Keywords

ECONOMIC SECURITY/ THREATS / SECURITY / STRATEGY / RUSSIAN FEDERATION/ ECONOMIC SECURITY / THREATS / PROTECTION / STRATEGY / RUSSIAN FEDERATION

annotation scientific article on economics and business, author of the scientific work - Kazantsev Sergey Vladimirovich

April 29, 2016 marked 20 years since the adoption of the State Strategy economic security Russian Federation. It began to operate during a difficult period of formation of new socio-economic relations in Russia. A number of industrialized countries and major international corporations have tried to take advantage of development difficulties Russian Federation and the weakening of its position in the global economic space in its economic and political interests, which diverge from the interests of Russia and its economic entities. The purpose of the Strategy was to protect the development Russian economy and the well-being of citizens from internal and external threats. It was assumed that the Strategy would operate during a period of economic transformation, which would last from three to five years. The time has come to develop and adopt a new State Strategy economic security Russian Federation. The article presents the results of the analysis of the National Security Strategy, State Strategy economic security Russian Federation and law Russian Federation"About safety." Based on these documents and on the basis of studying modern threats to Russia’s security, the author proposes to include in the text of the State Strategy economic security Russia the following subsections: 1) general provisions; 2) protected objects; 3) threats economic security Russian Federation; 4) sources of threats and threatening entities; 5) protecting subjects and their responsibility; 6) forces, means, techniques, methods of protection; 7) conditions and time of their application; 8) indicators of threats and level of security; 9) monitoring threats and ensuring security.

Text of scientific work on the topic “On the strategy of economic security”

ECONOMIC POLICY

UDC 332.14 JEL F52

About the strategy

economic security

KAZANTSEV SERGEY VLADIMIROVICH,

Doctor of Economics Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher, Institute of Economics RAS, Moscow, Russia E-mail: [email protected]

Annotation. April 29, 2016 marked 20 years since the adoption of the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation. It began to operate during a difficult period of formation of new socio-economic relations in Russia. A number of industrialized countries and major international corporations tried to use the difficulties of development of the Russian Federation and the weakening of its position in the global economic space in their economic and political interests, which diverge from the interests of Russia and its economic entities. The purpose of the Strategy was to protect the development of the Russian economy and the well-being of citizens from internal and external threats. It was assumed that the Strategy would operate during a period of economic transformation, which would last from three to five years.

The time has come to develop and adopt a new State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation. The article presents the results of an analysis of the National Security Strategy, the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security”. Based on these documents and on the basis of studying modern threats to Russia's security, the author proposes to add the following subsections to the text of the State Strategy for Economic Security of Russia: 1) general provisions; 2) protected objects; 3) threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation; 4) sources of threats and threatening entities; 5) protecting subjects and their responsibility; 6) forces, means, techniques, methods of protection; 7) conditions and time of their application; 8) indicators of threats and level of security; 9) monitoring threats and ensuring security.

Key words: economic security, threats, security, strategy, Russian Federation.

On a strategy of economic security

Doctor of Economics, Professor, chief research fellow of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. On April 29, 2016 marks the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the State Strategy of Economic Security of the Russian Federation. It began to work in a difficult period of formation in Russia of new socio-economic relations. A number of industrialized countries and major international corporations tried to use the difficulties of development of the Russian Federation and, the weakening of its position in the world economic space in their economic and political interests, which conflict with the interests of Russia and its economic entities . The aim of the Strategy was to protect the development of the Russian economy and welfare of the citizens from internal and external threats. It was assumed that the Strategy will work during the period of economic transformation, which will last from three to five years. It"s time to elaborate and adopt a new State strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation. The article contains results of the author"s analysis of the National Security Strategy, the State Strategy of Economic

Security of the Russian Federation and of the Russian Federation law “On security”. Rely on these documents and based on the study of contemporary threats to security of Russia, the author offers to include in the text of the State Strategy of Economic Security of the RF the following sections: 1) general statements, 2) securable objects, 3 ) threats to economic security of the Russian Federation and, 4) the sources of threats and threatening actors, 5) responsible for the protection (guardians) and their responsibility, 6) means, tools and methods of protection, 7) conditions and time of their application, 8) indicators of threats and of a level of security, 9) monitoring threats and security.

Keywords: economic security, threats, protection, strategy, The Russian Federation.

The economic security of the Russian Federation is an integral part of the national security of Russia (National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, paragraph 6). The State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions) was approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in 1996. It was focused on the implementation of economic transformations carried out in the Russian Federation over three to five years. Over the past time, significant changes have occurred and continue to occur in Russia and in the world, significantly affecting the international position of the Russian Federation, its economy, affecting national interests and placing new demands on ensuring the economic security of the country. The number and speed of ongoing processes have increased, and the diversity of the socio-economic and cultural-political world has increased. Some of the spheres of the world community and the spheres of its activity live, figuratively speaking, in the future (ultra-modern technologies, an as yet unattainable level of prosperity, cyber troops, etc.), some - in a world where they use the achievements of the present, some - in the conditions of the Middle Ages ( religious wars, piracy, kidnappings, slavery, etc.). And Russia in its outward appearance economic activity interacts to one degree or another with different parts of the world community.

All this has led to the need to adopt a new State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation. Some elements that could be included in this strategy are discussed below.

1. The concept of economic security

Currently, there is no single interpretation of the concept of “security” and, as a result, the types and

types of security: national, state, economic, demographic, environmental, etc. The term “security” is assigned different meanings: state, phenomenon, ability, measure (system of measures), conditions (set of conditions). And these are divergent subjects of both study and management. In addition, the concept of “security” is usually used in conjunction with or defined through other concepts. This is security, danger, threat, situation. They all form unified system concepts, and should be worked with as elements of one system.

A vague definition of terms indicates an incomplete understanding of the essence of the phenomena and processes being studied and does not allow one to strictly define the boundaries of the object being studied, managed or protected.

To ensure consistency and interconnection of the concepts of “security”, “security” and “threat”, it may be worth introducing the following group of definitions into the text of the new version of the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation.

Economic security of the Russian Federation is the security of the economy of the country and its regions, economic entities from internal and external threats, allowing to ensure sustainable socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, decent quality and standard of living, sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and reliable defense capability of the country.

Security of the economy of the Russian Federation is a state that excludes (in whole or in part) the possibility of causing damage to the Russian economy, its financial and economic system, the quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, its defense capability.

ECONOMIC POLICY

A threat to the economic security of the Russian Federation is the state and change in the international situation and the situation within the country, interstate and intrastate relations, which can cause damage to the Russian economy, its financial and economic system, the quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, its defense capability.

2. Clear and timely setting of security goals

It is known that goals are of a historical nature, i.e. change over time depending on the nature and level of development of society, priorities and opportunities, internal and external conditions. These and other factors, processes and phenomena should be constantly monitored and strategic, medium-term and current goals for ensuring economic and other types of security should be adjusted in a timely manner.

It is advisable to divide the goals into:

a) levels (their subordination and relationships among themselves), i.e. build a so-called goal tree;

b) nature (strategic, tactical; long-term, medium-term, short-term);

c) subjects and areas of activity for which they are formed;

d) sequence of execution over time.

In the documents analyzed in this article, goals are usually divided into two levels. The top one is formulated as the final goal, the bottom one is formulated as tasks, the implementation of which is necessary to achieve the goal. Goals are also set for specific types and areas of activity. Thus, in the new National Security Strategy, they are set in the area of improving the quality of life of Russian citizens to ensure national security in the field of science, technology and education, in culture, the ecology of living systems and rational environmental management.

Unfortunately, in the documents discussed, the goals are not divided by nature and are not tied to their executors. The timing of the goals and the sequence of implementation are not defined. I think this should be worked on when preparing a new version of the State

tags of economic security of the Russian Federation.

In the very general view The goal of the state strategy for the economic security of the Russian Federation can be formulated very briefly: preparation and implementation of a system of measures to ensure the economic security of the Russian Federation.

Building a reliable national security system must be accompanied by an increase in the level of well-being of citizens. The absence of growth, and especially the decline of the latter, is permissible only in as a last resort and for as short a period as possible. This goal should be included in the text of the Strategy.

In relation to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, strategic goals in this area can be: strengthening their economic potential, achieving sustainable growth and, on this basis, increasing the level and quality of life of the population.

3. Economic security objects

Security is not talked about in the abstract, but in relation to a specific object. By object we mean that (or that) whose safety (or whom) we are talking about. Thus, the understood object covers both subjects and processes. The text of the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation names a number of protected objects: “the individual, society, the state and the main elements of the economic system, including the system of institutional relations in state regulation of economic activity.” Approved on December 31, 2015 by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation defines the following objects, the economic security of which should be ensured: population, territories, infrastructure (transport, housing and communal services and information, internal market infrastructure, etc.), food, technological, financial and economic independence of the country, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, economic sectors and areas of economic activity (agribusiness, defense industry, mechanical engineering, aircraft, machine tool and instrument making, new high-tech industries, financial and banking sector, etc.).

It seems that some of the listed objects should be specified and their list

perhaps expand. For example, to consider the protected objects not just the individual and society, but the economic situation, economic rights and property of households and business entities. It seems advisable to include in the number of protected objects the national economy, the country’s financial and banking systems, management systems at all levels, the economy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, the property of the state, domestic enterprises and citizens of the Russian Federation located in other countries.

4. Internal threats to protected objects

Once the object whose security must be ensured has been identified, the threats from which it is protected and their sources should be determined. Internal, i.e. threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation arising within the country are described in detail in official documents federal bodies authorities and in published results scientific research. Thus, the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation names four groups of threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation:

1. Increasing property differentiation of the population and increasing poverty levels:

The stratification of society into a narrow circle of rich people and a predominant mass of poor people, unsure of their future;

An increase in the share of the poor in the city compared to the countryside;

Rising unemployment;

Payment delay wages, shutdown of enterprises.

2. Deformed structure of the Russian economy:

Strengthening the fuel and raw material orientation of the economy;

The lag between exploration of mineral reserves and their extraction;

Low competitiveness of products of most domestic enterprises;

Curtailment of production in vital sectors of the manufacturing industry, primarily in mechanical engineering;

Decrease in efficiency, destruction of technological unity of scientific research and development, collapse of established scientific

collectives and, on this basis, undermining the scientific and technical potential of Russia;

Conquest by foreign firms of the Russian domestic market for many types of consumer goods;

Acquisition of Russian enterprises by foreign firms in order to displace domestic products from both the foreign and domestic markets;

The growth of Russia's external debt and the associated increase in budget expenditures to repay it.

3. Increasing uneven social economic development regions:

The presence of depressed, crisis and economically backward areas against the backdrop of structural changes in industrial production, accompanied by a sharp decrease in the share of manufacturing industries;

Violation of production and technological connections between enterprises of individual regions of Russia;

Increasing gap in the level of national income production per capita between individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

4. Criminalization of society and economic activity:

Increased unemployment, since a significant part of crimes is committed by persons who do not have a permanent source of income;

The merging of some government officials with organized crime, the possibility of criminal structures having access to the management of a certain part of production and their penetration into various power structures;

Weakening the system state control, which led to the expansion of the activities of criminal structures in the domestic financial market, in the field of privatization, export-import transactions and trade.

Not all of these threats have been weakened and stopped; eliminating the causes of many of them requires a long time. Therefore, it is no coincidence that some of the threats are again spelled out in the new National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation:

“The main strategic threats to national security in the economic field are its low competitiveness and the preservation of the raw material export model of development

and high dependence on foreign economic conditions, a lag in the development and implementation of promising technologies, insecurity of the national financial system from the actions of non-residents and speculative foreign capital, the vulnerability of its information infrastructure, the imbalance of the national budget system, registration of property rights in relation to a significant part of organizations in foreign jurisdictions, deterioration and depletion of the raw material base, reduction in production and reserves of strategically important minerals, progressive labor shortage, preservation of a significant share of the shadow economy, conditions for corruption and criminalization of economic and financial relations, illegal migration, uneven development of regions, decreased sustainability national system resettlement."

In addition to these threats, the Strategy also names an outdated technology system, deteriorating technical condition economic facilities and infrastructure, natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes.

5. External threats to protected objects

The fact that the sources of all the listed threats are located in Russia does not mean that external threats in general have become less significant. Thus, there remains an unreasonably high dependence on foreign markets, excessive financial dependence on foreign legal entities and individuals, the outflow of capital from the country is not reduced, etc. Anti-Russian sanctions introduced by a group of states in March 2014 made clear a number of threats to the financial sector, investment activity and the progressive development of the economy, and weakened the position of the Russian Federation in the global economic and political system.

The activity and danger of terrorist organizations has increased. “The threat of terrorist activity,” says the report “Global Terrorism Index” prepared by the Institute of Economic Research and Peace at the University of Sydney (Australia). 2014,” is the main, if not the main, danger for many countries.” The authors of the report included Russia among

countries where there may be an increase in terrorism. Terrorist acts not only claim human lives and cause material damage (see table), but also disorganize economic life, traumatize society, and reduce the general and tourist attractiveness of the country.

Dangerous and occurring in last years replacement of international law with the law of one country. At a meeting with representatives of the BRICS states, V.V. Putin said that “our countries largely face great threats in connection with violations of international law, in connection with violations of the sovereignty of states in various fields activities".

Non-state and international institutions are becoming more and more active (for example, the Bilderberg Club, the Global Identification System legal entity- Global Legal Entity Identification System), capable of regulating legislative, financial, economic and some other changes occurring in the world in their own interests and in favor of their members and sponsors.

External threats to the Russian economy are practically not reflected in the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation. The past years have shown that many of the reasons that generate external threats to national, including economic, security are integral elements of the external conditions of the country’s existence and arise objectively. They have worked and will continue to work for a long time. Some external threats to the socio-economic development of Russia are named in the new National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. This:

Increasing economic, financial, political and military instability in the world, intensifying the struggle for resources, markets for products, for control over transport arteries;

Expanding the scope of activity of transnational organized crime;

Deterioration of condition environment, worsening problems of food supply and lack of fresh water;

The increasing influence of political factors on economic processes, as well as

Loss of insured property as a result of major terrorist attacks

in 1970-2014, billion dollars

Indicator 1970-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2014

Number of major terrorist attacks 2 3 9 5

Losses, total 312,348 4,609 25,497

Average losses per terrorist attack 156 116 512 5 099 (194)

per year 28 35 461 1 821 (60)

Note: losses in parentheses do not take into account the consequences of the September 11, 2011 terrorist attack in the United States.

The successful development of the Russian economy requires the choice of a rational strategy for ensuring economic security both at the state level and at the enterprise level. Its existing concept, adopted in 1996, no longer reflects modern realities. We need new documents that can serve as the basis for a long-term strategy for the socio-economic development of Russia until 2025, as well as the corresponding programs of the constituent entities of the Federation.

The state strategy in the field of ensuring economic security is based on principles that ensure:

compliance with human rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
creation of guarantees of a stable economic situation

personalities; military-political and socio-economic

stability of society.

The strategy should contribute to the creation of mechanisms for the development and implementation of measures to develop and strengthen positive phenomena and processes in the economy and suppress negative factors and threats.

The strategy is based on.

1. Monitoring of factors that determine threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation. As an operational information and analytical observation system, it is of great importance for the economy, instability of the socio-economic situation, shortages financial resources etc.
2. Development of quantitative and qualitative criteria (threshold values) for the state of the economy and social sphere of the Russian Federation, going beyond which poses a threat to its security, impedes the normal course of development and leads to the formation of destructive trends in the field of production and living standards of the population (Table 13 ).

Threshold values of economic security characterize limit values, non-compliance with which creates threats to it. The very concept of a threshold value is taken from the theory of catastrophes, where a threshold is understood as that state of the system, after crossing which the system loses stability and enters the crisis zone. They are an important tool for system analysis, forecasting and social economic planning. With the help of them this or that object, in in this case the economy is “viewed” from the position of compliance of its development trends with the national interests of the country.

Table 13

Main parameters (criteria) of the country's economic security

Indicators	Threshold values, %	Fact, %
1. Gross Domestic Product (per capita per year compared to G7 average)
2. Tempos economic growth		3.5 (officially)
3. Unemployment rate according to ILO methodology (% of economically active population)		7.9 5.7 (official)
4. Share of mechanical engineering and industries high technology in industrial production
5. Defense spending GDP
B. Expenditures on science in GDP
7. Grain harvest (million tons)
8. Faster growth of mineral reserves compared to production
9. Proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level		13 (officially)
10. Ratio of income of the richest 10% and 10% poorest families		More than 16 (officially)
11. Volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves (in billion dollars)
12. Public debt (% of GDP)
13. Share of expenses for servicing external debt in the state budget
14. Average annual inflation rate		more than 6 (officially)
15. State budget deficit		Budget surplus until 2012
16. Share of food imported
17. Birth rate per 1000 population per year
18. Investments in fixed assets (% of GDP)
19. Share of innovative products (in % of all industrial products)
20. Level of monetization (M2 aggregate at the end of the year in % of GDP)		Below the norm 2-3 times

In the process of developing a system of threshold values for Russia, it is necessary to take into account that the period of transformation of the Russian economy has not yet been completely completed. It is equally important to take into account the fact that threshold values static, they provide an assessment of the level achieved, but not trends.

To determine threshold values, it is necessary to formulate a list of basic parameters that meet the requirements of economic security. It is believed that quantitatively measured threshold values can be established for each of the parameters or their group.

For the purposes of analyzing economic security, the Center for Financial and Banking Research of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences proposed using 150 indicators, which are identified as indicators:

in quantitative form reflecting threats to economic security;
having high sensitivity and variability and therefore greater signaling ability to warn society, the state and market participants about possible dangers in connection with changes in the macroeconomic situation, measures taken by the government in the field economic policy;
closely interacting with each other.

The situation cannot be characterized as unambiguous, with an assessment of “good” or “bad”. Some indicators are below threshold values, others are above.

3. Assessment of threats to economic security in the short, medium and long term, in which it is important to use A complex approach to analyze indicators of economic security and take into account the economic strategy of the state. Thus, the approach of any of the indicators to its threshold value may be associated with a strategic reorientation, and not with an aggravation of the problem of ensuring economic security. For example, a decrease in the share of high-tech products in the country’s exports may be due to the re-equipment of production facilities to produce the latest products that are competitive on the world market.
4. Formation of a strategy for the economic security of the state, eliminating or mitigating the main threats to it.
5. Development of a set of specific legal, economic and administrative measures that eliminate or reduce the negative impact of identified factors, creating a mechanism to ensure the economic security of the state.

These measures are carried out at the level of the country as a whole, regions that are very different in geographical, climatic location, level of socio-economic development and other parameters with corresponding threats to their economic security; individual organizations and enterprises. The tasks solved at each of them are closely related to each other, so an integrated approach is important here to avoid possible contradictions.

The responsibilities of the federal executive authorities and the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation to ensure the economic security of Russia in all areas of economic activity and government administration must be clearly defined:

in determining the concept and main directions of economic policy;
in the process of transformation of financial- banking system;
when approving the state budget, adopting the most important laws and government decisions on economic issues;
in the process of preparation and examination of laws, etc.

The following departments may be responsible for certain aspects of the country’s economic security.

1. For safe rates of economic growth - the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance with the participation of the Bank of Russia, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Energy of Russia.
2. For reducing unemployment and property differentiation of the population in order to ensure a relative balance of social interests - the Ministry of Social Health, the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education of Russia.
3. For preventing further deformation of the structure of the Russian economy, increasing its competitiveness, increasing mineral reserves - the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia.
4. For overcoming the country’s dependence on food imports - the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance of Russia.
5. For limiting the growth of internal and external government debt- Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economy of Russia with the participation of the Bank of Russia.
6. For preventing the increase in uneven socio-economic development of regions - the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Social Health of Russia with the participation of interested executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
7. For identifying and eliminating the causes leading to the criminalization of society and economic activity - the Accounts Chamber, the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Social Health, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the FSB with the participation of interested executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
8. For the provision of the economy with strategic resources and the effectiveness of state control over them - the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Energy of Russia.
9. For the stability of the financial system - the Ministry of Finance of Russia with the participation of other federal executive authorities and the Bank of Russia.
10. For rationalizing the structure of foreign trade - Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Agriculture of Russia.
11. For the accessibility for the population of education, culture, medical and social services, passenger transport and mass communications, as well as housing and utilities- Ministry of Social Development, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Transport of Russia.
12. For maintaining the scientific potential of the country and preserving domestic scientific schools, ensuring the effective functioning of particularly important scientific objects - the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Science and Education of Russia with the participation of interested federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Bank of Russia, the Russian Academy Sciences and the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
13. For the preservation of a single economic space and interregional economic relations that ensure compliance with national interests, excluding the development of separatist tendencies - the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance of Russia with the participation of interested executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia.
14. For ensuring the required level of government regulation economic processes in order to create conditions for the normal functioning of a market economy - the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance, the State Property Committee with the participation of other federal executive bodies and the Bank of Russia.

J. A. Perevalova

STRATEGY FOR ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE (THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT)

The work is presented by the Department of Civil Law.

Scientific supervisor - Doctor of Law, Professor Yu. B. Shubnikov

The article provides a brief analysis of the economic content of currently available ideas about the problems of theoretical substantiation of the strategy for ensuring the economic security of Russia. The essence of the concept “economic strategy of the state” is clarified.

tva" and its place in the system of categories is determined. The basic principles of developing the country's economic strategy are substantiated and elements of a strategic management algorithm are proposed. Various types of strategies for institutional transformations in the Russian economy over the past fifteen-year transition period are analyzed. The main stages of the implementation of the concept of development of the Russian economy and their tasks in the long term are considered.

The article represents a brief situation analysis of the main problems of development and prospects for providing economic safety in Russia and their directions. The term “economy strategy” is suggested in different aspects and its place in the system of economic definitions is settled. The main principles of economic strategy are worked out there and some elements of the strategy management are offered. Some different types of institutional economic changes in the Russian economy for the last fifteen years of reconstruction are suggested in the article. The main stages of realization of the economic development conception in Russia are researched here, as well as the solution of the main problems in long-term outlook.

The problem of ensuring Russia's economic security in Lately more than ever attracts the attention of not only politicians, but also economists. Today it is important not only to identify and characterize security threats, but also to propose an appropriate and effective strategy for neutralizing them as a condition for ensuring the economic security of the state.

In developing a strategy for ensuring the economic security of the state, the identification and study of factors that can effectively neutralize and prevent the emergence of economic instability and unfavorable external and internal development trends are of particular importance. Not only the diversity and complexity of economic processes require close attention of politicians and scientists to this area of social relations, but also the fact that economic security underlies national security.

In this regard, it is necessary to give a more in-depth economic analysis of the currently available ideas about the problems of developing a strategy for ensuring the economic security of Russia, to consider its components and some key concepts, requiring clarification.

The domestic approach to economic security focuses on how economic processes

affect state sovereignty, stability of the internal political situation, and growth in the well-being of the population. The main threats to economic security are: structural imbalance of the economy, the transfer of strategic enterprises or industries into the hands of foreign capital, direct dependence on the situation on the world market, criminalization of the economy, social disproportion of society, reduction of the stratum of the scientific and technical elite, migration of the population abroad and exhaustion natural resources.

In the Western approach to economic security, unlike the Russian one, there is no single comprehensive concept of economic security, which is explained by the world order that has emerged in the last decade and the absence of potential threats comparable to Russian ones, characteristic of developing countries. In general, the term “economic security” is used simply to express the idea of the relationship between sustainable economic growth, a strong position in the international trading market in connection with military security.

IN economic science the concept of “strategy” was taken from the military lexicon and firmly entered into the circulation of business management, where the terms appeared: “ strategic planning", "strategic management", "strategic management", "strategic

tegical thinking"1. In strategic management, strategy is viewed as a plan, a maneuver, a position, a look into the future. In the relevant literature, for example, the following formulation is given: “A company’s strategy is a generalizing model of actions necessary to achieve set goals through the coordination and distribution of company resources. Its goal is to achieve long-term competitive advantages, which will provide the company with high profitability"2. According to other definitions, strategy is a detailed, comprehensive comprehensive plan designed to ensure the accomplishment of the organization's mission and achievement of its goals3.

IN theoretical economics strategic behavior is called behavior in a situation where making a decision on further actions involves analyzing the possible response actions of other market actors. An important place is given to the role of the state as an anti-crisis manager, whose task is to ensure macroeconomic equilibrium through mainly fiscal and monetary policy. However, on modern stage There is a transition from anti-crisis regulation, when the goal was to preserve the country's economy, to strategic management. The prerequisites for this transition are a number of factors changing the external and internal environment, which have a contradictory impact on the national economic management system, but at the same time have a common dominant feature, namely that a way out of systemic dead ends is possible only through the definition of long-term guidelines and goals4.

When determining the place of the state’s economic strategy in the system of concepts, the following main features should be identified:

Firstly, this is the ownership of the strategic management process by the state, which is the main subject of management of social processes.

Secondly, for adequate strategic behavior, it is important to identify the actions of other economic entities operating in the space under study and posing a certain threat to the subject of the state strategy.

Thirdly, the object of such a strategy is the national economy.

The first two signs determine the place in the system of concepts of state strategy in general. The latter gives this concept economic certainty, limiting it to the sphere national economy.

Thus, a country’s economic strategy can be defined as a process of correlating the goals and means of ensuring long-term economic development over time and in a specific territorial space. It is the choice of goals related to meeting the socio-economic needs of society and their ranking by priorities that constitute the main content of the economic strategy.

Strategic economic management must be built in accordance with a certain algorithm, or a system of strict rules, the consistent implementation of which pursues the solution of a number of tasks, which ultimately ensures the achievement of a strategic goal. The following elements of the strategic management algorithm can be distinguished:

1. Conceptual stage, which mainly:

a) analyzes and evaluates the economic situation in the country and abroad;

b) a system of proposals on economic strategy options, fundamental approaches to decision-making and implementation of subsequent activities based on them are developed;

c) the main priority directions of economic development, strategic and tactical objectives are determined;

d) a program (comprehensive, targeted) of socio-economic development is being formed.

2. Technological element, which includes the formation of a set of legislative acts, instructions and methodological documents that are aimed at ensuring management activities to implement the chosen strategy.

3. Resource element that determines the types, volumes, and purpose of the funds used.

It seems axiomatic that achieving strategic goals and ensuring strategic management are impossible with limited human, financial, technical and other resources. The resource element involves optimizing the implementation of strategic management in the economic sphere. This means, mainly, ensuring the efficiency of management activities and saving resources in the process of economic activity.

4. The time element is associated with the determination of real deadlines and sequence of actions (events), excluding the so-called “running ahead or falling behind” for the sake of political slogans and the desires of senior managers.

5. The personnel element involves the development and effective use of the personnel potential of organizations participating in socio-economic development and is focused on manipulating human resources involved in the implementation of strategic programs.

6. Organizational stage, at which an organizational and managerial mechanism for implementing the program and plan for the country’s socio-economic development and assessing its effectiveness is formed.

Strategic management in the economic sphere is based on the following general principles: legality, morality, commitment, economic feasibility and efficiency. At the same time, the problem of choosing a strategy is that it has personal characteristics.

ristics and internal targets of both developers and managers. Very often, with the replacement of one person in a strategic position by another, the strategic course of the state changes seriously and the socio-economic system itself may even change.

The socio-economic changes that have taken place over the past 15 years, although they were of different directions, have not solved the cardinal problem of reducing the alienation of economic entities from the results of their activities, activating their creative forces and forming an innovative model of economic growth. That is why at the beginning of the 21st century. The country once again faced the choice of a strategy for institutional reforms. Given the wide range of conceptual possibilities, the choice of one of three strategies inevitably arises.

Strategy of market-bureaucratic modernization. To a large extent, the country has been moving along this path for the last 15 years, continuing the centuries-old tradition of implementing reforms “from above.” This model contributes to excessive concentration of power among the ruling elite, it minimizes work motivation, puts barriers to the formation of a middle class and the stability of society, and extremely limits the possibilities for the development of science, education, technological progress and structural restructuring of the economy; leads to the spread of destructive processes, criminalization of economic life and contributes to the country’s strong consolidation on the periphery of the world economy.

The strategy of liberal fundamentalism is based on the need to minimize the role of the state in the Russian economy. Many of the fundamental provisions of this strategy were widely used by supporters of the current model. This strategy complicates the development of educational, scientific and technical potential, ignores the importance of a broad

the use of intermediate forms and networks of economic relations based on a flexible combination of market and non-market regulators, the active role of the state in regulating institutional and technological transformations in all countries that are successful in increasing the competitiveness of their economies. The implementation of this strategy, like the previous one, does not allow us to satisfactorily solve the problems of transition to an innovation model and significantly reducing the backlog in economic modernization.

The strategy of institutional-market transformation, focused on the formation of an innovative model of economic development, involves the implementation of fundamental principles when constructing a model of economic development, which must be observed in the context national characteristics socio-economic relations. In this model, traditional general principles are supplemented with new ones. Firstly, this is the principle of a rational combination of economic freedom and economic ordering of connections, on the basis of which the mixed economy, ensuring effective employment of the population. Secondly, the principle of social partnership between employees, employers and the state and social justice in the distribution of income, contributing to the formation of effective labor and entrepreneurial motives. Thirdly, the principle of focusing cooperation and competition on finding effective ways to solve economic problems. Fourthly, the principle of diversity of business forms, taking into account the diversity of its conditions. Fifthly, the principle social support disabled and needy. Sixth, the principle of systemic transformation based on the democratic construction of economic management at all its levels. Seventh, the principle of rational distribution of economic resources across industries and spheres of the economy with the help of market

market and non-market mechanisms for timely solution of current and future problems, obtaining the greatest synergistic effect and minimizing total time costs.

Compliance with these principles will help reduce alienation between society and the state, harmonize economic relations and generate economic energy5.

In connection with the achievement of the goals set within the framework of the concept of development of the Russian economy, scientists and specialists distinguish three stages in the implementation of the economic strategy.

At the first stage (2007-2010), it is planned to focus efforts on overcoming the emerging trend of degradation of human potential and create a most favored nation regime for the development of the Russian high-tech complex. The authors consider the key objectives of the first stage to be: 1) achieving 4-6% average annual GDP growth; 2) preventing a crisis in the reproduction of fixed and human capital based on an increase in investment in the amount of 12-15% per year; 3) maintaining the average annual growth rate of real disposable income of the population at the level of 4-6%; 4) partial modernization of mechanical engineering and increasing its competitiveness.

The second stage (2011-2015) provides for the completion of the process of modernization of mechanical engineering, designed to effectively serve the investment demand of the real sector on a high- and medium-tech basis. At this stage the following are expected: 1) average annual GDP growth rate of 5-8%; 2) reduction in the rate of investment growth to 10-12% per year and a gradual reduction in government participation in investment policy; 3) an increase in the growth rate of real disposable income up to 10% per year due to the growth in GDP consumption.

The third stage (2016-2025) is associated with the completion of the formation of competitive

a capable Russian economy of a new type and its deregulation on generally accepted conditions of the global market.

Within the framework of these socio-economic development strategies, three scenarios for the development of the situation in Russia are possible: a pessimistic scenario - focused on the development of resource-extracting industries; optimistic scenario - involves the development of scientific, technical and innovative potential; the third option involves a combination of optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for the country’s socio-economic development. It is difficult to say how events will actually unfold and what scenario will be chosen.

Thus, the country’s economic development strategy plays a key role in defining and achieving national priorities for socio-economic development in all spheres of public life. Even in the message of the President of the country dated April 25, 2005, V.V. Putin expressed the opinion that directions should be clearly defined for almost all strategic problems of Russia state building, developing healthcare, education, fighting crime, creating conditions for the development of entrepreneurship, increasing salaries for public sector employees, preserving freedom of speech, etc.

NOTES

1 Thompson A. A., Strickland A. J. Strategic management. The art of developing and implementing strategy / Transl. from English M.: UNITY, 1998. P. 14.

2 Vesnin V. R. Strategic management: Textbook. M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2004. P. 7.

3 Vikhansky O. S. Strategic management. M.: Economist, 2004. P. 31.

4 Kuznetsova E.I. Strategic analysis in the system of public administration of the national economy: Monograph. M.: UNITY-DANA; Law and Law, 2006. pp. 13-14.

5 Metelev S. E. National security and development priorities of Russia: socio-economic and legal aspects: Monograph. M.: UNITY-DANA; Law and Law, 2006. pp. 44-46.

State strategy for economic security of the Russian Federation (main provisions)

The State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996 No. 608) includes four main sections.

IV. Economic policy measures and mechanisms aimed at ensuring economic security:

I. The purpose and objects of the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation.

The State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the State Strategy) is an integral part of the national security of the Russian Federation as a whole and is focused on the implementation of economic transformations being carried out in the Russian Federation in the next three to five years.

The goal of the State Strategy is to ensure such economic development that would create acceptable conditions for life and personal development, socio-economic and military-political stability of society and the preservation of the integrity of the state, successfully countering the influence of internal and external threats.

The implementation of the State Strategy should create the necessary conditions for achieving common national security goals. In particular, ensure:

– protection of the civil rights of the population, increasing the level and quality of their life, guaranteeing social peace in the country and tranquility in society;
– effective solution of internal political, economic and social problems based on national interests;
– active influence on processes in the world that affect Russia’s national interests.

The foreign economic orientation of the State Strategy is to effectively realize the advantages of the international division of labor, the sustainability of the country’s development in conditions of its equal integration into world economic relations, and to prevent Russia from becoming critically dependent on foreign countries or their communities on vital issues of economic cooperation.

The country has qualified personnel of scientists, engineers, workers, the vast majority of types of mineral resources, the created production potential is capable of meeting the needs of its further development.

The objects of economic security of the Russian Federation are the individual, society, the state and the main elements of the economic system, including the system of institutional relations under state regulation of economic activity.

The state strategy includes:

1) characterization of external and internal threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation as a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital economic interests of the individual, society and the state; identification and monitoring of factors that undermine the sustainability of the state’s socio-economic system in the short and medium term (three to five years);
2) determination of criteria and parameters that characterize national interests in the field of economics and meet the requirements of economic security of the Russian Federation;
3) the formation of economic policy, institutional changes and the necessary mechanisms that eliminate or mitigate the impact of factors that undermine the sustainability of the national economy.

The implementation of the State Strategy should be carried out through a system of specific measures implemented on the basis of qualitative indicators and quantitative indicators - macroeconomic, demographic, foreign economic, environmental, technological, etc.

II. Threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.

Identification of possible threats to economic security and development of measures to prevent them are of paramount importance in the system of ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation.

The most likely threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, the localization of which should be targeted by the activities of federal government bodies, are the following.

1. Increasing property differentiation of the population and increasing poverty levels, which leads to violations social world and public consent. The achieved relative balance of social interests may be disrupted as a result of factors such as:
- – stratification of society into a narrow circle of rich people and a predominant mass of poor people, unsure of their future;
- – an increase in the share of the poor in the city compared to the countryside, which creates social and criminal tension and the ground for the widespread spread of relatively new negative phenomena for Russia - drug addiction, organized crime, prostitution, etc.;
- – rising unemployment, which can lead to social conflicts;
- – delay in payment of wages, shutdown of enterprises, etc.
2. Deformation of the structure of the Russian economy, due to the following factors:
- – strengthening the fuel and raw material orientation of the economy;
- – the lag between exploration of mineral reserves and their extraction;
- – low competitiveness of products of most domestic enterprises;
- – curtailment of production in vital sectors of the manufacturing industry, primarily in mechanical engineering;
- – a decrease in productivity, the destruction of the technological unity of scientific research and development, the collapse of established scientific teams and, on this basis, the undermining of the scientific and technical potential of Russia;
- – conquest by foreign firms of the Russian domestic market for many types of consumer goods;
- – acquisition of Russian enterprises by foreign firms in order to displace domestic products from both the foreign and domestic markets;
- – growth of Russia’s external debt and the associated increase in budget expenditures to repay it.
3. Increasing unevenness of socio-economic development of regions.

The most important factors of this threat are:

– objectively existing differences in the level of socio-economic development of regions, the presence of depressed, crisis and economically backward areas against the background of structural changes in industrial production, accompanied by a sharp decrease in the share of manufacturing industries;
– disruption of production and technological connections between enterprises in individual regions of Russia;
– an increase in the gap in the level of national income production per capita between individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
4. Criminalization of society and economic activity, caused mainly by factors such as:
- – growth of unemployment, since a significant part of crimes is committed by persons who do not have a permanent source of income;
- – the merging of some government officials with organized crime, the possibility of criminal structures having access to the management of a certain part of production and their penetration into various power structures;
- – weakening of the system of state control, which led to the expansion of the activities of criminal structures in the domestic financial market, in the field of privatization, export-import transactions and trade.

III. Criteria and parameters of the state of the economy that meet the requirements of economic security of the Russian Federation.

The list of criteria for the economic security of the Russian Federation and the federal executive authorities responsible for the development of their quantitative (threshold) and qualitative parameters was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1996 No. 1569.

To determine the criteria and parameters that meet the requirements of economic security of the Russian Federation, the following must be taken into account.

1. The ability of the economy to function in the expanded reproduction mode. This means that the country must have sufficiently developed industries and productions that have vital important for the functioning of the state both in normal and extreme conditions, capable of ensuring the reproduction process regardless of external influences.

The most important requirement for the economic security of the Russian Federation is maintaining state control over strategic resources and preventing their export in amounts that could cause damage to Russia’s national interests.

2. An acceptable standard of living of the population and the possibility of maintaining it. It is impossible to allow indicators of the level of poverty, property differentiation of the population and unemployment to go beyond the maximum permissible limits from the position of socio-political stability of society.

Accessibility for the population of education, culture, medical care, heat, electricity and water supply, transport, communications, and utilities is one of the necessary conditions for the economic security of Russia.

3. The stability of the financial system, determined by the level of the budget deficit, price stability, normalization financial flows and settlement relations, the stability of the banking system and national currency, the degree of protection of the interests of investors, gold and foreign exchange reserves, the development of the Russian financial market and the securities market, as well as a decrease in external and domestic debt and balance of payments deficit, ensuring financial conditions for enhancing investment activity.
4. A rational structure of foreign trade, ensuring access of domestic processed goods to the foreign market, the maximum permissible level of satisfying domestic needs through imports (taking into account regional characteristics), ensuring the priority of economic relations with neighboring countries. A balanced foreign economic policy, which involves both meeting the needs of the domestic market and protecting domestic producers using the rules adopted in international practice protective measures.

On state regulation of foreign trade activities, see Federal Law of December 8, 2003 No. 164-FZ “On the fundamentals of state regulation of foreign trade activities.”

5. Maintaining the country’s scientific potential and preserving leading domestic scientific schools capable of ensuring Russia’s independence in strategically important areas of scientific and technological progress.
6. Preservation of a single economic space and broad interregional economic relations that ensure compliance with national interests, excluding the development of separatist tendencies, and the functioning of a single all-Russian market or an integrated system of regional markets, taking into account their production specialization.
7. Creation of economic and legal conditions that exclude the criminalization of society and all spheres of economic and financial activities, the seizure of industrial and financial institutions by criminal structures, their penetration into various structures authorities.
8. Determining and ensuring the necessary state regulation of economic processes that can guarantee the normal functioning of a market economy both in normal and extreme conditions.

IV. Measures and mechanisms of economic policy aimed at ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation.

Economic policy measures and mechanisms developed and implemented at the federal and regional levels should be aimed at preventing internal and external threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.

1. Monitoring of factors that determine threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.

Objective and comprehensive monitoring of the economy and society from the point of view of economic security of the Russian Federation should be carried out on the basis of an analysis of specific quantitative values of economic security indicators.

To monitor the factors that determine internal and external threats to the economic interests of the individual, society and the state, the primary task is to create an organizational and information base.

2. Development of criteria and parameters (threshold values) for the economic security of the Russian Federation.

To implement the State Strategy, quantitative and qualitative parameters (threshold values) of the state of the economy must be developed, exceeding which poses a threat to the economic security of the country, characterizing:

– dynamics and structure of gross domestic product, indicators of volumes and rates of industrial production, sectoral and regional structure economy and the dynamics of individual industries, capital investments and so on.;
– the state of the country’s natural resource, production, scientific and technical potential;
– the ability of the economic mechanism to adapt to changing internal and external factors (inflation rates, state budget deficit, the impact of foreign economic factors, stability of the national currency, internal and external debt, etc.);
– the state of the financial, budgetary and credit systems;
– quality of life of the population (gross domestic product per capita), level of unemployment and income differentiation, provision of main groups of the population with material goods and services, state of the environment, etc.

Quantitative parameters must be developed not only for the country as a whole, but also for each of its regions. At the same time, the composition of criteria and indicators of economic security of the Russian Federation by region should correspond with the corresponding composition of criteria and parameters in terms of the economy and national interests of Russia as a whole.

Based on the national interests in the field of economics, criteria and parameters of economic security of the Russian Federation formulated in the State Strategy, measures are determined and mechanisms for implementing economic policy are developed aimed at ensuring the economic security of the country.

3. State activities to ensure the economic security of the Russian Federation.

The state's activities to ensure the economic security of the Russian Federation are carried out in the following main areas.

1. Identification of cases when actual or predicted parameters of economic development deviate from the threshold values of economic security, and the development of comprehensive government measures to get the country out of the danger zone.
2. Organization of work in order to implement a set of measures to overcome or prevent the emergence of threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.
3. Examination of decisions made on financial and economic issues from the position of economic security of the Russian Federation. Legislative and other normative legal acts when prepared in mandatory must undergo examination for the economic security of the Russian Federation. The procedure for conducting this examination is determined by the President of the Russian Federation.

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Introduction
1. Regulatory and legal basis for the economic security of Russia

1.1 State strategy for economic security.
1.2 Main provisions of the state strategy for economic security.7

2. Concept and structure of economic security of the state

2.1 The most important elements of economic security
2.2 Classification of threats to economic security

3. Mechanism for ensuring economic security

3.1 Monitoring, development of criteria and parameters of economic security.
3.2 State activities to ensure economic security and quality of life of the population.

4. Necessary measures to increase Russia's economic security
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

The need for protection from unwanted external influences and radical internal changes, in other words, the need for security is a basic, fundamental need for the life of both an individual, a family, and various associations of people, including society and the state. In the conditions of the formation of a market economy, the sphere of safe existence has narrowed so much that the constant and massive dissatisfaction of this need has a negative impact on the development and functioning of individual citizens, families, organizations, the state and society as a whole, exacerbating the crisis state of all spheres of its life.

Today, the most pressing issues are related to threats to the national security of the Russian Federation. Economic security is one of the most important components of the country's national security.

The economic security of the state is a complex and multifaceted structure. Being part of the national security system, it simultaneously forms the basis for the formation of all elements included in its structure:

· military,

· technological,

food,

· environmental safety, etc.

Currently, the object of security is the economy at all levels with its tasks of stability, invulnerability, balance of obvious benefits and certain damage introduced by the process of “drawing in” into international market relations and economic ties. The crisis state of the economy is manifested through a significant reduction in production, a decrease in investment activity, the destruction of scientific and technical potential, stagnation of the agricultural sector, a decrease in the revenue side of the federal budget, etc.

Expanding business cooperation with business entities in the country and beyond its borders actualizes the task of overcoming negative circumstances that impede the normal functioning of the economy and its sustainable development.

The state of the economy, assessment of the negative consequences of political and economic decisions, including reform and restructuring, identification of cause-and-effect relationships of crisis phenomena led to the consideration of economic security factors within the framework of state economic policy.

In the most general form, economic security depends on a combination of factors of the optimal ratio on the scale of state structures, the state of the economy of society, the content of the institution of power and the culture of public life. It is understood as a multi-level phenomenon: economic security of the individual; economic security of a business entity; economic security of the region or sphere of economic activity; economic security of the country as a whole.

Due to lack whole system ensuring economic security, the forecast and models of further socio-economic development of the country were largely based on international programs developed International Bank reconstruction and development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The implementation of a reform policy inadequate to economic conditions further aggravated the situation. The openness of the economy allowed foreign producers to capture the Russian market, as a result of which the Russian economy began a sharp decline in production, which is still ongoing. Russia's national security is under threat. The sharp drop in the level of income and living standards of the population poses a threat to Russian statehood. The state of the economy is to blame for all this. How to evaluate it, how to make decisions to bring it out of the protracted crisis? The problem of economic security in foreign literature has apparently been considered for quite a long time, since it was started by F. Roosevelt in 1934 with the use of the term economic security.

In our country, the term “economic security” began to be heard in the 90s in articles by economists and in the media. The first articles on problems of economic security in Russia appeared at the end of 1994. The theoretical side of the issue was considered most fully in the journal Questions of Economics No. 12 for 1994 by L. Abalkin, A. Arkhipov and others. Later, other major Russian economists entered into debate on this issue.

The problems of ensuring the economic security of Russia as an indispensable condition for its revival are attracting increasingly close attention of politicians, scientists, and the broadest segments of the population. This attention is by no means accidental. The scale of threats and even the real damage caused to the country’s economic security bring these problems to the forefront of public life.

1. Regulatory framework economic security of Russia

1.1 . State strategy for economic security.

The most important element of Russian state security is economic security. In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated April 29, 1996 No. 608 “On the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions),” economic security of Russia is a state of protection of the economic interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, based on independence , efficiency and competitiveness of the country's economy. The objects of economic security of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Decree, are the individual, society, state and the main elements of the economic system, including the system of institutional relations.

Without ensuring economic security, it is impossible to solve the problems facing the state, both nationally and international level. Thus, the state economic security strategy, being an integral part of Russia’s national security, pursues the goal of ensuring the protection of the population by increasing the level and quality of its life, effectively solving internal economic and social problems, as well as influencing global processes, taking into account national state interests.

The situation in the Russian economy requires the definition of an economic security strategy. However, all economic measures taken are mainly impulsive and fragmentary in nature.

Despite the difficulty transition period Russia has enormous potential to ensure its economic security not only within the country, but also abroad. The foreign economic orientation of the state strategy lies in the effective implementation of the advantages of the international division of labor, in the country's participation in its equal integration into world economic relations, in eliminating its dependence on foreign countries in matters of economic and technical cooperation. The objects of economic security, in addition to the individual and the state, are the basic elements of the economic system and economic activity.

1 .2 Basic provisions of the state strategy for economic security

The main provisions of the state strategy in the field of economic security define concepts, objects, indicators, threats and the main mechanisms for their prevention or repayment within the framework of actually existing resource limitations.

Three blocks of strategy provisions can be distinguished:

1. Determination of national state interests in the field of economics that meet the requirements of economic security and ensure the protection of important conditions for the life of the country.

2. Identification of dangers and threats to economic security as a set of conditions and factors that harm the vital economic interests of the individual, society and the state, identification and monitoring of factors that undermine the stability of the socio-economic system and the state in the short and medium term (3 - 5 years) .

3. Formation of proposals for adjusting economic policy, institutional reforms and the necessary mechanisms that eliminate or mitigate impacts that undermine the sustainability of the economy.

The implementation of the economic state strategy should be carried out through a system of specific measures implemented on the basis of qualitative indicators and quantitative indicators - macroeconomic, demographic, foreign economic, economic, technological, etc.

2. Concept and structure of economic security of the state

2.1 The most important elements of economic security

In order to understand and realize the meaning of the category “economic security”, it is necessary to characterize the term “security” and determine what its essence is. Security is a state of a subject in which the probability of a change in the qualities inherent in this subject and its parameters external environment small, less than a certain interval. The “desirable” state of a subject is determined by a specific combination of vital parameters. Depending on the change in this combination, the concept of a “desirable” change will also change. Thus, it is equally important for the subject to correctly assess the level of security. The subject's assessment of security may not coincide with its actual level. The depth of this discrepancy depends on the completeness and depth of information about the current situation, on the degree of influence of its changes on the state of security, etc.

In general, the category of economic security is interpreted differently in the scientific literature. So, for example, according to V. Tambovtsev, “... the economic security of a particular system must be understood as the totality of properties of the state of its production subsystem, which ensures the ability to achieve the goals of the entire system.”

V.A. Savin believes that “economic security represents a system for protecting the vital interests of Russia. The objects of protection can be: the national economy of the country as a whole, individual regions of the country, individual spheres and sectors of the economy, legal and individuals as subjects of economic activity." According to L.I. Abalkin, "economic security is a state of the economic system that allows it to develop dynamically, efficiently and solve social problems and in which the state has the opportunity to develop and implement an independent economic policy."

So, in the general sense of the word, economic security should be understood as the most important qualitative characteristic of an economic system, determining its ability to maintain normal living conditions for the population and a sustainable provision of resources for the development of the national economy.

Economic security itself has a rather complex internal structure. Three of its most important elements can be distinguished:

Economic independence, which in the conditions of the modern world economy is by no means absolute. International division labor makes national economies interdependent on each other. In these conditions, economic independence means the possibility of state control over national resources, achieving a level of production, efficiency and quality of products that ensures its competitiveness and allows equal participation in world trade and the exchange of scientific and technical achievements;

Stability and sustainability of the national economy, which implies the protection of property in all its forms, the creation of reliable conditions and guarantees for entrepreneurial activity, the fight against criminal structures in the economy, the prevention of serious gaps in the distribution of income that threaten to cause social upheaval, etc.;

The ability for self-development and progress, which is especially important in today’s dynamically developing world. Creating a favorable climate for investment and innovation, constant modernization of production, increasing the professional, educational and general cultural level of workers are becoming necessary and mandatory conditions for the sustainability and self-preservation of the national economy.

Thus, economic security is a set of conditions and factors that ensure the independence of the national economy, its stability and sustainability, and the ability for constant renewal and self-improvement.

2.2 Classification of threats to economic security

The most likely threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, the localization of which should be targeted by the activities of federal government bodies, are:

1.Weakening of the scientific, technical and technological potential of the country.

The scientific and technical potential, despite certain weaknesses (especially the one-sided orientation toward military goals), was generally comparable to that of North America and Western Europe. The collapse in production, especially in the military-industrial complex, paralyzed the demand for R&D. At the same time, budget allocations for science were sharply reduced.

The share of allocations for science in industrialized countries is at least 2% of GDP (this, according to the Security Council, is the threshold value). In Russia this share is 0.3-0.5%. It is believed that if within 5-7 years expenditures on research and development do not exceed 1% of GDP, then irreversible processes in the destruction of scientific and technical potential begin in the country.

Science and scientific services have turned from the most prestigious and financially secure sphere of activity into one of the lowest paid. At the end of 1996, the average wage here was lower than in gas industry, electric power industry and industry as a whole by 5 times, 2.5 and 1.4 times respectively. Purchases of instruments, equipment and materials, subscriptions to foreign literature and periodicals have almost completely stopped. Left to their own devices, scientific institutions and institutes are fighting for survival and are preoccupied with finding money to pay for utilities.

The reduction in R&D funding by more than 10 times over the past 7 years and the associated outflow of the best minds abroad (the emigration of more than 100 thousand scientists in these years is equivalent to economic damage of 80 billion dollars), the degradation of scientific schools, the collapse of research teams and world-class design bureaus, the destruction of the connection between science and production doom the country to deprivation of the main factor of modern economic development - scientific and technological progress.

However, despite the catastrophic destruction of domestic scientific potential, the Government does not increase allocations for R&D even to provided by law 4 percent of the budget expenditure level, refuses to include R&D costs in the cost of production, provide tax benefits to stimulate innovation activity.

2. Disintegration of the economy and decline in production.

As a result of the macroeconomic policy pursued by the government of the Russian Federation in different years, the country's economic space has split into two weakly connected areas. Sphere of capital circulation (operations on the securities market, foreign exchange market, as well as in trade) is characterized by high (or even ultra-high) profits and the speed of circulation of money. The production sector (“ real sector economy", covering material production, consumer services, medical care, education, transportation and other areas related to the production of material and spiritual goods) low profitability and speed of circulation of money, as well as significant risks (all this is due to the chaotic severance of economic ties, uncertainty property relations, instability of demand, unfair competition and general unfavorable market conditions).

In a balanced economic system that is in a state of equilibrium, the sphere of capital circulation and the production sphere perform complementary functions from a reproduction point of view. Through the sphere of circulation, there is a constant exchange of goods and a redistribution of capital from less efficient to more effective areas of investment, which ensures the continuity of the social reproduction process, the basis of which is the sphere of production. These areas are connected by banks, sales organizations, state budget into a single whole and function in indissoluble unity.

In the disequilibrium and unbalanced state of the current Russian economy, the sphere of capital circulation and the production sphere have become disintegrated. The sharp gap between them in terms of profitability and attractiveness of operations led to a massive flow of capital from the production sphere to the circulation sphere (with the subsequent transfer of a significant part of it abroad)

Disintegration is also progressing in the production sector of the economy. In this regard, it is significant that enterprises forced to maintain their own reproduction in conditions of constant outflow of monetary resources and depreciation working capital, are divided into three groups depending on the stability of effective demand and the internal rate of return.

The first group is distinguished by stable effective demand and a rate of profit sufficient to retain its own working capital and mobilize external loans to replenish them. These are, as a rule, enterprises in the oil and gas, chemical and metallurgical industries, which export a significant part of their products. The latter allows them to maintain a relatively high rate of profit, ensure timely repayment of funds and attract relatively cheap credit resources from abroad to finance working capital. Under favorable circumstances, they are able to use credit and accumulated own funds in the amounts necessary to finance investments.

The second group of enterprises is characterized by a rate of profit sufficient to maintain simple reproduction and the presence, to one degree or another, of effective demand for their products, which allows for the turnover of capital (albeit with a delay). They are focused mainly on the demand of enterprises of the first group. This includes a few enterprises that produce competitive consumer products, as well as those belonging to the sphere of natural monopolies.

The third group includes solvent enterprises characterized by low or negative profitability, uncompetitiveness of their products or the absence of solvent consumers. This is the largest group covering enterprises Agriculture, light industry, construction and related mechanical engineering industries, as well as production with long production cycles (which are especially difficult to survive in a liquidity crisis).

3. Loss of economic independence.

Currently, the degree of economic dependence of the country on outside world is unacceptably high. Up to 70% of food consumed by the population of large cities comes from abroad. The state is unable to stop the illegal massive export of capital. Amounts of payments according to external debts exceed the capabilities of the Russian economy. The country is forced to adjust its economic policy to the universalist requirements of international economic organizations, which often do not adequately take into account Russian specifics, and sometimes act directly to the detriment of the Russian economy.

The economy turned out to be structurally even more distorted - the share of extractive industries increased and the share of the processing industry, especially those producing highly processed final products, decreased. From the point of view of our country's specialization in the world market, and from the point of view of the structure of capital investments, which determines the future structure of the economy, Russia has acquired the typical features of a raw materials colony.

The share of the main types of fuel and energy resources in the total volume of exports in recent years has amounted to more than half, of all raw materials - 3/4, and machinery and equipment - only 8-9%. It is generally accepted that for countries claiming economic independence, the share of manufacturing industry exports should be at least 40%, including at least 10% of high-tech and knowledge-intensive products. These figures in Russia are about 12% and 1%, respectively. . In exchange for natural resource rent, Russia purchases consumer goods, machinery and equipment, financing scientific and technological progress and the creation of jobs abroad.

However, such deformation of the economy (in particular, the backwardness of the manufacturing industry and the curtailment of the development of new fields), as well as the instability of world prices, have determined that the efficiency of Russian exports has been steadily declining, depriving the Russian government of the main source of replenishment of the country’s budget.

In the National Security Concept of January 10, 2000, the most serious threats to Russia's economic security include a low level of investment. Indeed, attraction foreign investment into the Russian economy (especially its oil and gas industry) can slow down the lag in the replenishment of mineral reserves from their extraction, the collapse in vital sectors of the manufacturing industry, and also, in the future, may be able to influence the solution of such acute problems of Russian security as the low competitiveness of domestic products or delays in wage payments.

However, it is possible that, under the influence of the influx of foreign investment, accelerated development oil and gas complex will lead to a further increase in the share of the fuel and raw materials sector in the country's economy and strengthening its fuel and raw materials orientation. Another important guideline can be considered the provision that foreign companies cannot be allowed to establish control over strategically important sectors of the economy.

There is a real threat of losing national control over non-ferrous metallurgy, instrument making, the chemical industry, and the electric power industry. In acute conditions budget crisis the administration of the constituent entities of the federation, trying to close the gaping budget holes, are ready to transfer foreign companies the latter - subsoil areas with deposits of valuable natural resources.

It is necessary to dwell on one more way of losing Russia’s national security. The fact is that low economic activity not only does not allow maintaining at least simple reproduction, defense capability and the achieved welfare parameters. It excludes the provision of the minimum required level of economic development of the country's territory and the maintenance of existing infrastructure. This is expressed in a massive outflow of population from the regions of the North and the Far East in a sharp increase in disasters and accidents in basic industries: in transport, energy, chemical industry. If current trends continue, the “rarefied” economic space of Russia will inevitably be filled with foreign capital. This is already clearly felt in the growing pressure on authorities from various forces lobbying the interests of foreign companies. The latter seek to seize the most valuable and mineral-rich areas of land and strengthen their control over the information space and transport communications of Russia.

Russia's loss of food independence deserves special consideration. Agricultural production is always more conservative compared to industrial production. The dependence of the former on soil and climatic conditions, technical and technological backwardness, lower capital-labor ratio of production and labor, as well as weak energy supply slowed down the pace of development in the agricultural sector of economic activity.

Of all the troubles that have befallen the Russian economy, the most burdensome is the decline in agricultural production and the deterioration in nutrition of the country's population. Back in the years Soviet power There was a steady lag between agriculture and industry and the level of its development in industrialized countries. The implementation of reforms has worsened the situation in the agricultural sector of the economy. During natural and social disasters, agriculture suffers more than other sectors of production.

The disruption of agriculture fundamentally caused a deterioration in the nutrition of the Russian population.

Previously, during the years of socialism, the country ranked 6th in the world in terms of food supply per capita. Now it's the 40s.

The deterioration in nutrition is caused not only by a decrease in the production of basic food products and the curtailment of the food industry, but also by a decline in purchasing power population, an increase in the number of people living below the poverty line, especially in rural areas. Today, the average monthly salary in the village is 42% of the national average.

4. Impoverishment of the population.

On September 22, 2004, the World Bank presented its Poverty Assessment Report in Russia. According to his estimates, during the period from 1997 to 1999, poverty in Russia increased from 24.1% of the population (35.3 million people) to 41.5% (60.5 million). Then, from 1999 to 2002, Russia managed to reduce poverty by more than half - to 19.6%. Unemployment during this time decreased from 13.2 to 8.2% of the working population, and average salary increased by 15%.

The poor in Russia are most often able-bodied residents of villages and small towns with children. The proportion of workers living below the official poverty line is very high among workers in education, culture and health care.

At the same time, World Bank experts and Russian statisticians use different methods for determining the poverty level. Russian experts estimate the share of the poor population according to monthly income. For example, in the second quarter of 2004, the official cost of living was 2,363 rubles. per month per person, and 29.8 million people—20.8% of the population—had incomes below this level.

The World Bank considers this methodology not entirely correct and proposes to evaluate poverty not by the level of income (about which people do not always tell the truth), but by the level of consumption. Therefore, in 2002, according to the World Bank, 19.6% suffered from poverty. Russian population, and according to the estimate Russian government -- 25 %.

According to the World Bank, only 8% of transport subsidies go to the poorest 20% of a country's citizens, while the richest 20% receive 30% of such subsidies. And the amount of housing benefits received by the richest is 2.1 times greater than the assistance received by the poor.

The international community, represented by the relevant UN organizations, has long recognized that an hourly wage of less than three dollars is the maximum. It pushes the worker beyond the threshold of his life activity, beyond which comes the destruction of the labor potential of the economy. Our average salary is three times lower than this threshold.

Decline real income population led to a decrease in consumption.

The problem of impoverishment of the population is recognized, but completely ignored in the implementation of socio-economic policies. Although the “unacceptability of the excessive social cost of reforms” and the inadmissibility of an even greater decline in the living standards of the population were officially declared. However, the government has repeatedly refused to comply with social guarantees and arbitrarily sequestered established by law social spending, allowed for a sharp deterioration in the quality of education and healthcare, and left the disabled population to the mercy of fate, including millions of children from poor families.

In these socio-economic conditions, the natural reaction of the population was a decrease in the birth rate. Over 40% of families with two or more children live in poverty, and the likelihood of a large family being in poverty is 50%. It is not surprising that almost 6 million fewer children were born in the last 10 years than in the previous decade.

Of all the items of federal budget expenditure, steady and rapid growth is observed in only one - expenditure on servicing the public debt, which reached a quarter of the entire federal budget.

As we can see, preserving the super-profits of the oligarchic clans that control part of the banks and raw material monopolies, and the income of the alcohol mafia seems to be more important for the government than ensuring national security, minimal social guarantees, saving children from hunger and degradation, protecting the health of the population and education of young people.

5. Property differentiation of the population and mass unemployment

The rapid split of the country into a narrow circle of rich people and a huge mass of poor people, unsure of their future, is creating two polarized classes of society with different ideas about social justice. The distance between them is increasing, and the social basis of the reforms is strengthening. Obviously, this leads to the constant reproduction of the threat of social conflicts. Also, the growing unemployment rate creates the preconditions for social tension. The threshold level is considered to be up to 10% of the working population. According to official data, Russia is approaching this threshold, but taking into account hidden unemployment (vacation without pay, part-time work, etc.), its real level is 13-15%.

Unemployment is a new phenomenon for Russia, so one should keep in mind its moral impact on the population and their actions. According to American scientists, a 1% increase in unemployment increases prison occupancy by 5-7%.

6. Criminalization.

As a threat to the economic security of Russia, it is necessary to highlight the criminalization of economic activity caused by rising unemployment, the merging of some government officials with organized crime, the possibility of access of criminal structures to the management of a certain part of production, and the weakening of the system of state control.

Crime has affected almost all spheres of economic life: property relations; production and distribution of the manufactured product; financial and banking activities, public administration and foreign economic activity. Already the first year of the so-called “liberalization” of the economy became a year of freedom for the criminal community. The annual turnover of the shadow economy in 1992 increased 25 times compared to 1991 and exceeded the trillion mark. However, at that time the share of the shadow sector of the economy was comparable to similar indicators in most developed countries. market economy. And by 1996 it was already 45%.

By now, the last romantic hopes of liberals for the possible improvement of the “black” market have collapsed.

The problem of criminalization of the country's economy remains the number one problem today.

The process of criminalization of economic life in the country is based on the shadow economy, that is, a system of economic relations outside the legal field of the state. Shadow financial capital is the economic basis (basis) of organized crime.

Shadow economy, like any social phenomenon, has two sides. On the one hand, this is the creation of additional jobs, production of products, provision of various types of services and, ultimately, increasing the well-being of society. On the other hand, tax evasion, capital laundering, transfer of capital abroad, withdrawal of unaccounted income and currency from circulation. In addition, while competing with the official economy, the shadow economy, having higher profits, turns out to be more efficient and hinders the development of the official economy.

In Russia, the centralized management system has created a set of conditions for the emergence and development of the shadow economy and shadow capital. A wide range of people, resources, as well as officials of various ranks were involved in the sphere of operation of the shadow economic system.

The active promotion of the shadow economy by representatives of government structures at all levels plays a decisive role throughout the world. Research shows that from the first days, shadow traders, in parallel with racketeers, and sometimes exclusively, entered into an alliance with representatives of law enforcement agencies and local executive authorities. Over time, law enforcement agencies began to actively oust crime from the shadow economy, and currently representatives of these structures, together with tax services, are “raising the roof” on almost all large and medium-sized businesses. Super-large business has become the domain of government officials and deputies of the highest rank. Spheres of influence are distributed quite clearly, and breakdowns, as a rule, do not happen.

The result of the criminalization of the economic system was the subordination of the state's economic policy to the specific economic interests of criminal structures. The shadow economy is the core on which the modern criminal structure was formed.

The most important factor that determined the criminalization economic life society is the destruction of the mechanisms of state power, as well as the ongoing socio-economic policy.

The potential danger of criminalization of the economy was also objectively increased by the very focus of the reforms on the development of market relations. The stage of initial accumulation of capital is inevitably accompanied by an exacerbation of criminal phenomena in the economic life of society.

Despite the increased activity of the state in the fight against crime, the results do not provide a basis for a satisfactory assessment. The most dangerous thing is not the growth rate of various types of economic crimes (no matter how impressive specific figures and examples may look), but the transition of economic crime to a new quality, expressed in more and more real threat economic security of the Russian Federation.

Speaking about economic security from the point of view of the impact of the criminal economy on it, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that economic crime acquired qualitatively new properties. Leaders and authorities of the criminal world create criminal communities that actively influence enterprises and organizations of federal significance. These communities are increasingly characterized by strict centralization and clear discipline. Of particular concern is the existence in these communities of such attributes as intelligence and counterintelligence, excellent technical support and the presence of militant groups, while previously these attributes could only be characteristic of the state. This leads to the idea that criminal communities are trying to replace the state by taking over its functions and, along with them, power. This trend is extremely dangerous, as it threatens the existence of the state itself. In other words, the problem of economic criminalization should also be considered as a national security problem.

7. Increasing differentiation of economic and social development of regions. Separatism of a number of subjects of the Federation.

One of the most pressing problems of economic security is the aggravation of differentiation of economic and social development of its constituent territories. Russian regions, and previously far from identical in their socio-economic characteristics, in the context of a decline in production, are rapidly stratifying into rich and poor.

Without a doubt, this gives rise to not only economic, but also political consequences: the increase in separatism in certain regions (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Yakutia, etc.), the popularity of the idea of secession from Russia (North Caucasus, “Ural Republic”), etc. Extrapolation These trends show that they lead to the final collapse of the single economic space of Russia (given the level of integration of the Russian economy and the uncompetitiveness of most of its production on the world market, this will inevitably lead to complete economic degradation and will finally give the economy a “colonial” structure), and then to the disintegration of Russia into many separate states.

Preventing or mitigating the consequences of threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation requires identifying and monitoring factors that undermine the sustainability of the state’s socio-economic system.

3. Mechanism for ensuring economic security

economic state security

3.1 Monitoring, development of criteria and parameters of economic security

Monitoring of factors determining threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation

The most important elements of the mechanism for ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation are monitoring and forecasting the factors that determine threats to economic security.

Monitoring as an operational information and analytical system for observing the dynamics of economic security indicators is of great importance for the transition state of the economy in the presence of serious inter-industry proportions and an acute lack of resources (primarily financial).

Development of criteria and parameters (threshold values) of economic security of the Russian Federation

dynamics and structure of gross domestic product, indicators of volumes and rates of industrial production, sectoral and regional structure of the economy and dynamics of individual industries, capital investments, etc.;

the state of the country’s natural resource, production, scientific and technical potential;

the ability of the economic mechanism to adapt to changing internal and external factors;

the state of the financial, budgetary and credit systems.

3.2 State activities to ensure economic security and quality of life of the population

The state’s activities to ensure the economic security of the Russian Federation are carried out in the following main areas:

1. Identification of cases when actual or predicted parameters of economic development deviate from the threshold values of economic security, and the development of comprehensive government measures to get the country out of the danger zone.

2. Organization of work in order to implement a set of measures to overcome or prevent the emergence of threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.

Examination of decisions made on financial and economic issues from the perspective of economic security of the Russian Federation.

4. Necessary measures to increase the economic security of Russia

Difference in straight sizes foreign investment into the economies of China and Russia indicates the difference in the attitude of foreigners towards Russia and China. The confrontation between China and the United States does not prevent the latter from investing tens of times larger sums in the Chinese economy. Would you develop the economy of a future competitor and military enemy? No. This means that the West perceives Russia differently than China, although China follows Russia in economic transparency. This is evidenced by investment activities(or rather the lack thereof) of the largest TNCs in Russia. Their main task is to capture one or another share of the Russian market to expand sales of their own products. The totality of actual and announced investments of the largest TNCs in the Russian economy amounts to just over 1% of the total volume of foreign assets. E.A. Gryaznov, KTNK in Russia. Positions of the world's largest transnational corporations in the Russian economy. Moscow, 2000. This means that the largest investors have not made any large investments in Russia, and do not intend to invest (of course, unless there are completely free offers, but for cheap acquisitions big money and is not required). This means that Russia is viewed as a very strong potential rival, in whose economic development it is better not to invest - it will be more expensive for yourself. So the large investments that are about to pour in from abroad in a wide stream following the opening and liberalization of the market is a myth that needs to be gotten rid of quickly. The G7 countries will not invest in the Russian economy (unless they buy Gazprom cheaply and the most economically profitable generating power plants, or something else). Well, in principle, we are not the first, we are the last. After all, there is an active takeover of the electricity and gas industries in Eastern Europe and the Baltic countries at bargain prices; they just haven’t gotten to us yet.

Why cheap? Because in Russia today there is practically zero capitalization. During the years of reforms, the state several times “lost” its fellow citizens and its own industry for money. As a result, the RAO UES company, which at the time of its formation was worth 425 billion dollars, during the collapse of the ruble by Gaidar - 102 billion, is now worth 4 - 6 billion dollars. LUKoil is worth 10 - 12 billion dollars, while Chevron, a company of similar size in terms of assets, is worth 70 - 80 billion dollars. Gazprom, the value of which should range from 150 to 300 billion dollars, costs 8 billion. A. Godzinsky, On liquid debts and conscientious borrowers, Expert No. 21, 2001. And so with everyone Russian companies, more precisely, with all companies of the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact. The NATO enemy died in the late 80s, and now the fallen is being actively eaten.

We must honestly admit that economic course was imposed from outside. After all, as practice has shown, almost all large developing countries, using the advice and assistance of the IMF and other international organizations created and expressing the interests of the United States and its allies, failed to develop to the level of the G7. Moreover, the external debt of countries such as Mexico, Argentina and Brazil is today comparable to Russian debt. Although they have been trying to pull their economy out of debt through exports for much longer than Russia.

This means that you can only rely on your own strength. But there are hidden reserves, because according to various estimates, from 150 to 350 billion dollars have flowed out of the country in cash alone in recent years.

Listed below are some measures that can help improve economic security.

The state must take control of economic development, because the United States, while preaching liberalization in other countries at home, pursues a very strict policy on import tariffs, protecting its own market, and supporting agricultural producers. And it was the state, through its government orders and a number of other measures, that pulled the US economy out of the depression of the 30s and is trying to do the same at the moment.

Under no circumstances should we join the WTO now; stronger foreign competitors will simply crush Russian producers. It is necessary to carry out another reform of customs tariffs, with the aim of protecting domestic producers, and not opening the market for foreign companies to enter.

An important task is to restore ties with the Warsaw Pact countries and the CIS countries; it is necessary to return sales markets for the Russian economy; it is desirable to create trade unions like NAFTA.

Tough measures are needed to prevent the illegal export of capital abroad.

The stock market, in its current form, is highly dependent on the speculative play of non-residents. It's a kind of casino. It is necessary to make the Russian market more competitive, its architecture less distorted, and finally introduce tax incentives for investment in securities and begin the creation of the “financial platform “Russia””. Emphasis should be placed on developing the market for long-term corporate bonds.

A recession in the global economy is expected in the near future, so it is necessary to develop the domestic Russian market and increase the solvency of the population.

The efficiency of property management should be improved - both in the private and public sectors. Do not privatize profitable ones for pennies state enterprises as it happens now. And fire those managers who advise this.

It is necessary to conduct a full investigation into the privatization of the largest Russian enterprises so that privatized enterprises with major violations that are ineffectively managed by the real owners are nationalized, and for effective enterprises with a transparent financial structure, all minor violations of the law are resolved and the cases are closed. Thus, the owners will be firmly confident that this is their property and the state will no longer make claims for old offenses.

Reduce the existing bias of the national economy in favor of the export-oriented sector of the economy by placing large-scale government orders in the military-industrial complex, nuclear, mechanical engineering, aviation and aerospace, chemical and pharmaceutical, electronics industries, and a number of other areas that ensure the creation of goods with high added value. It is necessary to ensure maximum transparency of the entire investment process for constant monitoring and control.

Create tax benefits for enterprises that cooperate in their activities with enterprises from other regions. Moreover, doing this is smarter than the created benefit for small businesses in the form of abolition of VAT for enterprises with a quarterly turnover of less than one million rubles. After this, other enterprises simply refused to work with beneficiaries, due to the state’s failure to reimburse VAT.

Reconsider the restructuring plan of RAO UES, which in its current form will only lead to a multiple increase in electricity prices, disruption of the single energy space and the snatching away of the most economically profitable power plants into the ownership of management and large foreign energy companies.

By all means, increase the well-being of the population, through increasing wages for public sector employees, recognition by the state of debt to citizens and enterprises, amnesty for the debts of the latter.

Building a state policy in the field of interaction with national TNCs, through the acquisition of a blocking stake in them for the provision of equipment by the state, land plots and certain infrastructure.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again that economic security is a characteristic whose essence is:

normal functioning of the economic system as a whole;

the possibility of painless inclusion and normal operation of the domestic economic system in the global one.

In my work, I analyzed the main threats and considered the mechanism for ensuring economic security. Also, general directions for maintaining Russia’s economic security at the proper level were given - these are:

Implementation of effective industrial and structural policies;

Restoration of investment activity;

Saving the bulk of the manufacturing industry and agriculture, the scientific and technical potential of the country;

Gradual transition to structural and technological restructuring of production.

From all of the above we can conclude: in order to create national structure its economy, adequate to market requirements, Russia must go through the painful path of determining its priorities in all areas and at all levels of society and the economy. It is necessary to improve the regulatory framework for all types of economic relations. Russia's national interests in the economic field are key. A comprehensive solution to problems related to the implementation of Russia's interests is possible only on the basis of the sustainable functioning of diversified high-tech production, capable of providing leading sectors of the economy with high-quality raw materials and equipment, the army with weapons, the population and social sphere-- consumer goods and services, and foreign trade -- competitive export goods. Russia must not only join the modern world economy, but to predict their role and place in the global division of labor. You can't ignore the fact that no one is going to decide Russian problems to the detriment of their national interests. Therefore, when making decisions to ensure economic security, one must be wary of advice from other countries that, when carrying out their foreign policy care, first of all, about their own interests. Certainly, foreign experience should be used, but taking into account the specific Russian economic situation.

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