The fuel and energy complex is a set of industries for the extraction and processing of oil, natural gas, coal, uranium and energy production at thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants. The fuel and energy complex also includes pipelines and power lines that supply fuel, heat, and electricity to consumers.
The growth of fuel and electricity production has been the main factor in the successful development of the world economy for many years. Therefore, for 1950-2000. Global coal production increased by 4.0 times, oil by 7 times, natural gas by 12 times, and electricity production by 15 times.
Since the 70s. developed countries have switched to energy saving policies. Reducing energy consumption per unit of output has become the most important criterion for economic progress. But the overall growth in consumption of fuel resources continues and 2/3 of it occurs in developed countries.
Russia has formed a powerful fuel- energy complex, second only to the United States in terms of development scale. Rich resources not only meet the country's needs, but also provide large exports to the world market. During the period of economic reforms, the fuel and energy sector suffered less than others, reducing output by only 15-25% with a general decline in production of 50%. The fuel and energy complex sends about 40% of its products to the world market, which provides 2/3 foreign exchange earnings, supporting the economy and social sphere countries.
More than 50% of natural gas is exported, and this share will increase as... the price of gas abroad is 7-8 times higher than on the domestic market. It is received by the CIS and Baltic countries, most countries of Central Europe, Germany, France,. Thanks to Russian gas, the burning of brown coal in Europe has halved, which has improved its ecology and energy efficiency.
Gas export is its most profitable use. Therefore, Russia is strengthening its dominant position in the European market, providing more reliable routes for gas exports and expanding the circle of its consumers. In addition to the existing ones, a new Yamal-Europe gas pipeline is being built with two branches - through Finland and Belarus. The Blue Stream gas pipeline was built along a new export direction - from to, along its bottom to and then will go to the countries of the Mediterranean Sea. Gas pipeline projects are being developed in Asian Russia - from Siberia to China and the Far East.
At the same time, the use of gas in Russia itself is currently not economical, because prices are limited purchasing power market. The possibility of converting a number of thermal power plants from gas fuel to coal, which is inferior in terms of environmental and economic efficiency, is being discussed, but this measure will make it possible to use gas resources with great effect for the country, at least at the stage of economic recovery.
The cost of natural gas in Russia for all types of consumers compared to other types of fuel is much lower than in others.
Oil is the main energy carrier in modern world. Russia ranks 1st-2nd in the world in oil production, refining and export. About 500 million tons are currently mined in Russia, up to 70% of which is obtained in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Western Siberia. The rest of the oil is produced by the Volga-Ural and Timan-Pechora basins. The decline in production in the 90s was overcome, but only old fields were working and new fields were not being developed. At the same time oil reserves big enough. The most promising are the Caspian and Sakhalin basins, whose reserves are beginning to be developed. Their development will bring oil production closer to the main consumers of the European region, and will also provide oil to the Far East.
The bulk of oil is transported by pipelines, but the share of rail transport for oil transportation increases every year. Through their network, with a length of more than 60 thousand km, oil is supplied to oil refining and petrochemical plants in Central Russia, Volga region, Western and Eastern Siberia. During the years of reforms, refining volumes decreased slightly and about half of the crude oil produced is exported.
During the 90s. oil industry, together with gas, played a major role in preserving the country on the world market. Oil is exported to many European countries, including, as well as to the USA and CIS countries. Russia has the prospect of expanding this trade. For its development, existing oil pipelines passing through Belarus and the Baltic states are supplemented with new branches directly leading to seaports Russia - Primorsk - on the Baltic, Novorossiysk on, etc. Projects of export oil pipelines are also being considered in the east of the country - to China, the Korean Peninsula, etc.
The development of crude oil exports is a forced measure caused by the economic situation. The main thing should be the development of oil refining and petrochemicals, whose products have fewer competitors on the world market and are less susceptible to price fluctuations, and the industries themselves correspond to their status developed country. The disadvantage of exporting oil is that the cost of its production in the northern regions, taking into account long-distance transportation, is many times higher than in the warm OPEC countries located near seaports, and therefore can hardly compete with them. The industry's profits are largely determined by world oil prices.
The design and construction of new oil pipelines (and, to a lesser extent, gas pipelines) is determined by geopolitical reasons and competition between energy suppliers for Europe (Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan and other countries).
Coal mining is the most labor-intensive and least profitable sector of the fuel and energy complex. Russia ranks 1st in terms of potential reserves and 3rd in the world in terms of explored reserves. Coal production from 1990 to 2006 decreased from 400 to 300 million tons, and Russia moved from 2nd place in the world to 5th. The main coal reserves are in Siberia; 3/4 of its production is concentrated there, in the Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk basins. The rest of the coal is produced by the Vorkuta and Donetsk basins in the European part. Coal remains of great importance as a fuel for those areas of Siberia and the Far East where there is no oil and gas, as well as in metallurgy, when smelting cast iron.
The most expensive method of extraction - mining - currently produces less than half of the coal. At the same time, many mines are outdated and require closure. The industry's prospects are associated with open-pit coal mining: with the creation of open-pit mines on reserves lying close to the surface, and the construction of large power plants near them. Russia exports coal to small size V neighboring countries, but its export is growing rapidly.
In Russia, coal reserves satisfy its needs for hundreds of years to come and during the development of new effective ways mining - underground gasification, hydraulic mining, etc. - it can be preserved as its valuable fuel resource.
Energy is a branch of the fuel and energy complex that produces electrical and thermal energy and delivers it to consumers. By its development one can judge the economic power of the country. In terms of electricity production (in 1990 - 1080, in 2005 - about 950 billion kWh), Russia ranks 4th in the world. More than 70% of electricity is produced at thermal power plants (TPPs) operating on gas, fuel oil, coal and peat, the rest of the energy is approximately equally produced at hydraulic (HPP) and nuclear (NPP) stations.
The positive side of Russian thermal energy is the predominance of oil and gas fuel, which powers power plants in the European region and Western Siberia. Only in Eastern Siberia and the Far East do coal thermal power plants predominate.
The USSR was one of the first in the world to master nuclear energy and quickly developed it, building 15 large nuclear power plants on its territory in the 60-80s. However Chernobyl accident 1986 interrupted its development, and now the share of energy produced at nuclear power plants is lower than, for example, in Germany, Sweden, Japan, Finland (30-50%), in and (60-75%). The advantage of nuclear power plants is their independence from the location of fuel bases. Therefore, all large nuclear power plants - and there are 10 of them in Russia - are located in the European, fuel-deficient region of the country. A small nuclear power plant operates at . Currently, the following nuclear power plants operate in Russia: Kola (Murmansk region), Leningrad (Leningrad region), Kalininsk (Tver region), Smolensk (Smolensk region), Obninsk (Kaluga region, its importance in electricity generation is small) , Novovoronezh (Voronezh region), Kursk (Kursk region), Volgodonsk (Rostov region), Balakovsk (Saratov region), Beloyarsk (Sverdlovsk region), Bilibinsk (Chukotsky A. O.).
The program has now been adopted further development nuclear energy as the most promising industry. Russia is building several nuclear power plants abroad - in China, India, Iran.
Hydro resources serve as an important source of energy for the regions of Eastern Siberia, where 5 powerful hydroelectric power stations operate on the Yenisei, as well as for the Volga region, where 10 stations of the Volga-Kama cascade operate.
Among more than 1,000 power plants in Russia, the Kostroma, Reftinsk (about), Surgut thermal, Leningrad and Novovoronezh nuclear, Krasnoyarsk and Sayansko-Shushenskaya hydroelectric stations stand out in terms of their capacity.
Most of the country's large power plants are integrated into regional power systems, also interconnected. Therefore, energy can be redistributed between regions of the country (at a distance of hundreds of kilometers), allowing the removal of “peak” loads and the use of its free reserves.
Russia transmits electricity to the CIS countries. The unified energy system between Russia, Ukraine, is being restored; A new energy system is being formed, uniting Russia, the Baltic countries, Belarus, with further access through it to the countries of Western Europe. Power transmission lines are being designed in the east of the country - to China, based on the development of Siberian coal and the construction of a system of large thermal power plants.
Country fuel balance
Fuel balance - composition and ratio different types fuel in its total consumption - in Russia it consists of 50% natural gas, 30% oil and 20% coal. This is a very favorable structure from both an economic and environmental point of view compared, for example, to the USA and Germany, where coal accounts for up to 50% of fuel consumption. At the same time, as the price of export fuels—oil and gas—rises, the structure of the fuel balance may change.
Currently, there are two opposing views on the future of energy. One is that due to the limited reserves of oil and gas, the environmental dangers of nuclear fuel and the low efficiency of solar, wind and other types of energy, only coal fuel, the reserves of which are huge in the world, is promising.
The only problem is to find a more economical and environmentally friendly technology for its extraction and combustion.
Another view is that the era of coal is over, after the depletion of gas and oil fuels technical progress will find safe and economical ways to use inexhaustible types of energy - solar, hydrogen, nuclear, etc. The most promising seems to be nuclear, the use of which at nuclear power plants is already technologically and economically more efficient compared to other energy sources.
Russia will be able to use both ways, having both huge reserves of coal and nuclear energy that it has already mastered. In any case, on modern stage, taking into account the diversity of its natural, economic, technical and infrastructure conditions, it applies a regional approach to the development of its fuel and energy complex. Thus, according to the provision of fuel and energy resources, Russian regions are divided into three groups:
- Highly wealthy: Western and Eastern Siberia, Far East;
- Average income: Northern region, Volga region, ;
- Low-income: Central, Volga-Vyatka, North-Western, Central Black Earth, Ural regions.
At the same time, in Eastern Siberia and the Far East the main source of energy is coal and hydro resources, in Western Siberia - oil and coal, in the European region - petroleum products, natural gas, and in the future - nuclear energy.
In general, Russia can become a powerful fuel and energy hub of the Euro-Asian continent, “tying” the economies of Europe and East Asia to itself.
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Infrastructure complex of Russia. Siberian Federal District, economic and geographical characteristics
3.6 Fuel and energy complex
The basis for the formation of the economy of the Siberian Federal District is the fuel and energy complex; it plays an important regional-forming role. The industry of market specialization is the coal industry. The Kuznetsk and Gorlovka basins are developing thermal and coking coals. In terms of production scale, the Kuznetsk basin is the leading one in the country. From here coal is supplied to the European part of the country and is exported. Coals from the Kansk-Achinsk basin are also used to produce electricity, on the basis of which the Kansk-Achinsk territorial production complex is formed. Thanks to the highest concentration of reserves and the conditions suitable for open-pit mining, the largest coal mines were built here: Nazarovsky, Irsha-Borodinsky and Berezovsky. In the near future, the capacity of the Berezovsky open-pit mine will increase significantly and a large new open-pit mine, Borodinsky-2, will be built. The basin has good technical and economic characteristics of coal mining: it has the lowest cost and the most highest performance labor in the industry. One of the largest in the country, Nazarovskaya GRES, Berezovskaya GRES-2, operates on coal from the Kansk-Achinsk basin.
The upcoming concentration of such large thermal power plants in small areas could have severe environmental consequences. Therefore, the latest energy technology methods for using coal from the Kansk-Achinsk basin are being developed. First of all, this is coal enrichment, which makes it possible to transport high-calorie fuel to other regions of the country: in Transbaikalia, in the east of Western Siberia, in the North Caucasus and in the Volga region. The task is set to develop and implement a new technology for producing watery synthetic fuel from the coals of the basin. Hydroelectric power stations of the Angara-Yenisei cascade: Bratsk (4.5 million kW), Ust-Ilimsk (4.3 million kW), Krasnoyarsk (6 million kW), Sayano-Shushenskaya (6.4 million kW) are among the largest in the country and the world. The Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station is being built, and the Sredne-Yenisei hydroelectric power station has been designed. Hydroelectric power capacity in Eastern Siberia far exceeds thermal power capacity, which makes the power system unstable in dry years. In the Western Siberian part of the federal district, thermal energy, using coal resources and natural gas from the Ob-Irtysh region, predominates
In the building materials industry Siberian district The leading place is occupied by the creation of cement. Used Newest technologies cement production based on combination with thermal power engineering and chemical production.
The light industry of the Siberian District is represented by wool (Ulan-Ude, Chita, Chernogorsk), silk (Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo), cotton (Barnaul, Kansk), leather (Omsk, Novosibirsk, Chita, Angarsk, Chernogorsk), footwear (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk ), fur (Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita) industries.
Due to extreme natural and biological conditions in most of the area Agriculture The Siberian Federal District is concentrated in its southern zones, along Trans-Siberian Railway. Moreover, the importance of agricultural production in the region is great - this is one of the Important areas for grain production and livestock raising. In the west of the district, the structure of farmland is dominated by arable land, and in the east - hayfields and pastures. Grain production is characterized by the highest efficiency in the Western Siberian part, where the share of grain reaches 70% in the structure of sown areas. The main crop here is spring wheat; rye, oats, barley, and buckwheat are also grown. In Eastern Siberia, grains are mainly used for feed needs, here the main branch is livestock farming. Livestock production in the district also has significant territorial differences. In the west of the district it is mainly represented by dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding and pig breeding, and in the east by semi-fine and fine-wool sheep breeding, meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding.
The population of the Siberian Federal District is 20.7 million people, or 4.3% of the country's population. Its main part is concentrated in the south. The average population density is low - 3.4 people. per 1 km2, but due to uneven distribution, the population density ranges from 1 person. per 1 km2 or less in the northern regions of the district up to 50 people. per 1 km2 in the Kuznetsk Basin. Among the subjects of the Federation, the Krasnoyarsk Territory has a lower average density - 1.3 people. per 1 km2, larger - Kemerovo region - 31.4 people. per 1 km2. The Siberian Federal District is distinguished by the highest share of the urban population - 85.3%, although the fluctuations are also significant - from 86% in the Kemerovo region to 25% in the Altai Republic.
Russians predominate in the government (over 80% of the population). Ukrainians, Altaians, Shors, Buryats, Khakassians, and Tuvans are relatively numerous. Numerous peoples of the North live in the area: Evenks, Selkups, Kets, Nganasans, Dolgans, etc.
This is not the first year that the Siberian Federal District has shown a colossal disproportion between the export and import of products, 15 billion. and 2.5 billion. dollars respectively (for January-October 2004). The positive balance reaches its peak in the Kemerovo region - 94% of exports to 6% of imports. More massive components of Norilsk Nickel's exports, the aluminum industry and timber industry complex. The coal and chemical industries are beginning to increase in volume. The weight of other industries is not so significant. In addition, an economy built on the export of raw materials is a sign of an underdeveloped country.
The natural complexes of Siberia are characterized by increased vulnerability, which is due to the slowdown of restoration and self-purification in low temperatures, weak circulation and downward air flows under the prevailing anticyclonic weather regime with temperature inversions characteristic of mountain-basin relief. Massive focal industrial development of the area has bad consequences for the nature of the region, because with increasing concentration of production, anthropogenic pressure on the environment increases sharply.
Security environment great attention is paid: large cash, come the deepest Scientific research, environmental protection measures are being carried out on all of the above fronts, but the severity of the difficulty is not relieved, but on the contrary, due to the accelerated development of the resources of the Siberian Federal District, it will increase.
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In the conditions of formation and development of market relations, Western Siberia retains its role as the largest fuel, energy and export base of the country. The experience of entering the market has already been realized in Western Siberia in the form of the largest state gas concern RAO Gazprom, which not only prevented a decline in production, but is also gradually increasing its capacity. The process of corporatization is also progressing very intensively in other sectors of the fuel and energy complex. First of all - in the coal and oil industries.
The electric power industry of Western Siberia is developing on the basis of gas and coal resources. The largest thermal power plants are located in Surgut, Urengoy, and in the Kuznetsk coal basin. In the future, the energy industry will develop on the basis of cheap coal from the Kansk-Achinsk basin. Energy supply oil and gas complex is carried out at the expense of thermal power plants in Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk and Urengoy.
Regulation of tariffs for electricity and heat. Created in 1994, the Federal Energy Commission (FEC) received the authority to approve tariffs for electricity supplied by state district power plants and hydroelectric power plants that are part of RAO UES of Russia and nuclear power plants to wholesale buyers (regional energy systems), as well as consumers if they have disagreements with regional energy commissions (REC).
The Federal Energy Commission carries out zoning of the wholesale electricity market, dividing the country's territory into energy zones, within which the cost of electricity production by power plants assigned to a given zonal market is averaged. There are currently 5 such zones:
- North-West (without JSC Kolenergo, Karelenergo, Komienergo), Center, Urals, Western Siberia, Middle Volga;
- South (within the boundaries of the IPS South);
- Siberia (within the boundaries of the Unified Energy System "Siberia");
- Transbaikalia (Buryatenergo JSC and Chitaenergo JSC);
- Far East (within the boundaries of the Unified Economic System Far East).
Tariffs for electricity on the retail market in each subject of the Russian Federation are established by the regional energy commission (REC), which is organized by local administration. In fact, regional energy systems (oblenergos) purchase electricity at average wholesale prices and then resell it (together with energy produced at their own power plants) at retail price to consumers.
There is a Regulation on government regulation tariffs for electric and thermal energy, which is annually adjusted and approved by the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation. In Russia, there has been a practice of revising tariffs once a quarter with monthly indexation taking into account inflation rates and regulating tariffs of power plants - subjects of the wholesale electricity market.
Reference
The differentiation of electricity tariffs by consumer categories is based on several principles. Tariffs are set based on the principle of self-financing of regional energy systems and their constituent power plants. They are differentiated by territory and consumer categories.
The following categories of consumers are identified: industrial and equivalent consumers, wholesale consumers - resellers, producers of agricultural products, electrified railway and public transport, non-industrial consumers, urban and rural populations. In the category of industrial consumers, two subgroups are distinguished: those with a declared power of more than 750 kVA and less than this value.
Tariffs for industrial consumers are usually set slightly higher than tariffs for households and agricultural consumers (the so-called “cross-subsidization” is used). Although at the federal level there is a policy of convergence of energy tariffs for various categories consumers (in 1994, resolutions were adopted to reduce the number of beneficiaries and bring electricity tariffs for the population to the level of cost plus 5% profitability, for agricultural enterprises - plus 15% profitability), its results on the ground are not yet very noticeable.
The energy policies of the REC are quite different. In some regions, the growth of tariffs is restrained until the last moment, and then there is a sharp jump and the cycle repeats again, in others they adhere to the tactic of a smooth increase in tariffs. The “tariff” burden on industrial enterprises, which indirectly subsidize tariffs for preferential categories of energy consumers, is also different.
The result of the interaction between the policies of the Federal Energy Commission and the Regional Energy Commission is the territorial differentiation of the level of energy tariffs for enterprises. As a rule, energy-rich regions create a more favorable energy environment for industrial production than energy-deficient territories. At the same time, it is always necessary to take into account which level of government - federal or regional - controls interregional flows.
In general, the level of electricity tariffs in Russia remains lower than in wholesale market Europe. Exporters of industrial products can take advantage of this circumstance.
Energy policy is fraught with potential contradictions. Thus, regional authorities are dissatisfied with the loss of control over energy tariffs, and energy-intensive industrial enterprises are dissatisfied with the establishment of inflated energy tariffs, which undermine the competitiveness of products. The only possible alternative to this may be the construction of our own generating sources. A number of large energy-intensive enterprises have already begun implementing such projects.
As for tariffs for heat energy, the municipal enterprises "Heat Networks", as well as electric networks, purchase heat from thermal power plants owned by RAO "UES of Russia" and resell them to the population and enterprises. Industrial enterprises mostly contain own sources heat. Cross-subsidization here does not have much effect, since the population accounts for about 80-90% of the volume of heat consumed by Heating Systems. Heat payment rates for the population cannot cover 1/3 of the cost of heat, so a significant part of the revenues to Heat Networks comes from the city treasury in the form of subsidies (up to 80%).
In addition to centralized heat supply, Russia has a widely developed network of boiler plants of various types and forms of ownership. Numerous boiler houses are on the balance sheet of local governments. Therefore, even within the same locality, the tariff may be different depending on the ownership of the boiler room. At the same time, centralization of heat supply usually leads to a reduction in the cost of thermal energy.
The fuel and energy complex of the Omsk region is based on external raw materials: Ekibastuz and Kuznetsk coal, crude oil and natural gas from the Central Ob oil and gas fields. The annual volume of coal consumption is about 6 million tons. The Omsk region is one of 43 energy-deficient (and energy-dependent) regions of Russia. The main enterprises of the industry are concentrated in Omsk.
The structure of fixed production assets in the industry of the Omsk region quite clearly reflects the state of production capacities. Despite the fact that the fuel industry accounts for only about 15.4% of fixed assets, in the mid-1990s. sales of products from this industry accounted for more than 50% of the volume of sales of industrial products at current prices, and at comparable prices - more than 2/3.
The growth in the share of the fuel industry was not explained by an increase in the volume of sales of products from this industry (in comparable prices it even fell), but by a fall in production in mechanical engineering, chemistry and petrochemistry, forestry, wood processing, pulp and paper industry and light industry.
The Omsk electric power industry was characterized by the lowest rates of decline in production (about 85% of the 1992 level) and the fuel industry (about 85% of the 1992 level). At the same time, the decline in production in the main energy-intensive industries, such as chemical and petrochemical (3.9 times), mechanical engineering and metalworking (almost 4 times), as well as a general decrease in industrial production (almost 2 times), are accompanied by a decrease in electricity generation in total by 15.6%.
Measures of the Omsk region administration and general improvement economic situation in the country led to a change in negative trends. As a result, by 2002, the share of the fuel industry in the industrial production of the region decreased to 10.6% of the total. This happened mainly due to the growth of industrial production in the region.
The Omsk energy system is an open joint-stock company “Joint-stock company of energy and electrification “Omskenergo”, which is a complex of power plants, boiler houses, electrical and heating networks, connected by a common operating mode and having centralized operational dispatch control. RAO UES owns controlling stake JSC "Omskenergo"
Currently, JSC "Omskenergo" provides 100% of the Omsk region's demand for electrical energy through own generation and purchase of electricity on the federal wholesale market (FOREM). Centralized heat supply from heat sources of JSC "Omskenergo" covers about 70% of the housing stock of the city of Omsk. The installed total capacity of own generation is 1655 MW. Thermal power - 6,283.7 Gcal/hour. Specific features of the Omsk energy system:
- development of centralized heat supply based on the combined production of electrical and thermal energy by Omsk CHPP-3, CHPP-4 and CHPP-5;
- power deficit - 30% of the total power consumption of the region is covered by flows from the distribution networks of Kazakhstan via three 500 kW overhead lines and the IPS of Siberia via networks of 110 -220 kW.
- the use of Ekibastuz coal, imported to Russia, the share of which in the structure of the fuel balance of the energy system reaches 60%.
CHPP-2 is one of the oldest CHPPs, built in 1941. Until 1997, coal from the Kuznetsk deposits was used as the main fuel; in May 1997, the conversion of boilers to liquefied gas and partially to natural gas began. Today, seven of the nine boilers of CHPP-2 operate on gas, and two on coal. In the next 3-5 years, it is planned to reconstruct CHPP-2 and replace boilers, some of which were built back in 1939.
CHPP-3 is one of the most powerful thermal power plants. It runs on liquefied gas and natural gas from the Tevriz field in the Omsk region.
CHPP-4 - was built to supply heat and power to the northwestern industrial hub of the city of Omsk (ONPZ, Khimprom, Omsk Kauchuk and a number of smaller enterprises). The first units (boiler and turbine) were put into operation in 1965. The last stage of construction of CHPP-4 was completed in 1982. The design capacity of the thermal power plant is 685 MW. Main equipment: 12 steam boilers, 2 hot water boilers and 9 turbogenerators with a capacity of 50 to 135 MW. The number of employees of the thermal power plant is about 1,500 people. CHPP-4 uses coal as fuel.
No more than 7 boilers are in operation simultaneously (in winter) and four turbogenerators. Today, the generating capacity of CHPP-4 is severely underutilized. For various reasons, the consumption of steam produced by the station at a pressure of 15 atmospheres has been reduced. Even in winter, electricity generation averages 320-350 MW.
CHPP-5 is the youngest of the Omsk CHPPs. Powered by Ekibastuz coal.
CHPP-6 - refers to the Omsk “long-term construction”. Fall in the 1990s industrial electricity consumption reduced the relevance of its construction. And now the first priority for the development of Omsk energy is optimizing the use of existing capacities, and not introducing new ones.
To transmit electrical energy to consumers, 46.3 thousand km of overhead and 244 km of cable power lines are used. The length of the main heating mains on the balance sheet of the Heating Networks of JSC "Omskenergo" is 248.3 km. The total number of employees at OJSC AK Omskenergo is about 13,000 people.
On June 6, 2002, the project committee of RAO UES of Russia approved the project for reforming OJSC AK Omskenergo. At the first stage, which should be completed before January 1, 2003, the joint stock company will be reorganized in the form of a spin-off. By January 1, 2004, it is planned to carry out investment stage, at which the participation of municipal and regional authorities is expected.
As a result of the selection, four profile profiles will be created joint stock companies a - OJSC Omsk Electric Grid Company, OJSC Omsk Electricity Generating Company, OJSC Omsk Thermal Company and OJSC Omsk Energy Sales Company. Assets of CHPP-3, -4, -5 and construction site CHPP-6 will be transferred to the Omsk Electricity Generating Company. The assets of Heating Networks, TPP-2 and KRK will be transferred to the Omsk Thermal Company.
In addition, during the first stage of reform, a 100% subsidiary joint-stock company "Energosbyt TEK" and several more subsidiary joint-stock companies should be established, in authorized capital of which service and non-core assets of the energy company will be transferred. After completion of the first stage of reform, OJSC AK Omskenergo will become management company with authority executive body all joint stock companies created by spin-off.
The issues of commissioning new and modernizing existing generating capacities, updating the network facilities will become the main ones at the second - investment stage of reforming the Omsk energy system. The depreciation of fixed assets of Omskenergo JSC averages 56%, and its own generation accounts for 68% of the electricity consumed in the region. Large consumers of the Omsk region are considered as investors, such as, for example, the Sibneft company, the Ekibastuz coal supplier Eurasian Energy Corporation, the Access Industries and Alstom companies.
The fuel and energy resources of Siberia are enormous: According to various estimates, coal reserves range from 3.8 to 4.4 trillion. t, potential hydropower reserves are about 1 trillion. kWh A large number of coal deposits contain coals of varying quality, quantity, and conditions of occurrence. Among them, the Kuznetsk basin is unique in terms of geological reserves, quality and conditions of occurrence of hard coals. Coal reserves are estimated at over 600 billion tons, the thickness of seams is on average up to 4 m, and individual seams are up to 25 m, coals have a high calorific value - up to 8.6 thousand kcal/kg, and are characterized by low ash and sulfur content , lie relatively shallow, which makes it possible to develop them not only in the mine, but also in the open pit. The value of the basin is also high due to the presence of coking coal (approximately 30% of all reserves), which is a scarce technological fuel for the ferrous metallurgy. The pool also has no analogues in terms of variety of brand composition. The cost of mining coking coal in the basin is the lowest in the country. The importance of Kuzbass in the country's economy is difficult to overestimate; it is the main coal basin in Russia.
The Kansk-Achinsk lignite basin is also unique. General geological reserves of coal amount to 600 billion tons. The basin stretches for 800 km, its width in some places reaches 200 km. Coal seams with a thickness of 14 to 100 m lie shallow and almost horizontal, which allows the use of the most economical open method production The high concentration of coal reserves makes it possible to create 200 powerful quarries with a total annual production of 1 billion tons. The coals of the Kansk-Achinsk basin are energy-producing, their calorific value is low - from 2.8 to 4.6 thousand kcal/kg, they are low-ash (6 --12%) and low-sulfur (less than 1%), but contain an increased amount of moisture (21-44%), at low temperatures in winter they freeze, and when dry they crumble into dust, acquire the ability to spontaneously ignite and therefore are poorly suited for transportation, they advantageous to use locally. The location of the basin in the most populated and economically developed part of Eastern Siberia - along the Trans-Siberian Railway - made it possible to begin its intensive use. The largest coal deposits in the west are Berezovskoye, Nazarovskoye, Itatskoye, in the east - Irsha-Borodinskoye and Abanskoye.
Other coal deposits of the Siberian Federal District are of intraregional importance. Among them, it is worth noting the Gorlovka basin, the Irkutsk basin with hard coals from the Cheremkhovskoye deposit and brown coals from the Azeyskoye deposit, the Minusinsk basin in Khakassia, the Kharanorskoye deposit in the Chita region, the Tugnuiskoye and Gusinoozerskoye deposits in Buryatia.
The territory of the district is very promising in terms of oil and gas. In Western Siberia, on the territory of the district there are gas fields of the Vasyugan oil and gas bearing region - Myldzhinskoye, Severo-Vasyuganskoye, Luginetskoye. In Eastern Siberia, small fields have so far been discovered on the Upper Lena, natural gas from the Messoyakha field in the lower reaches of the Yenisei.
The region's hydropower resources are enormous, and Eastern Siberia is especially rich in them. Hydropower potential has no analogues in the world, not only in its total reserves, but also in their high concentration. Reserves are estimated at 848 billion kWh. Powerful sources of hydropower are the Yenisei, Angara, Ob and Irtysh rivers. The region also has rich water resources. On its territory is Lake Baikal, the largest lake on Earth in terms of fresh water resources, which is a national treasure of Russia.
The Siberian Federal District has significant reserves iron ore Mountain Shoria, Kuznetsk Alatau and Altai are rich in magnetites with an iron content of 40-45% (Sheregesh, Tashtagol, Inskoye, Beloretskoye deposits). In the southern part of the West Siberian iron ore basin, the geological reserves of the Bokchar deposit alone (38% iron) are estimated at 110 billion tons of iron ore. In Eastern Siberia, the bulk of iron ore reserves are dispersed in small deposits, which significantly increases the cost of their exploitation. The largest ones include the Angara-Pitsky iron ore basin in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Nizhneangarskoye, Ishimbinskoye, Udorongovskoye deposits). In the Angara-Ilim iron ore basin there are large deposits Korshunovskoye and Rudnogorskoye. There are also iron ore reserves in Khakassia and Transbaikalia. The combination of iron ores with resources of non-metallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy is favorable: limestones, dolomites, refractory clays, magnesites, etc. Ores of ferrous metals also include manganese ores, the reserves of which in the district account for over 70% of the country's reserves (Usinskoye deposit in Kuznetsk Alatau, etc. .).
What industries are included in the fuel and energy complex?
What place does Russia occupy in the world in terms of production of main types of fuel? Name the main gas production areas in the country.
Which areas of the country play the most important role in oil production?
Why is gas considered the best type of fuel?
What are the problems and prospects for the development of the country's oil industry?
A). Kemerovo region. b).Vologda region; c).Karachay-Cherkessk region; d).Republic of Udmurtia; d). Altai region; e). Yamalo-Nenets Aut. okr; g). Nizhny Novgorod region; h). Altai Republic; i).Kurgan region; To). Novosibirsk region; l).Tver region; m). Omsk region; n).Komi Republic; o).Chelyabinsk region; p).Rostov region; r). Tula region; With). Tyumen region; t).Altai region; y).Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Region. okr; f). Tomsk region; h).Chukchi Aut. env.
2. From the proposed statements, choose the correct ones:
The climate in the Caucasus is mild.
In the Volga region the climate is very cold.
The transport network is most well developed in the south of Western Siberia.
The transport network is most well developed in the north of Western Siberia.
In the west, Russia borders on Ukraine.
The Volga region has access to the sea.
Western Siberia is located further east than the Ural economic region.
Kaliningrad region the westernmost region in Russia.
Northwestern Russia has the richest reserves of fuel minerals.
There is no oil in Western Siberia.
In the west, the Far East borders on Eastern Siberia
The Republic of Yakutia is the largest subject of the Russian Federation.
In Koryak auto. The district has one of the lowest population densities in Russia.
3. From the proposed options, make a description of the economic and geographical position of the Volga region.
a).The climate is quite harsh.
b).The transport network is well developed.
c).The transport network is most well developed in the west.
d).It has access to the state border with Ukraine.
d).Has access to the Northern Sea Route.
e). It has access to the state border with Kazakhstan.
g).In the east it borders with the Urals.
h).Low population density.
i).The climate is quite mild.
j).In the east it borders on Eastern Siberia.
l).Borders with Central Russia.
m).Is a link between Asian and European Russia.
4. Large deposits of iron ore in Russia are located
1) in the Belgorod region and in Karelia 2) in Vologda region and in the Volga region
3) in the Far East 4) in the Komi Republic
5. The largest number of hydroelectric power plants were built:
a).On the Yenisei; b).On the Angara; c).On the Volga; d).On the Ob.
7. Which of the following nationalities live in Western Siberia?
a).Udmurts; b).Chukchi; c).Dolgans; d).Munsi; d).Shorians; f).Adyghe people; g).Sami; h).Kabardians; i).Altaians; j).Nenets; l).Selkups; m).Tatars; n).Bashkirs; o).Russians.
8. From the list, select millionaire cities in the Volga region and Central Russia:
a).Moscow; b).Novosibirsk; c).Ufa; g).Omsk; d).Samara; f).Nizhny Novgorod; g).Chelyabinsk; h).Ekaterinburg; i).Kazan; j).Rostov-on-Don; l).Perm.
9.Current population of Russia (millions of people):
a).30.2; b).125.2; c).145.4; d).292.5.
10.Currently natural movement population is characterized by:
a).Natural growth; b).Natural decline.
11. The predominant population in Russia is:
a).Male; b).Female.
13.What is the fuel and energy complex?___________________
14.Which power plants are very simple to operate and require minimal labor?
A). Thermal; b).Hydraulic; c).Atomic.
15.What type of transport is the most expensive?
a).Aviation; b).Railway; c).Automotive.
1. Are the following statements true about the composition of the fuel and energy complex?
a) the fuel and energy complex includes the entire system of power transmission lines in Russia
b) the fuel and energy complex includes oil and gas processing enterprises
2. Are the following statements true about the location of oil refining industry enterprises?
A) most of the oil refineries are located in Western Siberia
B) When placing new oil refineries, the provision of water and electricity to the territory
3. what kind of pool. ranks first in coal production in Russia?
a) Donetsk
b) Kansko-Achinsky
c) Kuznetsky
d) Pechora
4. On which river are the most powerful hydroelectric power stations in Russia built?
a) Volga
b) Ob
c) Yenisei
d) Cupid
5. in which of the listed subjects of the Federation do Russia’s largest metallurgical enterprises producing steel and rolled products operate?
a) Krasnodar and Stavropol region
b) the republics of Tatarstan and Mari El
c) Ivanovo and Bryansk regions
d) Kemerovo and Chelyabinsk region
6. The location of enterprises for the production of which of the listed metals is decisively influenced by the electric power factor?
a) copper
b) aluminum
c) tin
d) nickel
natural population growth.2. Which peoples do not have their own national-territorial entities in Russia (republics or districts)? A) Koreans; B) Adyghe people; B) Komi; D) Chuvash.3. The most high share citizens in: A) Central; B) Northwestern; B) Central Black Earth region.4. Which of the following cities has the largest population? A) Volgograd; B) Murmansk; B) Vladivostok; D) Voronezh.5. In the North Caucasus live: A) Karachais; B) Komi; B) Buryats; D) Tatars. 6. Buddhism is widespread among: A) Mari; B) Tatars; B) Kalmyks; D) Chechens. 7. Bashkortostan is part of the Federal District: A) Volga; B) Ural; B) Central; D) Siberian.8. Choose the correct statement about the fuel and energy complex of Russia: A) Russia ranks first in gas production, and second in oil production in the world; B) the Central Economic Region has the largest gas reserves; C) oil is used in its raw form; D) brown coal is superior to hard coal because has 2 times more heat of combustion.9. The leading branch of crop production in Russia is: A) potato growing; B) feed production; B) grain farming; D) gardening.10. The second link of the agro-industrial complex includes: A) production of agricultural machinery; B) crop and livestock farming; C) food and light industry.11. The full-cycle metallurgical plant is located in: A) Chelyabinsk; B) Stavropol; B) Petrozavodsk; D) Magadan.12. More than half of the fabrics in Russia are produced in: A) Kostroma region. B) Yaroslavl; B) Vladimirskaya; D) Ivanovskaya.13. The largest center of copper-nickel production in the Arctic: A) Murmansk; B) Anadyr; B) Arkhangelsk; D) Norilsk.14. Industrial crops include: A) sugar beet; B) winter wheat; B) sunflower; D) oats; D) fiber flax; E) Fig. 15. Lignite basins are: A) Pechora; B) Podmoskovny; B) Kuznetsky; D) Kansko-Achinsky; D) Lensky. 16. The center of nuclear engineering in Russia is: A) Khabarovsk; B) Omsk; B) Volgokamsk; D) Volgodonsk.17. Russian “sawmill” - the city of Arkhangelsk is located in: A) North-West; B) Central; B) Northern; D) Ural region.18. The largest economic region in Russia by number of subjects: A) Far East; B) North Caucasian; B) Ural; D) Central.19. The Northern Economic Region does not include: A) the Republic of Karelia; B) Arkhangelsk region; B) Murmansk; D) Kaliningradskaya.20. The oldest plant "Krasnoe Sormovo", producing river boats located in the city: A) Tolyatti; B) Samara; IN) Nizhny Novgorod; D) Ufa.