinctive feature of the recession was the relative stability of the development of industries and sub-industries producing mobile equipment, while production output fell in industries producing technological equipment. The reason is the higher liquidity of mobile equipment relative to equipment that requires installation, the production of which began to exceed effective demand as a result of the overaccumulation of the consumer's fleet of this equipment. This gave rise to serious financial and production problems, which led to the shutdown of a number of major enterprises. The main reason for this situation is a sharp drop in investment activity and a decrease in demand for machinery and equipment. The volume decreased especially capital investments into the production of construction equipment and agricultural engineering.

Due to the considered unfavorable factors, the share of knowledge-intensive industries has decreased, while the share of the automotive industry has stabilized. The conditions for this stabilization are the containment of tariffs on energy resources, products of the metallurgical and chemical complexes, railway transportation, and the extension of protectionist customs measures. The structure of the release itself must undergo changes, since it does not yet meet modern requirements. The implementation of structural-target programs is associated with significant investment costs and time. But the necessity, and most importantly the success, of a comprehensive structural restructuring has been proven by the experience of GAZ JSC. The timely restructuring of production with the organization of production of cars with a carrying capacity of one and a half tons and cars with diesel engines made it possible to increase production volumes. For example, for 10 months of 1997, the growth rate was 122.4% compared to the corresponding period of the previous year.

In the Russian machine tool industry today, production is increasingly oriented toward effective demand. But on the part of the former main consumer - the state, it has sharply decreased, and business entities do not compensate for this reduction (especially for complex high-tech products), giving preference to cheaper and simpler equipment, which entails a loss of orders, which is painful for the machine tool industry. The decline in the production of high-tech equipment is occurring at an accelerated pace here. The situation is aggravated by the outflow of highly qualified personnel, including from scientific, design and technological organizations. In essence, there was a threat that Russia would lose its own machine tool industry. The development of non-core products for the machine tool industry for the purpose of survival has become a widespread practice. Thus, JSC LSPO im. Sverdlov" (St. Petersburg) engaged in machines for processing logs, equipment for the coal industry; In addition, it produces a large number of furniture fittings. Some revival of production in mechanical engineering had practically no effect on the increase in demand for technological equipment, since less than half of its fleet is currently used. Consequently, as production increases at consumer enterprises, the load on existing equipment will initially increase, capital will be accumulated, and only then may the prospect of technical re-equipment, and therefore the acquisition of new equipment, appear. Weak private and foreign investment, inactive demand from the non-state sector for technological equipment makes it necessary to implement state support enterprises in this industry. This is economically, and sometimes strategically, effective, especially in the case of import substitution. Thus, the funds allocated for this purpose made it possible to create production facilities for the production of linear rolling bearings under a license from TNK (Japan) at Lipetsk Machine Tool Plant JSC. These components are the basis of the Russian precision machine tool industry; until now they have been mainly imported from foreign countries. The developed capacities for the production of synthetic diamonds at Tomal JSC make it possible to completely switch to the production of diamond tools based on Russian raw materials instead of importing them from Ukraine and Armenia, as well as to create an export potential of $10 million per year. These examples show the high efficiency of government support for priority areas of development of the machine tool industry.

A certain tendency towards stabilization has emerged in the electrical industry and instrument making. In 1998, the production of electric motors and a number of cable products (power, city telephone) was increased. In order to expand sales markets and find new consumers, electrical engineering and instrument-making factories began to develop and produce products that are in demand, including those previously manufactured in the CIS countries (for example, explosion-proof electric motors, large electrical machines, cable products). This was also facilitated by the protectionist customs policy of the state, under which it is profitable for the consumer to purchase these products from Russian enterprises. As part of the federal innovation program for the creation of technical means for mandatory cash accounting additional capacity was introduced to produce 300 thousand cash register machines. An increase in their production contributes to an increase in tax revenues to the Russian budget, streamlining control over money circulation in the field of trade. Over the past four years, as a result of the insolvency of rural commodity producers, the production of agricultural machinery has sharply decreased; most factories use 10-15% of their production capacity. On the farms themselves, the fleet of agricultural machinery is noticeably decreasing. In conditions of a strong compression of demand for agricultural machinery, it is now planned to carry out measures to speed up the process of enterprises adapting to the market (structural restructuring of production, expanding the market for export of equipment, creating trading houses at enterprises, holding fairs and exhibitions). To solve the problem of non-payments, industry enterprises will carry out barter transactions and mutual offsets, and make wider use of promissory notes and government treasury notes. A particularly promising form of normalizing sales seems to be the already practiced provision of the agro-industrial complex with engineering products on the basis of long-term rent - leasing. Currently, there is a tendency towards stabilization of production volumes for some types of heavy engineering products, and for others - an increase in output. This applies to the production of equipment for the iron and steel and mining industries: machines for continuous casting and sinter production, drilling rigs for the needs of the mining industry. Enterprises have become more active in finding solvent customers due to competition from foreign suppliers of similar equipment.

The situation in the power engineering industry has stabilized due to a slight increase in the production of steam turbines, due to export supplies of equipment, mainly to China, Iran and Eastern European countries. The production of diesel engines and diesel generators has stabilized at the 1995 level. At the same time, there has been a tendency to master the production of diesel engines under licenses from foreign companies, which makes it possible for factories in this sub-industry to enter into competition on the world market.

In the railcar building sub-industry, production volumes are determined financial capabilities the main customer is the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation. It is no secret that they are limited and do not allow us to significantly increase the production of much-needed railways Russian rolling stock. In this regard, the production of freight cars increased slightly. A change in the structure of production of passenger cars is expected. Thus, Tver Carriage Plant JSC is increasing the production of passenger compartment cars that meet modern requirements for comfort and traffic safety. This creates the opportunity to stop importing them from Germany. The share of compartment cars in the total production of locomotive-hauled cars increased in 1996 by 39%. JSC Demikhovsky Machine Plant has organized the production of electric train cars instead of those purchased in Latvia. Entered on this enterprise The production capacity of up to 500 cars per year allows us to produce fully complete trains.

In the coming years, even with investment activity, one should not expect a significant increase in demand for construction and road equipment. Moreover, in the construction complex there is a fleet of construction equipment that was formed before 1995, which is now no more than half loaded. However, the parameters for updating manufactured products have deteriorated. This phenomenon indicates that the industry is not adapting to new operating conditions by changing product quality. Over the past 3 years, the intensity of renewal has fallen by 40%, and the share of equipment being mastered for the first time has doubled. Enterprises in this industry are capable of replicating outdated equipment and technologies.

Summarizing all of the above, we can definitely say that the state of development of the Russian machine-building complex is determined not simply by demand, but by investment restrictions. They are the ones who are slowing down the restructuring of production, which should be based on improving the quality of products and, consequently, increasing their competitiveness. Finally, it is necessary to give a generalized idea of the difficult socio-economic situation that has developed in industry in recent years. It is due to the fact that the growing wave of non-payments over the past 2 years has increased the share of unprofitable enterprises. The number of unemployed in this complex has increased to a greater extent than in industry as a whole. Official statistics in recent years show that hidden unemployment (part-time or weekly employment) has generally decreased in industry. A survey conducted at the end of last year by the St. Petersburg Labor Monitoring Center showed that the share of mechanical engineering workers employed part-time or sent on leave at the initiative of the administration has increased. Among those employed at machine-building enterprises, the need for secondary employment is growing. This was stated by 86.9% of the workers surveyed, and 84.6% stated that their salary payments are regularly delayed for a month or more.

The situation is particularly difficult in defense complex, where the number of production personnel is declining even faster than in the mechanical engineering industry as a whole. Employment fell most noticeably in the electronics industry and in the production of special communications equipment. The lag remains in wages: in 1997 it was 78% of the industry average.

All this causes an outflow of highly qualified specialists from research organizations and design bureaus, including abroad. The situation is especially difficult in those regions where military-industrial complex enterprises play a role city-forming enterprises(Ural, Udmurtia, some regions of the Central Economic Region). It is necessary to take measures now to adjust the chosen market rate. If this is not done, then in the near future pessimistic moods and social tension will increase, which will create a threat to the further construction of a socially oriented market economy in Russia.

The purpose of this work was to study the problems and prospects for the development of the mechanical engineering complex of the Russian Federation. The following questions were considered during the study:

· Composition and importance of the engineering complex;

· Intra- and inter-industry connections;

· Characteristics of the industrial structure of mechanical engineering in developed and developing countries of the world;

· Features of the development and location of enterprises of the mechanical engineering complex of the Russian Federation;

· Mechanical engineering export items;

· Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia.

The analysis allows us to say that:

1. Mechanical engineering is basic industry national economy of the country. On its basis, the technical re-equipment of the entire industry of the country is carried out.

2. The machine-building complex has close intra- and inter-industry ties with most sectors of the country’s national economy, especially with ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry and chemical industries. It should be noted that with the collapse of the USSR, intersectoral and cooperative ties were disrupted.

3. There are significant differences in the structure of developed and developing countries. Russia, together with the USA, Germany and Japan, is part of the group of countries with a full range of products.

4. Mechanical engineering belongs to the industries of “free location”, but at the same time the location of enterprises is influenced by a number of factors: science intensity, metal intensity, labor intensity, proximity to the consumer.

5. Currently, the structure of mechanical engineering exports is dominated by products of the military-industrial complex and heavy engineering, which hinders the development of the mechanical engineering complex as a whole.

6. Russian mechanical engineering is currently characterized by a decrease in the production of the most advanced equipment. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over previous years, which is of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.

Summing up the study, we can conclude that the machine-building complex, which is of great importance for the further development of the Russian economy, is in a systemic crisis caused by the collapse of the USSR and changes in the structure of the national economic complex of Russia. Carrying out a radical reform of the mechanical engineering industry will allow Russia to enter the world market with high-tech products and take an advantageous position in it. This will serve as the basis for stabilizing the economy and boosting Russian industry as a whole.

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3. Borisov V.N. Mechanical engineering: restructuring and competitiveness. // Economist No. 7, 1999, pp. 37-46.

4. Borisov V.N. Restructuring of mechanical engineering as a development factor Russian economy// Problems of forecasting.- 1997.- No. 6.-P.81-89

5. Borisov V .P. Prospects for mechanical engineering // Economist.-1998.-No.1.-P.53-61

6. State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation - web server //www.gks.ru

7. Dronov V.P., Maksakovsky V.P., Rom V.Ya. Economic and social geography, reference materials, M. 1994.

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9. Kistanov V.V., Kopylov N.V., Khrushchev A.T. Distribution of productive forces, M. 1994.

10. Klevin A.N., Mitin S.T. On the problems of restructuring the machine-building complex. // Industry of Russia, No. 3 March 1999.

11. Kubantseva V.V. Towards an analysis of the current state of the machine-building complex // Heavy mechanical engineering. - 1997. - No. 2. - P. 39.

12. Kudinov A. A. On priority directions for the development of mechanical engineering // Bulletin of Mechanical Engineering, No. 9, 1999, pp. 42-43.

14. Morozova T.G. Regional economy, M. 1995

15. Situation in the mechanical engineering complex of Russia // BIKI No. 55-56, 05.16.1996, pp. 3-5.

16. Prokopenko D.A. Armor for export // Kommersant. Power.-1998.-No.8.-P.14-15.

17. Rom V.Ya., Dronov V.P. Geography of Russia; population and economy: textbook for general education institutions, M. 1995.

Mechanical Engineering Prospects

Mechanical engineering is a fairly actively developing industry, and to this day it remains the main industry, both for the economy and for the state as a whole.

In recent years, the state has actively begun to support industrial enterprises, this is especially noticeable in the development of the processing industry.

And since the development of any enterprise requires equipment produced by mechanical engineering, it means that it must be developed first.

It is natural that main goal machine-building enterprises are considered to equip the workshop with the latest equipment.

We are currently on the threshold of a new industrial revolution, this was facilitated by the introduction of cloud technologies, processing of large amounts of data and the development of the Internet.

This industrial revolution is considered to be the fourth; it has been emerging for the last ten or even twenty years.

It is expected that the structure of factories will become much more flexible and modular. To achieve this goal, miniature processors, storage devices, sensors and converters are required. To improve work and reduce production time, it will be necessary to integrate the necessary auxiliary means into the equipment, as well as into the workpieces, materials and tools themselves. The equipment also cannot operate without unique software.

Using all this, it will be possible to establish the exchange of data and commands between products and technological equipment. In this case, the product will immediately be equipped with digital memory, which it will be able to exchange with the technological environment at any stage of production.

This entire system and process will be transformed into a cyber-physical system that combines the real and virtual worlds.

As a result of the use of such technologies, it will be possible to significantly facilitate the process of optimizing technological processes and improve their management. Parts of this optimized system already exist in factories, but it will still take a lot of time to fully achieve the goal.

To achieve such a system, it will be necessary to get rid of numerous inconsistencies in data transmission; to achieve such a goal, it will be necessary to reduce costs and increase production flexibility.

The implementation of a cyber-physical system will increase productivity by 30%.

Currently, a new wave of interest in smart machines and robots has begun, this is primarily due to a significant reduction in the cost of production technology. This is particularly evidenced by the increasing number of robots in homes. It follows from calculations that by 2020 robots will become an integral part of human life. There are already robots capable of:

look after pensioners
give medicines,
clean up after pets,
help with cleaning
bring food from the refrigerator.

Even some household utensils have undergone considerable changes, from robotic vacuum cleaners to robotic baby strollers.

But not only in Everyday life, but also in industry, a new generation of robotic systems is being introduced. They are able to adapt to the required tasks and learn as they work, this will lead to the situation of “robots making robots.”

More and more factories are switching to fully automated operation.

The transition to such production will ensure the development of new products.

Note 1

Robots will also play a significant role in medicine; surgical machines are currently being developed that will allow the most complex operations to be performed. In addition, new generation prostheses will allow people with disabilities to live a full life.

Future technologies and smart factories

“Smart” enterprises mean the totality of all available automation tools in combination with robotics, software, lasers, multifunctional machines that will be controlled by artificial intelligence. The presence of such technologies will maximize the technical efficiency of the enterprise through monitoring and planning operations. But of course this is not the limit of possibilities.

In the future, it will be possible for the mechanisms themselves to make adjustments to their technological process, adapt to the needs of the client, regulate changes in the production process, and opportunities for self-government will appear.

Note 2

It is worth noting that the new “smart” production will include waste recycling and have minimal impact on the environment.

Increasing enterprise flexibility requires the introduction of open technologies. Cheapness is the main advantage of such technologies; moreover, such technologies can reduce costs. To achieve the set goals, the introduction of 3D technologies will also be required for faster and more efficient design.

It will be possible to reduce the size of factories, which will allow the enterprise to be economically efficient.

However, it cannot be said that the introduction of such technologies into production will be rapid. There are a number of problems slowing down the modernization process, first of all the lack of investment, and secondly the poor development of the electronics industry.

But this does not mean that nothing is being done at all. It is worth noting the remote monitoring system of Triol companies - Trioli Drive. Given software allows you to control industrial processes in real time, remotely. And besides, it allows you to control consumed resources, temperature, pressure, noise, etc.

This program reduces maintenance costs, minimizes costs, and also provides maintenance and diagnostics of equipment in production.

It is worth noting that the presence of such technologies will make it possible to make a huge step forward in the mechanical engineering complex.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Irkutsk State Technical University

Department of World Economy

Course work

on the topic of:

“Current state of mechanical engineering and location in the Russian Federation. Development prospects"

Irkutsk 2008

Introduction1. Current state of mechanical engineering and location in the Russian Federation1.1 Heavy mechanical engineering1.2 General mechanical engineering1.3 Medium mechanical engineering2. Prospects for the development of the mechanical engineering complex2.1 Nanotechnologies in the aircraft industry2.2 Nanotechnologies in the automotive industry2.3 Nanotechnologies in the railway engineeringConclusionReferences

Introduction

The mechanical engineering complex consists of mechanical engineering and metalworking. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machines and equipment, various types of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Consequently, mechanical engineering products are consumed by all sectors of the national economy without exception.

Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment.

Taking into account the peculiarities of this topic and the range of issues raised, the first and second chapters will highlight theoretical issues: the role and significance, the specifics of location, the industry structure of the machine-building complex, and in the third the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex, and the practical prerequisites for getting out of it .

1. Current state of mechanical engineering and location in the Russian Federation

The mechanical engineering complex is a complex intersectoral formation, including mechanical engineering and metalworking. Mechanical engineering unites specialized industries that are similar in technology and raw materials used. Metalworking includes the industry of metal structures and products, as well as the repair of machinery and equipment.

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of the country's heavy industry. By creating the most active part of the main production assets - tools, mechanical engineering significantly influences the pace and direction of scientific and technological progress in various sectors of the economic complex, the growth of labor productivity and other economic indicators that determine the effectiveness of the development of social production. Mechanical engineering accounts for about 1/5 of the country's industrial output, almost 1/4 of fixed industrial production assets and 1/3 of industrial production personnel.

The range of mechanical engineering products is very diverse, which causes deep differentiation of its industries and affects the location of production facilities producing various types of products.

Currently, in mechanical engineering, according to the degree of technical equipment, there are five levels of technological structure.

First level represented by the production of equipment for the mining industry and enterprises processing primary raw materials.

Second level associated with the production of equipment for agriculture.

Third level represented by the production of equipment for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and the production of building materials.

Fourth level includes the automotive and bearing industries, electrical engineering, etc.

Fifth level represent enterprises associated with high technologies: these are computer production, fiber optic technology, robotics, production of machine tools and equipment with numerical control (CNC), rocket and space production, and the aviation industry.

The structure of mechanical engineering includes 19 large complex industries, more than 100 specialized sub-sectors and productions.

To complex industries similar in technological processes and the raw materials used include heavy, energy and transport engineering, electrical engineering, chemical and petroleum engineering, machine tool and tool industry, tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries.

For a long period, the pace of development of mechanical engineering outpaced the development of industry as a whole. High rates were characteristic of industries that determine scientific and technological progress, and primarily machine tool building, instrument making, electrical and electronic industries, computer equipment production, and aerospace production.

The achievements of the machine-building complex were characterized not only by an increase in its production volumes, but also by the creation and production of progressive types of products, and the introduction of more modern technologies.

In recent decades, the machine-building complex has been formed in accordance with the current needs of the country's economy and defense for a specific range of final products. As a result, subject-specific enterprises with rigid technological connections, low flexibility and mobility of production were created.

The crisis situation that had matured in the country by the early 1990s had a significant impact on the industry. The structure of mechanical engineering was extremely heavy with a high degree of militarization. There was a high level of concentration and monopolization of production, excessive and inefficient production activity. Only about 1/4 of new technologies corresponded to world standards.

As a result, violations of contractual obligations regarding the supply of products, the naturalization of exchange, and the emergence of barter transactions on a large scale began to occur in the USSR. The established connections for the supply of components and final products of mechanical engineering were changing. High level territorial division of labor, as well as the monopoly inherent in the machine-building complex of the USSR, were the reason for the absence in Russia of a number of industries necessary for normal functioning both mechanical engineering and the entire economic complex of the country.

For the period 1998-2004. the volume of industrial production of mechanical engineering increased 7.1 times and amounted to 1.8 trillion rubles. The deindustrialization of the economy also affected the machine-building complex. Fifth-level mechanical engineering industries, focused on the production of high-tech products, reduced production from 45.3 to 22.5%. The production of high-performance, knowledge-intensive equipment, equipped with electronic devices and microprocessor control, during the period under review decreased tenfold, and for some product items - hundreds of times. Thus, the production of CNC machines decreased by 142 times. In the country in 2004, only 200 CNC machines were manufactured, and in Japan (for comparison) - about 35 thousand, more than half of them were sold on the world market. The production of CNC forging and pressing machines decreased from 370 to 22 units, or 16.8 times. The production of advanced cutting tools, especially those made of ceramics, polycrystalline synthetic diamonds and superhard materials, and abrasive micropowders, has also decreased in significant volumes. While the production of fourth-stage products (cars) remained virtually unchanged and amounted to 1.1 million units.

The foreign trade balance for engineering products has worsened: if in 1990 the volume of imports exceeded the volume of exports by 33%, then in 2004 - by almost 90%. The general decline in the export potential of mechanical engineering is caused by both external and internal factors. The first includes the destruction of subject specialization that existed within the framework of the CMEA and the USSR, as well as a change in the ratio of prices of producers of raw materials and manufacturing industries. Price growth indices for raw materials industries exceeded the corresponding indicators for the mechanical engineering complex in the electric power industry by more than 4 times, the fuel industry by approximately 3 times, and the ferrous metallurgy industry by almost 2 times. As a result, the price of production factors for engineering products (with the exception of labor) approached the world price.

TO external factors decreases in export potential include low (compared to foreign analogues) competitiveness of manufactured products and unwillingness to be active in the field of market monitoring, marketing and maintenance of equipment in the field of operation.

The main limiting factor in the development of mechanical engineering since 1992 has been the reduction of investments in the development of the mechanical engineering complex, high wear and tear of fixed production assets, and outdated technologies in the mechanical engineering complex.

Structural changes in the output of mechanical engineering products reflect changes in the economy as a whole and in its industries.

Concept, composition and significance of mechanical engineering. Problems of the Russian mechanical engineering complex. Factors in the development of the mechanical engineering industry. Characteristics of heavy and medium engineering. Prospects for the development of the Russian machine-building complex.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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Home » Interview, History, Persons » 02/06/2009, 08:10

Mechanical engineering is the backbone of the economy

Higher government leadership set ambitious socio-economic goals: to double the gross domestic product in the coming years and qualitatively improve the standard of living of Russians. Their solution is unthinkable without creating a diversified and competitive national economy. And the role of mechanical engineering here is difficult to overestimate. Deputy Chairman, Chief of Staff of the Bureau of the Central Council of the Union of Mechanical Engineers of Russia Vladimir Gutenev answered the correspondent’s questions.

— Vladimir Vladimirovich, with what potential has Russian mechanical engineering entered the 21st century? What do you think are the most pressing issues facing the industry?

— The crisis years of the 90s became a black streak for the domestic mechanical engineering industry. Liberal reforms have set the industry back a long way. “Privatization” and bankruptcy of enterprises, the loss of qualified personnel, the aging of fixed production assets, a sharp decline in the quality of products - this is not a complete list of diseases that have affected the mechanical engineering industry. As a result, its share at the beginning of the century in the total volume of industrial production fell from Soviet 40 percent to a modest 16. While this figure in China was 35 percent, Italy - 36, England, France and Canada about 40, Germany - 54, USA - 46, Japan - 51.5 percent. Most of all, the crisis hit the domestic machine tool industry, aircraft manufacturing, instrument making, electronic and electrical industries - the most advanced branches of the machine-building complex.

Today everything has changed. Investment flows reoriented from the mining sector to transport, electricity and manufacturing. Last year was the most successful for Russian industry, and growth in mechanical engineering amounted to an enviable figure - 24 percent. And the economy of the entire country felt this.

— It turns out that the revival of mechanical engineering is a kind of panacea for all Russian economic ills?

— It can be called differently, but the essence does not change: mechanical engineering was, is and will be a key industry. Mechanical engineering is the backbone of the economy. Suffice it to say that the army of machine builders consists of four million Russians who work at more than 7,500 enterprises of the complex. The well-being of Russian citizens and the level of the country’s defense capability depend on the level of development and competitiveness of the industry.

That is why the revival of Russian mechanical engineering is becoming one of the main tasks of the Russian economy.

In recent years, government industrial policy began to move to fundamentally new positions. The development of strategic and structural transformations is underway not only in individual branches of mechanical engineering, but also in the entire complex as a whole. The main guideline is to achieve a technical level of industry similar to that in developed countries.

- But for this, as experts say, rapid innovative development of mechanical engineering is necessary with a growth rate of at least 20 percent per year...

— Yes, that’s true, and the task of domestic mechanical engineering is to reach such a pace and thereby move to innovative path development. And here the problem of updating the fleet of technological equipment arises in full force. Here are the numbers he gives federal Service state statistics: 65 percent of equipment in Russia has been in use for 15-20 years, and equipment whose service life is less than five years is less than 5 percent.

Can the industry solve this problem without government support? Of course not. And this is not the only bottleneck in the industry. The issues of quality, unreasonably high energy costs per unit of production, largely outdated technologies, an acute shortage of qualified personnel, and many others are very pressing.

Industry enterprises cannot be left alone to face these troubles. It is necessary to act together, including within the framework of the professional community - the Union of Russian Mechanical Engineers.

— Please tell us in more detail about your organization.

— The Union of Mechanical Engineers of Russia, as a large public association, is today the center of consolidation of the domestic engineering community. Our Union is headed by Sergei Viktorovich Chemezov - one of the most authoritative people in mechanical engineering, CEO State Corporation"Russian Technologies". Among the leaders of our organization is Boris Sergeevich Aleshin, first deputy chairman of the Union, president of AvtoVAZ Group LLC. The President of the United Aircraft Corporation OJSC Alexey Innokentyevich Fedorov performs the duties of Deputy Chairman, and I have been entrusted with managing the apparatus of the Bureau of the Central Council of the Union.

Let me emphasize this detail: our Union is focused not only on workers, organizations and enterprises of the machine-building complex, but also on related industries. That is why today SoyuzMash of Russia represents the interests of more than 7.5 thousand large and medium-sized mechanical engineering enterprises and several million workers.

It will be interesting for you, as a regional publication, to know that the Union of Mechanical Engineers of Russia has established and actively operates branches in 65 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They are headed by heads of leading engineering enterprises and representatives of regional authorities. But just over a year ago, when our Union was formed, local branches could be counted on one hand. In other words, our organization is dynamically developing as a mass and influential public organization primarily locally. And this is our strength.

A few words about the Union's partners. Among them are several hundred leading enterprises of Russian mechanical engineering, including the largest of them - the United Aircraft Corporation, the Sukhoi Aviation Holding Company, the Volzhsky Automobile Plant, the Tractor Plants Concern, the Kama Automobile Plant, Uralmash, the Moscow Machine-Building Production Enterprise "Salut" ", Gorky Automobile Plant, Izhmash concern, Transmashholding, Foreign Economic Association "Tyazhpromexport" and many others.

— What tasks does SoyuzMash of Russia set for itself, and how successful are their implementation?

— I’ll answer your question with one parable that I like. One day a traveler saw three hard workers by the road. When he asked what they were doing, the first one muttered gloomily: “We’re carrying stones; another answered - we earn money, and the third said this: we are building a house! Likewise, our Union clearly sees the creative task of its activities, which is to consolidate the efforts of the state, society and the engineering community in the interests of rapid innovative development of the domestic engineering industry.

That is why all the projects and events that our Union implements are, in one way or another, aimed at achieving this goal.

— How does the Union take into account the opinion of the engineering community in its activities?

— To keep abreast of the industry’s problems, SoyuzMash of Russia regularly holds various events at which community representatives express their point of view on certain issues. Our Union has developed a draft Concept for the formation of the State comprehensive program development of mechanical engineering in Russia and discussed it in the expert community. This program, in our assessment, should become an integral part of the new scientific and industrial policy of Russia - the policy of developing a diversified and innovative economy of the country and its technological core - mechanical engineering.

— How did the discussion of the Concept go in the mechanical engineering community?

— Collective work, and this is how the process of discussing this document should be called, was built in several stages. What’s important is that it was attended not only by the “tops”—metropolitan experts, representatives of research organizations, scientists—but also by the “bottoms”—our regional branches, heads of mechanical engineering enterprises, scientific and technical intelligentsia. In addition, everyone could familiarize themselves with the draft Concept - it was posted on the Union’s website. In just a few months of discussion, dozens of changes and proposals were submitted.

We, the developers, were not embarrassed by the fact that we had to strengthen or “expand” individual chapters and provisions of the Concept. We immediately said that we had provided a working version of the document and insisted on its in-depth study.

Development of mechanical engineering in Russia

After all, this is collective work, and not private conclusions, even from professional developers.

The result was the final version of the Concept for the formation of the State Comprehensive Program for the Development of Mechanical Engineering in Russia.

— I won’t be mistaken if I say that the managers of enterprises, and it is for them that our publication is primarily intended, today are no less interested in what assistance the Union of Mechanical Engineers can provide them in solving pressing problems?

— SoyuzMash of Russia stands for the protection of the interests of workers in the industry, constantly social problems in his field of vision and takes initiatives to improve the state of affairs in this area. SoyuzMash of Russia provides membership as legal entities- enterprises and organizations, as well as individuals - mechanical engineering workers. This allows you to represent the interests of employers, employees, enterprises and the industry as a whole. For example, representation of interests and protection of the rights of employers in relations with trade unions and state and local government bodies is carried out through the participation of the Union in the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations.

The Union of Mechanical Engineers of Russia constantly interacts with legislative and executive authorities at the federal and regional levels, trade unions and other public associations, and international organizations in the interests of the development of domestic mechanical engineering.

I am convinced that only movement along the path of consolidated development, which the Union of Russian Mechanical Engineers is confidently paving with its activities, will be able to lead the domestic engineering complex to the solution of all modernization problems and a successful transition to advanced innovative development.

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Comparative characteristics of the industrial structure of mechanical engineering in developed and developing countries of the world

The second most important factor influencing the location of mechanical engineering is scientific and technological progress. NTP determines structural changes in mechanical engineering. General economic trends caused by the scientific and technological revolution predetermined an increase in the share of labor in the cost of production. Thus, the position of countries with cheap labor became preferable compared to countries with resources.

1. Countries with a full range of engineering production. Examples: USA, Germany, Japan. Russia also belongs to this group.

2. Countries with insignificant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - England.

3. Countries with significant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - Italy.

4. Countries are forced to import part of their engineering products from abroad.

5. Countries with uneven development of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering: machine exports cover less than half of imports. (Canada, Brazil).

This typology can be used to regionalize the global economic system and determine the role of individual regions in the location of global mechanical engineering.

The North America region (USA, Canada, Mexico) accounts for 1/3 of global engineering production.

This region acts on world markets primarily as an exporter of highly complex products, heavy engineering products and knowledge-intensive industries.

The Western Europe region accounts for 25 to 30% of global mechanical engineering production.

The third region is “East and Southeast Asia” (about 20% of mechanical engineering products), the leader of which is Japan.

The fourth region of world mechanical engineering is being formed in Brazil.

In recent years, countries with cheap labor have found themselves in a more favorable position than countries with raw material resources.

A feature of mechanical engineering in developed countries compared to developing countries is the most complete structure of mechanical engineering production and an increase in the share of electrical engineering; high quality and competitiveness of products; hence the high export rate and the large share of engineering products in the total value of exports (Japan - 64%, USA, Germany - 48%, Canada - 42%, Sweden - 44%).

The electronics industry has rapidly advanced in the electrical industry. There are two sub-sectors of the electronics industry: military-industrial and consumer electronics.

Locomotives are produced in India, Brazil, Argentina, and Türkiye. Among the production of wagons, Mexico, Egypt, Iran, and Thailand stand out.

In terms of the most important indicator reflecting the scale of industry development, the cost of mechanical engineering products, the USA, Japan and Germany are leaders among developed countries. Other countries are significantly inferior to them in terms of the scale of mechanical engineering. The share of developed countries in the world's mechanical engineering is about 90%.

Features of the development and location of the mechanical engineering complex of the Russian Federation

Features of the location of mechanical engineering in Russia

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important thing is the presence of public demand for products, qualified labor resources, in-house production or the ability to supply construction materials and electricity. And although in general mechanical engineering belongs to the industries of “free placement”, since it is less influenced by factors such as the natural environment, the presence of minerals, water, etc. At the same time, the location of mechanical engineering enterprises is strongly influenced by a number of other factors. These include:

Science intensity: It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most complex modern equipment (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.).

Focus on scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.

Metal content: The mechanical engineering industries involved in the production of products such as metallurgical, energy, and mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of this type of product usually try to be located as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.

Labor intensity: From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high qualifications of labor. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of mechanical engineering industries gravitate to areas of the country where the population concentration is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and technical personnel. The following sectors of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).

Consumer proximity: The products of some branches of mechanical engineering, such as the production of energy, mining, metallurgical equipment, which consume large amounts of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, are not economically feasible to transport over long distances due to their large size and high transportation costs. Therefore, enterprises in many branches of mechanical engineering are located in areas where final products are consumed.

As a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering, one can consider military-strategic aspect. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are located far from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.

Table 1.

Grouping of engineering industries by location factors:

Source:

Economic and social geography; reference materials.

Dronov V.P., Makasovsky V.P.
The machine-building complex annually produces 30 thousand types of various machines and 130 thousand parts. Its products are needed almost everywhere, i.e.

Are you really human?

Mechanical engineering is characterized by ubiquitous consumption. Therefore, mechanical engineering is developed in all economic regions of Russia, although its role in the economy of the regions is not the same.

Table 2.

Consequently, 87.5% of engineering products are produced by the Western Economic Zone and only 12.5% are produced by the Eastern Economic Zone. In the Eastern zone, mechanical engineering works not for local needs, but for the European zone (79% of products are exported to European regions, and 67% of products come from European regions).

Depending on the specific location in mechanical engineering, several groups of industries can be divided into several groups, including:

1. Heavy engineering (67% of production).

2. General mechanical engineering (18% of production).

Medium mechanical engineering (15% of production).

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The machine-building complex for the production of products is the largest industrial education, including the following industries: heavy, energy and transport, machine tool, automotive, agricultural engineering, electrical engineering, instrument making and petroleum engineering, construction, road and municipal engineering.

In mechanical engineering, like in no other industry, the pace of development of new types of products is high. On average, up to 3 thousand types of new products are produced per year, which is three times higher than the corresponding figures for all other industries taken together, accompanied by the formation of specific environmental pollutants.

The main sources of air pollution are foundries, machining shops, welding and painting shops and areas. In terms of gross emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, the share of the machine-building complex is about 6% of emissions into the atmosphere by the entire industry of Russia.

The percentage of pollutants caught by the complex (56.5%) is significantly lower than the average for Russian industry (79.2%). The main share of pollutant catches comes from solids (83%).

Emissions of the complex enterprises into the atmosphere are characterized by the presence of carbon monoxide (36.9% of total emissions into the atmosphere), sulfur dioxide (22.1%), various types of dust and suspended substances (21.5%), nitrogen oxides (8.45 %), as well as a number of organic harmful substances (xylene, toluene, acetone, butyl acetate, ammonia, etc.). Of the most dangerous pollutants emitted into the atmosphere, the complex has a significant share in the emission of hexavalent chromium - 137.9 tons, or 43% of the emission of the entire industry annually.

Mechanical engineering enterprises use about 3.5 billion annually.

Global mechanical engineering market

m 3 fresh water. About 12 billion m 3 of water are used in recycling and re-sequential water supply systems, which leads to savings of 80% of fresh water (with 77.5% in the Russian industry as a whole). The annual discharge of wastewater into surface water bodies is about 2 billion m3, including 0.95 billion m3 of contaminated wastewater, which is almost 10% of the total volume of wastewater discharge of this category throughout Russian industry. At the same time, the share of regulatory-treated wastewater discharged into water bodies in relation to the entire volume of wastewater that has passed through treatment facilities at enterprises continues to remain insignificant and amounts to only 20%.

Mechanical engineering pollutes the water basin with wastewater from pickling and galvanizing shops. A significant amount of pollutants are discharged with wastewater, primarily petroleum products, sulfates, chlorides, suspended solids, cyanides, nitrogen compounds, and heavy metal salts. The industry accounts for 7% of the volume of fresh water used by the Russian industry. In terms of wastewater discharge into surface water bodies, the industry accounts for 1/20 of the total volume of industrial discharge into water bodies. In terms of the volume of discharge of contaminated wastewater, the contribution of mechanical engineering is estimated at 1/10 of the total volume of wastewater discharge of this category in the entire industry of the Russian Federation.

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