Babkin special types of tourism. Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism

Chapter 6. Business tourism

Geography of business trips

Every year, more than 100 million business trips are made around the world. Their territorial distribution is characterized by extreme unevenness. Most tourists for business purposes go to Europe. The structure of business trips on the European continent is dominated by business trips, congress tours, trips to exhibitions and fairs, and incentive tours for company employees.

Ranking first in the world in terms of the number of arrivals and expenditures on business tourism, Europe is nevertheless gradually losing its leading position in this segment of the tourism market. In terms of business tourism growth, it lags behind other regions of the world, and the gap between them is widening. This trend became especially evident in the early 1990s. In conditions economic downturn firms switched to austerity policies. They reduced the number of business trips by combining several trips into one, introduced improved communication systems to resolve most issues on the spot, booked inexpensive accommodations and purchased discounted air tickets. Unlike European ones, American firms continued to increase their funding volumes. Despite the unstable economic situation, they increased expenses for the business part of the trip, saving on organizing leisure and entertainment for businessmen.

A typical tourist traveling for business purposes is a middle-aged man with higher education, qualified specialist or manager. For business tourism, proficiency in English is an almost mandatory requirement.

The main "supplier" of business tourists in Europe is Germany. Every year, over 5 million Germans go on business trips, of which 3% travel abroad, 21% travel both abroad and within their own country, and 76% make business trips throughout Germany.

The average duration of a business trip to countries located on another continent is 12-13 days, within a region - 5-6 days, and within one’s own country - 3-4 days.

Among the European countries receiving flows of business people, the following stand out (except Germany): Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland. Belgium occupies a special place with its main city Brussels, which is also the capital of the EU. In France and Belgium, every tenth arrival is carried out with business purposes, in the UK - every third.

A significant role in the business tourism market is played by the countries of Central and of Eastern Europe. With the beginning of perestroika in public and economic life they became a subject of interest for Western business circles. In the first half of the 1990s. In the post-socialist space, this segment of the tourism market developed especially dynamically. If the total number of tourist arrivals to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe increased by a third from 1992 to 1995, then for business purposes - by 60%. As a result, the share of business trips in the tourist flow to the region was the highest in the world - about 30% in 1995. The exception was two countries: Romania, where the decline in business tourism volumes in the mid-1990s. occurred due to rising inflation rates, and Bulgaria, which could not overcome the protracted crisis in the financial sector of the economy and the reduction in national production. In the second half of the 1990s. In some countries of Eastern Europe, the initial euphoria in relations with the West has passed and given way to smooth business contacts. The growth rate of business travel has slowed. Their share in incoming tourist flows has decreased. Despite this, the WTO predicts that the attractiveness of Central and Eastern Europe as a business tourism market will increase in the first decades of the 21st century.

Business tourism is rapidly developing on the American continent. Every eighth trip to the New World is made for business purposes. The main flows of business people are directed to the USA, Canada and Mexico, which are leaders in all segments of the tourism market in the Western Hemisphere. In these countries in the first half of the 1990s. The number of business trips has been growing steadily, but at different rates. In the USA, the dynamics of business travel fit into the overall picture of development international tourism. In Canada, business tourism grew more slowly than leisure arrivals. In Mexico, the growth rate of business travel exceeded that of tourist arrivals as a whole.

The flow of business tourists is growing in Latin America. With economic growth, expansion and strengthening of trade ties, many countries in this region have strengthened their positions in the business tourism market. The number of arrivals for official purposes to Paraguay, Guatemala, and Costa Rica is increasing. In Peru in the first half of the 1990s. The number of arrivals grew particularly quickly, but from a very low starting level, so the number is still small.

In Southeast Asia, the first half of the 1990s. was characterized by an increase in the number of business trips, which determined the overall dynamics of tourist arrivals. In 1995, every fifth trip to the region was for business. A third of arrivals occurred in Hong Kong (Hong Kong), Singapore and Taiwan.

In Hong Kong, the number of business trips for 1990-1995. doubled, exceeding 3 million. This positive trend was interrupted in 1997, when Hong Kong came under the jurisdiction of China. During the first three months after the transition, from July to September 1997, the number of tourist arrivals to the former British colony, including for business purposes, fell by 32% compared with the same period the previous year. Hotel occupancy rates have decreased.

A real boom in business tourism in the mid-1990s. occurred in Indonesia. A newly industrialized country of the second wave, it had the highest growth rate of business arrivals in the region and by 1995 overtook Taiwan and Singapore in the number of business trips. Put an end to the "Indonesian miracle" financial crisis, which broke out in Southeast Asia. It hit Indonesia particularly hard. Depreciation rate national currency and the deep economic and political crises that followed brought it to the brink of the abyss. The mass unrest that engulfed Jakarta and the threat of food riots - all this led to the curtailment of business ties and the outflow of businessmen from the country. The tragic events of the autumn of 2002 led to a further outflow of tourists.

Business tourism is developing unevenly in Africa and the Middle East. Ups and downs in the dynamics of arrivals depend mainly on the political situation in the region. Early 1990s was relatively calm both on the African continent and in the Middle East, where the peace movement was gaining strength. As the situation stabilized, it unfolded business activity. Over the past few years, the political situation in the Middle East has become extremely tense. Since the fall of 2000, Israel has been living on the verge of a full-scale war. Naturally, this entailed a decline not only in educational, health-improving and religious tourism, but also in business.

In Africa, the Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia showed high growth rates of business tourism. Egypt, South Africa and Morocco led the way in terms of arrivals in absolute terms. In the Middle East, the main flows of business people flowed to oil-producing countries (Saudi Arabia, etc.), as well as to Israel and Jordan.

A. V. Babkin

Special types tourism

tutorial

Introduction

International tourism is playing an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The beginning of the new millennium was marked not only by the rise of the international tourism movement, but also by the emergence of new trends in the development of this industry. Statistics indicate a steady pace of tourism development. In 1950, the total number of tourists was 25 million and tourism receipts were US$2.1 billion; in 1987, according to the WTO, these figures amounted to 363 million and 150 billion, respectively. In 2000, the number of travelers reached 698 million, and tourism receipts amounted to more than 476 billion US dollars. In 2002, the number of tourists was 702 million, foreign exchange earnings from international tourism reached 474 billion US dollars. In 2007, the number of tourists, according to the WTO, amounted to 898 million. In the global economy, tourism accounts for 6% of global gross national product, 7% of world investments, 11% of world consumer spending. Increase tourist flows and the resulting changes in socio-economic, financial and other areas have become a significant factor in economic growth and progressive development international relations. Currently, the tourism sector is growing rapidly and by 2010 will approach the 1 billion tourist arrivals mark.

At the same time, it should be noted that there are changes in tourist market, the emergence of new trends in the dynamically developing industry of international tourism. One of the main features of tourism development is the uneven distribution of tourist flows in different regions and countries of the world. Tourist flows are concentrated in several regions of the globe, and their movement is mainly intraregional in nature. Currently, the following proportions in tourist flows are observed: group tourists make up 25–35% of the total number of people traveling abroad; individual tourists, making up 65–75%, travel mainly to nearby countries. The volume of travel for recreational purposes is increasing more dynamically compared to the volume of business tourism. However, it is necessary to note a significant increase in incentive tours. Researchers note that along with the growing demands of tourists for services, the tourism product itself is becoming more sophisticated, its labor intensity and capital intensity are increasing. This is largely due to the emergence of new types of tourism and the sustainable development of special types. In the last five years, the tourism industry has faced an acute problem of preserving and developing both recreational resources and tourism resources in general. This led to the emergence and development of such a type of tourism as ecotourism. With the development of scientific and technological progress, urbanization, and technocratization of life, the natural landscape, clean water bodies, flora and fauna become more and more attractive for humans. It was as a result of the desire to communicate with nature that such a type of tourism as rural tourism appeared. These special types of tourism are becoming widespread, which poses the problem of regulating tourist flows. The reception of tourists in a destination is characterized by their concentration per 1000 inhabitants or per unit area. If the concentration of tourism exceeds acceptable standards, environment Damage is caused and destruction occurs of the very untouched nature for which tourists come. Simultaneously with the emergence of new types of tourism, such special types as religious, medical and health, business, and event tourism are steadily developing.

The textbook systematizes knowledge on the classification of tourism, internal structure tourism activities, the main special types of tourism. Target teaching aid consists of familiarizing yourself with the structure of special types of tourism, characterizing the territories and regions of their distribution, revealing the features of the practical organization of special types of tourism.

The textbook is intended for higher education students educational institutions students studying in the specialty “Economics and management in tourism and hotel management enterprises”.

The evolution of tourism. Tourism classification

In modern domestic and foreign literature, many approaches to defining the concept of “tourism” have been developed.

These approaches are based on various characteristics and can be combined into several groups:

– tourism as temporary movements of people, their presence outside their permanent habitat and temporary stay at an object of tourist interest;

– tourism as a complex socio-economic system, the basis of which is a diversified production complex called the tourism industry;

– tourism as a segment market economy, on which they interact various enterprises economic complex in order to offer a product that satisfies tourist interest;

– tourism as temporary trips of citizens and stateless persons in their free time from their permanent place of residence for health, educational, professional, sports, religious, business, educational and other purposes for a period of at least 24 hours and no more than 6 months and without engaging in paid activities in a place of temporary stay.

The latest definition of the concept of “tourism,” in our opinion, is the most complete, since it takes into account all the features that distinguish tourism from travel and other types of movements. The most important feature that determines tourist movements is free time of a person. Free time in tourism should be understood as vacation time, holidays, weekends and holidays, and time after retirement. The second most important feature of tourism is destination of movement. The definition clearly identifies these goals: health, educational, professional, sports, religious, business, educational. The third sign establishes time frame of tourist movement– no less than 24 hours and no more than 6 months, which is extremely important for tourism statistics and the economy of the tourism industry. The fourth feature characterizing tourist movements provides impossibility of engaging in paid activities in a place of temporary stay. This means that in addition to free time, a tourist must also have free money, which he is willing to spend on certain purposes related to rest and restoration of the body.

Modern tourism is, on the one hand, a young phenomenon, since it became widespread only after the Second World War; on the other hand, tourism has deep historical roots, because travel has been known to mankind since ancient times.

In the history of tourism development, it is customary to distinguish four stages:

Before early XIX V. – background of tourism;

Beginning of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century – elite tourism; the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services;

Beginning of the 20th century – before the Second World War – the emergence of mass social tourism;

After World War II - modern stage– mass social tourism; the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourists.

This periodization is based on following criteria: technical and economic prerequisites, social prerequisites, target functions of tourism at different stages of development. At the first stage of tourism development, the main motives for travel were trade, educational purposes, pilgrimage and treatment. In the Middle Ages, the religious factor of travel intensified - the worship of the shrines of Christianity and Islam. During the Renaissance, the religious component of tourism was somewhat weakened, while the educational and cognitive motives of travelers strengthened. A feature of travel before the beginning of the 19th century. there was a primitivism of means of transportation; travel was not an end in itself, but a necessary condition for achieving the goal itself: trade, expanding educational horizons, treatment, pilgrimage. All travelers had one thing in common: they were a minority, the elite of society.

The most important role in the development of tourism was played by revolutionary changes in the development of transport: the invention of the steamship (by the American Robert Fulton in 1807) and the steam locomotive (by the Englishman George Stephenson in 1814), the improvement of postal communications, accompanied by the expansion of the road network in Europe. All this led to reliability and speed of movement while reducing travel costs. In the middle of the 19th century. The first shipping companies appeared, which were the basis of cruise tourism. During the second stage of tourism development, processes such as changes in the ratio of working time and time for rest occur in society. In Germany, paid holidays were introduced for the first time in 1873, and working hours were reduced in favor of free time. The improvement in the quality and reliability of transport, coupled with its reduction in cost, as well as the gradual reduction in working hours, have led to a significant increase in the flow of travelers. During this period, specialized accommodation facilities appeared to serve travelers. In Germany, in 1801, the first-class hotel Badischer Hoff opened in the city of Baden-Baden; in Switzerland, the Rigi-Klesterli hotel was built in 1812; in 1859, the Grand Hotel Schweitzerhoff opened in the town of Interlaken in the central Switzerland. During this period, luxury hotels were built that served representatives of aristocratic circles and high officers. In the second half of the 19th century. The tourism industry has expanded the scope of its production: accommodation facilities have added travel companies, whose task was to organize tourist trips and sell them to consumers. A textbook example is the tourist bureau of T. Cook, created in the middle of the 19th century. In Great Britain. The first travel agency in Germany, Reisebureau Stangen, was founded in Breslau in 1863. This company had close contacts with shipping companies and actively sold sea cruise tours. Beginning in 1862, the first catalogs of tourist trips appeared, which reflected the process of expanding tourist demand.

A. V. Babkin

Special types of tourism

tutorial

Introduction

International tourism is playing an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The beginning of the new millennium was marked not only by the rise of the international tourism movement, but also by the emergence of new trends in the development of this industry. Statistics indicate a steady pace of tourism development. In 1950, the total number of tourists was 25 million and tourism receipts were US$2.1 billion; in 1987, according to the WTO, these figures amounted to 363 million and 150 billion, respectively. In 2000, the number of travelers reached 698 million, and tourism receipts amounted to more than 476 billion US dollars. In 2002, the number of tourists amounted to 702 million, foreign exchange earnings from international tourism reached 474 billion US dollars. In 2007, the number of tourists, according to the WTO, amounted to 898 million. In the world economy, tourism accounts for 6% of the world's gross national product, 7% of world investment, 11% of world consumer spending. The increase in tourist flows and the resulting changes in socio-economic, financial and other areas have become a significant factor in economic growth and the progressive development of international relations. Currently, the tourism sector is growing rapidly and by 2010 will approach the 1 billion tourist arrivals mark.

At the same time, it should be noted the emerging changes in the tourism market, the emergence of new trends in the dynamically developing industry of international tourism. One of the main features of tourism development is the uneven distribution of tourist flows in different regions and countries of the world. Tourist flows are concentrated in several regions of the globe, and their movement is mainly intraregional in nature. Currently, the following proportions in tourist flows are observed: group tourists make up 25–35% of the total number of people traveling abroad; individual tourists, making up 65–75%, travel mainly to nearby countries. The volume of travel for recreational purposes is increasing more dynamically compared to the volume of business tourism. However, it is necessary to note a significant increase in incentive tours. Researchers note that along with the growing demands of tourists for services, the tourism product itself is becoming more sophisticated, its labor intensity and capital intensity are increasing. This is largely due to the emergence of new types of tourism and the sustainable development of special types. In the last five years, the tourism industry has faced an acute problem of preserving and developing both recreational resources and tourism resources in general. This led to the emergence and development of such a type of tourism as ecotourism. With the development of scientific and technological progress, urbanization, and technocratization of life, the natural landscape, clean water bodies, flora and fauna become more and more attractive for humans. It was as a result of the desire to communicate with nature that such a type of tourism as rural tourism appeared. These special types of tourism are becoming widespread, which poses the problem of regulating tourist flows. The reception of tourists in a destination is characterized by their concentration per 1000 inhabitants or per unit area. If the concentration of tourism exceeds acceptable standards, the environment is damaged and the very untouched nature for which tourists come is destroyed. Simultaneously with the emergence of new types of tourism, such special types as religious, medical and health, business, and event tourism are steadily developing.

The textbook systematizes knowledge on the classification of tourism, the internal structure of tourism activities, and the main special types of tourism. The purpose of the textbook is to familiarize yourself with the structure of special types of tourism, characterize the territories and regions of their distribution, and reveal the features of the practical organization of special types of tourism.

The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty “Economics and management in a tourism and hotel industry.”

The evolution of tourism. Tourism classification

In modern domestic and foreign literature, many approaches to defining the concept of “tourism” have been developed.

These approaches are based on various characteristics and can be combined into several groups:

– tourism as temporary movements of people, their presence outside their permanent habitat and temporary stay at an object of tourist interest;

– tourism as a complex socio-economic system, the basis of which is a diversified production complex called the tourism industry;

– tourism as a segment of the market economy in which various enterprises of the economic complex interact in order to offer a product that satisfies tourist interest;

Current page: 1 (book has 16 pages total) [available reading passage: 11 pages]

Font:

100% +

A. V. Babkin

Special types of tourism

tutorial

Introduction

International tourism is playing an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The beginning of the new millennium was marked not only by the rise of the international tourism movement, but also by the emergence of new trends in the development of this industry. Statistics indicate a steady pace of tourism development. In 1950, the total number of tourists was 25 million and tourism receipts were US$2.1 billion; in 1987, according to the WTO, these figures amounted to 363 million and 150 billion, respectively. In 2000, the number of travelers reached 698 million, and tourism receipts amounted to more than 476 billion US dollars. In 2002, the number of tourists amounted to 702 million, foreign exchange earnings from international tourism reached 474 billion US dollars. In 2007, the number of tourists, according to the WTO, amounted to 898 million. In the world economy, tourism accounts for 6% of the world's gross national product, 7% of world investment, 11% of world consumer spending. The increase in tourist flows and the resulting changes in socio-economic, financial and other areas have become a significant factor in economic growth and the progressive development of international relations. Currently, the tourism sector is growing rapidly and by 2010 will approach the 1 billion tourist arrivals mark.

The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty “Economics and management in a tourism and hotel industry.”

The evolution of tourism. Tourism classification

In modern domestic and foreign literature, many approaches to defining the concept of “tourism” have been developed.

These approaches are based on various characteristics and can be combined into several groups:

– tourism as temporary movements of people, their presence outside their permanent habitat and temporary stay at an object of tourist interest;

– tourism as a complex socio-economic system, the basis of which is a diversified production complex called the tourism industry;

– tourism as a segment of the market economy in which various enterprises of the economic complex interact in order to offer a product that satisfies tourist interest;

In the history of tourism development, it is customary to distinguish four stages:

Until the beginning of the 19th century. – background of tourism;

Beginning of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century – elite tourism; the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services;

Beginning of the 20th century – before the Second World War – the emergence of mass social tourism;

After the Second World War - the modern stage - mass social tourism; the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourists.

This periodization is based on the following criteria: technical and economic prerequisites, social prerequisites, target functions of tourism at different stages of development. At the first stage of tourism development, the main motives for travel were trade, educational purposes, pilgrimage and treatment. In the Middle Ages, the religious factor of travel intensified - the worship of the shrines of Christianity and Islam. During the Renaissance, the religious component of tourism was somewhat weakened, while the educational and cognitive motives of travelers strengthened. A feature of travel before the beginning of the 19th century. there was a primitivism of means of transportation; travel was not an end in itself, but a necessary condition for achieving the goal itself: trade, expanding educational horizons, treatment, pilgrimage. All travelers had one thing in common: they were a minority, the elite of society.

The most important role in the development of tourism was played by revolutionary changes in the development of transport: the invention of the steamship (by the American Robert Fulton in 1807) and the steam locomotive (by the Englishman George Stephenson in 1814), the improvement of postal communications, accompanied by the expansion of the road network in Europe. All this led to reliability and speed of movement while reducing travel costs. In the middle of the 19th century. The first shipping companies appeared, which were the basis of cruise tourism. During the second stage of tourism development, processes such as changes in the ratio of working time and time for rest occur in society. In Germany, paid holidays were introduced for the first time in 1873, and working hours were reduced in favor of free time. The improvement in the quality and reliability of transport, coupled with its reduction in cost, as well as the gradual reduction in working hours, have led to a significant increase in the flow of travelers. During this period, specialized accommodation facilities appeared to serve travelers. In Germany, in 1801, the first-class hotel Badischer Hoff opened in the city of Baden-Baden; in Switzerland, the Rigi-Klesterli hotel was built in 1812; in 1859, the Grand Hotel Schweitzerhoff opened in the town of Interlaken in the central Switzerland. During this period, luxury hotels were built that served representatives of aristocratic circles and high officers. In the second half of the 19th century. The tourism industry expanded the scope of its production: tourism firms were added to the accommodation facilities, whose task was to organize tourist trips and sell them to consumers. A textbook example is the tourist bureau of T. Cook, created in the middle of the 19th century. In Great Britain. The first travel agency in Germany, Reisebureau Stangen, was founded in Breslau in 1863. This company had close contacts with shipping companies and actively sold sea cruise tours. Beginning in 1862, the first catalogs of tourist trips appeared, which reflected the process of expanding tourist demand.

First World War, economic depression of the 1930s. and the Second World War had a negative impact on the development of tourism. But it was during this period between the two world wars that the sprouts of mass tourism appeared, which flourished in the post-war decades.

After the Second World War, tourism acquired a truly massive social character. The recreation industry began to take shape with its own institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production. This is a period of mass construction of hotels, motels, and various types of entertainment establishments. Hotel chains expanded, hotel families appeared, and there was an intensive growth in both inbound and outbound tourism.

After the Second World War, fundamental changes occurred in supply and demand in the tourism market, which give reason to say that mass conveyor tourism began to gradually transform into mass differentiated tourism. Conveyor tourism presupposes relative primitivism and homogeneity of the needs and motivations of tourists, the impersonal conveyor-type nature of the services provided. Differentiated tourism is distinguished by a diverse paradigm of needs and motivations of tourists, a multiplicity of highly specialized segments in tourist demand, the variety of services offered and a pronounced specialization of the tourist offer. The transition from conveyor to differentiated tourism took place simultaneously with the transition from the producer market to the consumer market. It was at this time that new types of tourism emerged, driven by the individual, extraordinary needs of tourists.

Tourism in modern world manifests itself in different phenomena, connections and relationships, which determines the need for its classification, i.e. grouping according to individual homogeneous characteristics, depending on certain practical goals.

The most common classification of tourism is its division into types, categories, types and forms.

Type of tourism determined by the nationality of tourists.

– domestic tourism– travel of citizens within the state borders of their own country;

– inbound tourism – travel of non-residents within the state borders of a country;

– outbound tourism – travel of residents of one country to another country.

These types of tourism are combined in different ways, forming the following tourism categories:

– tourism within the country includes domestic and inbound tourism;

– national tourism includes domestic and outbound tourism;

– international tourism includes inbound and outbound tourism;

Functional classification of types of tourism determined by the purpose of travel.

In accordance with these characteristics, the following main types of tourism are distinguished:

– recreational;

– medical and recreational;

- informative;

– business;

– sports;

– ethnic;

– religious;

– transit;

– educational.

The most common are recreational and educational tourism.

Recreational tourism is very diverse and can include entertainment programs, hunting, fishing, musical and artistic creativity, visiting sporting events as a spectator, etc.

Medical and health tourism due to the need for the treatment of various types of diseases and the recovery of the body after illnesses. Here we can talk about tours with exclusively therapeutic purposes, for the treatment of any serious illnesses, rehabilitation after injuries, accidents, operations and medical and health tours, with the aim of maintaining youth, beauty and health, relieving stress and fatigue.

Educational (excursion) tourism includes trips to get acquainted with natural, historical and cultural attractions, museums, theaters, and traditions of peoples in the country being visited. A trip may include educational and recreational purposes at the same time.

Business tourism covers travel for official or professional purposes without receiving income at the place of temporary stay. The WTO includes trips to this type of tourism to participate in congresses, scientific congresses and conferences, industrial meetings and seminars, fairs, exhibitions, salons, as well as for negotiations and contracts, installation and commissioning of equipment. Business tourism includes: business trips, congress and exhibition tourism And incentive tourism(incentive - incentive, motivation). Incentive tourism represents trips provided by the company's management to its employees free of charge as a reward for good work. Incentive tours, as a rule, provide good quality service on an all-inclusive basis. The total share of business tourism ranges from 10 to 20% in international tourism volume.

Sports tourism involves traveling to hold sporting events in certain countries and regions. It, in turn, can be divided into professional And amateur tourism. How “special types of tourism” interest us amateur tourism, which can be divided as follows: winter and summer, as well as water, air, desert and mountain sports.

Ethnic tourism pursues the purpose of visiting the place of birth or origin of the family, as well as the place of residence of relatives and/or loved ones. This type of tourism is called nostalgic tour. This type of tourism is of priority importance for countries where large diasporas of people originally from other countries live. For example, trips to the Volga region are popular with tourists from Germany, and trips to the Karelian land and Lake Ladoga are popular among tourists from Finland (about 500 thousand Finns were forced to leave these places during the hostilities of 1939–1945). Ethnic tourism is also widespread among the Chinese, whose diaspora numbers more than 60 million people.

Religious tourism based on the religious needs of people of different faiths. Religious tourism can be called the oldest, its roots go back to time immemorial. It has two main varieties: pilgrimage tourism(spiritual pilgrimage direction should be highlighted separately) and religious tourism of excursion and educational orientation. Religious tourism in individual faiths has its own characteristics.

Transit tourism in accordance with WTO recommendations, it includes two varieties:

– movements of air passengers who do not enter the country, but only make a transfer to a connecting flight;

– movements of tourists who travel to their final destination with a short stop for connecting flights in third countries.

Educational tourism involves tours lasting from 15 days to 3 months in order to improve skills or deepen knowledge in certain disciplines. The most popular nowadays are educational tours for the purpose of learning foreign languages or deepening knowledge of a foreign language.

Depending on the method of organization distinguish between organized and unorganized tourism.

Organized tourism involves a travel program developed in advance and organized by a travel company for a tourist/tourists according to their wishes and budget. The travel company books and pays for all tourist services along the entire route in advance, and prepares all the necessary travel documents.

Unorganized tourism assumes that tourists themselves, without the participation and/or mediation of a travel company, organize their trip. They independently develop a trip route, determine excursion sites, plan places to stay overnight, prepare travel documents, etc. Unorganized tourism is very popular in the world. First of all, in countries whose citizenship allows you to travel to other countries without issuing an entry visa (for example, citizens of the Schengen countries can move throughout Europe completely freely, US citizens also do not need an entry visa to the Schengen countries). Relatively short distances, a good transport network, the possibility of freely crossing the borders of neighboring countries, the presence of many excursion sites and other important factors have contributed to the fact that the share of unorganized tourism in Europe is 80%.

By duration of travel The following types of tourism are distinguished: short (weekend tours, trips for up to 7 days), medium term (tours lasting from 9 to 12 days) and long-term (tours lasting from 15 to 30 days).

On the use of vehicles, involved during the trip, the following types of tourism can be distinguished:

– railway;

– aviation;

– motor/water (sea and river);

– automobile;

– bus;

– bicycle;

– using other means of transportation.

By visit intensity tourism can be divided into permanent and seasonal.

Under permanent tourism It should be understood that visits to tourist regions and sites are relatively uniform throughout the calendar year.

Under seasonal tourism understand such visits to tourist regions, the frequency of which depends on the climatic conditions of the region and the subjective characteristics of the tourist site. Seasonal species include recreational tourism, congress and exhibition tourism. The seasonality of tourism is also influenced by the type of tourism. There are high, middle and low seasons. The high season is characterized by conditions for the most complete use of tourism resources by tourists. The seasonality of a particular type of tourism is significantly influenced by natural and climatic factors, national and religious holidays, vacations, and public events.

Depending on the age category of tourists The following types of tourism can be distinguished:

– children’s;

– youth;

– middle-aged people;

– persons of the third age.

The World Tourism Organization proposed the following gradation of tourists by age: children traveling with parents (up to 15 years), youth (15–24 years), economically active young tourists (25–44 years), economically active middle-aged tourists (45–64 years), tourists of the third age (over 65 years old).

In the practice of tourism industry enterprises, for statistical purposes the following age categories are distinguished:

0-2 years – infant (infant);

3-12 years – child;

14-18 years old – schoolboy;

18-25 years old – youth (students);

26-45 years old – adults;

46-65 years old – adults;

65 years and older – pensioners (third age).

For tourism planning, age is important in terms of travel motivation and financial security tourist trip.

By funding source tourism can be divided into commercial and social types.

Commercial tourism It is aimed at making a profit for tourism enterprises and is the main source for the development of service production. In an effort to maximize profits, travel companies are constantly looking for the most optimal combination between the amount of costs and the final price of the tour product. The tourism services they provide are aimed mainly at middle- and middle-income clients. high level income.

Social tourism subsidized from funds allocated for social needs in order to create conditions for tourism for certain categories of citizens. Subsidies are provided from both government and non-state funds, as well as charitable organizations. The Manila Declaration states that “social tourism is a goal towards which society should strive for the benefit of less advantaged citizens.”

The concept of social tourism is based on three main principles:

1) providing recreation for every member of society by involving people with disabilities in the tourism environment low level income;

2) subsidizing tourist trips for low-income citizens;

3) participation of state, municipal and public structures in the development of tourism.

This concept has been put into practice in Switzerland, Germany and France using holiday cheques. In Russia, this type of tourism is implemented through funds social insurance and is represented primarily by medical and health tourism.

IN Lately New types of tourism have appeared and are in demand: ecotourism, agrotourism, exotic adventure and extreme tourism.

The appearance on the market of these new types of services is due to many factors: scientific and technological progress, which provides more and more opportunities for organizing trips, urbanization, in connection with which there is a desire to relieve stress and abstract from the routine of life, and, under certain circumstances, stable level income that allows you to travel, satiety arises from standard tourist programs.

primary goal ecotourism – familiarizing tourists with natural values, environmental education and education of people. A feature of the organization of this type of tourism is to ensure minimal impact on the natural environment when organizing trips, creating a network of ecological hotels, providing tourists with environmentally friendly food, etc. Ecotourism includes visits to environmentally friendly natural areas (reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, botanical gardens, national parks) , not changed or minimally changed by human activity. Within the framework of ecotourism we can distinguish eco-educational tours, ecosystem tours, photo hunting.

Agritourism (village tourism, rural tourism) includes tourists visiting rural areas for the purpose of recreation and/or entertainment in environmentally friendly (relative to urban settlements) areas. The prerequisites for its development, spread and increasing popularity are: the growing level of urbanization, the availability of recreation for many at a low price, the opportunity to eat environmentally friendly and healthy fresh products, the desire to be in nature.

The main motives for choosing a vacation based on the type of rural tourism can be considered the following:

– lack of funds for recreation at an expensive luxury resort or hotel;

– established way of life in rural areas;

– the need for recovery in climatic conditions recommended by a doctor;

– closeness to natural nature and the opportunity to spend a lot of time outdoors, in the forest;

– the opportunity to eat environmentally friendly products;

– an urgent need for a calm, measured life;

– an opportunity to experience another culture and customs.

The organization of agritourism is ensured by solving the following problems: the creation of special “tourist villages”, the formation of “rural tours” with accommodation and meals in village houses (families) located in ecologically clean areas. One-day agritourism is widespread in Canada and the United States. People can come to countryside to fields and plantations and collect the amount of fruits or vegetables they need. On the one hand, this is a kind of relaxation and entertainment for people from the city, on the other hand, it saves them Money(fruits and vegetables, when picked independently, will cost much less than when purchased in stores), and allows farmers to avoid financial costs for transporting and selling the crop. In the USA, for example, before Halloween, young people prefer to go out of town with a group or family to relax on a picnic and choose their favorite pumpkin for the popular holiday in the field.

Exotic adventure and extreme tourism associated with visiting exotic places (islands, volcanoes, waterfalls, deserts, etc.) and adventure activities (jeep safari, rafting, diving, elephant, camel, hot air balloon tours, etc.).

Special types of tourism can also include such directions as timeshare. This type of tourism appeared on Russian market relatively recently, but has not gained much popularity due to the specific unsuitability for Russian citizens (for them the main problem is obtaining entry visas to the country in whose territory they purchased the timeshare, and significant cash expenses when organizing a forced individual trip to your final destination).

TO special types of tourism we can include tours that are fully or partially characterized by the following features:

1) non-mass, rather rare types of tourism;

2) labor-intensive to create the final tourism product;

3) capital-intensive types of tourism;

4) tours combining features various types tourism;

5) new types of tourism, determined by secondary human needs;

6) types of tourism using non-traditional sources of financing.

TO special, most common types of tourism, that meet the above requirements include the following:

1) religious tourism;

2) business tourism:

– congress and exhibition tourism; – incentive tourism;

3) medical and health tourism;

4) ecological tourism;

5) event tourism;

6) ski tourism;

7) extreme tourism;

8) cruise tourism.

The categories and number of special types of tourism are not given once and for all. As the needs of tourists change, new special types may appear, and at the same time, a number of special types of tourism can gradually move into the category of ordinary and familiar.

Test questions for Chapter 1

1. On what grounds have the definitions of the concept of “tourism” been developed?

2. Define the concept of “tourism”.

3. List the main motives and goals of tourism.

4. What are the main stages of tourism development?

5. What is conveyor and differentiated tourism?

6. Name the main classification characteristics of tourism activities.

7. What are special types of tourism?

8. Describe the most common special types of tourism.

9. Name the most popular types of international tourism.

10. What types of tourism are business tourism?

11. What is transit tourism? Give examples.

12. List the main types of tourism according to the purpose of the trip.

References for Chapter 1

1. Alexandrova A.Yu. Economics and territorial organization international tourism. – M., 1996.

2. Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. – St. Petersburg, 2001.

3. Volkov Yu.F. Introduction to Hospitality and travel business. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2003.

4. Senin V.S. Organization of international tourism: Textbook. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003.

5. Sokolova M.V. History of tourism. – M.: Academy, 2004.

6. Economics and organization of tourism: international tourism / Ed. I.A. Ryabova, Yu.V. Zabaeva, E.L. Drachevoy. – M.: KNORUS, 2005.

To summary >>>>>

Introduction
Chapter 1. The evolution of tourism. Tourism classification
Chapter 2. Religious tourism
2.1. Definition and types of religious tourism
2.2. Pilgrimage tourism
2.3. Types and features of pilgrimage
2.4. Religious tourism of excursion and educational orientation
2.5. Religious Tourism Industry
2.6. Structure of religion
2.7. Typology of modern religions
Chapter 3. Religious tourism in Christianity
3.1. Basics of Christianity
3.2. Orthodox Church
3.3. Orthodox pilgrimage. Religious centers in Russia and CIS countries
3.4. The most famous monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russia and Ukraine
3.5. Foreign Orthodox centers, monasteries and churches of the Russian Orthodox Church
3.6. Christian shrines and the Holy Land
Chapter 4. Religious tourism in Islam
4.1. History of the origin and foundations of the doctrine of Islam
4.2. Tenets of Islam
4.3. Territory of the spread of Islam
4.4. Religious sites of Islam
4.5. Hajj to Mecca
Chapter 5. Religious tourism in Buddhism
5.1. The emergence and foundations of the doctrine of Buddhism
5.2. Buddhist holidays and ceremonies
5.3. Buddhism in Russia
5.4. Features and history of pilgrimage in Buddhism
5.5. Classification of Buddhist holy places in India and Nepal
5.6. Buddhist pilgrimage centers in India and Nepal
5.7. Buddhism pilgrimage centers in Tibet
5.8. Other Buddhist pilgrimage centers
Chapter 6. Business tourism
6.1. Geography of business trips
6.2. Convention and exhibition tourism
6.3. Incentive tourism
Chapter 7. Medical and health tourism
7.1. The science of balneology
7.2. The origin and development of resorts
7.3. History of the development of sanatorium and resort business in Russia
7.4. Resorts and their typology
7.5. World famous health resorts
7.6. The main methods of treatment and recovery used in modern European resorts (using the example of Italy)
7.7. General principles organization of treatment and recovery at resorts
7.8. Examples of wellness programs offered at resorts
Chapter 8. Ecotourism
8.1. Prerequisites for the emergence of ecotourism
8.2. Impact of tourism on natural complexes
8.3. Definition of ecotourism
8.4. Signs of ecotourism
8.5. Types of ecotourism
8.6. National parks, nature reserves and reservations
8.7. Accommodation and eco-tourism
Chapter 9. Event tourism
Chapter 10. Ski tourism
10.1. History of the development of ski tourism
10.2. Popular world ski resorts
10.3. Climate features that must be taken into account when choosing a ski resort
Chapter 11. Extreme tourism
11.1. The concept of extreme tourism
11.2. Water types of extreme tourism
11.3. Land-based types of extreme tourism
11.4. Mountain types of extreme tourism
11.5. Air types of extreme tourism
11.6. Exotic types of extreme tourism
Chapter 12. Cruise tourism
12.1. Sea cruises
12.2. River cruises
Applications
Appendix 1. Principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (Adopted by the WTO General Assembly (Santiago) on October 1, 1999)
Appendix 2. Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in Russian Federation"
Appendix 3. Federal Law "On Natural Healing Resources, Health Resorts and Resorts"
Appendix 4. Message from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs dated July 1, 2000. On the new rules for performing the minor (Umrah) and major Hajj to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
Appendix 5. Main provisions of the project Federal Law"About social tourism"
Literature

Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism

Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2008. - 252 p.

The proposed textbook is a series of lectures on the disciplines “International Tourism” and “Special Types of Tourism Activities”, serves theoretical basis to study special types of tourism, such as religious, health, environmental, ski, event, extreme, cruise tourism.

The textbook examines in detail various approaches to the classification of tourism activities, analyzes the reasons and prerequisites for the emergence of certain types of tourism, describes the centers and regions of special types of tourism, gives practical examples formation of a tourism product for special types of tourism.

The manual is intended for university students studying in specialties 080502.65 "Economics and management in a tourism and hotel industry", 230800 "Socio-cultural service and tourism", employees of tourism industry enterprises.

Introduction

Chapter 1. The evolution of tourism. Tourism classification

Chapter 2. Religious tourism

Chapter 3. Religious tourism in Christianity

Chapter 4. Religious tourism in Islam

Chapter 5. Religious tourism in Buddhism

Chapter 6. Business tourism

Chapter 7. Medical and health tourism

Chapter 8. Ecotourism

Chapter 9. Event tourism

Chapter 10. Ski tourism

Chapter 11. Extreme tourism

Chapter 12. Cruise tourism

Applications

Literature

Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism

Introduction

International tourism is playing an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The beginning of the new millennium was marked not only by the rise of the international tourism movement, but also by the emergence of new trends in the development of this industry. Statistics indicate a steady pace of tourism development. In 1950, the total number of tourists was 25 million, and tourism receipts were US$2.1 billion; in 1987, according to the WTO, these figures amounted to 363 million and 150 billion, respectively. In 2000, the number of travelers reached 698 million, and tourism receipts amounted to more than 476 billion US dollars. In 2002, the number of tourists amounted to 702 million, foreign exchange earnings from international tourism reached 474 billion US dollars. In 2007, the number of tourists, according to the WTO, amounted to 898 million. In the world economy, tourism accounts for 6% of the world's gross national product, 7% of world investment, 11% of world consumer spending. The increase in tourist flows and the resulting changes in socio-economic, financial and other areas have become a significant factor in economic growth and the progressive development of international relations. Currently, the tourism sector is growing rapidly and by 2010 will approach the 1 billion tourist arrivals mark.

At the same time, it should be noted the emerging changes in the tourism market, the emergence of new trends in the dynamically developing industry of international tourism. One of the main features of tourism development is the uneven distribution of tourist flows in different regions and countries of the world. Tourist flows are concentrated in several regions of the globe, and their movement is mainly intraregional in nature. Currently, the following proportions in tourist flows are observed: group tourists make up 25-35% of the total number of people traveling abroad; individual tourists, making up 65-75%, travel mainly to nearby countries. The volume of travel for recreational purposes is increasing more dynamically compared to the volume of business tourism. However, it is necessary to note a significant increase in incentive tours. Researchers note that along with the growing demands of tourists for services, the tourism product itself is becoming more sophisticated, its labor intensity and capital intensity are increasing. This is largely due to the emergence of new types of tourism and the sustainable development of special types. In the last five years, the tourism industry has faced an acute problem of preserving and developing both recreational resources and tourism resources in general. This led to the emergence and development of such a type of tourism as ecotourism. With the development of scientific and technological progress, urbanization, and technocratization of life, the natural landscape, clean water bodies, flora and fauna become more and more attractive for humans. It was as a result of the desire to communicate with nature that such a type of tourism as rural tourism appeared. These special types of tourism are becoming widespread, which poses the problem of regulating tourist flows. The reception of tourists in a destination is characterized by their concentration per 1000 inhabitants or per unit area. If the concentration of tourism exceeds acceptable standards, the environment is damaged and the very untouched nature for which tourists come is destroyed. Simultaneously with the emergence of new types of tourism, such special types as religious, health-improving, business, and event tourism are steadily developing.

The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty "Economics and management in a tourism and hotel industry."

Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism