After the end of World War II, a period of heyday for international tourism began. Over four decades (1950-1990), global arrivals grew at an average annual rate of 7.1%, and by 1990, more than one million people were traveling abroad every day.
If in 1950 the number of international tourist arrivals was over 25 million, then by 1990 it reached 455 million. During this period, international tourism was influenced by a number of factors that could significantly hinder its development. These factors include economic downturns, fluctuations exchange rates, unstable oil prices. But people's desire to travel turned out to be stronger than all these factors.
In the early 1960s. tourism is becoming a truly international industry with standardized functions. The formation of a new industry and the formation of a large segment of people who have the desire, time and means to travel have led to the rapid growth of international tourism. This period can be attributed to the emergence of large transnational companies that began to offer package tours and preferential rates. Business tourism also played an important role in this process in the 1960s. has become one of the important sectors of the tourism market.
Natural disasters, economic and political instability, military operations, terrorist attacks - all these factors greatly influence the development and effective functioning of international tourism.
The recent crisis has seriously affected the appearance of the global tourism industry.
Military events in the Persian Gulf in 1990-1991. significantly reduced the flow of tourists to the countries of the Persian Gulf, the eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. At the same time, many companies, in particular airlines, were seriously affected. Some of them went bankrupt, others were forced to overcome difficulties over the next few years.
In general, the 90s. XX century were characterized by a decline in the growth rate of international tourism, which amounted to about 4% per year.
The acts of terrorism that hit US cities in September 2001 had a significant negative dramatic impact on the situation in the tourism business. Even the Gulf War did not have such dramatic consequences for the tourism industry and did not stop the development of the industry. Inbound tourism to the United States fell sharply (by 10.7%), and domestic travel also declined significantly. Numerous travel agencies, hotels and airlines not only suffered significant losses, but also went bankrupt.
Terrorism has caused enormous damage to the tourism industry of the Middle East region, primarily to Israel. In 2002, foreign tourist arrivals to Jerusalem fell by 90% and to Eilat by 70%. According to official statistics, 10% of hotels in the country have closed recently, according to unofficial data - much more. Accommodation prices have been reduced by 25%.
The terrorist attack committed in October 2002 had great negative consequences for the Indonesian tourism industry. The explosion killed 600 people. 17 buildings were completely destroyed and 53 structures were seriously damaged. The country's hotels find themselves in a difficult situation. If the average occupancy of hotels in Bali in October was 70%, then after the terrorist attack at the end of October it was 14%. Thousands of foreign tourists left the island within days.
The development of international tourism in India is also greatly affected by the threat of terrorist attacks and the conflict with Pakistan, and the unstable situation in Afghanistan. All this hinders the promotion of national tourism products on the international market.
The British tourism market also suffered heavy losses. This is due not only to the terrorist attacks, but also to the foot and mouth epidemic, which was widely covered in the world media in 2001. This year was the worst for the British tourism industry in the last 20 years.
One of the factors that caused a decrease in the volume of tourist traffic in Europe was the transition of European countries to single currency. This caused an increase in prices for services. In a number of countries they increased by 10-15%. The cost of services has increased especially noticeably in Greece, Spain, and Finland.
In 2003, international tourism was negatively affected by military operations in Iraq. As usual, airlines suffered more than others. The hotel business also suffered losses. Already by the beginning of hostilities in Iraq, booking volumes had decreased by 25%. At the same time, in none of the countries located in the warring region were there any cases of tourists suffering from hostilities. A similar situation was noted in 1991 during the Gulf War, when hotels in Tunisia and Morocco, located thousands of kilometers from the arena of hostilities, stood empty.
In addition, 2003 was marked by such a negative phenomenon as SARS. The World Health Organization has called the phenomenon a “global threat.” An outbreak of an unknown infection began in February 2003 in the Chinese province of Guangdong. In this regard, tourism, which in East Asia has remained for many decades one of the most prosperous sectors of the region's economy, is suffering unprecedented losses. Tourist flows to most countries in the region have decreased by 40 - 80%. A catastrophic situation is developing in countries such as Hong Kong, China, and Vietnam. Not only tourists, but also representatives of the business community, athletes, and artists are afraid to fly to these countries.
According to forecasts World Association air transport IAHA, the damage to the global hospitality industry from the SARS epidemic will amount to $10 billion. Most of the losses will fall on Asian airlines. According to experts, the losses will be distributed as follows: $6 billion will account for international flights and about $4 billion will account for domestic flights.
According to experts from the UN Employment Agency, the global decline in tourism caused by the epidemic will lead to the loss of 5 million jobs in tourism and hotel business in 2003.
Thus, according to experts, in the international tourism industry during the period after the terrorist attack in the United States on September 11, 2001, the total number of job cuts will reach 11.5 million (i.e., the elimination of every seventh job), which is relative indicators will correspond to a reduction of 5%. In countries such as China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam, this figure will be closer to 30%.
Despite internal and external unfavorable factors, international tourism is developing. New countries are emerging from which flows of tourists come, new destinations, new forms of tourism.
In 2001, the number of foreign trips decreased by 0.5% compared to 2000 (696.1) and amounted to 692.9 million at the end of 2001. Over the past 20 years, this is the first decrease in this indicator. In 2002, the volume of tourist flows in the world again increased by 1.4% and amounted to 702.6 million international arrivals. This is almost 10 million more than in 2001, and 7 million more than in 2000.
In table Table 2.1 provides data on the leading countries in the top destinations in world tourism. According to the WTO, France remains the most attractive country on the planet in terms of tourism. In 2002, it received 76.7 million tourists.
Second place in terms of the number of foreign tourists received still is held by Spain, which has overtaken this indicator such a tourist power as the USA. Moreover, the number of tourists visiting Spain in 2001 increased by 3.3% compared to 2000, while tourist flows to the United States decreased by 10.6% (due to the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001). ).
In recent years, the rate of tourism development in Spain has decreased, although it is still higher than the European average (3.6%). The reason for the decline is not only due to terrorist attacks and environmental disasters, but also to the fact that Spain is currently experiencing a housing boom. At this stage of development of the Spanish economy, this type of business is more effective than investing Money into the tourism industry, which was the reason for the outflow of capital from this industry.
The most visited region of Spain in 2002 was Catalonia. Catalonia is followed by the Canary and Balearic Islands, the coast of Andalusia.
In general, of the top ten leading countries in receiving foreign guests, China (+11%), Great Britain (+6%) and Spain (+4.4%) finished 2002 with a clear “plus”.
Table 2.1
Countries leading the top destinations in world tourism in 2002
In general, the dynamics of the development of international tourism in the second half of the 20th century. had a significant impact on the overall state of the world economy. Some countries and even entire regions solved their problems mainly through foreign exchange earnings from tourism.
The United States, despite the crisis and a significant reduction in revenues after the 2001 terrorist attack, remains the undisputed world leader in tourism income, receiving $67 billion. They are followed by Spain, France and Italy, in which tourism receipts range from $34 to $27 billion USA. Among the record holders in terms of income, Hong Kong (China), China and Austria achieved the highest results, registering double-digit growth in 2002.
From countries with middle and high level income, the greatest dependence of total export earnings (goods and services) on international tourism has developed in Croatia, Greece, and Turkey.
The tourism industry occupies a significant place in the economy of the Russian Federation. At the same time, tourism in our country is one of the few dynamically developing types of business. Travel business attracts Russian entrepreneurs with small initial investments, a quick payback period, constant demand for tourism services, and a high level of profitability of the costs incurred.
International tourism accounts for about 8% of the world's gross national product, 7% of world investments, 14% of world consumer spending, 5% tax revenue. In Western Europe, North America and Southeast Asia, every 13th job is in the tourism industry; in Southeast Asia, every 15th worker is employed in the tourism business. The dynamics of international tourism development indicators are presented in Table. 2.2. Data show that in 2003 the number of tourists traveling abroad decreased by 1.7% compared to 2002.
The bulk of arrivals and departures of international tourists is concentrated in a small number of countries, located mainly in Europe (in Austria, Switzerland, Finland, Denmark and Germany, almost every resident travels annually) and North America. This, in turn, determines a certain imbalance between Western countries with developed economic structure And developing countries who are forced to compete for a small but growing market offering holidays in remote tourist destinations. In table Figure 2.3 shows the distribution of incoming and outgoing tourists depending on the income level of countries.
Table 2.2
Dynamics of international tourism development indicators
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Number of tourists million people |
Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism, billion dollars. |
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Table 2.3
Distribution of incoming and outgoing tourists by country groups, %
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Country income level |
Tourist flows |
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Incoming tourists |
Outgoing tourists |
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Low- and middle-income countries were able to attract about 40 % total tourist flow (30 % of all international tourism receipts) compared to 27% in 1980.
Largest exporters tourism services are France, Spain, Italy, USA, importers are Germany, Japan, Great Britain, USA. Countries that have an active balance in the field of international tourism mainly supply tourists (USA, Japan, etc.), which is explained by the higher level and cost of services in the domestic market than in other countries. The United States ranks first in the world in terms of spending on international tourism.
The WTO classification distinguishes between countries that are primarily countries that supply tourists and countries that are primarily countries that receive tourists. In table Table 2.4 lists the ten main receiving and sending countries.
The absolute leader in the number of tourists leaving countries is Germany. Traditionally, preferred holiday destinations remain Austria, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Greece, Great Britain and the USA. A new popular destination is emerging - countries of Eastern Europe.
Americans prefer to travel to Mexico (more than 30 % outbound flow), Europe (about 30%), Canada (20%).
In terms of spending on international tourism, US citizens come out on top (they account for 12% of global spending by tourists traveling outside their countries).
Table 2.4
Ten main receiving and sending countries according to WTO classification
Characteristic feature UK outbound tourism is focused on European countries(80%). Tourists from Italy and France also focus mainly on European countries.
Outbound tourism in Japan is mainly focused on Asian countries. More than half of the outbound flow of Japanese tourists comes to this region, approximately 25% to European countries and about 24% to American countries.
It is quite difficult to build a unified model for the distribution of international tourist flows, since individual countries have their own distinctive characteristics. In addition, tourists arrive at each destination from a variety of places and use different means of transport. It is found that 70-80% of international tourists arrive at their destinations by land transport, and 20-30% use air transport. Approximately 70% of trips are made for leisure purposes, 30% of the total number of international arrivals are for business trips.
The largest flows of international tourists come from countries that are at a stage of higher economic development. With the exception of Japan and Australia, these countries are all concentrated in Europe and North America, with Germany, the US, the UK and Japan accounting for almost half of all international tourism spending.
Japan is of particular interest among these countries. In the 90s XX century The Japanese began to be most actively involved in international tourism (the growth rate of outbound tourism was 8% per year). South Korea and some other Southeast Asian countries are expected to follow Japan's lead.
Each individual country has its own typical list of the most preferred places for tourist trips, which includes primarily neighboring countries, as well as the USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Spain, and Italy.
Traveling short distances, e.g. to neighboring countries, occupy an important place in the development of tourism, and they account for up to 40% of the total number of international tourist trips.
The 1980s saw the emergence of interest in longer-distance travel, a trend that has continued to the present day as demand for new and more exotic tourist destinations emerged and the travel industry became more willing to meet this demand. Thanks to modern technology Long-distance flights have become more affordable and don't take as much time. In table Figure 2.5 shows the dynamics of the distribution of international tourist arrivals (ITA) by region.
Distribution of international tourist arrivals by region
Table 2.5
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International tourist arrivals, million people |
Share in the total number of transport and transport enterprises, % |
Growth of the share in the total number of transport and commercial enterprises, % |
Average annual growth of MTP, % |
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2002/1990 |
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Northern |
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Western |
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Central/East May |
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South Mediterranean |
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Asia and Pacific |
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Northeast Asia |
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Southeast Asia |
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South Asia |
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Americas region |
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North America |
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Central America |
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South America |
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North Africa |
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Tropical Africa |
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Near East |
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Europe continues to hold the lead in the number of international tourist arrivals, and this is due to the fact that Europe has:
- a number of relatively small countries located in the neighborhood, which stimulates numerous flows of tourists for short-term trips, including border crossings;
- developed tourist infrastructure and high level of transport services;
- natural and cultural attractions of world significance;
- a varied selection of tourism products - from beach holidays to winter sports holidays;
- trained personnel;
- highly developed economic base.
Gradually, Europe's share of participation in international tourism activities is declining, nevertheless, a number of attempts are being made to develop tourist areas in Eastern European countries, the opening of Euro-Disney, the Channel Tunnel, etc.
In 1990, the Americas region accounted for more than one fifth of total international tourist arrivals. The vast territories of the USA and Canada explain the fact that tourism in these countries is mainly domestic. About 30% of all international tourist movements in this region involve crossing the border between the United States and Canada.
The popularity of the Asia-Pacific region is steadily growing, mainly due to Japan. In 2002, he moved America to third position. This is facilitated by political stability, new air routes, extensive advertising and propaganda activities, the development of new inclusive tours and favorable exchange rates. Apart from Japan, the most popular destinations in this region are Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Australia and South Korea. Economic development these countries allowed to increase the volume of intraregional movement of tourists.
Africa as a tourist destination region receives only 4% of the total number of international tourists, with the main flow of tourists coming from countries located in the tropical part of the continent. The countries of the Middle East generally account for only 3.4% of the total number of international tourist arrivals. But these regions, with an overall low base level, have high growth rates of international transport transport, significantly exceeding the global average.
China has enormous potential as a tourist destination. According to experts, in 2003 a total of 100 million foreign tourists will visit China, and the country's foreign exchange earnings will exceed $20 billion. One of the main areas of development of China's tourism industry is security issues. Safety has become a brand in China's tourism industry.
Despite the fact that travel to the United States by citizens of Japan has noticeably decreased (by 30%), Asia, South America and the Middle East, according to forecasts, in 2003 the indicators of the US tourism industry will reach the pre-crisis level of 2000.
In Europe, a noticeable increase in the number of MTPs is observed in Turkey (13.6%), Bulgaria (7.8%), Croatia (6.1%), and Great Britain (3.1%). Growth rates are more modest in France, Austria and the Benelux countries. Inbound flows to Portugal decreased by 3.5%, and to Poland and the Czech Republic by more than 5%.
More than 130 million MTPs are registered in the Asia-Pacific region, which, according to experts, is considered the tourism destination of the future. The leader of this region is Northeast Asia (10.3% of the MTP). Including inbound flows to Hong Kong increased by 21%, to Macau by 12%, to China by 11%, and to Japan by 10%. The number of international transport operations to India decreased by more than 6%. In Iran, the Maldives and Sri Lanka, on the contrary, the growth rates of international tourism are much higher than the world average, which proves the correctness of their chosen tourism strategy for the development of destinations.
The American region was the only one to close 2002 with a minus. Of the countries in this region, only Argentina showed truly high positive growth rates - 15%. Canada, the USA and Mexico showed minimal positive growth. At the same time, acceptance rates decreased in Brazil (by 7.2%), Cuba (by 6.7%), and the Dominican Republic (by 2.5%). In the Caribbean Islands, the decline in international transport also continues, which amounted to 1.7% in 2001, and 3% in 2002. The same situation exists in South America, where the corresponding figures were 5.2 and 7.5%.
In the Middle East, inbound flows increased in Dubai (by 30%), Lebanon (by 13%), Egypt (by 9.4%), and Jordan (by 6.1%). Tunisia and Morocco, on the contrary, decreased their figures by 6 and 2.7%, respectively.
Among African countries, a significant increase in MTP (from 5 to 10%) was achieved by Senegal, Botswana, Tanzania, Ghana, and South Africa.
According to the WTO forecast, by 2020 the number of international tourist trips will almost triple and reach 1.6 billion, of which 1.18 billion will be interregional arrivals and 377 million will be arrivals of tourists traveling long distances. At the same time, income from hotel and tourism services, according to WTO experts, will increase at an accelerated pace and could reach approximately $2 trillion in 2020.
According to experts, by 2020 Europe will remain the main receiving region (717 million people), although the overall market share will noticeably decrease (45.9%). The East Asian and Pacific region will take second place (397 million people), overtaking the American region already at the 2010 level (2010 - 195.2 million arrivals, 2020 - 282 million).
In 2020 this region will receive more than 25% of all international tourist flows. As for the Americas region, its figures will decrease to 18% in 2020 (in 1995 - 19%). Next come Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. Data on forecasts of international tourist arrivals by region are presented in table. 2.6.
Growth rates for the East Asia and Pacific, South Asia, Middle East and Africa regions are projected to be more than 5% per annum, which is higher than the global average growth rate of international tourist arrivals (4.1%). The more mature regions of Europe and the Americas are expected to experience significantly lower than average growth rates.
Table 2.6
Distribution by region of international tourist arrivals (1995-2020)
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Number of transport hubs |
Average annual growth rates of MTP, |
MTP market share, % |
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1995-2020* |
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East Asia and Pacific |
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American |
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South Asia |
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Interregional arrivals |
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Long Distance Travel |
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Between 1995 and 2020, long-distance travel will grow at a faster rate (5.4%) than interregional 1 tourism (3.8%).
The ratios between interregional flows and long-distance tourist flows will be 76% to 24%, respectively, in 2020 (in 1995 it was 82% to 18%).
As for the leading countries that supply foreign tourists, according to WTO experts, their composition will change slightly. The Germans will still be in first place. The number of Japanese tourists will grow at a high rate, which will allow Japan to take second place in the number of outgoing tourists, pushing the United States to third position. It is expected that China and Russia, respectively, will rise to fourth and ninth places in the list of countries supplying foreign tourists in 2020. Currently, they are not even among the top 20 countries in the world sending tourists abroad.
The list of the most popular countries receiving tourists, according to WTO experts, will, on the contrary, change significantly by 2020. In table 2.7 and 2.8 provide forecast data on the ten leading countries that supply tourists and a list of the most popular countries receiving tourists. China is expected to become the most visited country in the world, which will allow it to take first place in this indicator. It is expected that in 2020 every 11th tourist in our country will visit it.
Table 2.7
Top ten tourist source countries in 2020 (forecast)
1 Interregional arrivals include arrivals from unspecified sending countries.
Table 2.8
Top ten countries in the world receiving foreign tourists in 2020 (forecast)
Experts believe that France will move from first place to third, behind the United States.
Russia and the Czech Republic may enter the top ten most popular countries in the world receiving foreign tourists, taking 9th and 10th places, respectively.
As for Russia, according to statistical data in 1998 - 1999. it was among the top 30 countries in the world in terms of the number of tourists visiting it, but in terms of tourism income it was not included in the top 40 countries in the world. In 1999, Russia's share of world income was less than 1%.
In 2002 growth tourism industry Russia accounted for 8%, but Russia’s share in the total global flow is still very small, just over 3%. Income from foreign tourism approached $4 billion. In 2003, more than 22.5 million foreigners visited Russia (a decline of 3.4% compared to 2002), of which more than 3 million were tourists. Among the non-CIS countries that are the main suppliers of tourists, Poland, Germany, Finland and China stand out. However, tourists from Japan, Germany, the USA, Great Britain, Switzerland, Italy and South Korea. The largest outbound flow of tourists to non-CIS countries is noted in Turkey, Poland, China, Finland, Egypt, and Spain.
Among neighboring countries (CIS countries), the largest incoming and outgoing flow of tourists is noted from Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Moreover, the inbound flow is almost twice as large as the outbound flow both in these two directions and in the region as a whole. In table 2.9 and 2.10 provide data on entry into Russia foreign citizens and travel abroad of Russian citizens for the purposes of the trip.
Table 2.9
Entry of foreign citizens into Russia, thousand people. 1
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Purpose of travel |
Number of foreign citizens arriving in Russia 2 |
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Service |
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Service staff 3 |
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Countries outside the CIS |
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Service |
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Service staff |
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CIS countries |
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Service |
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Service staff |
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Table 2.10
Travel abroad of Russian citizens by purpose of trip, thousand people. 1
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Purpose of travel |
Number of Russian citizens who traveled abroad 2 |
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Service |
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Service staff 3 |
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Countries outside the CIS |
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Service |
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Service staff |
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CIS countries |
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Service |
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Service staff |
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- 1 Hereinafter - data from the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation.
- 2 Without taking into account those who moved in for permanent residence.
- 3 Drivers auto Vehicle and crews of sea, river and air vessels, railway transport crews.
Compared to 2001, the number of foreign visitors increased by 1.726 million people. (growth of MTP by 7.4%). The increase in international transport volumes from non-CIS countries (including the Baltic states) amounted to 11.3%, and from the CIS countries - only 6.4%. Wherein total number arrivals from the CIS countries are almost twice as high as the flows from non-CIS countries. Tourism trips account for only 13.3% of total arrivals (3.106 million). But the growth rate of international arrivals for the purpose of tourism significantly exceeds the growth rate of general international tourism (30.5%). The structure of the ITP for the purpose of tourism has a clearly expressed direction of tourists from non-CIS countries (86.5% are tourists from non-CIS countries and 13.5% are tourist flows from CIS countries).
The total number of outbound Russian citizens increased by 2.404 million people. The increase in international transport volume (13.4%) to non-CIS countries (including the Baltic states) was 9.9%, and to the CIS countries - 18.2%. Although the increase in the flow of citizens traveling to CIS countries is almost twice as large as the increase to non-CIS countries, the total number of Russian citizens traveling to CIS countries out of the total volume of Russian citizens traveling abroad is somewhat less (44%).
Tourism trips account for 25% of total arrivals (5.44 million). The share of those traveling to non-CIS countries is much greater than the flow of tourists to the CIS countries, amounting to 88%. But the increase in the flow of tourists to the CIS countries far exceeds the increase to non-CIS countries.
Tourists choose different types of transport to travel. In table 2.11 provides statistics on the entry into Russia of foreign citizens and the departure abroad of Russian citizens using various modes of transport from 2001 to 2003.
The table shows that when traveling abroad, Russian citizens mainly prefer automobile transport (41%), and the number of trips to non-CIS countries and CIS countries is almost the same (53.3% and 46.7%, respectively). In second place in popularity is air transport (28%), which is used mainly for trips to foreign countries (88%). At the same time, to travel to the CIS countries, Russian citizens prefer the railway mode of transport (82%), with its overall use for traveling abroad in 21% of cases. Maritime transport is used mainly for travel to non-CIS countries (79%), with a total share of its use of 3.5%. 6.5% of citizens crossed the border on foot.
To enter the Russian Federation, the largest number of foreign citizens prefer road (41%) and railway (34%) modes of transport. Moreover, these types of transport are mainly used by citizens from the CIS. Citizens from non-CIS countries mostly use air and sea modes of transport.
Currently, there are several promising areas for the development of inbound tourism to Russia. In addition to traditional distribution of the flow of citizens to and from Russia by modes of travel
Table 2.11
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Type of transport (movement) |
Flow to Russia |
Flow from Russia |
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Automotive |
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Railway |
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Air |
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Countries outside the CIS |
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Automotive |
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Railway |
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Air |
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CIS countries |
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Automotive |
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Railway |
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Air |
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location in relation to other tourist destinations, availability of tourist resources. For example, in the Netherlands and Belgium the volume of domestic tourism is very small, since the areas of these countries are quite small, and their residents do not have much difficulty getting to neighboring countries, which have their own unique tourism resources.
In the USA and Australia the picture is completely different: firstly, these countries have quite large areas; secondly, they can offer a range of high-quality tourist destinations (in the US, the main flows of domestic tourism are directed to California, Florida, New York and Texas). As a result, these countries have a fairly large volume of domestic tourism.
Russia also has huge potential for the development of domestic tourism, which this moment is far from being fully used.
As new countries appear on tourist market, domestic tourism will continue to develop, although, as a rule, wealthy citizens prefer to travel and spend money not in their own countries, but by going abroad, which does not contribute to the development of not only domestic tourism of a given country, but also national economy generally.
- Taking into account citizens who left (entered) for permanent residence and military personnel. special business tourism (MICE tourism), ecotourism (Karelia, Baikal region, Kamchatka, etc.). Domestic tourism. Domestic tourism is of particular interest, since 80% of all tourist flows come from this type of tourism. It is very difficult to obtain accurate data on domestic tourism because many trips remain unregistered, and the collection, processing and analysis of statistical data requires significant costs for the creation of appropriate structures and training of personnel. The volume of domestic tourism in each specific country depends on geographical factors, such as occupied area,
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………...3
1. General characteristics of the region…………………………………...5
2. Dynamics of tourist flows at the beginning of the 21st century………….8
3. State and prospects for the development of the region……………………..17
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………..22
List of references………………………………………………………23
Annex 1
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of this topic is due to several objective reasons: high social significance, the need for a thorough study of theoretical and practical aspects and the need to search and develop new, previously unexplored routes in the countries of Southern Europe
This region is one of the most popular among consumers of tourism services from all over the world. The countries of Southern Europe are characterized by a high level of service and life of the population, a favorable climate and an immense cultural heritage.
The problem of inbound, outbound and domestic tourism is one of the most pressing to this day. It affects socio-economic, moral, religious, cultural, psychological and other spheres of life.
The purpose of the work is to, based on the study of literary sources, scientific articles and statistical data on international recreational, thematic, business and religious tourism, reveal the most pressing problems of tourism development in the region, describe the dynamics of tourist flows, and characterize the further development of tourism in this region.
The objectives of this work are to outline the situation that has developed in the tourism services market of the countries of Southern Europe, to give general characteristics region, analyze statistical data, conduct social and psychological-behavioral characteristics of consumers and indicate prospects for tourism development.
The course work is based on Internet sources that provide information about tourism resources of Southern European countries, current statistical data, publications in print media and specialized literature.
The scientific and practical significance of this work lies in the fact that research data can be used for a brief introduction to the state, dynamics and development prospects of the countries of Southern Europe at the beginning of the 21st century.
The work consists of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion, which summarizes the work done and draws the necessary conclusions. In addition, the work is provided with a list of references and appendices.
1. General characteristics of the region.
In total, in 2009, 1.207 million tourists were registered in Montenegro, of which 163 thousand were Montenegrins themselves and 1.044 million tourists from abroad. In 2008, according to Monstat, there were 1.188 million visitors to the country, of which 157 thousand were “domestic” tourists and 1.031 million foreigners.
At the end of 2007, Montenegro was visited by 145.5 thousand tourists from Russia (in 2008 - 117.9 thousand). Last year, only guests from neighboring Serbia visited Montenegro - 338.9 thousand tourists (in 2008 - 412.9 thousand).
The vast majority of all tourists, about 90%, chose the Adriatic Sea coast as their holiday destination. The remaining 10% stayed in the capital of the republic, Podgorica, in mountain resorts or in other tourist centers.
According to the Croatian Central Statistical Office, in the first 11 months of 2002, 8.2 million tourists vacationed in Croatia, which is 6% more than in the same period in 2001. The number of overnight stays increased by 3% and amounted to 44.42 million. The number of foreign tourists - 7 million people (+6%), who spent 39.6 million nights in Croatia. Most foreign tourists arrived from Germany (1.47 million people; 10.7 million overnight stays), Italy (1.08 million people; 4.8 million overnight stays) and Slovenia (864.2 thousand people; 5 million . overnight stays), reports Hina.
Tourist flow from Russia to Croatia from 2004 to 2007 decreased by 23% compared to same period last year and amounted to 137 thousand people. This data is provided by the tourism office of the Republic of Croatia in Russia and the CIS.
Among the main reasons for the outflow of tourists are economic crisis, devaluation of the ruble, as well as an insufficient number of charters and the reluctance of Croatian hotel owners to reduce prices for accommodation. The cost of tours to Croatia last summer was quite high, which also influenced the choice of tourists not in favor of this country.
It is curious that this year the flow of tourists to Croatia from countries such as Germany, Austria, Italy and Slovenia has increased. And the increase in the number of tourists from Poland reached 30% compared to the data for last year, Interfax reports.
From January to September 2007, the number of overnight stays made by foreign tourists in Croatia amounted to 56.6 million, which is 1% more than the same period in 2006, reports the online publication Večernji list.
The largest number of tourists arrived in Croatia from Germany. Next on the list are Italy, Slovenia and Austria. The publication also draws readers' attention to the fact that the flow of tourists to Croatia has increased against the backdrop of a decline in the tourism business of such popular destinations as Spain and France.
Thus, forecasts regarding a decrease in tourist flow to Croatia in the first half of the year by 12-15% did not come true.
3. State and development prospects of the region
Over the past few years, the situation on the global tourism market has changed due to the current unfavorable economic situation.
Data on arrivals (departures) of residents of EU countries are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Number of tourist arrivals at hotels and other institutions providing accommodation services in the first half of 2009 compared to the same period in 2008
Compared to the same period in 2008, in the first half of 2009 there was a decrease in domestic tourism activity in almost all directions. An exception among the countries of Southern Europe is Croatia. Malta has seen some recovery in domestic tourism.
Tourist travel activity to Greece fell by more than 20%; in other countries of Southern Europe the decline ranged from 8 to 18%.
Diagrams 3 and 4 present comparative data on the number of arrivals (departures) of residents and non-residents.
Diagram 3.
Diagram 4.
The assessment of tourism intensity is expressed in terms of relative value - the number of trips per 100 people.
The number of trips around the country per 100 residents of the population will be calculated as the number of arrivals (departures) of residents (data from Table 4), divided by the number of population as of January 1 of the reporting year and multiplied by 100. Report data is presented in Table 5 and Diagram 5.
Table 5. Number of trips by residents per 100 residents in the first half of 2009 compared to the same period in 2008.
Diagram 5.
It should be noted that Europe is traditionally characterized by high rates of tourist activity, i.e. here the number of arrivals per 100 people is higher than the world average.
From Diagram 3 it can be seen that domestic tourism among the countries of Southern Europe is especially developed in Spain (more than 40 trips in the country per 100 people), and the least active residents of the European Union, in terms of traveling around their country, are residents of Croatia and Malta.
CONCLUSION
In the 21st century territorial structure international tourism will continue to change while maintaining previous development trends. According to WTO forecasts for 2020, Europe will maintain a dominant, although very weakened, position in the tourism market (717 million arrivals). Having studied such dynamics, we can draw conclusions in which region the tourist center is most popular, and where an advertising campaign should be carried out in order to increase demand for tourism products.
The current leaders, Spain and Italy, will gradually fall down in the ranking of the most popular countries for tourists, and the countries with romantic adventures offering an equally high level of service, primarily Croatia, will become the most in demand. They are advancing at a tremendous pace international market travel on yachts around the islands of Croatia. Also further development tourism and attracting tourist flows are facilitated by a milder climate than, for example, in Spain, and simpler visa formalities compared to Italy.
The segment of consumers of tourism services around the world will also expand. Host companies have reconsidered somewhat target audience, and now in most countries vacation is possible for people with different income levels, vacation for pensioners, youth, families with children, necessary tourism industry enterprises for business tourism.
In this work, an analysis of tourism statistics was carried out for countries belonging to the Southern European region, with the exception of some countries with a small area, for which there is practically no information for the selected period.
Bibliography
1. Eurostat data
2. Alexandrova A.Yu. International tourism M.: Aspect Press, 2004
3. National Geographic Traveler №4(21)2009
4. ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe
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In the Zuevsky district, statistics are not kept on the number of tourists arriving in the area.
Target consumer groups:
· Schoolchildren – children aged 7 to 17 years, organized groups visiting the area for educational purposes or for active tourism. This target group is unpretentious in terms of accommodation and food. The cost of services for this group is below average (group and age discounts).
· Tourists coming with their families demand high quality of service and services provided. They are located at stationary bases (in campsites, tourist complexes, boarding houses, sanatoriums). The purpose of the trip is a short-term vacation or a “weekend” vacation (for educational purposes, for active tourism, treatment). The cost of services is above average.
· “Amateur” tourists – picnic lovers, participants in amateur hikes, etc. They do not impose increased demands on tourism services; they require equipped places for public recreation (for example, a tent camp) and transport services.
· Active tourists - cyclists, skiers, sports tourists and other adventure lovers. The purpose of the trips is to take risks, new sensations, test one’s strengths in unusual situations. Short-term rest with accommodation in tents or stationary bases. Tourist services of food, accommodation and transfer. The cost of services is medium/high (for equipment rental).
Volumes of tourist and excursion services
At the Vasnetsov house-museum, tourists arrive at more than 1,000 people a year.
Program implementation efficiency indicators
| No. | Indicator name | Unit | Quantitative indicator indicator | Source of information | |||
| 2010 (fact) | year 2012 | year 2013 | year 2014 | ||||
| 1. | Share of the population participating in cultural and leisure activities | % | Statistical reporting | ||||
| 2. | Share of the population participating in paid cultural and leisure activities | % | Statistical reporting | ||||
| 3. | Number of organized concerts, performances, tours of professional groups | Unit | Departmental reporting | ||||
| 4. | The share of specialists from cultural institutions with higher education, from the total number of specialists from cultural institutions in the district | % | 8,3 | 10,0 | 10,5 | 11,0 | Statistical reporting |
| 5. | Number of visitors to the tourist route | Person | - | Departmental reporting |
That. Every year the consumption of tourist services in the Zuevsky district in cultural institutions, at cultural and leisure events, as well as on tourist routes is growing.
Analysis of promising factors for tourism development
· The natural factor has a positive effect on the development of tourism, since the climate is quite favorable in the area a large number of forests, rivers, colorful landscapes.
· The environmental factor also has a beneficial effect on the development of tourism, because compared to other areas in the Zuevsky district, the ecology is less polluted, compared to other areas of the Kirov region.
· Socio-economic factors also influence tourist flows.
Transport accessibility helps increase the number of tourists in an area, the presence of hotels and food establishments can help increase the number of stays.
· The uniqueness of the Vasnetsov house-museum is the most important factor for the area. Its presence helps the Zuevsky district to compete with neighboring areas. Nowhere else in the Kirov region are there places where gliders were created. This is the biggest plus in the development of tourism in the Zuevsky district.
In the Zuevsky district, educational and memorial tourism predominates. The potential of the Zuevsky district in the field of tourism has not been exploited.
Active recreation can become promising. Educational tourism can develop on the basis of existing attractions.
4. State of the existing tourist infrastructure:
In terms of attendance in 2015, the Kirillovsky district came in third place in the region. In the first city of Vologda - 710 thousand people. and in the second city of Cherepovets - 417.8 thousand people. The total tourist flow of the Kirillovsky district amounted to 343,300 people. Analyzing the dynamics of tourist visits to the area in 2013 and 2014, we observe abrupt changes in the direction of decrease. Namely, in terms of the indicator of foreign tourists (their number decreased three times compared to 2014) and the total number of tourists. As well as positive dynamics in the number of tourists - Russian citizens living outside the Vologda region (doubling). This is due, first of all, to the current political and economic situation in Russia and the world.
Table 2.1 - Accounting of tourist flows
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Number of Visitors in the Area, Total Per Year (Thousand People), Including: |
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I quarter |
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II quarter |
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III quarter |
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IV quarter |
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Tourists, of which |
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1. Citizens of Russia living outside Vologda region(incoming flow) |
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2. Russian citizens living in the Vologda region (internal flow) |
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3. Foreign citizens |
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Tourists, of which |
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1. Russian citizens living outside the Vologda region (incoming flow) |
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2. Russian citizens living in the Vologda region (internal flow) |
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3. Foreign citizens |
To detect and describe seasonal variations, you can use different ways. One of the methods for identifying seasonal fluctuations is calculating the seasonality index. There are several methods for finding these indexes:
“constant average method;
variable average method;
method for finding weighted seasonality indices;
moving average method".
Based on the data in table (2.1), we will analyze seasonality using the constant average method. The seasonality index is defined as percentage average quarterly levels for a number of years to the average quarterly number of tourists for the entire billing period, Formula 1).
where is the seasonality index;
General average level of the analyzed series, which is a constant value and is taken as the basis for comparison.
Below are statistical data on tourist flows in the Kirillovsky district for three years (Table 2.2).
Table 2.2 - Dynamics of tourist flows
For the first quarter:
For the second quarter:
For the third quarter:
For the fourth quarter:
Then we define the overall average level as the arithmetic mean:
and finally, we calculate seasonality indices for each quarter:
First quarter:
Second quarter:
Third quarter:
Fourth quarter:
Based on the data obtained, we will construct a seasonality curve (Figure 2).
Figure 2 - Average seasonality curve from 2013 to 2015
The analysis indicates instability of the tourist flow, abrupt changes and sharp deviations from the quarterly average.
Thus, statistics of tourist flows - important indicator, which allows you to analyze, plan and predict the development of the tourism sector. Based on the data obtained, we identified a pronounced seasonality of tourism, which indicates the need to develop a set of measures to mitigate the seasonal uneven distribution of tourist flows.
INTRODUCTION Over the past forty years, the cruise tourism market has been experiencing a rebirth; there is even talk of a kind of “cruise boom” in the tourism markets of all countries of the world, including Ukraine. Fifteen of the world's largest cruise companies, including Carnival Group, Royal Caribbean International, and Princess Cruises, annually serve more than 6 million tourists on board more than 150 comfortable cruise ships. The growth rate of this sector of the tourism market is amazing - more than 8% per year.
These processes force cruise companies to design and launch new, more modernized ships that best meet the needs of modern tourists. Over the next 4 years alone, the world's largest shipyards will launch 50 new cruise ships.
The main regions of the cruise business are traditionally considered to be the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, and the Baltic Sea (ferries). However, the geography of sea and river cruises is expanding year by year, currently covering almost all regions of the globe, even Antarctica and the Arctic. The Black Sea region is no exception. Despite the sharp decline in the share of water transport in general passenger transportation after 1990, caused primarily by the collapse of the USSR, the decline in the welfare of the population, the increased interest of Ukrainians in foreign tours and the low level of incoming tourism, today cruises from the Black Sea seaports (Odessa, Yalta, Sochi, Batumi, Constanta, Istanbul) have become a scarce and prestigious tourism product.
A cruise is a journey by water, which involves calling at the ports of different countries or one country and organizing excursions there. The main feature that distinguishes a cruise from other tours is the unity of the place of movement, accommodation, food and leisure - a cruise ship. Therefore, a modern cruise ship must have the infrastructure necessary to effectively provide accommodation, food and leisure services to its passengers.
In 2011, more than 12 million people in the world chose sea travel over land travel, most of them repeat cruisers. A cruise is the only type of trip in which it is possible to have a leisurely, calm acquaintance with the cities of several countries without packing your things and changing hotels and rooms. In addition, only on a cruise in “one set”, on board one ship, you can get all the hotel, restaurant, entertainment, sports, leisure infrastructure necessary for a good rest, as well as the constant attention of the cruise administration, service staff, and animators. Cruises are distinguished by a high level of service, no need to pay for numerous Additional services, except for those not included in the price of the trip, increased safety for both tourists and their property. For citizens of Ukraine, the possibility of visa-free holidays in the ports of many countries, even those with strict visa regimes for fellow citizens arriving by other means of transport on the so-called cruise lists, as part of a group for a period of no more than 24 hours, is of particular interest.
Among the disadvantages of cruises are the possibility of discomfort from seasickness, high sanctions for canceling the tour, as well as the possibility of the absence of Russian-speaking groups on the ship, which is especially difficult for tourists who do not speak any foreign language.
The above aspects indicate the relevance of the topic of the thesis.
The thesis is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of development and current state tourist flows of the world sea cruise market. This topic is quite relevant within the framework of modern conditions established in the field of maritime tourism, since today cruise tourism tops the list of the most important socio-economic sectors of the world economy. It becomes an integral part of the lives of millions of people. The beneficial influence of cruise tourism on the development of political, social, cultural ties and interpersonal relationships on an international scale has become an obvious fact for everyone.
The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the factors shaping the tourist flows of the sea cruise market, the development trends of the sea passenger transportation industry in Ukraine and the Odessa region.
To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:
1. Conduct an analysis of the dynamics of tourist flows in the market of sea cruise services.
2. Assess the state and development prospects of the global sea cruise market.
3. Assess the development of the European cruise market and its growth prospects.
4. Identify problems and factors hindering the development of tourist flow in the Black Sea market of sea cruises.
5. Analyze the cruise potential of the Black Sea region.
6. Propose measures to improve the interaction of tourism enterprises and seaports in servicing cruise tourists in the region.
7. Analyze the state of labor protection in the cruise industry.
The object of research in diploma work is the international market for sea cruises, and the subject is the processes of formation of the cruise tourist flow in the European market and the Black Sea subregional market.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the research are scientific concepts presented in the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of tourism and marketing, which are related to the development modern market cruises, statistical materials, materials from periodicals and specialized publications, as well as the results of our own observations.
To achieve the goal and objectives of the study, methods of collecting and analytical processing of information were used, comparative analysis, expert assessments, marketing, regional and sociological analyses. Data processing was carried out using modern computer technologies.
SECTION 1. SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE MARKET FOR CRUISE SERVICES
1.1 The role of maritime transport in the organization of cruise tourist routes As experts emphasize, transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Currently, transport is one of the most important components of the economy of a state, both developing and with a highly developed economic and social base. Transport provides normal functioning economy, increasing the efficiency of social production, creates conditions for the rational placement of production forces throughout the country, taking into account the most appropriate proximity of enterprises various industries economy to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption of products, specialization and cooperation of production, allows for the development of industries such as trade, agriculture and others.
Transport is a leading factor in the development of tourism. The role of transport in the solution is great social problems, ensuring business, cultural and tourist trips of the population, developing cultural exchange within the country and abroad.
Since ancient times, seas and oceans, as the most convenient and accessible ways for people to move, have contributed to close and long-distance travel, and rivers, canals and lakes have contributed to tourism.
Transport services are one of the main types of services in tourism. They account for the main share in the tour price structure. Depending on the duration and distance of the trip, this share (in most cases) ranges from 20 to 60%.
The transformation of tourism into a mass phenomenon creates a number of problems associated with its transport services. This applies to transport common use, and specialized transport operating within tourism organizations. IN general view these problems boil down to the following: creating the material and technical base of public tourist transport that meets the country’s tourism needs; improving the organization of transport; improving the quality of transport services for tourists. The correct solution to these problems is associated with the need to meet the increasing requirements for tourism services and with solving the problems of increasing the efficiency of tourism activities.
Water transport, river and sea transport create the image of a tourist - cruise service and are used quite actively in tourism. Water travel has a number of both advantages and disadvantages compared to other modes of transport. The most significant advantages are a high level of comfort, a large volume of one-time load, the ability to implement various types and purposes of tourism (educational, business tourism, educational, shopping tourism, etc.), good rest, and a full range of life support. The main disadvantages include the low speed of movement of vehicles, high tariffs, limited mobility, and often the susceptibility of some people to seasickness on sea cruises.
The high rates achieved in the development of tourism in the last decades of our century are directly related to the achievements scientific and technological progress in the field of transport.
The development of tourism and transport is a mutually related and mutually dependent process. However, as a rule, when studying connections in the “tourism - transport” system in the scientific literature, the predominant place is given to the role and importance of transport as a factor in the development of tourism. This is natural and logical, since tourism is a relatively new socio-economic phenomenon, and was largely a consequence of the birth and development of transport. Currently there is a high rate of growth in the number tourist travel both internationally and within individual countries. Within the total number of trips for almost all types of transport, the share of trips for purely tourist purposes is high (and in some cases predominates).
The influence of tourism on the development of transport is very broad and multifaceted. It requires the development of the material and technical base, improvement of the organization and management of transport, the transport service system, as well as the implementation of an appropriate transport tariff policy.
An important body that implements and guides transport policy in the European region is the European Committee of Ministers of Transport (ECMT), created to exchange ideas among transport policy decision-makers. The ECMT was created on the basis of a Protocol signed in Brussels on October 17, 1953, which came into force on December 31, 1953. Ministers of transport of the following countries take part in the ECMT: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Great Britain, Yugoslavia, Russia, Hungary and Poland. Four countries: Australia, Canada, USA and Japan are associate members.
ECMT carries out following functions:
— Formation of a unified transport space;
— Development of the concept of a coordinated tariff policy in transport;
— Development and implementation of sharing programs transport infrastructures;
— Creation of a transport development concept based on the forecast of needs for transport services;
— Formation investment policy;
— Harmonization of uniform principles for constructing tariffs, draft laws and regulations, standards and norms that determine the conditions for the functioning of all types of transport in the territory of the contracting countries, regardless of their form of ownership;
— Creation of legal, economic and organizational conditions for fair competition and mutual investment of capital;
— Implementation of a unified scientific and technical policy in the transport and road complex, including in the field of ecology and traffic safety;
— Conclusion of agreements on the provision on a reciprocal basis of assistance to vehicles of the contracting parties, crew members of these vehicles and passengers affected by accidents or incidents;
— Solving other issues common to all contracting parties in the field of transport.
1.2 Evolution of cruise shipping Cruise travel appeared in the 50s. XX century But vacations on sea voyages were known back in the Ancient World. The Eastern Mediterranean, replete with numerous islands and convenient bays for the protection of unreliable ships, was an ideal place for recreation on the water. The era of great geographical discoveries (XV-XVI centuries) made sailing in distant countries. Rich people, in search of adventure and for relaxation, rented cabins on ships going on long-distance expeditions, and sometimes even equipped their own ships to distant countries. In the 19th century improvement sea vessels, increased navigation safety lead to an increase in the popularity of sea travel. At this time, despite the advent of steamships, “tea” clippers were often used for cruises. These fastest sailing ships plied lines from China, India and Australia, transporting tea and wool. The duration of such flights was 100 days or more. Speed competitions were organized between clippers of the same type.
The active development of cruises has been taking place since the mid-19th century. in the era of tourism development. Seaside recreation began in England; here, in 1835, regular pleasure voyages to Ireland were organized. At this time, specialized cruise companies appeared. Thomas Cook played a major role in organizing the first cruise trips: from England to America across the Atlantic Ocean, from England to the Black Sea, across the Mediterranean, and around the world trips. End of the 19th century marked by rapid progress in the field of maritime shipping, driven by the advent of steamships and the need for mass transportation of migrants from Europe to America. Competition forces shipowners to build ever larger and faster liners: Lusitania, Titanic, Olympic, Emperor, Vaterland, Queen Mary. These giant ships were used to transport poor people to America on the lower decks and at the same time for cruise travel on the upper deck of wealthy people. Cruise tourism in late XIX- early 20th century have become a fashionable and rapidly developing type of tourism. But cruise routes were expensive and therefore attracted only wealthy segments of the population. Tragic events of the early twentieth century. led to a decline in the development of cruises and shipbuilding: the Titanic disaster when it collided with an iceberg, the death of the Lusitania with tourists on board, which was fired upon by a German submarine at the beginning of the First World War.
Second World War stopped the development of cruises for almost 10 years, but already in the early 50s a large number of large ships were laid down. The emergence of regular passenger airlines, including transatlantic ones, in the mid-to-late 50s, and cheap air fares led to a sharp drop in demand for liner passenger ships, especially on transatlantic routes. As a result, many of them were sold and converted into cruise ships. During this period, several cruise regions emerged, located near developed countries: the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic, Northern Europe, the islands of the South Pacific (Australia and New Zealand), Alaska, Mexico, Hawaii and the Caribbean (USA).
The history of Soviet sea tourism begins in 1957, when VAO Intourist began to carry out sea voyages from Odessa to Leningrad around Europe on rented passenger ships “Pobeda” and “Gruzia”, and on “Peter the Great” - along the Black Sea with tourists from socialist countries In 1960, the first cruise with Soviet tourists was organized on the Admiral Nakhimov on the Crimean-Caucasian line, and in 1962 in the Far East - on the motor ship Grigory Ordzhonikidze for 20 days with a call at Nakhodka, Olga Bay, Sovgavan, Kholmsk, Korsakov. During the same period, marine tourism began to develop in the North and Baltic.
The true heyday of cruise tourism occurred in the 70s of the twentieth century. At this time, the idea of cruise travel, rich in entertainment, relatively inexpensive, and aimed at the middle class, was realized in the United States. The same type of cruise ships began to be built, which simplified their operation. Ground handling technology was improved and port terminals with high throughput were created.
At the end of the twentieth century. The cruise industry has become the fastest growing sector tourism industry. Cruise tourism refers to special types of tourism, as it is a rather labor-intensive, capital-intensive type of tourism, combining several types of tourism - recreational, sports, health-improving, educational. A cruise should be understood as travel by water transport, including shore excursions, sightseeing in port cities, as well as a variety of entertainment on board sea and river liners.
Recently, ferry cruises have become very popular as a type of sea cruise. Mainly due to their short duration and cost-effectiveness. Modern ferries used for cruise purposes are multi-deck ships.
1.3 Cruise how specialized species tourism A cruise is a sea tour, the base price of which includes comprehensive services on board the ship. In particular: travel on the ship, accommodation in a cabin (depending on the chosen class), three meals a day, entertainment and, as a rule, a number of special events on board the ship (holidays, festivals, competitions, concerts, etc.).
Cruise prices (basic rates) usually do not include: special activities or sports in ports of call, such as scuba diving or snorkeling; excursion service on shore at ports of call; alcoholic and other drinks; additional dishes to order not included in the menu; massage, use of sauna, etc.; additional services such as laundry, medical service, telephone calls ashore; tips for service personnel; port and government fees and taxes at foreign ports of call - if any.
The organization of all cultural and leisure entertainment and other events for tourists on board the ship and on shore is carried out by a specialized department, which is part of the entire maritime crew. The responsible representative of this department on board the ship is the head of the cruise (head of the sea tourist route, head of the sea tour).
The situation in the sea cruise market shows that today the service on board ships is changing according to new customer needs. This applies to both food and entertainment and excursion programs. If previously the food was often at the “canteen” level, now the food system is taking on a new look. On flights lasting more than 5 days, a made-to-order system is provided, with a choice of meat, fish and vegetarian dishes. Usually a buffet is offered for breakfast, and sometimes for lunch. Norwegian Cruise Line has become an innovator in the field of onboard dining. The new concept is called Freestyle Cruising, which means “Cruises in free style.” Its essence lies in the fact that tourists are no longer limited to two or three meals. The ship offers at least three restaurants included in the price of the tour, while their capacity is 90% close to the number of passengers. Tourists are also given the opportunity to eat in specialized restaurants for a fee.
The entertainment program has become more diverse, and companies carefully select artists. As a rule, the vessel’s art crew includes a DJ, a singer, a dance group, and a children’s animator. To attract artists, companies work with special agencies that conduct castings.
Modern means of maritime passenger transportation are very diverse.
Means of maritime passenger transportation can be classified as follows:
· passenger liners of regular coastal navigation lines - within the coastal territorial waters of the state;
· passenger liners of regular lines of international flights between ports of different states or between ports of one state, but with a call at the port of a foreign state;
· passenger liners of regular transoceanic lines;
· cruise ships making 5-15 - day and longer voyages calling at several ports of different countries and with a short temporary (1-2 days) stop. Among these types of transportation, there are several subtypes.
· circular routes in a certain basin, for example, the Mediterranean Sea, calling at 8-12 ports of various coastal countries and popular seaside resorts;
· linear routes, for example, around Europe, Scandinavia and others, when tourists follow only one end of the route;
· ferries performing regular cargo and passenger transportation;
· ships for transporting special categories of passengers, for example, pilgrims (special trade passanger ship). Their equipment and operation are regulated special requirements-- Special Trade Passanger Ships Agreement;
· high-speed vessels for passenger ferry transportation - hovercraft, catamarans, hydrofoils;
· sailing ships, including training and excursion ships; yachts (sailing, sail-motor and other types);
· cruisers and motor boats of all types;
· special excursion vessels, including those with a transparent bottom, and tourist submarines;
· sea floating hotels (boats).
Sea cruise ships are classified according to quality of service and level of comfort as follows:
— standard (2* 4*);
— premium (5* 5*+);
— luxury (6*).
Cruise routes are classified according to their duration:
— for short-term (from several hours to several days);
— medium-term (from 5 to 13 days);
- long-term (up to 2 months).
Over the past two decades, the growth of tourist traffic has changed significantly depending on the duration of cruises. Statistics show that the most popular and in-demand cruises are trips lasting six to eight days. The following table shows data on the growth of passenger traffic depending on the duration of the cruise.
Table 1.1
The relationship between the number of passengers and the duration of the cruise
Cabins on sea cruise ships are very diverse in size, interior, and range of amenities, which, naturally, is reflected in the price.
The most general classification of cabins:
— economical (cabins with artificial lighting);
— standard (with windows);
— premium (with balconies, terraces).
The price classification of cruises is clear and convenient for travel agencies and clients.
The following price classification of cruise routes has been adopted:
- economical ($75,150 per person per day);
— classic ($100-200 per person per day);
— premium ($150-400 per person per day);
— luxury ($700,1000 per person per night);
— exclusive (more than $1000..
Based on the presence of effective demand for passenger transportation, shipping companies on the busiest routes organize regular flights of sea passenger ships between ports in various sea basins.
Regular sea transportation is carried out:
· between ports located on the shores of the same continent, in cases where there are no land routes or those are not effective.
· for communication between ports of territories separated by water spaces, in the absence of land (underground) communication routes and under conditions of impossibility or irrationality of use air assets messages. This is common for island states, states, archipelagos, etc. Regular sea passenger ships are also actively used, especially in Greece, Turkey, Japan, Britain, Indonesia, in the Caribbean, and in the Mediterranean Sea. If these are transportation within one basin, for example the Baltic Sea, then they are often combined with freight and are actually equivalent to ferry services.
Liner shipping ships follow a seasonal schedule, tickets are booked and sold in advance. Currently, the majority of passenger and cargo flows on such routes are carried out by ferry.
The actual cruise routes can be divided as:
· circular routes in a certain basin, for example, the Mediterranean Sea, calling at 8-12 ports of various coastal countries and popular seaside resorts;
· open jaw routes, for example, around Europe, Scandinavia and others, when tourists follow only one end of the route;
· short trips to sea for 2-3 days. These are the so-called flights “to nowhere”. Often such flights are used for special purposes, for example, to organize a gambling business. For example, in Israel, gambling is prohibited, but on ships leaving the territorial sea, such gambling is acceptable.
· coastal sea excursions and pleasure cruises;
· long routes and trips around the world lasting up to six months.
When considering this problem, legislation in the cruise industry plays an important role.
The legal basis for the relationship between participants in the sea cruise market (company and ship) must meet the requirements of regulatory documents.
Transportation of tourists by sea is regulated legal acts international and national legislation. During international transportation, treaties and conventions apply, among which the Athens Convention on the Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Sea, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the Carriage of Passengers by Sea, the International Convention on Search and Rescue sea.
An important step in the development of the legal framework and classification of international maritime transport was the Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1958, at which four conventions were adopted: on the high seas, on the territorial sea and adjacent zones, on the continental shelf and on the protection of living resources of the high seas. Three conferences on international law held under the auspices of the UN, the third (1982) approved latest edition UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which came into force in November 1994.
When transporting tourists in Ukrainian territorial waters, the Merchant Shipping Code of Ukraine dated May 23, 1995 No. 176/95-VR, Chapter 3 “Agreement for the carriage of passengers by sea” applies. By decision of the Ministers of Transport of the European Union, it was introduced in European countries for passenger ships on July 1, 1996. This means that companies with passenger ships and ferries must be inspected and receive a document in accordance with the mentioned deadline.
A sea cruise agreement is an agreement under which one party, the cruise organizer, undertakes, on the instructions of the other party, to carry out a collective or individual sea voyage (cruise) according to a specific program and provide the cruise participant with all related services (sea transportation, meals, household and excursion services etc.), and the other party, the cruise participant, undertakes to pay the established fee for this.
The organizers (customers) of the cruise, according to the Athens Convention “On the Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Sea” (1974) and the International Convention “On the Unification of Certain Rules for the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggage by Sea,” may be:
- the shipping companies themselves - the owners of the liner or their subsidiaries;
— other interested organizations, including those in commercial interests.
Among the latter, the most active subjects (determining trends in cruise markets in general) are tourism operators. Tour operators charter a ship with crew and service personnel for a specific route, and they fully assume the risk of non-sale of cabins on the route, paying the cost of freight to the shipowner long before the cruise. The charter agreement determines the status of the carrier and tour operator during the preparation and conduct of the cruise. The subject of such an agreement is the carrier’s obligation to carry out a water trip along the specified route and schedule in a safe manner for the lives of tourists and their property, providing them with all agreed additional services along the way (food, operation of entertainment infrastructure elements, boarding and disembarking at ports, etc. ), on the other hand, the tour operator assumes the obligation to pay the cost of freight within the period specified in the contract.
Under a passenger ship charter agreement, the carrier is obliged to:
- provide a vessel that is technically sound and ready for voyage within the time period specified in the contract;
— prepare the crew for the cruise (prepare ship documents, formalities, maps, sailing directions, instructions);
— ensure on board the vessel the necessary supply of fuel, drinking water, and food to serve passengers for sea (river) crossings;
— provide passenger service at the agreed quality level (food, service, cleaning of cabins, change of linen, work of household services and leisure and entertainment enterprises during the voyage);
— ensure the operation of all utility systems of the liner during navigation (water supply, sewerage, electricity, heating, air conditioning and ventilation);
— ensure the safety of passengers and their property while they are on board and when boarding/disembarking at ports (for which there is a security service on board the ship);
— follow the route schedule;
— pay at your own expense the cost of canal services, gateways, port fees, etc.;
— pay at your own expense penalties for docking ports for delays and unplanned downtime of the vessel at the docks due to the fault of the carrier.
The Agreement for tourist services, or the Appendices thereto, which are its integral parts, must indicate:
· duration of stay at the place where tourist services are provided, indicating the start and end dates of tourist services;
· characteristics of vehicles (including a cruise ship) that carry out transportation, in particular their type and category, as well as the date, time and place of departure and return;
· hotels and other similar accommodation facilities, their location, category, as well as information on confirmation of compliance of hotel services established requirements, term and procedure for payment for services at the hotel; types and method of providing food;
· minimum number of Tourists in a group (if necessary) and, in this regard, three-day stays? the deadline for informing the Tourist that the tourist trip will not take place due to a shortage of the group;
· tourist service program;
· types of excursion services and other services included in the price of the tourist product;?
· other tourism entities? activities (their location and details) that provide tourism services included in the tourism product;
· insurer who? carries out mandatory and/or voluntary insurance tourist at his request, other risks associated with the provision of tourism services;
· rules of entry into countries (places) of temporary stay and stay there; cost of tourist services (product) and payment procedure;
The carrier has the right:
- refuse to go to sea, change the route, stop the cruise in order to ensure the safety of the ship, health, life and property of passengers;
— demand from the perpetrators compensation for damage caused by passengers to the shipowner’s property during transportation;
- the captain of a cruise ship has the status of the sole representative of the authorities of his state and therefore has the right to demand that both passengers and representatives of the charterer carry out orders within the framework of his powers.
Charterer (in in this case it is the tour operator) who is obliged to:
— develop a route and cruise schedule based on market needs, etc. carrier capabilities;
— pay the cost of chartering the vessel within the terms established in the contract;
— ensure timely boarding of passengers (depending on the type of cruises and destinations, passenger registration begins 2-4 hours before the departure of the ship in the building of the port of departure);
— provide documentary support for tourists necessary for visiting ports (visas, vaccinations, certificates, customs declarations, etc.);
— organize excursions in ports of parking according to the planned tour (usually the cost of excursions is not included in the price of the cruise, they are paid by passengers on board at will. The operator books the required number of excursion buses and tour guides on board before arriving at the port, distributes tourists among buses, controls tourists undergo border and customs control in each port);
— organize an interesting, rich, varied cultural and leisure program throughout the cruise. Since the tourists’ impression of the trip largely depends on the organization of leisure activities, operators make every effort to provide them with high quality, attracting celebrities, stage and pop stars, dance and show groups to the cruise;
— pay at your own expense penalties for docking ports for unplanned downtime of the vessel that arose due to the fault or request of the tour operator;
— pay the appropriate penalties (the amount of which is indicated in the contract) in case of disruption or postponement of the trip for reasons beyond the control of the carrier and force majeure.
The main responsibility of the tour operator is also to provide the tourist with as much information as possible about the cruise, as well as his (the tourist’s) rights and obligations.
To avoid conflict situations, the operator must first inform passengers about which services are included in the price of the tour and which require additional payment (usually excursion services in ports, alcoholic and other drinks in bars, telephone calls, visits to the sauna, hairdresser, gyms, rental of sports equipment, purchases in shops and stores on board, costs associated with moving from the place of embarkation to the ship and from the place of disembarkation, repeated medical care, tips). In addition, tourists must provide information about the location of their cabin (deck, room, category), restaurant (indicating the reserved table), meal times in the restaurant (indicating shifts and food service schedules), location of household and medical services, excursion desk, etc. etc. (usually this is achieved by issuing each tourist a brochure or information sheet containing a plan of the ship with the tourist’s cabin indicated on it).
SECTION 2. ANALYSIS OF TOURIST FLOWS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF THE MODERN SEA CRUISE MARKET
2.1 Dynamics of development of cruise shipping Currently, various tourism programs are widely represented on the domestic and world markets, among which sea tourism occupies not the last place. In Ukraine, this type of tourism has not yet become a mass form of recreation, so its analysis and study attract special attention.
The advantages of sea travel over land travel are obvious. Therefore, the global cruise market has undergone significant changes in recent years. In the period from 2010 to 2011, the number of cruise travelers increased from 18.7 million to 20.6 million, the cruise business is being actively restructured: one by one, new giant ships are being put into operation, cruise companies are merging, and new territories for passenger recreation are being actively developed , there is active competition among cruise companies, thus attracting tourists with a wide range of additional and high level of provision of basic types of services. The main advantage when a tourist chooses a cruise as a type of vacation is the simplified visa system. A tourist only needs to obtain a visa from the country in which he boards the ship - ports accept the ship according to the ship's passport, regardless of how many nationalities are on board.
During the last decade of the twentieth century and the entire period of the 21st century, significant targeted investments were made in projects of comfortable cruise ships and coastal service for tourist flows. In these conditions, the role of management, organization and management of cruise shipping is increasing. An essential pattern in the development of the cruise market includes the widespread use of various types of innovation.
The emergence of new types of cruise ships, the development of new regions and types of cruise shipping is aimed at expanding, first of all, the positioning zone and subsequently obtaining sustainable profitability. In the pre-crisis period, there was a steady increase in demand for cruises among citizens of major European countries. This process is also typical for industrial countries in other regions of the world.
The development of cruise shipping is based on three factors: an increase in the material standard of living, the desire for a variety of needs and the adequacy of the development of the passenger fleet. Figure 2.1 below clearly demonstrates the dynamics of passenger traffic in North America and the Caribbean according to CLIA estimates.
Rice. 2.1 Dynamics of passenger traffic in the USA and the Caribbean The table below clearly demonstrates which of the world's tourist destinations are more popular among passengers.
Table 2.1 Popularity of cruise destinations among industry leaders from 2001 to 2010
Direction | Total number of people/days |
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Mediterranean | |||||
Transatlantic | |||||
Mississippi | |||||
South America | |||||
Antarctic | |||||
Based on the data, it can be seen that the most popular destination among sea cruises over the last decade has been and remains the Caribbean, followed by Mediterranean cruises in second place, followed by Europe, the Bahamas, Alaska, and Mexico. Potential cruise destinations must be rich in resources that will be tapped. Marketing departments of cruise companies constantly conduct research on the factors that attract tourists to a particular destination. There are many factors involved when choosing a cruise destination.
· Natural and cultural resources of the port city. Since most port visits are limited to a time frame of eight to ten hours, use of these assets will only be considered if they are accessible to the tour group within that time frame.
· Port facilities ensure accessibility and ease of disembarkation and embarkation of guests. Since many of your cruise passengers may be elderly or disabled, accessible boarding is very important. Many tourist ports do not have decent sea passenger berths; in such cases, the so-called “tendering” is used (from the English tender boat - a boat, a small motor boat). Passengers in small equal groups of 70-150 people are transported from the ship's anchorage to land. This procedure creates many inconveniences, namely dependence on weather conditions and difficulty in servicing passengers with disabilities. The time tourists spend on land is also significantly limited by “tendering”; long before the ship’s departure, long queues arise to board the boat.
· Location relative to other destination ports and embarkation ports. Most cruise lines favor ports where the entire day and, if possible, evening can be spent in port. The distance between ports should not exceed twelve hours (at approximately 20 knots) - and passage to the next port occurs quickly. Cruises with fewer days at sea are in greater demand than those with two or three days at sea.
· Security is an important requirement for every port. This especially applies to the places where the vessel and the berth directly dock using a gangway. Apart from international requirements Regarding the safety of sea passengers, cruise lines have their own policies for ensuring safety, insurance, certification of destinations, guides and excursions. Local military escorts often provide assistance.
· Infrastructure - a sufficient number of buses, guides, police, bathrooms. An example is the island of St. Thomas in the Caribbean - up to twelve passenger liners can be received and serviced there at the same time.
· Providing food. For some cruise lines, local provision of food, drinks, and clean water is carried out in tourist ports, this is typical for longer tours. But at the moment, all cruise lines strive to load everything they need at the port of embarkation due to food safety concerns, significant savings and loading time.
· Port Fees - In a competitive environment, cruise lines sometimes pit ports against each other - if one port has high docking fees, ships move to another port or even another country.
· Marketing. Most cruises are sold as a package of all the destinations and experiences on the ship and some on land. However, certain cruises may vary this general formula, in order to be sold to a specialized market (for a specialized sector of consumer interests - Latin music lovers, divers, couples without children, etc.) on the most suitable route.
Before planning a cruise route, companies compare the above factors with available resources, offers and requests from ports and travel agents, and based on this they formulate a product. Strong growth in the European cruise industry continues despite global economic recession, as figures according to reports from the European Cruise Council (ECC) show. The total contribution of the global cruise industry to the European economy has grown to a record €36,700 million in 2011 (up from €35,200 million in 2010), up 54% since 2006.
According to ECC forecasts, over the five-year period from 2012 to 2017, European shipyards, which build the majority of the world's most modern cruise ships, are among the most direct drivers of cruise industry growth, providing 24 new ships for global industry leaders with a total capacity of 67,000 passengers and worth a total of more than €12 billion Europe is also a major tourist destination for cruise ship passengers from different countries world, constantly attracting significant amounts of investment. In 2011, approximately 5.6 million passengers departed on a cruise from European ports, which is 7.1% more than in 2010. Of these, about 0.8 million are not residents of Europe. A total of 7 new aircraft entered service in 2012 with a total capacity of 18,499 passenger seats. From 2013 to 2014, eight more new cruise ships are planned to be launched, adding 24,508 seats, or 5.8% of passengers. Between 2013 and 2014, this will amount to $2.3 billion in annual revenue for the cruise industry.
Table 2.2
Analysis and development trends of the European cruise services market
As with any industry, cruise travel has independent organizations that maintain interest in the industry from an economic point of view, thereby providing social and economic research, publishing annual and quarterly reports on occupancy, market share, number of person days, destination popularity and other indicators. These organizations are the most influential in the industry, as they bring together the direct leaders of the cruise industry, as well as travel operators and agents who sell their product. The interest in being a member of the organization is very high, because... At the same time, the trust of potential consumers increases, and marketing and consulting support for companies is provided.
In North America, such accounting is carried out by the independent organization Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA). It is the largest non-profit organization in the cruise business. It represents the interests of twenty-six cruise lines and is actively involved in the regulation and development of safety and health policies on passenger ships. CLIA is also engaged in cooperation with travel agents, namely, promoting this product through communication channels, training and education of travel agents. An integral part of the organization's activities are marketing research and public relations.
European Cruise Council (ECC) is an independent non-profit European organization funded by annual contributions from members of its community - cruise lines and associated partners. The leaders of the ESS council meet twice a year to discuss the main directions of the organization's activities. The main goals of the ESS are:
· Promotion of cruises in cooperation with tourism operators and European Union institutions on all matters of shipping policy and ship operations;
· Development of the cruise industry and winning large market shares among the European Community by maintaining high standards of port and ship services.
· The ECC is working to remove trade barriers and a regulatory framework for the EU that will support further growth of the cruise sector in Europe; and also cooperates with EU institutions and non-governmental organizations in achieving these goals.
ECC works closely with the following organizations. European Community Shipowners" Associations (ECSA) is a European organization of shipowners, headquartered in Brussels. Its purpose is to promote the interests of European shipping so that the industry can best facilitate European and international trade and commerce in a competitive environment. European Sea Ports Organization (ESPO ) - European Ports Organization. Was founded in 1974 and its main members are representatives of major European ports. ESPO's mission is to influence public policy in the EU to ensure a safe, efficient and environmentally sustainable European ports sector operating as a key element of the transport industry, where free market conditions prevail.
European Travel Agents and Touroperators Associations (ECTAA) - Association of European Travel Agents and Tour Operators. This association represents the interests of associations of travel agents and tour operators in twenty-five countries of the European Union, including Switzerland. The purpose of the ECTAA is to control all legislative proposals, as well as to develop non-legislative measures and activities that are directly relevant to travel agents and tour operators; consultation of community members on their position in the tourism market, planned initiatives and procedures, based on legislative framework. International Shipping Federation (ISF) - The International Shipping Federation is the premier international organization of shipping employers representing all sectors and industries.
It should be noted that the main popular cruise regions in Europe are the Mediterranean and Northern European countries. Many of the ports are regarded by companies as “must-visit”, while others are regarded as potentially possible to visit. Such ports have a favorable strategic location, access to major central airports and a fairly developed infrastructure - all this is a big advantage when considering them as future home ports.
Table 2.3 shows the leading European ports in 2011 in terms of embarkations, disembarks and stopovers.
Table 2.3
Leading European cruise ports in 2011, thousand people
Number of passengers | Number of landings | |||
Upon landing | Upon disembarkation | |||
TOP 10 Mediterranean ports |
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Barcelona | ||||
Civitavecchia | ||||
Palma de Mallorca | ||||
Dubrovnik | ||||
Santorini | ||||
TOP 10 ports of Northern Europe |
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South Hampton | ||||