Economic activity a company requires numerous mechanisms for its implementation. For example, materials, machines, labor resources. In the article we will define what refers to objects accounting, we will establish their classification and key definitions.
Accounting objects - what are they?
Every organization uses money, materials, buildings and equipment to carry out any type of activity. To sell goods, works or services, they enter into contracts, receive loans, loans and credits to expand their business.
All listed objects are subject to appropriate reflection in accounting accounts and inclusion in reporting. Therefore, the objects of accounting economic entity are property and own funds, and assumed obligations and capital.
In other words, the objects of accounting are the assets and liabilities of the institution, which are subject to accounting in the manner prescribed by law. Next, we will define the concepts and classification of OBU.
Accounting objects and their classification
Since it is impossible to carry out business activities of an enterprise without property and money, the primary objects of accounting are assets.
The firm's assets are the totality Money, property resources and financial investments(costs) aimed at carrying out the main activities. Assets can be divided into current and non-current.
Current assets include:
- Cash in the cash register and money in the organization's current accounts (current, deposit) both in rubles and in foreign currency.
- Accounts receivable, which are registered with individuals and (or) legal entities to the organization. That is, these are finances that the organization must receive from debtors.
- Short-term financial investments in securities, shares or bonds of third-party legal entities with a financial turnover period of less than one year.
- Material current assets (materials, raw materials, work in progress, etc.), that is material resources establishments used for production.
Non-current assets are recognized:
- Fixed assets are the property of an organization that is owned and used to carry out financial and economic activities. Construction in progress also refers to non-current assets.
- Intangible assets are objects that do not have physical properties, but generate income for the enterprise from their use. For example, trademarks, copyrights, patents, etc.
- Profitable investments in materiel are the acquisition of special material assets, which can subsequently be leased to third parties for profit.
- Long-term financial investments are the finances of an organization invested in securities, shares, bonds and other income-generating instruments with a turnover period of at least one year.
The sources of formation or formation of an enterprise’s assets can be not only the company’s own finances, but also borrowed finances. In the process of changing the volume of property and funds of an enterprise, own capital and obligations. Consequently, the secondary objects of management accounting are liabilities.
Borrowed capital, also known as liabilities, are divided into long-term and short-term. Current liabilities include loans, credits and accounts payable enterprises, that is, debts to legal entities or citizens with a repayment period of up to one year. As long-term liabilities, accounting objects include borrowed funds banks and credit institutions, the maturity of which is more than one year.
Own capital is classified into:
- Authorized capital is cash deposits the founders of the company sent to the property to carry out activities. Note that the types, amounts and procedure for contributing funds to the authorized capital are determined in the constituent documents of the company.
- Additional capital is similar contributions of the founders, which are made for the same purposes, but in excess of the established amounts of the authorized (share) capital. Can also arise due to overestimation non-current assets and company assets.
- Reserve capital is funds formed from profits that are reserved to prevent negative and emergency situations(losses, natural disasters, etc.).
- Retained earnings are the part of a company’s profit that remains after paying off tax debts to the relevant budgets, making contributions to the organization’s reserves and own funds, as well as after transferring due dividends.
- Targeted funding is money received from third parties, such as the government or other organizations. Such funds have a specific target nature, that is, they are used to pay for the costs of organizing and conducting targeted events.
It is convenient to present the basic classification of accounting objects in a special block diagram.
Accounting- is an orderly system for collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about the property, obligations of the organization and their movement through continuous, continuous and documentary accounting of all business transactions.
Accounting in accordance with the law on accounting can be maintained by: the chief accountant hired by the enterprise for employment contract, general director in the absence of an accountant, an accountant who is not the chief accountant, or third party(accounting support).
Accounting objects
The objects of accounting are the organization's property, their obligations and business transactions carried out by organizations in the course of their activities.
Main tasks of accounting
The main task of accounting is the formation of complete and reliable information (accounting statements) about the activities of the organization and its property status, necessary internal users financial statements- managers, founders, participants and owners of the organization’s property, as well as external investors, creditors and other users of financial statements, on the basis of which it becomes possible:
prevention of negative results of the organization’s economic activities;
identification of on-farm supply reserves financial stability organizations;
monitoring compliance with legislation when the organization carries out business operations;
control of the feasibility of business operations;
control of the availability and movement of property and liabilities;
control over the use of material, labor and financial resources;
monitoring compliance of activities with approved norms, standards and estimates.
Basic elements of accounting method
Accounting problems are solved through the use of in various ways and techniques, the totality of which is called the accounting method, which includes the following main elements:
Documentation is a written certificate of a completed business transaction, giving legal force to accounting data;
Valuation is a way of expressing funds and their sources in monetary terms;
Accounting: details for an accountant
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- Accounting registers in the form of electronic documents
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- Documents and document flow in accounting: FSBU project
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- Changes in accounting law
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- Accounting for rental objects in institutions since 2018
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- Capital construction using your own resources: reflection in accounting
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- The procedure for reflecting misgrading in accounting, identified as a result of inventory
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- Website of a pharmacy organization: tax and accounting of expenses
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We talked about the basic requirements for accounting in. What is the object of accounting? We will briefly talk about accounting objects in this material.
Objects and subjects of accounting
In accounting, an object is something that is reflected in the accounting system or is otherwise associated with it.
Subjects of accounting - internal and external users accounting information.
Accounting objects
It is quite logical that the objects of accounting are those objects that are provided for by regulatory legal acts in accounting. Let us turn to the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ “On Accounting”.
Accounting objects and their classification are presented in Art. 5 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ.
Thus, accounting objects include:
- facts of economic life;
- assets;
- obligations;
- sources of financing activities;
- income;
- expenses.
In addition, it is indicated that the objects of accounting of an economic entity are other objects if this is established federal standards.
All accounting items are recognized and accounted for in the manner prescribed.
As for management accounting, the objects of management accounting are the same accounting objects provided for by the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, as well as other objects determined by the goals and objectives of internal accounting. As a rule, the main object of management accounting is costs.
Let's consider accounting objects more details. So the property of the enterprise is divided into two large groups:
1.Non-current assets
- Fixed assets
- Intangible assets
- Construction in progress
- Long-term financial investments
2.Current assets
- Industrial inventories (raw materials, semi-finished products, containers)
- Finished products
- Cash
- Short-term financial investments
The organization's fixed assets include buildings, equipment, cars and trucks, office equipment and furniture, and tools. All fixed assets are divided into owned and leased. Operating, reserve, under reconstruction and inactive fixed assets are taken into account separately. This also includes capital investments in land improvement, for example, such as irrigation and drainage work.
TO intangible assets include patents, inventions, rights to use land, water, software,
Unfinished construction includes the costs of major renovation, reconstruction of equipment, for construction and installation work and inventory, according to the estimate for capital construction.
How accounting objects provide for the acquisition of shares and bonds on a long-term basis, participation in a share of the authorized capital of other organizations, or the issuance of loans to them against debentures.
Current assets are divided into material and financial. Tangible current assets are understood as goods and enterprises, raw materials, packaging and components that take part in only one production cycle.
Cash is accounted for in the organization's cash register, in current accounts, and in securities. Cash in time deposits and government bonds, as well as accounts receivable for goods and services and amounts of accountable persons, enterprises are considered as accounting objects.
Financial obligations serve as advance payments, receivables from customers for shipped products, and accountable amounts of employees.
All business processes that occur at the enterprise - procurement, production, sale of products, consist of individual transactions, which are always taken into account, like others accounting objects and are issued using When the goods are shipped, an invoice and delivery note are issued, when the goods arrive at the warehouse, it is filled out receipt order warehouse, transportation costs are processed by payment order through the bank.
So subject and objects of accounting are closely interconnected. The subject consists of several accounting objects combined with each other. If each accounting object is only part of the economic activity of the enterprise, then the subject of accounting is the activity of the organization as a whole.
In accounting, there are several techniques and methods that study objects. The set of all methods and methods of accounting for enterprise objects is a method of accounting for them in accounting. The main methods include:
- Preparation of primary documentation
- Carrying out inventories
- Compilation balance sheet, financial results
- Costing
- Valuation of property and liabilities of the organization
- Double entry of business transactions by debit and credit in equal amounts
To assist the accountant, we provide regulations, instructions, tax and civil codes. Each organization independently reflects in its accounting policy And subject and method of accounting, which guides daily business activities. Each organization maintains its accounting records continuously from the beginning of registration until the complete liquidation of the enterprise.
1. Accounting is an orderly collection system,
registration and summarization of information in monetary terms about property, liabilities
organizations and their movement through continuous, continuous and documentary
accounting of all business transactions.
2. The objects of accounting are the property of organizations, their
obligations and business transactions carried out by organizations in the process
their activities.
3. The main objectives of accounting are:
generation of complete and reliable information about the organization’s activities
and its property status, necessary for internal users of accounting
reporting - to managers, founders, participants and property owners
organizations, as well as external investors, creditors and other users
financial statements;
providing information needed by internal and external users
accounting reports to monitor compliance with Russian legislation
Federation when carrying out business operations by an organization and their feasibility,
the presence and movement of property and liabilities, the use of material,
labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms and regulations
and estimates;
prevention of negative results of the organization’s economic activities
and identification of intra-economic reserves to ensure its financial stability.
Commentary on article 1
1. Article 1 of the Law provides an exhaustive definition of accounting
as a complete system economic accounting. Organization as a market subject
is forced to constantly make decisions regarding its activities in the conditions
competition. Decision making is impossible without relevant information passed through
stages of collection, processing and interpretation. The accounting system is aimed
for completeness, efficiency, continuity and succession in accounting for those parties
economic activities that characterize the organization as a subject
entrepreneurial activity in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian
Federation. Collection of information about property, liabilities and business transactions
enterprise forms the basis of accounting and allows, subject to compliance with the above
principles of accounting as a system to generate complete and reliable information for
providing it to internal and external users.
Internal users accounting information are the founders
(owners), management of the organization, individual structural units,
specialists. External users of accounting information are tax authorities
authorities, territorial state statistics bodies, investors, lenders,
suppliers, buyers, the public. For state and municipal
enterprises, external users are also bodies authorized
manage state property.
Completeness of accounting is collection of information, providing the process
management of the organization without distortion of information, unnecessary duplication,
unnecessary indicators.
Systematic accounting - ensuring the receipt of information about all parties
economic activities of all accounting objects.
The cost-effectiveness of accounting represents a reasonable amount of material,
technical and labor resources ensuring the process of collection, processing and
presentation of information for external and internal users. For determining
and justification for the required number of employees, establishing job titles
time for work on accounting and financial activities in budgetary
organizations approved by resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation
Continuity of accounting allows you to record all changes that occur
during the movement of property, liabilities and business transactions.
Continuity of accounting is necessary to control the dynamics of individual
indicators, the possibility of conducting a comparable analysis of individual economic
Key Feature accounting - expression of all transactions
in monetary value.
2. In accordance with the Law, accounting objects include:
property, obligations of the organization, business transactions carried out
as a result of economic activities.
Property of the organization
In civil law, property refers to things, including money,
securities and property rights. The organization as an object of law is recognized
property complex used for business activities.
The composition of the organization as property complex all included types of property,
intended for its activities, including land plots, buildings, structures,
equipment, inventory, raw materials, products, rights of claim, debts, as well as
rights to designations that individualize the organization, its products, works
and services (company name, trademark, service marks) and others
exclusive rights.
In accounting, the property of an organization refers to the main
funds, intangible assets, financial investments, productive reserves.
In accordance with paragraphs. 41, 42 Regulations on accounting and reporting
in the Russian Federation, fixed assets are a set of material and material
values used as means of labor and operating in natural
form for a long time as in the sphere material production,
as well as in the non-production sphere.
Fixed assets include buildings, structures, transmission devices,
working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments
and devices, computing, vehicles, tools, production
and household equipment and accessories, working and productive livestock, perennial
plantings, on-farm roads and other fixed assets.
Fixed assets also include capital investments to improve
lands (reclamation, drainage, irrigation and other works) and leased
buildings, structures, equipment and other objects related to the main
means.
Fixed assets include those owned by the organization
land plots, environmental management objects (water, subsoil and other natural
resources).
Civil law does not contain the concept of “intangible assets”, however
there are objects of civil rights that are part of intangible assets,
how is it defined in accounting terminology. Among them:
intellectual property,
objects of industrial property,
means of individualization legal entity,
official and commercial secrets,
use natural resources.
In accordance with clause 48 of the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in
Russian Federation to intangible assets used for a long time
period (over one year) in economic activity and generating income,
include rights arising from:
and objects of related rights, for computer programs, databases, etc.;
from patents for inventions, industrial designs, breeding achievements;
from certificates for utility models, trademarks and service marks
or license agreements for their use;
from rights to “know-how”, etc.
In addition, intangible assets include rights to use land
sites, natural resources and organizational costs.
The concept of “financial investments” is also not a civil term
rights. However, in civil law there are a number of terms that constitute
so generalized accounting concept as a financial investment. These include:
securities;
property law- contribution to the authorized capital of business companies;
legal status creditor in the loan agreement;
legal status of the parties in the joint activity agreement.
In accordance with clause 39 of the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in
In the Russian Federation, financial investments include investments of an organization
in government securities (bonds and other debt obligations),
securities and authorized capitals other organizations, as well as provided
loans to other organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad.
Refers to financial investments and the cost of transferred property by participants
agreement on joint activities, which is reflected on the balance sheet as short-term
or long-term financial investments depending on the period for which the contract was concluded
agreement on joint activities.
Dividing financial investments into long-term and short-term investments
provided for by the Instructions for the use of the chart of accounts
financial and economic activities of enterprises approved by order of the Ministry
investments whose return or maturity period exceeds one year.
In civil law, inventories are classified as movable
things. In accounting, inventories are items of labor,
intended for processing, processing or use in production
or for economic needs, means of labor, which, in accordance with the established
are routinely included in the assets in circulation as low-value and wearable
items.
Depending on the role that inventory plays in the process
production, they are divided into the following groups:
raw materials and basic materials - objects of labor that form the basis of the finished product
product. Raw materials are a product of agricultural and mining activities
industry, and objects of labor are the result of primary processing of manufacturing
industry;
auxiliary materials - are objects of labor intended
for a certain effect on raw materials and basic materials to give the finished product
a product of certain qualities or for the maintenance and care of implements
purchased semi-finished products - raw materials and materials that have passed certain stages
processing, but not finished products;
containers and packaging equipment - items used for packaging, transportation,
storage of various materials and products;
low-value and high-wear items:
items that last less than one year, regardless of their value;
items with a value on the date of acquisition of no more than fifty times
established by law minimum size monthly payment labor per unit
(based on their value stipulated in the contract) regardless of their term
services, with the exception of agricultural machinery and implements, construction
mechanized tools, as well as working and productive livestock, which
relate to fixed assets, regardless of their value;
fishing gear (trawls, seines, nets, nets and others), regardless of their
cost and service life;
gasoline-powered saws, loppers, alloy cable, seasonal roads, mustaches and
temporary branches of logging roads, temporary buildings in the forest with a service life
up to two years (mobile heating houses, boiler stations, pilot workshops,
gas stations, etc.);
special tools and special devices (tools and devices
intended purpose, intended for serial and mass production
certain products or for the production of an individual order), regardless
on their cost; replacement equipment; reusable in production
adaptations to fixed assets and others caused by specific conditions
manufacturing of products - devices - molds and accessories for them, rolling
rolls, air tuyeres, shuttles, catalysts and sorbents for solid aggregates
condition, etc.), regardless of their value;
special clothing, special shoes, and bedding
regardless of their cost and service life;
uniform, intended for distribution to employees of the organization;
clothing and footwear in healthcare, educational organizations, social security
and others on a budget, regardless of their cost and service life;
temporary (non-title) structures, fixtures and devices, costs
for the construction of which are included in the cost price construction work as part of
overhead costs;
containers for storing inventory items in warehouses or carrying out
technological processes cost within 50 times the established
by law the amount of the minimum monthly wage at the purchase price or
manufacturing;
items intended for rental, regardless of their value;
young animals and fattening animals, poultry, rabbits, fur animals,
bee families, as well as sled and guard dogs, experimental animals;
perennial plantings grown in nurseries as planting
material.
Liabilities
Liabilities are the debt of an organization that provides for future
payments on its part or performance of certain types of work or services by it.
Liabilities show the source of formation of the organization’s assets, i.e. to whom
the organization owes for all its property. Liabilities are divided
for short-term and long-term. Current liabilities are:
obligations for which the deadline for fulfillment is minimal and for fulfillment
which attract current working capital of the enterprise. At the same time, under
working capital means cash in accounts, property, material
resources and other assets that can be converted through sale into
funds within one year.
accounts payable;
wages payable;
deductions from wages for social insurance;
taxes payable;
short-term bills payable;
dividends payable, etc.
Thus, all current requirements for the enterprise to pay various
types of payments are short-term liabilities.
Long-term liabilities include those obligations with a maturity date
which occurs within a period exceeding one year. Such obligations are
bonds payable, long-term notes payable, lease obligations.
Business transactions
Business transactions are individual actions that cause
changes in the volume, composition, placement and use of funds, as well as
composition and purpose of sources of these funds. Economic activities of the organization
is a collection of diverse business transactions, and thus
Thus, accounting is designed to record all the changes they cause
in accounting objects.
3. The task of accounting is to generate complete and reliable information
information about the activities of the organization and its property status is provided by uniform
legal and methodological foundations organization and maintenance of accounting
accounting, which includes this Law, other federal laws, presidential decrees
Russian Federation and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Installed
accounting rules if they are observed by business entities
ensure receipt of complete and reliable information required by both internal
users to analyze the organization’s activities, to form subsystems
managerial, financial, economic and other accounting, as well as for external
users who use the information received to analyze activities
a set of organizations in industry, territorial and other contexts.
Essential accounting is that its results
serve as the basis for monitoring compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation,
related to business activities.
For budgetary organizations accounting data - the basis of control
on the advisability of carrying out certain business operations, compliance
norms and standards for the use of funds, material, labor resources,
approved by government agencies or representatives of the property owner