Federal Agency for Education
GOU VPO "St. Petersburg State
University of Engineering and Economics"
Branch in Cheboksary
Department of Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines
COURSE WORK
in the discipline “Intercultural Relationships”
in tourism, hotel industry"
on the topic “Tourism as a factor in the development of civilization”
Completed by: Ilyin O.Yu.
Group No.:12-09
Scientific adviser:
Ph.D., Associate Professor I.E. Karpovich
Cheboksary-2010
1. Introduction.
2. Main part.
Chapter 1: international tourism
1.1 Factors of tourism development.
1.2 The state of world tourism.
1.3 The need for new directions for tourism development.
Chapter 2: Economic and geographical prerequisites for sustainable development
2.1 Relationship between tourism and economic indicators.
2.2 Analysis of the main statistical indicators of tourism.
2.3 Parameters for quantitative assessment of tourism sustainability
Chapter 3: Classification of countries of the world according to economic and geographical prerequisites for sustainable tourism development.
3. Conclusion.
4. Literature.
Introduction.
In my course work, I want to reflect the goals and objectives of tourism. The purpose of my work is to examine the development of tourism in the world.
All over the world, including Russia, tourism is given great importance. The development of tourism brings big profits to those countries where tourism is at the highest level.
Currently, the tourism industry is one of the most dynamically developing forms in international trade in services.
The importance of tourism in the world is constantly increasing, which is associated with the increased influence of tourism on the economy of an individual country. In the economy of an individual country, international tourism performs a number of important functions:
1. Tourism - source cash receipts for the country and a means to provide employment
2. Tourism expands its contributions to the country's balance of payments and GNP.
3. Tourism contributes to the diversification of the economy by creating industries that serve the tourism sector.
4. With the growth of employment in the tourism sector, the income of the population increases and the level of well-being of the nation increases.
Tourism is one of the three largest export industries, behind the oil industry and the automobile industry, which account for 11% and 8.6% of global exports, respectively.
Tourism in the world is extremely uneven, which is explained primarily by different levels of social economic development countries and regions. Tourism has received the greatest development in Western European countries. This region accounts for over 70% of the world's tourist market and about 60% foreign exchange earnings.
This development of tourist relations led to the creation of numerous organizations that help improve the work of this area of \u200b\u200btrade. Many highly developed Western countries, such as Switzerland, Austria, France, have built a significant share of their wealth on income from tourism. During the post-war years, a powerful research base and professional training system in the field of tourism were created.
So tourism characteristic feature which is that a significant part of services is produced locally at minimal cost, plays an increasingly prominent role in the economy. The tourism industry is one of the economic forwards that provides an impressive amount of added value.
Tourism - temporary trips (travels) of people to another country or locality other than their place of permanent residence for a period of 24 hours to 6 months or with at least one overnight stay for entertainment, recreational, sports, guest, educational, religious and other purposes without engaging in activities paid for from a local source.
The concept of sustainable development is now widespread. In almost all areas, the principles of the so-called concept of sustainable development are defined. International tourism for last years began to play a prominent role in the world economy, so new ideas touched it too.
Almost everyone is talking about the need for sustainable tourism; the number of published materials is increasing every year, and aspects of influence and relationships with other industries are expanding to ensure sustainable development. But precise criteria for assessing the condition: whether it is stable or not, do not yet exist. This is due both to the need to take into account a significant number of factors and large internal differences.
Structurally, the work consists of 3 chapters. Chapter 1 examines international tourism at the turn of the century, examines the processes characteristic of tourism, provides an explanation of why sustainable tourism development is necessary, and how the situation differs within different sectors of the tourism industry. Chapter 2 talks about the relationship between economic and tourism indicators, their relationships and differences across countries of the world.
In the modern world, tourism plays a positive role not only in cooperation, solidarity and cultural exchange between different countries. The development of tourism can not only ensure the satisfaction of the recreational needs of the population, but also contributes to solving the most important socio-economic problems in both industrialized and developing countries. In tourist developed countries and foreign exchange earnings from tourism range from 10 to 35% of total exports.
With the help of international tourism, the process of moving consumption is carried out. The developing tourism business required the unification of organizations that deal with it not only on a national basis, but on a global scale.
With the development of mass tourism in the second half of the twentieth century. Changes in natural ecosystems and landscapes have become especially noticeable. The travel of wealthy people is being replaced by tourism for people with average and even low incomes, youth tourism is developing - hiking and horseback riding, mountain climbing and skiing, river rafting, etc. All this has led to the emergence and further rapid growth of the tourism industry. Large capital began to be concentrated in the tourism business, production was concentrated, hotel chains emerged, large tour operators and tourist consortiums were spun off, and tourist centers were built. Large capital, investing heavily in the development of tourism, demanded maximum profits, and in the shortest possible time. At the same time, the natural landscape and the local population were taken into account only as prerequisites, as a means to achieve a goal. This one-sided development of tourism, called “hard tourism”, had negative impact on the natural and sociocultural environment, on social structure local population.
Main part.
Chapter 1: International tourism.
1.1 Factors in tourism development.
Being a complex socio-economic system, tourism is influenced by numerous factors, the role of which at each moment can be different both in strength and duration of impact on the development of tourism. Factors affecting tourism are divided into two types: external (exogenous) ; internal (endogenous).
External factors influence tourism through changes occurring in the life of society and have unequal significance for different elements of the tourism system. Among the most important external factors influencing the development of tourism include:
1. natural-geographical;
2. cultural and historical;
3. economic;
4. social;
5. demographic;
6. political and legal;
7. technological;
8. environmental.
Natural-geographical (sea, mountains, forests, flora, fauna, climate, etc.) and cultural-historical (architectural, historical and cultural monuments) factors as the basis of tourist resources are decisive when tourists choose a particular region to visit. The wealth of natural, cultural and historical resources, the possibility and convenience of their use have a significant impact on the scale, pace and direction of tourism development. It is necessary to take into account that natural phenomena can lead to both surges and declines in tourist activity. For example, the last total solar eclipse of the 20th century. (summer 1999) in Europe was especially well observed in Romania. A skillfully carried out advertising campaign for this event led to the fact that in 1999 the number of tourist arrivals in this country increased by approximately 200 thousand compared to 1998. On the other hand, a major flood (June-July 1997) limited tourist activity in most of Poland and the Czech Republic. The devastating earthquake in northern Turkey (1999) resulted in a decrease in the flow of visitors compared to 1998 by 2 million people and a decrease in income from international tourism by almost $3 million. USA. In general, natural-geographical and cultural-historical factors create the prerequisites for the development of tourism and have an enduring, unchangeable value. A person can only adapt them to his needs and make them more accessible for use for tourism purposes.
Influence economic factors on tourism is mainly due to the fact that there is a close relationship between the development trends of tourism and the economy. There is a direct relationship between the economic development of a country, the volume of national income and the material well-being of its citizens. Therefore, states with developed economies, as a rule, lead the world market in the number of tourist trips of their citizens.
Prospects for tourism development largely depend on political stability in the world. Tourism can only develop in peaceful conditions. Wars, depressions, economic downturns and civil strife hamper tourism development. A tourist's fear for his safety is a serious deterrent when choosing a trip. The tourist must be confident in his safety during the trip.
In Russia, international tourism is a relatively young industry, practically new, which has changed significantly with the collapse of the USSR. Therefore, Russian tourism professionals face many problems: the revival of domestic and social tourism, the restoration of existing and the discovery of new, not yet known cultural, historical and natural monuments; strengthening and expanding material and improving legislative framework tourism, including in such areas of relations between travel agencies and travelers as protecting the rights and interests of tourists.
For changing industrial age, in which the main value was material well-being, comes the post-industrial era, where the main goal is impressions and sensations.
Important factors influencing the development of tourism were the development of transport, communications, growing mobility, urbanization, reduction of working hours, and growth of social wealth.
1.2 The state of world tourism.
Tourism is compatible with almost all sectors of the economy and types of human activity, since their differentiation and discreteness create that difference in the potential of the recreational environment, which causes people's needs to change places and learn.
Every year the tourism industry occupies an increasingly prominent place in the world economy.
Currently, tourism employs 8% of the working-age population (203 million people), contributing to world GDP US$3.3 trillion dollars (over 11%), 630 billion US. dollars investments, or 9% of all investments in fixed capital. Both tourist arrivals and tourism receipts are increasing rapidly.
Over the past fifteen years, the tourism industry has emerged and gained recognition as the world's largest service industry.
In developed countries, tourism provides 3-10% of GDP and up to 40% in developing countries. Tourism is one of the 5 main sources foreign currency in 160 countries and main source at 70. By at least, in 28 countries, tourism spending grew by more than 15% annually in 1990-99, among them Kenya, China, Romania, Poland, Greece, Belize, India, Thailand, Egypt (in another 32 the growth was from 9 to 14%). But the situation around the world is extremely heterogeneous, with investments in the tourism industry per capita in 1998. in 76 countries (almost all of Africa and Asia) amounted to less than 25 am. dollars per person, and in 17 countries more than 600 am. dollars per person, namely in the countries of Northern Europe, Austria, Switzerland, Kuwait. And so far only 7% of the world's population is involved in international tourism (as tourists).
1.3 The need for new directions for tourism development.
Two interconnected global trends have become very noticeable in the development of tourism:
1. Global distribution of high-tech standardized tourist services and at the same time some diversification of demand, which manifests itself as a natural counter-tendency.
2. High growth rate in a relatively new market segment - ecotourism. Its growth, according to the WTO, ranges from 5-7% per year. Eco-tourism is one of the successful examples of implementing the principles of sustainable development in tourism.
Sustainable tourism is a direction of tourism development that allows us to meet the needs of tourists now, taking into account the interests of the host region and allowing us to maintain this opportunity in the future. This involves managing all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs are met while maintaining cultural and ecological integrity, without harming biological diversity and life support systems.
The need for sustainable development of tourism becomes more and more noticeable every year, since the negative aspects of the influence of the tourism sector are becoming more and more obvious, and the positive effects are not as significant as they were before.
Dependence on environmental changes in tourism can be expressed not only by the attractiveness of a place, but also have broader consequences. Thus, climate change may lead to decreased snow cover at ski resorts, increased aridity and higher average summer temperatures in some Asian and Mediterranean regions.
The Great Barrier Reef, which is a very attractive natural site for tourists and researchers, brings tourism industry region 620 million dollars. per year, but pollution of the world's oceans has been damaging it over the past 20 years.
Tourism can transform local cultures into commodities, religious rituals, traditional ethnic rituals and festivals are modified to meet tourist expectations. Adaptation of local and national characteristics under tourists is one of the negative trends. Therefore, within the framework of sustainable tourism, tourists themselves must adapt themselves and be prepared to perceive the local cuisine, culture (rites, traditions) and way of life as it has existed for many years. Elements of education and preparation for the differences between the “Western” and the traditional (local) way of life, which are in many ways the opposite of it, become necessary. The clash of cultures of people from different regions of the world, which is an integral part of tourism, should not take acute forms based on the superiority of one of them, much less be based on differences in nationalities, races, religions, languages and levels of education. One of the goals of sustainable tourism is cultural exchange.
One of the negative economic effects of tourism is the need for large quantities low-skilled workers (maids, waiters, gardeners, etc.), but who often receive more at the expense of foreign tourists than more trained employees in other sectors of the local economy not related to the tourism industry. One confirmation of this is Taman Negra, a national park in Malaysia, the average salary of park employees was 120 US dollars. dollars, while other Malaysians living nearby (their main activity is agriculture) are only about 40.
With the development of tourism, conflicts arise in the use of resources such as water and land. Such problems are most acute in coastal zones, which are the main areas for attracting tourists, but where most of the population is concentrated, where tourist facilities can impede the development of local fishing and agriculture. So on average, tourists in the Mediterranean (where water resources are limited) use 200 liters of water per day.
Chapter 2: Economic and geographical prerequisites for sustainable tourism development.
2.1 Relationship between tourism and economic indicators
Talking about sustainable tourism as a direction for future development tourism industry, it should be noted that a certain transition stage is now observed. It is too early to talk about the widespread implementation of its elements, but at the same time, all innovations and planned events are correlated with new criteria. Sustainable tourism implies not only respect for the environment, protection of architectural and artistic monuments, taking into account national characteristics and caring for the local population. It is important to assess tourism as a sector of the economy; it is necessary to identify the degree of its sustainability, as a stage on the path to transition to sustainable tourism, which can lay the foundation for the sustainable development of the entire territory.
Therefore, if we consider the economic effects of tourism, we can note some features that do not fit into this direction. The excessive “skew” of the country’s economy towards tourism does not correspond to the principles of sustainable tourism, which implies the balanced development of all industries; in this regard, it should not be surprising that in similar situations, the profits received should be directed to the development of related industries (indirectly related to tourism), others spheres, while not forgetting educational and other programs for the local population.
With rapid development, tourism (especially in developing countries) is accompanied by a number of phenomena. The production of tourism products and services requires the transfer of resources from other sectors of the economy, where the need for them is also high. For example, when labor resources move to the tourism sector from rural areas, there is a reduction in workers in agricultural production and overstress is created in urban areas due to additional beds in hospitals, schools, etc.
A very common effect of foreign exchange earnings from tourism is inflation. It may lead to a reduction in the amount of local population products. This inflation risk is especially high in developing countries. Due to the inelasticity of supply there, it is impossible to import quality products due to the low exchange rate of the local currency against hard currencies. Inflation can be checked by reducing demand from foreign and local consumers or by increasing imports by financial resources received from the same foreign guests.
The direct impact of tourism on the economy is the amount of tourist spending minus the amount of imports necessary to fully supply tourists with goods and services. Businesses that directly benefit from tourist spending also need to purchase goods and services from other sectors of the local economy. For example, hotels use the services of builders, utility organizations, banks, insurance companies, food manufacturers, etc. Thus, the generated economic activity resulting from these successive stages of expenditure is an indirect impact. However, it does not cover all spending by tourists during the direct impact, since some money goes out of circulation through imports and taxation.
During direct and indirect spending, the local population accumulates income in the form wages, rent etc. Local residents can spend this additional income on the purchase of domestic goods and services, thereby creating new round economic activity.
Due to their heavy dependence on foreign finance, developing countries sometimes try to implement short-term measures to increase international tourism receipts, such as taxing and banning goods and services imported specifically for the tourism sector; application special taxes for international tourists, such as taxes at airports or taxes related to the length of stay in the country. These measures may increase foreign exchange reserves in the short term, but are generally ineffective over the long term. They have a negative impact on the country's competitiveness and its tourism image abroad.
One of the features of tourism development in developing countries is that there is virtually no domestic tourism, and the tourism industry created here is, from the very beginning, aimed at meeting international demand. According to studies conducted on developing countries, if the host country is located close to the home countries of tourists, then 66% of the total expenditure on organized tourism will remain in the host country.
The relationship between tourism and economic indicators allows us to identify some prerequisites for sustainable development, as well as features that impede it.
An important problem is the question of determining sustainability criteria and drawing appropriate boundaries.
For natural objects, there is the concept of bearing capacity (potential capacity) - an indicator that characterizes the ability of a certain territory to feed a certain number of animal individuals without the onset of reversible processes of change. But if for the natural world this is quite simple, because... The regeneration abilities of plants and their physiological characteristics are known. For socio-economic systems, everything is much more complicated.
First of all, it is necessary to decide which assessment of which resources will be discussed, because translating the methods used in calculations only with a natural component is not entirely correct.
There is a term - tourist resources - natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including objects of tourist display, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual needs of tourists, contribute to the restoration and development of their physical strength.
Tourist and recreational resources are of paramount importance for tourism. They are the foundation of a successful tourism business development process. Tourist and recreational resources are defined as a set of natural and artificially created objects that are ready to create a tourism product. Tourist resources determine the specifics of tourism development in the region and are the initial basis for the production of a tourism product when planning priority areas investment policy in the region.
Taking into account all the complexity and the large set of components that are required to assess the resource and throughput potential of a tourist territory, it is quite difficult to make a comparison and identify their territorial differences.
Therefore, let us take a closer look at the aspects of the relationship between economic and tourism indicators and their geographical features and differences across the world in relation to sustainable development. To do this, consider a number of quantities: the area of countries, population size and density, GDP, tourist arrivals and tourism receipts, room capacity of accommodation facilities. In order to identify certain patterns and talk about the prerequisites for sustainable tourism development, it is necessary to carry out some calculations. Due to the nature of tourism statistics, tourist arrivals reflect the number of trips, not the number of people, which somewhat complicates the calculations. Strange as it may seem, there are no uniform conversion factors, because they differ slightly when considering individual countries. I was able to come up with an approximate figure: 1.57 arrivals = 1 tourist, which, unfortunately, is based on too small a sample of countries to claim its absolute reliability, but I will still risk using it to identify some trends and comparisons that are difficult to prove using as units of measurement the number of trips. The values associated with it will be considered as additional, with the goal of expanding the set of aspects under consideration and maximally covering the sphere of relations between tourism and the country’s economy from the point of view of sustainable development.
2.2 Analysis of the main statistical indicators of tourism.
The results obtained allow us to compare countries that differ greatly in both the level of socio-economic development and the range of indicators.
Considering the criteria for arrivals (number of trips) of tourists per year (see table 2.1). In absolute terms, France, Spain, and the United States rightly occupy a leading position. But it is difficult to compare small and less developed states with such monsters.
It turned out that on average around the world the number of trips is 1.3 for every km2 of area, and for every resident there are 0.1 arrivals.
Table 2.1
Maximum values tourist arrivals per km2 and 1 resident per year
| Tourist arrivals per km2 |
Tourist arrivals per inhabitant |
|||
| Cook Islands |
||||
| Singapore |
||||
| Bermuda |
Luxembourg |
|||
| Saint Lucia |
||||
| Maldives |
||||
| Cayman Islands |
||||
| Cayman Islands |
||||
| Maldives |
Of interest from the point of view of differences in the level of tourism development is the average number of arrivals per arrival. The global average was 700. dollars The leading group represents a very peculiar neighborhood of countries.
2.3 Parameters for quantitative assessment of tourism sustainability.
Based on the calculations made, we obtained values that can be used to quantify tourism from the point of view of its sustainable development.
Tourist capacity is the number of tourists that a country can simultaneously receive, providing appropriate accommodation and food, an appropriate level of excursion and other services. The main limiting factor that can be quantified is the availability of sufficient rooms (without taking into account domestic tourists, the number of which usually exceeds the number of external tourists).
A very interesting criterion for assessing the impact, because we should not forget that the maximum flows of tourists are directed to coastal areas, and this is where most of the local residents are concentrated. Therefore, when improving statistics this indicator will be able to characterize the combined load of tourists and local residents on the territory.
Chapter 3: Classification of countries of the world according to economic and geographical prerequisites for sustainable tourism development.
Parameters for compiling the classification.
The main task of classification is to abstract several individual objects and establish their identity based on either a single feature or an interconnected set of features.
As classification parameters, we took the results of calculating 8 indicators: arrivals per km2 area, arrivals per 1 resident, tourism income per 1 resident, share of revenues in GDP, %, hotel beds per 1000 residents, arrivals per 1 hotel bed, beds in hotel per km2 of the country's area, on receipts per 1 arrival (population density, taking into account tourists, was considered only as an additional indicator; when compiling classes, its figures were not taken into account) depending on their state of sustainability in the countries of the world.
In the second chapter, criteria were highlighted that characterize the state (critical, unstable, stable) according to a number of indicators, which make it possible to talk about the economic and geographical prerequisites for the sustainable development of tourism. Before compiling the classification, all countries according to the above values were assigned to the appropriate groups.
Next, in accordance with the status, each country was assigned a rating indicator. Those. each country received 8 rating indicators reflecting one of 5 conditions. After this, a total rating was obtained, based on the results of which a classification was made into 10 groups.
Conclusion
I think that the goals and objectives of my course work I opened it completely. It’s not for nothing that I chose this topic. I enjoyed working with the material. I learned a lot of new, interesting, and educational things for myself.
But gradually all spheres of life are taking steps in a progressive direction.
Tourism is one of the engines of innovation and the promotion of sustainable principles. Unfortunately, today there are individual elements, not widespread enough to speak of mass and ubiquity. From the point of view of geographical analysis, it is quite difficult to compare such phenomena, especially since most sustainable tourism still exists in theory and on paper. Therefore, one of the tasks of the work was to identify criteria for quantitative assessment and the possibility of comparison across countries of the world.
Tourism is a powerful complex, which is characterized by a huge number of indicators and spheres of influence. In order to characterize the degree of its sustainability and opportunities for sustainable development, it is necessary to consider a large set of factors and criteria. I decided to focus my efforts on considering the economic and geographical preconditions for sustainable tourism development. An assessment was made of countries' readiness to implement the new principles and what steps should be taken to achieve sustainability.
The result of the calculations and analysis was the classification of the countries of the world. It gives an idea of how different the nature and intensity of the processes associated with the development of tourism in different countries. The resulting classification makes it possible to assess how possible the transition to sustainable tourism development is in the near future.
The main conclusion obtained in the process of work: only a relatively small group of countries is stable in terms of the indicators under consideration and it is possible to talk about the presence of economic and geographical prerequisites for the sustainable development of tourism.
But we should not forget that the tourism industry cannot exist outside the global economy (this is shown by recent events in the world), tourism can and should develop on the principles of the concept of sustainable development, and it is necessary to consider it as an integral part of the world economy, which depends on sustainable development all other industries. Those. the presence of prerequisites does not mean sustainable development; the main thing is to use them in a timely and productive manner and take a new path.
Literature.
1.Efremov M.V. Fundamentals of tourism business technology. - M., 1999.
2.Romanov A.A. Foreign tourist regional studies. - M., 2001.
3.Tourist terminological dictionary./ Auto-stat. I.V. Zorin, V.A. Kvartalnov. - M., 1999.
Internet resources :
http://tourlib.net/books_tourism/petrasov1-3.htm
http://www.travelgroup.ru/tourismhistory
http://www.kazatur.narod.ru/mut/6.HTML
There are different points of view on how tourism affects the level of regional economic development and its pace. One of them, as will be shown in more detail below, is that tourism development does not have a positive impact on regional development. Supporters of the other, on the contrary, try to prove that the development of tourism makes a significant contribution to the development of the territory. In reality, this discussion would only make sense if the region or country has an economically more profitable alternative to tourism development. A more important question is how to organize its tourism specialization most effectively and for the benefit of the region, if it is already developing or beginning to develop.
In most developing countries, all investments in tourism development come from outside, and, accordingly, most of the income from tourism goes abroad. Thus, tourism is the main sector of the economy in such island countries as Antigua (the share of tourism in GDP is 58%), the Bahamas (52%), and Bermuda (38%). But the gross domestic product per capita here is far behind developed countries (although it is superior to many developing countries where tourism is less developed).
In economically developed countries the situation is different: many countries receive large incomes from tourism. And even if at the initial stage large foreign investment, then they can become a stimulus for the development of related sectors of the economy, which ensures high incomes in national sector and allows you to invest local capital in the development of tourism, and not only in your own country, but also abroad.
A typical example is the development of tourism in Spain. Having received significant foreign capital in the 60s and 80s, invested mainly in tourist accommodation in the coastal zone, Spain has now become a significant investor in the development of tourism abroad, particularly in Cuba.
The connection between tourism development and regional development in general is two-way. On the one hand, tourism can become a significant factor in regional development. On the other hand, a competent government or regional policy can stimulate the development of tourism, thereby improving the overall socio-economic situation in the region.
In a transition economy, its specific features are clearly manifested in tourism. Analyzing the features of the transformation in relation to the market created in the conditions of the administrative-command economy of the tourism sector, French researchers emphasize two important circumstances. On the one hand, we are talking about outdated infrastructure, insufficient know-how for a modern market economy and other obstacles; on the other hand, about the ongoing changes in the international tourism market (consumer behavior is changing, some tourism models in developed countries are becoming obsolete and new competitors are emerging). The first makes it difficult for tourism to have a positive impact on economic development. The second provides a potential opportunity for the tourism sector, which is lagging behind in the world market, to successfully compete with traditional tourist regions, focusing on advanced models.
Typical obstacles include market failures and inflation in the tourism sector. The asymmetric distribution of information between suppliers and consumers of tourism services in favor of the former creates conditions for dishonest behavior on the part of suppliers of tourism services. As a result, there is a threat of either narrowing or complete “closure” of the market. This is why asymmetrical information distribution is referred to as market failure. To neutralize this kind of negative trends, tools such as market signals, reputation of tourism service providers.
Inflationary factors are more pronounced in the tourism sector. An explanation of the occurrence of inflation and the role of tourism in this process is proposed in the work of L. Bensael and I. Samson. The fundamental thing is that the cost of most tourist services increases twice as fast as the growth of the general consumption price index, and in tourist areas prices are higher compared to other areas, which is especially pronounced during the high season. This allows us to conclude that tourism is an inflationary sector of the economy. The difference between inflationary processes associated with tourism in countries with market and transition economy is that today inflation in Western economies has already become manageable, which is still quite far away for countries with transition economies.
In order to overcome the serious obstacles to the development of tourism in countries with economies in transition, a special mechanism for state support should be developed. Unfortunately, in Russia, although a law has been passed on tourism activities, developed federal target program“Development of tourism in the Russian Federation”, but the implementation of the main (system-forming) program activities of the first stage (1995-1997) was not carried out in in full for reasons of limited funding. Among the unrealized activities: work on creating modern system training personnel for the tourism sector; implementation of a set of measures to promote the modernization of the material base of tourism; deployment of a large-scale advertising campaign to promote the domestic tourism product to the world market of tourism services. And without carrying out these events, it is difficult to realize the possibility that, by developing new types of tourism activities and advanced forms of services, Russia will take a strong position in the global market of tourism services. Perhaps the second stage of the Program implementation (1998-2005) will be able to resolve the tasks that were not implemented during the first stage and implement new planned activities.
In recent years, Western literature has increasingly spoken about the evolution of the consumer model of tourism. This evolution is characterized by the transition of standard tourism, based on the international industry, largely impersonal by the processes of globalization, to a more diverse, nature-oriented tourism that takes into account the needs of the local population. “Accompanying this evolution, based on the model modern tourism“Regional development is one of the subjects of a new approach in Western countries, which is associated, on the one hand, with the evolution of the tourism model and, on the other, with the redevelopment of the territory.” We are talking about “integrated tourism” or “alternative tourism”. This type of tourism is aimed at alternative (sustainable) development of the tourism industry, widely contributes to the local population and their needs, and minimizes the unforeseen effects of tourism.
Since tourism is included in market relations, all its components, including the organization of receiving tourists, the infrastructure of tourist regions, etc., must function according to market schemes. The speed of development of market relations in the countries of the former administrative-command system determines the pace of the evolution of tourism. And vice versa: accelerated development of tourism in a particular territory
promotes the formation and development regional market. In this regard, tourism should be considered as a set of services associated with other regional institutions, as well as as a special type of activity related to national tourism policies and the international market.
Tourism is an important tool in the development of the territory. It allows you to create a number of professions and consolidate the population in regions that are depressed in terms of the existence of other types of activity (for example, old industrial, agricultural, remote, etc.). Thus, since the beginning of the 60s, France has been implementing a program to revive stagnant regions. And, although differences between regions still remain (four regions of France continue to experience the most significant influx of tourists - Paris, Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône-Alpes, Brittany), the hinterland has also received a significant influx of tourists (primarily as a result of development agritourism).
Tourism is a spatio-temporal system. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the sequence of historical stages of tourism, during which its impact on the natural, economic and social environment is manifested. It should be taken into account that tourism will develop rapidly only when it is accepted by the local population. As noted earlier, there is an ambiguous attitude towards tourism as a development factor regional economy. For example, during a study conducted within the framework of the Tacis project “Global Development Plan for Kaliningrad - Prometheus 11”, it was emphasized that in the so-called “industrial” market economy The tertiary sector is currently the main provider of employment and GNP revenues; in post-socialist economies, the growth of services is one of the main features of economic transformation and the tertiary sector can also play a leading role in providing employment. At the regional level, service development can sometimes even become the only possible way reducing unemployment by providing jobs to people previously employed in agriculture or industry.
J. Breeden notes the following benefits of tourism for any developing country:
1) receipts to the balance of payments in hard currency;
2) dispersion of development in non-industrial regions;
3) general economic development through the multiplier effect;
4) creating employment opportunities for the population;
5) social benefits due to the increased interest of people in events in the world in general, and in a new understanding of “foreigners and their taste” in particular.
We can add some others, for example, the increasing role of the service sector in the economy as the most obvious effect of tourism expansion. Countries with economies in transition, while having qualitative differences in the tourism economy from developed countries, also differ from developing countries.
One of the features of tourism development in developing countries is that national (domestic) tourism is practically absent and the tourism industry being created here is, from the very beginning, aimed at meeting external demand. In countries with economies in transition, domestic demand is relatively high (and was even higher in the recent past). The similarity lies in the underdevelopment of the tourism complex, as well as - in relation to international tourism - in the low income from it compared to the income of developed countries involved in organizing this business (in serving tourists from countries with transition economies visiting developed countries, and equal image of Western tourists visiting Eastern European countries).
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (Table 2, Fig. 5), Poland and the Czech Republic achieved the best results in the export of tourism goods and services (10,460 and 9,191 million US dollars, respectively). These same countries are leaders in outbound tourism. The role of tourism is most significant in the economies of Bulgaria (5% of GDP), Hungary (4.7%), and Slovenia (3.6%). The role of tourism in the economy of selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe, 2004.
Rice. 5.
Since tourism is an important activity economic activity and makes, together with other types of services, a significant contribution to GDP (in developed countries with market economies, the share of services in GDP is 60% and even more: for tourism this figure is 7-10%), its share in countries with transition economies can significantly increase (from today's no more than 49% on average for Russia and 46% for the Kaliningrad region). In case of development of foreign inbound tourism this growth will be reported in hard currency.
The role of tourism in countries with transition economies has been studied by a number of scientists: S. Boziaski (1991), M. Zavadski (1992) and others for Poland, R. Behnke (1992) for Hungary, L. Butovski (1992) - - for the Czech Republic, L. Bensael and I. Ge-deshi (1997) - for Albania, V. Khrapko (1997) - for Ukraine, V. Relian and N. Relian - for Moldova, V. Gordin, A. Tatarinov (1997, 1999, 2000) - for Russia, etc.
Despite the differences in the share of each of the post-socialist countries in the total volume of tourist flows (Fig. 6), one can find similar features that are inherent in all these countries in the transition period. For example, if we consider outbound tourism, one of the most popular travel purposes was shopping tours (from Hungary to Austria, from Poland to Germany, Russia, Turkey, etc.). Similar behavior can be observed on the part of Russians - shopping tours to Turkey, China, Poland.
In conditions where the industry Agriculture suffer from economic downturn, when there is an increase in unemployment (in Kaliningrad it exceeds 10%, and in small towns in the region it is even higher), the growth of the service sector and tourism allows us to solve some of these problems. It stimulates the creation of new jobs (in tourism, in service and related industries: production of food for tourists, souvenirs, accommodation services, transport services, etc.). In highly developed countries of the world, two-thirds of the population is employed in the non-productive sector (service sector), while in Russia it is still one-third. But at the same time, this leaves good prospects for growth and even provides certain advantages, since countries with economies in transition are distinguished by highly qualified human resources - so much in demand in the services and tourism sectors.
Rice. 6.
This is also of interest from another point of view. At a time when Europe is experiencing agricultural overproduction, the issue of rising unemployment rates in rural areas is particularly relevant. Using rural labor resources for specialized types tourism (eg rural), this type of activity can fill an empty niche, contributing to the development of rural areas. As an example of how the expansion of tourism and recreation in rural areas contributed to the growth of income and employment and the spatial dispersion of tourism, D. Diamond and R. Richardson describe Britain in the 90s.
Consumer services, trade and tourism, developing in the absence of competition and a centralized distribution system, administrative and command management methods, could not produce services of the required quality and wide range. These industries were based not so much on the needs of the population, but on the directive orders of business entities. Closedness Russian economy, its weak external economic ties also did not contribute to the development of services. Thus, from the point of view of quantitative and qualitative relations, the service sector in Russia was based on different market standards from European and world ones.
It is easier to move to a market economy, starting with the transformation of services and tourism, since they are less capital-intensive (compared to other sectors of the economy), secondly, they require both highly qualified and low-skilled human resources, thirdly, services can be produced by enterprises small and medium-sized businesses (the development process of which has already begun - currently in Kaliningrad there are more than 100 such enterprises operating in the tourism sector alone).
At the same time, tourism needs a variety of services and from this position can produce a multiplier effect in the form of the creation of more services and even some new activities.
Tourism as a factor in human development
© Institute of Socio-Economic Development of Territories RAS, 2010
© Tourism Committee of the Vologda Region, 2010
© Branch of the St. Petersburg State Engineering and Economic University in Vologda, 2010
All rights reserved. No part of the electronic version of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including posting on the Internet or corporate networks, for private or public use without the written permission of the copyright owner.
Appeal to readers
The most important part of the national wealth of many countries modern world is human potential. In the age of globalization and innovation economy it allows you to achieve complex, ambitious goals by acting outside the box and using modern forms of mobility.
Tourism contributes to the development of personality, its creative capabilities and human potential in general. Being one of the most popular types of recreation, it ensures the satisfaction of the social and spiritual needs of the population, expanding the horizons of knowledge.
Russia has enormous opportunities to attract tourists due to its diverse natural and climatic zones and rich cultural and historical heritage. IN Russian regions Positive experience in tourism development has already been accumulated. The most successful cities in promoting their tourism products are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnodar Territory, Irkutsk Region, Tver Region, the Republic of Karelia and many others. The brand “Sochi – the summer capital of Russia”, now complemented by an Olympic theme, is being successfully used. The brand “Anapa – All-Russian Children’s Health Resort” is also developing. In event and cultural tourism, the brand “St. Petersburg - the cultural capital of Russia” and the brand “Veliky Ustyug - the birthplace of Father Frost”, which has already become the calling card of the Vologda region, are strengthening.
The project “Veliky Ustyug - the birthplace of Father Frost” embodies the most noble intentions: to introduce the young generation to the origins of spirituality, to reveal the peculiarities of national traditions. The project is based on the idea of uniting national traditions through contact with the image of Father Frost, who personifies goodness, happiness, hope, and faith in the future.
The project is developing quite dynamically. The necessary infrastructure is being created in Veliky Ustyug: hotels, shopping malls, restaurants, cafes, roads are being built. On the territory of Father Frost's Estate is his House; construction of the national amusement park “Twelve Months in the Estate of Father Frost” is underway; “Santa Claus Mail” operates for children. Traditionally under New Year Specialized tourist children's trains from Vologda, Cherepovets, Moscow and St. Petersburg called “Fairytale Journey to Santa Claus” arrive in Veliky Ustyug.
At the same time, the region has the opportunity to promote other attractions through the development of tourism.
The Vologda region is often called the “Northern Thebaid” - an ancient Russian land that glorified Russia with famous monasteries and saints - “the land of white nights and blue lakes.” Many historical places are associated with the names of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, the great righteous Kirill Belozersky, Ferapont, Pavel Obnorsky, Ignatius Brianchaninov, writers and poets, including K. Batyushkov, V. Gilyarovsky, I. Severyanin, N. Rubtsov. The nature of the Vologda land is pure and life-giving. Our region is rich in rivers, lakes, and specially protected areas such as the Darwin State Nature Reserve and the Russian North National Park. The uniqueness of the region lies in the wide variety of native Vologda folk crafts: “Northern mob”, “Shemogod birch bark carving”, “Frost on tin”, “Vologda lace”, “Velikoustyug enamel”. A number of settlements in the region (Vologda, Belozersk, Kirillov, Ferapontovo, Totma, Ustyuzhna) have highly artistic urban ensembles and complexes.
It is tourism that makes it possible to cultivate in the younger generation a love for their native land, an attachment to their small and large Motherland, to introduce them to the surrounding world, local historical, cultural, national, geographical, climatic and other features, thereby contributing to the development of human potential.
Let me note that the Vologda region is no exception. As the conference showed, there are opportunities for tourism development in other Russian regions. At the forum, it was possible to discuss a number of new approaches, forms and methods of stimulating this sector of the economy, identify growth reserves and problems hindering its development, identify the tasks of activity in this area, and prove that tourism is one of the factors in increasing human potential. I believe that the conclusions formulated after the round table discussions will in the future give the region’s tourism industry a new impetus.
V.A. Ilyin
Director of ISEDT RAS
Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation
Doctor of Economics, Professor
Preface
On April 16 – 18, 2009, the Russian scientific and practical conference “Tourism as a factor of sustainable socio-economic development and growth of human potential” was held in Vologda. The conference was dedicated to finding ways to develop inbound tourism in the regions, substantiating the possibilities of turning tourism into one of the factors in the sustainable socio-economic development of territories and creating conditions for the growth of human potential.
The conference was organized by the Institute of Socio-Economic Development of Territories of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Committee for Tourism of the Vologda Region and the branch of the St. Petersburg State Engineering and Economic University in Vologda. The co-chairs of the conference were the Director of ISEDT RAS, Doctor of Economics, Prof. V.A. Ilyin, Chairman of the Tourism Committee of the Vologda Region Yu.N. Plekhanov.
The conference was attended by scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences (Sochi Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Socio-Economic Problems and Energy Problems of the North of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Socio-Economic Development of Territories of the Russian Academy of Sciences), the International Academy of Tourism, the National Academy of Tourism, representatives of tourism management in Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Leningrad regions, Republic of Karelia, representatives municipalities Vologda region, supervising the tourism sector, employees of the St. Petersburg University of Engineering and Economics and its branch in Vologda, the Baltic Academy of Tourism and Entrepreneurship, the Pskov branch of the Russian International Academy of Tourism, teachers and students of the Vologda State Technical University, Cherepovets State University, Vologda State Dairy Academy named after. N.V. Vereshchagina, managers and specialists of tourism enterprises.
The conference was organized with the support of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Federal Tourism Agency of the Russian Federation, and the North-West Association.
The conference included plenary and sectional sessions.
More than 230 people took part in the plenary session, and 10 people made presentations.
The meeting was opened by the director of the Institute of Socio-Economic Development of Territories of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation V.A. Ilyin. He greeted the conference participants, noted the relevance of holding the forum in a difficult period for Russia, and wished everyone successful fruitful work.
The head of the Federal Tourism Agency of the Russian Federation, A.I., also addressed the audience with a welcoming speech. Yarochkin and First Deputy Governor of the Vologda Region N.L. Vinogradov, who touched upon the topic of state support for tourism in the region. In particular, he noted that in 2008, the law “On tourism and the tourism industry in the Vologda region” was adopted, a long-term target program “Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Vologda region for 2009–2012”, aimed at stimulating inbound tourism and increasing its contribution to the region's economy.
Yu.N. Plekhanov, Chairman of the Tourism Committee of the Vologda Region, assessed the level of tourism development in the region and its impact on socio-economic processes.
His colleague from Yaroslavl is the chairman of the Tourism Committee of the Industry Department, entrepreneurial activity and transport of the Administration of the Yaroslavl region G.V. Krokhmal spoke about monitoring, assessment and forecasting of income and receipts from tourism to the regional budget.
In the speech of Yu.N. Plekhanov gave a description of modern economic situation in the region, the main problems and prospects for the development of inbound tourism were voiced. It was noted that as a result of cooperation between ISEDT RAS and the Regional Tourism Committee, a joint monograph “Strategy for the Development of Tourism in the Vologda Region” was published, which was based on scientific research in the field of tourism.
480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Dissertation - 480 RUR, delivery 10 minutes
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Rakhmaleva Olga Valerievna. Cultural tourism as a factor in the socio-economic development of the region: dissertation... of the candidate economic sciences: 08.00.05. - St. Petersburg, 2000. - 186 p. : ill. RSL OD,
Introduction
Chapter 1. Modern tendencies tourism management 10
1.1. Fundamentals of territorial and sectoral tourism management 10
1.2. The current state of the tourism industry 26
1.2.1. Main global trends in tourism development 26
1.2.2. Cultural tourism as one of the most promising directions development of modern tourism 40
Chapter 2. Destination Management Basics cultural tourism(using the example of St. Petersburg) 67
2.1. Grade current state tourism industry in St. Petersburg 67
2.2. Development of cultural tourism in St. Petersburg 81
2.2.1. Prospects for the promotion of St. Petersburg to the world market of cultural tourism 81
2.2.2. Assessing the effectiveness of cultural tourism products 94
Chapter 3. Management strategy for a company operating in the cultural tourism market 109
3.1. Organizational and economic travel agency management mechanism 109
3.2. Methods for improving the management efficiency of a tourism company 122
Bibliography 168
Applications 181
Introduction to the work
Relevance of the topic
Currently, the tourism industry in many countries around the world is emerging as one of the leading sectors of the national economy. It accounts for about 10% of the world's gross national product, all jobs and global consumer spending. In addition, the constant emergence of new types of tourism contributes to a gradual transition to more and more new rounds of industry development.
Cultural tourism, as a phenomenon formed in ancient times, is today experiencing new stage development, revived due to the changing interests and nature of the needs of the vast majority of tourists. Currently, cultural tourism already accounts for about 37% of international tourism and generates about 35 million annual international tourist trips in Europe. In the Russian Federation, the development of this type of tourism has not yet reached significant proportions. It should be noted that Russia, having enormous tourism potential, still occupies a very modest place in the global inbound tourism market, accounting for only about 1.5% of the world market. tourist flow. At the same time, it is impossible not to admit that a significant share of Russia’s tourist potential is the potential within the framework of cultural tourism; this is connected, first of all, with the city that has the status of the cultural capital of Russia, namely St. Petersburg. The development of this type of tourism in our city is facilitated by such factors as huge cultural heritage, which is the object of display for the still insignificant
tourist flow, as well as the city’s proximity to the main world centers for sending tourists within the framework of programs of the type of tourism in question, most of which are located in the countries of the European Community.
The prospects for the development of this type of tourism in our city are confirmed by the fact that in addition to the direct growth of tourist flows, cultural tourism will significantly contribute to the tourist development of the region as a whole, as well as the improvement of the social situation in the city, the creation of new jobs, and the influx of investments. In this regard, a detailed study of all aspects of the influence of cultural tourism on world economy in general, on the economy of a particular destination, as well as directly on the issues of studying the specifics of the activities of enterprises engaged in this type of tourism.
Goal of the work
The main goal of this work is to form a mechanism effective management development of the destination within the framework of cultural tourism based on research modern stage its development, as well as the formation of the basic principles of effective management of the cultural tourism industry.
Main goals
In accordance with a specific goal, the following tasks were set and justified in the dissertation research:
1. Study and summarize the main global trends in the development of the tourism industry, incl. aspects of the development of the cultural tourism industry.
Analyze the system of measures promoting the development of tourism within the destination, explore issues of efficiency modern structure government controlled tourism in the Russian Federation.
Determine the main advantages of using cultural tourism within the destination, as well as ways of its development.
Assess the effectiveness of using this particular type of tourism for the city of St. Petersburg as a cultural tourism destination, taking into account the economic and social effect obtained from its development.
To develop a strategy for managing the development of cultural tourism in the city as one of the most promising areas of its development within the framework of today's transitive economy.
Assess the level of use of modern management tools at cultural tourism enterprises in St. Petersburg and the possibilities for their improvement using economic, social and other methods.
Form rationally current system stimulating the work of personnel within companies operating in the cultural tourism market of our city, as one of the most important components of the developed management strategy.
Development of the research topic
An analysis of research in the field of theory and practice of development of the cultural tourism industry showed that in order to solve problems
dissertation research has certain scientific prerequisites. The relevance and insufficient degree of development of the problems of managing the sphere of cultural tourism, especially in the Russian Federation, urgently require that they become the object of special scientific research, in which
*
theoretical aspects would be combined with practical ones and would be aimed at improving the process of managing the cultural tourism industry.
Object of dissertation research
The objects of the dissertation research are the sphere of cultural tourism in general, the cultural tourism industry within the city of St. Petersburg, as well as companies operating in the cultural tourism market of our city.
Subject of study
The subject of the study is the methodological and methodological problems of developing a mechanism for effective management of the developing cultural tourism industry within the city, as well as the effective management of a company operating in the cultural tourism market of St. Petersburg.
Theoretical and methodological basis of the study
Theoretical and methodological basis research is modern theory tourism, works of domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners devoted to the development of the cultural tourism industry, as well as issues of creating an effective management system at the regional level and
specific company, regulatory - legal acts, statistical data, as well as materials obtained as a result of the author’s analysis of management activities travel companies our city.
The methodology used in the study is based on
application of general scientific methods of a systematic approach, economic and statistical analysis of the information received, expert assessments, economic modeling.
Scientific novelty
The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
o proposed mechanism for effective use
cultural objects of the region taking into account the concept
sustainable development of tourism in this region,
promoting the formation of optimal
functional and spatial structure of the region;
o the existing
definitions of the concept of “cultural tourism” and for the first time a procedure for calculating the criterion for classifying a destination as cultural was proposed;
o the main historical stages in the development of cultural tourism in the world along with the development of other types of tourism are formulated;
o the feasibility has been substantiated and new approaches to the development of cultural tourism within the destination have been developed;
o proposed a mechanism for calculating economic
efficiency of budget investments allocated to
development of the tourist infrastructure of St. Petersburg, subject to the development of cultural tourism in it;
o an analysis of possible strategies was carried out
the functioning of the company in the cultural tourism market of St. Petersburg and the optimal strategy was identified;
o for the first time, an operational accounting system has been developed and proposed for implementation into the practice of functioning of companies operating in the field of cultural tourism, which allows for a detailed analysis of the activities of the specified company at different levels of management, timely identification of negative trends and making effective management decisions to eliminate them;
The author's participation consists in determining the goals and objectives of the dissertation research, searching for sources of information, selecting and studying the object and subject of research. The analysis of the cultural tourism industry showed the exceptional importance of this type of tourism for our city, and made it possible to formulate the main ways of its development in the future. In addition, the work proposes in principle
a new approach to the issue of building an effective management system for an enterprise operating in this market.
The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the conclusions and results obtained during the study can be used by various management structures both at the level of a specific destination and at the level of the tourism company itself. In addition, the proposals contained in the work can be used in the preparation of training programs for the courses “Economics and management of tourism activities” and “Management of a tourism company.”
Structure and scope of work
The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions and recommendations, bibliography, appendices; contains 180 pages, 18 figures, 11 tables, 4 appendices.
Fundamentals of territorial and sectoral tourism management
Tourism, being an integral part of the social sphere of a particular region, involves the creation of a territorial-sectoral structure. It is understood as the established spatial unity of multifunctional service facilities within the boundaries of an administrative territorial entity. In relation to the social sphere, depending on the frequency of visits and the breadth of coverage of various populations, a step-by-step system of social services is being formed, highlighting objects of microdistrict, district-city, regional and national significance. The process of managing the tourism sector also involves the identification of three levels of management in the country - local (local), regional and federal.
The main functions of the social sphere are as follows: o bringing material and intangible benefits to the consumer; o servicing the consumption process; o creating conditions for changing types of activities and recreation; o ensuring health protection; o the formation of the general educational and cultural-technical level of the population. The functions of the tourism sector largely coincide with the functions of the social sphere, while presupposing the satisfaction of the needs, first of all, of visitors. However, here it is worth noting some differences that exist in determining the functions of tourism and the social sphere. So, if the social sphere, as already indicated, as a rule, mediates the consumption of a product, or produces and mediates at the same time, then the indicated functions of tourism depend on its type. With inbound tourism in the region, the diverse needs of visiting tourists are satisfied, while with outbound tourism, a narrow range of needs of local residents is satisfied. certain species tourism services (transport services, insurance, sales). Satisfaction of other tourist needs is carried out at the place of visit.
As society develops, management of the social sphere acquires an increasingly pronounced territorial character. This is explained primarily economic features the very concept of services (not subject to storage, provided at the time of consumption, etc.). In this regard, the solution to most social problems cannot be transferred only to the enterprise level, but must be carried out either on a regional scale or at state level. All this predetermines the current state of the regional social sector management system. However, comprehensive development of the region can only be achieved by combining the efforts of the industries included in the territorial complex with the help of local government structures in the region, which will optimize the costs of creating social service complexes for the population.
Since tourism is an integral part of the social sphere of the region, the same management principles can rightfully be applied to it. Thus, for the development of the sphere of inbound tourism, it is obvious that there is a need to create territorial and sectoral complexes of tourism services, which will allow combining the efforts of its various constituent sub-sectors. That is why in the management of tourism development an important place is occupied by the development regional programs. As experience in the development and implementation of regional development programs in social sphere, the presence of a comprehensive strategy provides a number of undoubted advantages, which makes management in this area much more effective.
Tourism, in accordance with WTO recommendations, should be considered from the point of view of development and management in a controlled, integrated and sustainable manner, taking into account the application of basic planning principles. Such an approach is possible only if a territorial-sectoral approach is applied to the management and planning of tourism development in the region. Planning for tourism development is recommended to be carried out at all levels - international, national, regional, local (local), as well as in relation to specific areas and objects. National and regional planning lays the foundation for the development of tourism in the country and its individual regions.
The current state of the tourism industry
Currently, the tourism industry is the most dynamically developing sector of human activity. According to the unanimous assessment given by the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council and the World Tourism Organization, “tourism by the end of our century will turn into a leading sector of the world economy. Being an extremely important tool in improving the economic and social situation of many countries, in particular developing ones, it has become important factor development national economies states".
According to sociological studies of the WTO, at present, in the structure of personal consumption of the population of industrialized countries, tourist travel occupies one of the main places, and increasingly it is given preference over the purchase of individual goods.
The role of international tourism in the global economy is growing rapidly. In 1948, only 14.5 million were registered, in 1958 - 55.3 million, in 1970 - 168 million, in 1981 -290 million, in 1992 - 476 million, and in 1999 - 657 million tourists. Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism increased at an even faster rate. In 1958 they amounted to almost 5.5 billion, in 1970 - 17.4 billion, in 1981 - 106 billion, in 1992 -279 billion, and in 1999 - already 446 billion US dollars. According to the share of tourism income in total amount revenues from the export of goods and services among European countries in 1999, the first place is occupied by Spain, the second by Austria, the third by Switzerland, followed by Italy, France, etc.
In 1998, the WTO noted an increase in the number of tourist arrivals compared to 1997 - by 2.5%. However, this figure was mainly due to an increase in the number of tourists in East Asia and the Pacific region. If the average annual increase in foreign exchange earnings from tourism for the period 1989 - 1993. was fixed at 10%, then over the 5-year period 1994-1998. it was only 5.7%. However, it is necessary to note here the depreciation factor American dollar- the base currency when conducting statistical research in tourism - which, undoubtedly, could have an impact on the reduction in income from this type of activity. For example, the 0.3% increase in tourism receipts in 1998 compared to 1997 was an obvious consequence of the strengthening of the dollar in the main tourist destinations of this period, namely Spain, France and Italy; but did not at all represent a continuation of targeted and effective financial policy on the development of the tourism industry carried out in these countries. Without taking into account the impact of the dollar exchange rate on current courses national currencies of these countries and thus adjusting the amount of calculated tourism receipts, we will be able to see a more objective picture and conclude that the amount of tourism income in 1998 compared to 1997 on a global scale has remained virtually unchanged.
Tourist arrival data also confirms a slowdown in the global tourism industry. So, if in 1989-1992. growth of an average of 5% per year was noted, then over the next 5 years (1994-1998) the average annual increase in the number of tourist visits was only 3.5%, which was a consequence of a steady increase in unemployment in a number of industrialized countries, with one side, and the financial crisis that broke out in Asian countries, on the other (see Figure 1.1.).
Evidence of declining growth rates tourist travel are also confirmed by statistical data from ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), which also record a decrease in the growth rate of the number of passengers traveling by air. Absolute data on the number of tourist visits and tourism receipts are presented in Appendix 1.
In addition, it seems quite interesting to consider the changes taking place in different regions of the world. For example, the largest increase in the number of visits in 1998 was recorded in Africa (6.5%), while the largest decline (1.6%) was in the countries of East Asia and the Pacific region. What is especially interesting is that it was in this region that
unprecedentedly high growth (9.4%) in 1996, while in 1997 a decline of 1.1% was already recorded. The most objective reason for this phenomenon seems to be the financial crises that broke out in these regions, which did nothing to increase their attractiveness as tourist destinations. Average global increase in the number of tourist visits for the period 1997-1998. amounted to 2.5%, as shown in Figure 1.2.
Assessment of the current state of the tourism industry in St. Petersburg
The successful development of tourism has a huge impact on such key sectors of the economy as transport, communications, trade, construction, agriculture, culture, etc. The main goal tourism management in cities - historical and cultural centers is to achieve balance and consistency in the development of cultural tourism by integrating the following economic, social and cultural goals: o economic goals: create new jobs, promote the attraction of financial, investment and credit funds obtained through tourism , for the development of the city as a whole, optimize economic efficiency budgetary and other financial resources attracted for the development of the city, etc.; o social goals: to promote residents’ understanding of the importance of developing cultural tourism for the city and establishing a positive attitude towards visitors, improving the state of the city’s environment, reconciling cultural interests with new social relations, etc.; o cultural goals: promoting the city as the largest cultural center in international market cultural tourism, increasing the number of cultural events, promoting the uniqueness of the city at the national and international levels. It should be noted that currently the level of development of cultural tourism in our city is not high enough, although it was noted in the materials of the 1987 Hague Tourism Conference that an unspoiled, cultural and human environment is the main condition for the development of tourism. Despite the fact that, according to some authors, only less than 10% of the total area of Russia has a combination of favorable natural, climatic, historical and cultural resources to attract tourists, most of them are located in the Northwestern region, the center of which is St. Petersburg. According to the current UNESCO rating, St. Petersburg ranks 8th in the world in terms of potential opportunities for the development of cultural tourism, ahead of such generally accepted centers of world cultural tourism as Vienna, Prague, Munich, Berlin and a number of others. However, the number of tourists actually arriving in our city is far from adequate to its popularity in the world. Let's look at some statistical data on the quantitative composition and structure of the flow of tourists arriving in St. Petersburg and try to analyze them.
According to official statistics, in 1999, the North-West region and our city were visited by 3,321,168 people, which is 21.5% more than in 1998. Moreover, as can be seen from the data below, having sharply decreased in 1994, then the number of visitors began to increase sharply again, the growth of this indicator by 1999 was about 330% compared to the base year of 1991. As can be seen from the given data, largest percentage Of the number of visitors, tourists come from cultural tourism programs. However, of the 34% that make up the share of this type of tourism, 1% are tourists coming to the city during the white nights and only 23% are actually on cultural tourism programs. Thus, it becomes obvious that within this type of tourism the seasonality factor is quite high, which reduces its importance for the city and does not allow the entire process of tourism development to be focused exclusively on this type of tourism. However, it seems appropriate, based on the given data and the formula proposed by the author in Chapter 1 of the work, to calculate the criterion for classifying a region as a cultural tourism destination, to determine this indicator for St. Petersburg. Using simple calculations, we obtain the coefficient of cultural tourism destination for St. Petersburg according to 1999 data equal to 23%. However, as stated above, the possibility of classifying a destination as oriented towards cultural tourism appears only when the values of this indicator are at least 40%, thus , at the present stage, St. Petersburg, having a fairly high cultural potential, cannot yet be classified according to objective indicators as a cultural tourism destination. This fact speaks to the urgent need to promote the city to the world market specifically for cultural tourism, in order to increase visitors within the framework of this type of tourism, given the potential available for this.
Organizational and economic mechanism for managing a tourism company
As has already been shown above, in Russia, and in St. Petersburg in particular, there is quite a large potential for the development of the cultural tourism industry. However, in the context of the ongoing financial and economic crisis Only a few of the travel companies operating in this market manage to maintain a stable position. The crisis also initiated a process of natural selection in tourism in general and cultural tourism in particular; only highly professional and fairly efficiently functioning firms were able to survive it. In this regard, competition in the market has intensified, working conditions have become more complicated, and new organizational forms and areas of commercial activity have emerged.
Tourism activities in Russia (according to the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities”) are activities aimed at promoting and selling a tourism product, carried out on the basis of a license legal entity or individual entrepreneur. Accordingly, relations in the field of tourism cover a wide range of people interested and directly involved in them. The issue of defining the concept of cultural tourism was discussed in detail above, in Chapter I of this work. As is customary in world practice, within this type of tourism, market participants are divided into two categories: tour operators and travel agents. Cultural tourism, both domestic and inbound, involves the creation within the city as a destination of this type of tourism, first of all, of a sufficient number of competitive operators. This is primarily due to the insufficient degree of development of the market in question, compared to the market for other types of tourism. In addition, advertising activities to promote the proposed cultural tourism products, carried out outside the destination, in the intended markets, in many cases, especially in relation to international tourism, turn out to be quite expensive, which is beyond the capabilities of small travel agencies. That is why the tour operator form of activity will be taken as the basis for further research within the framework of this work.
Any company that is already operating or is just entering the cultural tourism market sets itself certain strategic objectives. As a rule, the main goal for a company operating in the cultural tourism market, as for other tourism companies, is to generate profit for further operation. Based on this, a product that provides the company with a predictable profit can be considered commercially successful. The competitiveness of a cultural tourism product is determined to a large extent by the level of quality of service, which requires high professionalism, comprehensive and systematic training of personnel, taking into account constantly changing requirements tourist market and increasing the quality of tourism services. At the same time, I would like to note that in the cultural tourism market, to a much greater extent than in other types of tourism, the factor of high quality service is important, which is associated primarily with a certain contingent of consumers of this type of product, whose level of education, as a rule, is quite high , as well as with the specifics of the consumption process. When the main attention is paid to the level of training of guides, their erudition, and the degree of saturation of the program with excursions. At the same time, this fact is given preference over other components of the tourism product and their level of quality. Note that, according to a survey of foreign tour operators given in Chapter 2, this factor is decisive when choosing our city for travel. Thus, the requirement for high quality of services provided concerns not only the employees of the tour operator company itself, but also all employees invited by it within the framework of contractual and other relationships, namely tour guides, transport organizations etc. Thus, the quality of this component of the tourism product becomes the main means of economic struggle for markets in relation to cultural tourism. Moreover, as a rule, the volume and quality of this type of service influence buyers both during the initial purchase of a tourism product and when making a decision to contact this company again. Therefore, a rather interesting question arises regarding the need for a company to specialize in a certain market segment; we are talking about the options for tourism products offered by the company. In addition, the issue of specialization in a certain segment of product consumers seems quite important.
The development of civilization is closely connected with the development and strengthening of contacts between individual states, nationalities, and territories. Numerous - from the very beginning of the development of human society - travel initially played a purely practical role: identifying the character of neighbors - their friendly or hostile attitude - exchanging experiences, searching for markets and purchasing goods, etc. In this regard, travel repeated the fate of household items, which gradually acquired, in addition to the utilitarian one, an aesthetic function, unimportant for survival, but important for a person psychologically. So, over time, travel received a new status - which also did not play a special role for the life of a given tribe/city/state, but turned out to be so significant for each individual person that it not only has not been lost to this day, but also continues to be actively used, constituting one of the important elements in the development of the economy of any country.
Today there are a huge number of types of tourism. According to the distance of travel, local (usually local history) tourism, domestic tourism and international tourism are distinguished. The latter plays the most significant role in the economy, representing one of the most common forms of exchange of services. According to the goals, tourism can be distinguished: entertainment, educational (can coincide with the previous type of tourism, can act independently as the goal of scientific survey expeditions), health (can be entertainment and health - recreational - or sports and fitness), sports (can also be an element of the program recreational trips, or may be a separate purpose - for example, ski tourism). All these types of tourism are often closely intertwined, and they are often difficult to isolate in their pure form.
Thus, any type of tourism one way or another contains educational and entertainment elements, in contrast, for example, to professional trips and expeditions, the main purpose of which is to perform a certain job. The desire to see and learn something new is still the main motivation for tourist travel. That is why tourism is closely related to the level of development of civilization. The comfort and distance of the proposed trip depends on this level (in the days of carriages, few would have wanted to go for pleasant impressions from Siberia to the Mediterranean), public awareness of possible vacation spots, safety - determined not only natural conditions. but also the political situation as in my native country. and in the one that is the purpose of travel, the development of entertainment infrastructure - in general, everything that provides the opportunity for an interesting, pleasant holiday and vivid impressions. Undoubtedly, these parameters developed along with human society, determining the characteristics of tourism at this stage of human history. and shaping the history of tourism - the history of the emergence of travel in the ancient states of the world, the goals and motives of these travels, as well as the formation of tourism as an industry from the early Middle Ages to the present day, and determining the motivation for these travels. It is worth mentioning right away that the period before the mid-19th century is considered by most researchers to be the prehistory of tourism. Traveling is not an end in itself, but only serves as a means to an end. The history of tourism itself is usually counted from the famous massive (570 people) twenty-mile trip along railway with tea, buns and a brass band, organized in England in 1841 by Thomas Cook. This was the first case of organizing the provision of mass recreation as single complex services.