This post is a collection of information about the most powerful economies in the world - the result of a short discussion on Facebook. We needed accurate comparative data on the development of economies in countries for a number of positions. The most representative position, in my opinion, is GDP per capita. More precisely GDP (gross domestic product) per capita at parity purchasing power(PPS). It is this indicator that is the most accurate characteristic that determines the level economic development, as well as economic growth.
Latest data collected from Wikipedia laid out in the form of tables, « when analyzing which it should be taken into account that countries use different so-called systems of national accounts. Thus, the USA, Canada, Ukraine and 28 EU countries presented their data for 2014 in accordance with the new SNA-2008, other countries, like Russia, are still according to the SNA-1993, and even then not in full: without taking into account conditional residential rent and assessment natural resources. The main difference between the 2008 SNA is that it additionally takes into account intellectual property, derivatives financial instruments, R&D and weapons expenses. Thus, the addition of new accounting items leads to a significant increase in macroeconomic indicators (including GDP per capita at PPP), especially for countries with highly developed technologies. This may serve as a justification for additional issue of cash.”
Despite some differences in the tables, it can be noted that for the most part, the analysis data are almost similar, and the best indicators are not at all from such giants in product production and technology development as the USA, Japan, Germany, China, etc. According this indicator ahead of the rest of the world are Qatar, Luxembourg, Macau, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, etc.
This material is collected using a different criterion: simply the total annual volume of nominal Gross Domestic Product. Whoever has the most, who has produced the most various products, has a higher position in the ranking. It's that simple.
Providing data on the economies of the countries of the world below, as a very clear representation of their power, I give a simple example in the form of a picture: countries with economies less than only one of the US states - California.
The ranking of the strongest countries in the world is based on the criterion of volume nominal GDP, it also takes into account the growing influence of the East on the planet’s economy. Russia strengthened its ninth position in the top ten countries.
1. USA
GDP US$15,094,025 Capital Washington Population 313,232,044 people Year of foundation 1776 Territory 9,518,900 km2 (excluding dependent territories). US Economy has held the lead for the last 100 years. Its components are the largest in the world banking system And stock Exchange, transnational corporations, highly productive Agriculture and leadership in the innovative and high-tech industry, in particular computer and telecommunications (Apple, Microsoft). In 1732, Great Britain decided to close hat factories throughout America and obliged the colonists to buy expensive hats made in English factories. They say that such a dictatorship was one of the reasons for the American Revolution and the subsequent economic boom in the country.
On this moment The United States is home to 139 of the world's 500 largest companies, nearly twice as many as any other country. About 60% of the planet's foreign exchange reserves are converted into US dollars and only 24% into euros. The country has deployed one of the most influential financial markets peace.
In the field information technologies The USA has no equal. Thus, in the ranking of Business Week magazine, out of 100 companies in the IT field, 75 are from the United States, and in the top twenty there are 17 “Americans,” including Apple, Microsoft, IBM, Adobe and others.
According to statistics, during the US American Football Championship, the average American spends 10 minutes a day discussing matches during work hours. Damage amounts to more than $800 million.
The first skyscraper in the world appeared in 1885 in Chicago. As of 2011, only 4 of the 25 tallest buildings on the planet are located in the United States
In the USA, children of rich parents do not live off their money, but try to build their own careers, relying only on their education and the connections acquired during their studies.
GDP US$7,298,147 Capital Beijing Population 1,347,374,752 people Year of foundation 1949 (PRC) Territory 9,596,960 km2 China in beginning of XXI century- a space and nuclear power, which by 2020, according to the plan of the Communist Party of China, should catch up with the United States in total income GDP. Exports provide 80% of China's government foreign exchange earnings. The country is a leader in the production of more than a hundred types of products, of which the most advanced are automotive and textiles. The Chinese economy is the fastest growing in the world; its consistent growth rate is about 10% over the past 30 years. The country is also the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. China's per capita GDP is $7,544. According to average expert estimates, in 8–10 years the absolute figures of China's GDP will catch up with and perhaps exceed those of the United States.
Provinces in China's coastal regions tend to be more industrialized than peripheral regions. By the way, the territories of Hong Kong and Macau are de facto independent and have special status. To visit them you need special permission.
The national currency is the yuan, which measures the value of Chinese “people’s money” Renminbi (RMB). The yuan exchange rate is set by the state, and it cannot be purchased abroad. 1 euro costs about 8 yuan, 1 yuan is a little more than 5 rubles. The Starbucks coffee chain in China is much more famous and stronger in various respects than the fast food restaurant McDonalds.
The population of China in 2012 was more than 1.3 billion people. According to average estimates, it will stop growing by 2030, when it will reach 1.465 billion.
Every year China hosts exhibitions of achievements in the field of high technology, the most famous of which is the Canton Fair in Guangzhou (CECF, Canton Fair). It is one of the most important events in the world of production and trade.
3. Japan
GDP US$5,869,471 CapitalPopulation 126,400,000 people Year of foundation 660 BC e. Territory 377,944 km2 By GDP size and industrial production volume Japan ranks 3rd after the USA and China. Developed high tech– electronics and robotics, as well as transport engineering, including automobile, shipbuilding, and machine tools. The fishing fleet makes up 15% of the world's. Agriculture is subsidized by the government, but 55% of food is imported. In the three decades since 1960, Japan has experienced rapid the economic growth, which was a consequence of the post-war “economic miracle”. The average rate was 10% in the 1960s, 5% in the 1970s and 4% in the 1980s.
Japan has a high degree economic freedom: The government works closely with the manufacturer, stimulating its development. The main emphasis is on science and high technology. All this, as well as strict labor discipline, contribute to the rise of the Japanese economy.
A distinctive feature of the country is “keiretsu” - associations of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors around powerful banks, as well as relatively weak international competition in domestic markets. In addition, there are many more social than industrial agreements: for example, a guarantee of lifelong employment in large companies.
The country's three main banks - Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), Mizuho and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) - are now overflowing with deposits.
Japan is the “robot capital” of the world. In terms of the number of industrial robots used, it is even ahead of the United States.
MUFG alone has 129 trillion yen ($1.6 trillion) in deposits and is the world's second-largest bank. The problem is that MUFG does not yet know how to manage this money.
4. Germany
GDP US$3,577,031 Capital Berlin Population 81,751,600 people Year of foundation 1990 Territory 357,021 km2 Economy of Germany- the largest in Europe. The engine of foreign trade is industry, which makes up a large share of GDP. Agriculture and energy are also developed: the country is a confident leader in the production of wind and solar generators, information and biotechnologies. Germany is the world's second largest exporter: a third of national production goes abroad. Germany has the leading economy in the European Union and is the main creditor for most European countries, including crisis-ridden Greece. Most of the country's products are related to technology: cars and equipment. The chemical industry is also widely developed. The largest German companies operating in these industries have their branches, research centers and production facilities around the world.
Among them are the famous automobile concerns Volkswagen, BMW, Daimler, chemical companies Bayer, BASF, Henkel Group, the Siemens conglomerate, energy companies E.ON and RWE or the Bosch group. Cities such as Hanover, Frankfurt and Berlin host the largest annual international exhibitions and congresses.
Germany is the leading manufacturer of wind turbines and the main developer of solar energy technologies in the world.
IN late XIX century, Great Britain, in an attempt to protect its market from second-rate imports, obliged German goods to be labeled “Made in Germany.”
Now Germany is experiencing a real “boom” in the automobile industry. It owes this to its key market – China.
However, after a couple of decades, the quality of goods from Germany improved so much that this marking turned into a sign of the highest standard.
5. France
GDP US$2,776,324 Capital Paris Population 65,447,374 people Year of foundation 843 (Treaty of Verdun). Territory 674,685 km2 France by total economy occupies leading positions in the EU and consistently ranks among the world's top ten. Leaders in mechanical engineering, chemical and aerospace industries. In terms of agricultural production it is ahead of Germany, and in terms of agricultural exports it is ahead of the United States. Traditionally, the share of wines in exports is high. A major tourism center: more than 75 million travelers visit France every year. The French economy is the fifth largest in the world and the second largest in Europe (after its main partner, Germany). The country entered the 2008–2009 recession late and was able to exit earlier than most of its peers. From January to March 2011 GDP growth France was more dynamic than expected and amounted to 1%. One of the best indicators in Europe!
France is a nuclear power and one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, and it is the most visited country in the world. Paris can be called the tourist capital of the planet, and the Eiffel Tower is the most popular attraction on Earth. These facts automatically make France the champion of world tourism, which accounts for a large share of revenue state budget. By the way, tips here are already included in your bill and amount to 15% of the order amount.
It is the most famous wine-producing country in the world. Wine was produced here even during the Roman invasion under the leadership of Julius Caesar. According to statistics, 72% of French people have difficulty understanding numerous wine brands.
Champagne was first produced in France in the 17th century. The drink was immediately nicknamed “devilish” - it exploded the barrels in which it was stored
The legendary Bordeaux alone has more than 9,000 varieties! The world's best liqueurs are also produced in France.
6. Brazil
GDP US$2,476,908 Capital Brasilia Population 189,987,291 people Year of foundation 1822 Territory 8,514,877 km2 Brazil has the largest economic potential
among Latin American countries and produces a variety of products: from petroleum products, steel and consumer goods to computers, cars and airplanes. One of Brazil's main exports is coffee. The country is also a leader in the production of sugar cane, from which ethanol is produced. Brazil operates one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, with its GDP growing at an average rate of more than 5% per year. The country still maintains a high level of social inequality, inherited from the days of long colonization by Portugal. However, in last years he went down.
The 1970s marked the beginning of the Brazilian “economic miracle.” It was at this time that a successful National program, which provides for the replacement of gasoline with more environmentally friendly and cheaper ethanol. As part of it, the government also obliged the largest automobile concerns to assemble only those models that can run on ethanol.
Currently, more than a third of GDP is provided by agriculture. The most important fact: Brazilians own 46% of the world market for Arabica coffee - the best type of coffee. At the same time, this state is the most controversial in Latin America from an investment point of view. All large companies, as a rule, are extremely monopolized, and are controlled by closed groups with government participation. The country has a number of customs bans on imports, which makes it difficult to purchase household appliances.
You can get to Mount Corcovado, where the statue of Christ the Savior stands, by rail - a train with two carriages rushes up the jungle-tangled slopes
According to Forbes (2011), Brazil has the eighth largest number of billionaires in the world.
7. UK
GDP US$2,417,570 Capital London Population e 62,698,362 people. Year of foundation 1801Territory 243,809 km2 Main export items– mechanical engineering, industrial goods and chemicals. The industrial corporation British Petroleum, which ranks 2nd in Europe in the ranking of the largest, allows you to save on the import of petroleum products and generates significant profits. The UK is also the world's second largest exporter of white clay, from which porcelain is made. Many historians are inclined to believe that if Russia had passed the Great October Revolution, the country would have developed along the path of Great Britain. Today Britain is one of the most globalized countries in the world. London, along with New York, is the world's largest financial center and has the largest GDP of any city in Europe.
The pharmaceutical industry and oil production play an important role in the British economy - the country has oil and gas reserves in the North Sea worth about £250 billion. Britain carries out 10% of the world's exports of services - banking, insurance, brokerage, consulting, as well as in the field of computer programming. The country is currently ranked 4th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index.
The United Kingdom's National Health Service is the third largest employer in the world after the Chinese Red Army and railway India.
According to tradition established at the beginning of the twentieth century, the birthday of the monarch is celebrated in Great Britain on one of the Saturdays in June - regardless of the actual date
Despite the deep integration (including economic) of all countries of the Kingdom, you will be refused if you wish to pay in Scottish pounds in shops in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Most Britons don't even know what this money looks like!
8. Italy
GDP US$2,198,730 Capital Rome Population 56,995,744 people Year of foundation 1946 Territory 301,340, with islands 309,547 km2. Italy is a global supplier household appliances, one of the leaders in the automotive and industrial equipment industries. Exporter of food products: cheese, pasta, wine, olive oil, canned fruit and vegetables, as well as ready-made clothing and leather shoes. However, Italy has few natural resources and imports most raw materials and more than 80% of energy. After World War II, Italy went through a long journey of significant economic transformation: starting from a total lag, it achieved a developed industrial economy. Per capita income was three times less than in the United States during the same period. Almost half of the country (42.2%) was employed in agriculture. At the moment, according to the IMF and World Bank, Italy's economy is the eighth largest in the world and fourth in Europe in terms of nominal GDP, and tenth in the world and fifth in Europe in terms of PPP GDP.
Italy is significantly focused on foreign trade. Many of its food products are famous all over the world. Thus, legendary Italian wines, cheeses, and pizza are exported. Almost all products are marked with a special DOC mark (Denominazione di origine controllata), which is a designation of the highest quality - this helps foreign consumers to “weed out” simply similar products (for example, German Gambozola cheese is an imitation of Italian Gorgonzola).
Italian fashion houses Versace, Gucci, Prada, Cavalli, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani and others have become widely known.
The status of expensive car purchased a 1962 Italian Ferrari 250 GTO sports car, sold in 2012 for $35 million
Car enthusiasts are well familiar with the names of Italian car brands: Ferrari, Maserati and Lamborghini.
9. Russia
GDP US$1,850,401 Capital Moscow. Population 143,030,106 people Year of foundation 862 (beginning of Russian statehood). Territory 17,098,246 km2. Russian economy characterized by significant dependence on energy prices. According to the data Federal service State statistics show that 65.9% of Russian exports consist of mineral raw materials. The remaining share includes metals and precious stones (16.3%), chemical products, machinery and equipment. Russia is historically rich in intellectual resources. Unfortunately, most of them realize their potential in the West. For example, the founder of the Max Factor company was Maximilian Faktorovich, who opened his first store in Ryazan and emigrated in 1904. It is also worth remembering Google founder Sergei Brin and Daimler engineer Boris Lutsky.
Thanks to economic reforms In the 1990s, most industrial assets in Russia were privatized, with the exception of energy and defense enterprises. The main problem countries are heavily dependent on energy resources, in particular oil and gas. Stock market is also on the path of its formation and is assessed by many as speculative. By the way, since 2011, Moscow has had the highest concentration of billionaires in the world.
According to the calculations of the consulting giant PricewaterhouseCoopers, by 2014 Russia will overtake Germany in terms of GDP and enter the top five countries.
Negotiations on Russia's accession to the WTO began in 1995, and the accession itself will take place in September 2012
Large influx of foreign investment and new stage in economic development, according to experts, should follow in the near future - they are associated with world-scale sporting events: the Sochi Olympics in 2014 and the FIFA World Cup in 2018.
10. India
The Taj Mahal monument-mausoleum is a symbol of the tender love of King Shah Jahan for his beautiful wife Mumtaz Mahal.
GDP US$1,430,020. Capital New Delhi. Population 1,210,193,422 people Founded 1950 (complete independence from Great Britain). Territory 3,287,590 km2. Economy of India covers all sectors: from agricultural production to industry. 67% of the working population is directly dependent on agriculture, which accounts for a third of GDP. India is the largest tea exporter and has the world's largest cattle population. At the same time, the defense, nuclear and space industries are highly developedIn the 17th century, India was the most rich country in the world - before the arrival of colonialists from Great Britain. The Dutch, Danes, French, Portuguese and other peoples fought to gain trading privileges here. The country is the birthplace of algebra, trigonometry and chess. Now India is a vibrant and diverse state, its economy is increasingly integrated with the world.
The economic reforms carried out in the country since 1990 have had far-reaching consequences. General Electric Capital considers this country unique, PepsiCo finds it the fastest growing, and Motorola is confident that India is becoming one of the leading powers on the planet. Currently, the state is dynamically ascending to the position of a world leader in the IT sector.
One of the main advantages of India is high qualifications and relatively low cost work force, which is actively used by transnational corporations. India is now in 4th place in the world in terms of GDP at purchasing power parity, and in 2050 its volume will overtake the US.
Despite rapid economic growth, India continues to face challenges of social inequality and high level unemployment.
Text by Dmitry Zolotavin, financial consultant at A-Club in Tyumen, Alfa-Bank
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How to identify among the huge number of countries in the world countries with strong economy? To identify highly developed states, let's pay attention to ratings - the results of comparative studies done by international experts and organizations to rank countries according to various indicators. Every year, studies are published demonstrating which countries have risen to the TOP and which have fallen down. Let's look at the main indicators that determine which countries became the most influential in 2019. economic field, have the highest standard of living, prosperity and freedom.
Level of economic development
The level of economic development evaluates the efficiency and maturity of the country's economy. It is not for nothing that only countries with a high level of economic development are included in the developed group, while the rest are called developing. This level is determined by various ratings.
Rating of countries by GDP
The key indicator is the level of internal gross product(GDP). This is the name given to the total value of goods, services and other results of the activities of enterprises, firms, companies, institutions, organizations, and individuals. This is the result of the work of all residents of the country in question during the year. It is calculated in two ways. The first is when all income received during the year is added up: interest, profit, salary, and so on. The second is when expenses are summed up (government purchases, investments, consumption, exports minus imports). The official source of such information is the World Bank database. Statistics are updated every year and published in the fall. The indicator is also recorded by the International Monetary Fund and the UN.
The backbone of the world's GDP is produced by only a few countries, mostly large in territory and population.
If all goods and services produced in monetary terms (GDP) are an absolute value, then by comparing the gross domestic product with the population, we get relative indicator, indicating the well-being of citizens.
According to the World Bank and the IMF, the United States of America has the best GDP indicators. Based on countries, the first places in this indicator are occupied by:
| № | A country | 2016 | 2017 |
| 1 | USA | 18624 | 19391 |
| 2 | China | 11222 | 12015 |
| 3 | Japan | 4949 | 4872 |
| 4 | Germany | 3479 | 3685 |
| 5 | Great Britain | 2661 | 2625 |
| 6 | India | 2274 | 2611 |
| 7 | France | 2466 | 2584 |
| 8 | Brazil | 1793 | 2055 |
| 9 | Italy | 1860 | 1938 |
| 10 | Canada | 1536 | 1652 |
| 11 | Russia | 1285 | 1578 |
| 12 | The Republic of Korea | 1411 | 1538 |
| 13 | Australia | 1265 | 1380 |
| 14 | Spain | 1238 | 1314 |
| 15 | Mexico | 1077 | 1149 |
| 16 | Indonesia | 864 | 932 |
| 17 | Türkiye | 859 | 857 |
| 18 | Netherlands | 751 | 771 |
| 19 | Switzerland | 671 | 660 |
| 20 | Saudi Arabia | 652 | 640 |
The presented table with indicators is actual value, which does not take into account differences in prices for similar goods and services. As a consequence of this omission, GDP developed countries is often overestimated, while developing countries lower values are indicated.
Since purchasing power parity is a more important measure of the quality of life in countries around the world, another ranking based on PPP is more credible.
According to the data International Bank, the level of GDP at PPP for the countries of the world is:
| № | A country | 2017 | 2018 | 2018 |
| 1 | China | 23190 | 25270 | 18,69 |
| 2 | USA | 19485 | 20494 | 15,16 |
| 3 | India | 9597 | 10505 | 7,77 |
| 4 | Japan | 5427 | 5594 | 4,14 |
| 5 | Germany | 4199 | 4356 | 3,22 |
| 6 | Russia | 4027 | 4213 | 3,12 |
| 7 | Indonesia | 3250 | 3495 | 2,59 |
| 8 | Brazil | 3255 | 3365 | 2,49 |
| 9 | Great Britain | 2930 | 3038 | 2,25 |
| 10 | France | 2854 | 2963 | 2,19 |
| 11 | Mexico | 2464 | 2570 | 1,90 |
| 12 | Italy | 2324 | 2397 | 1,77 |
| 13 | Türkiye | 2186 | 2293 | 1,70 |
| 14 | The Republic of Korea | 2035 | 2136 | 1,58 |
| 15 | Spain | 1778 | 1864 | 1,38 |
| 16 | Saudi Arabia | 1777 | 1858 | 1,37 |
| 17 | Canada | 1764 | 1837 | 1,36 |
| 18 | Iran | 1640 | 1611 | 1,19 |
| 19 | Thailand | 1240 | 1320 | 0,98 |
| 20 | Australia | 1254 | 1318 | 0,98 |
The International Bank evaluates all the economies of the world with the exception of Syria (due to active hostilities), Somalia (since the state has actually broken up into several separate parts) and Venezuela ( domestic politics extremely closed, it is impossible to reliably estimate the level of GDP based on PPP).
Economic freedom
The most important indicator of a country's development is the level (or index) of economic freedom. It has been determined by the American think tank The Heritage Foundation since 1995 and published annually on its website and in the Wall Street Journal.
Experts from the Heritage Foundation center, based on the theories of Adam Smith, define economic freedom as the level of non-interference by the state in the process of production, distribution and consumption, except in situations where it is necessary to protect citizens.
The index is calculated based on the arithmetic average of ten freedom criteria - property, absence of corruption, government share in regulating the economy, freedom of trade, investment, labor, entrepreneurship, monetary, fiscal, financial. For each of them, a rating scale is developed from 0 to 100 points, which are ultimately summed up. The higher the score, the higher the level of economic freedom.
| Available | ||
| 1. | Hong Kong | 90,2 |
| 2. | Singapore | 89,4 |
| 3. | New Zealand | 84,4 |
| 4. | Switzerland | 81,9 |
| 5. | Australia | 80,9 |
| 6 | Ireland | 80,5 |
| Mostly free | ||
| 7. | Great Britain | 78,9 |
| 8. | Canada | 77,7 |
| 9. | UAE | 77,6 |
| 10. | Republic of China | 77,3 |
| 11. | Iceland | 77,1 |
| 12. | USA | 76,8 |
| 13. | Netherlands | 76,8 |
| 14. | Denmark | 76,7 |
| 15. | Estonia | 76,6 |
| 16. | Georgia | 75,9 |
| 17. | Luxembourg | 75,9 |
| 18. | Chile | 75,4 |
| 19. | Sweden | 75,2 |
| 20. | Finland | 74,9 |
| 21. | Lithuania | 74,2 |
| 22. | Malaysia | 74,0 |
| 23. | Czech | 73,7 |
| 24. | Germany | 73,5 |
| 25. | Mauritius | 73,0 |
| 26. | Norway | 73,0 |
| 27. | Israel | 72,8 |
| 28. | Qatar | 72,6 |
| 29. | The Republic of Korea | 72,3 |
| 30. | Japan | 72,1 |
| 31. | Austria | 72,0 |
| 32. | Rwanda | 71,1 |
| 33. | North Macedonia | 71,1 |
| 34. | Macau | 71,0 |
| 35. | Latvia | 70,4 |
Thus, countries with a free economy (from 80 points and above) in 2019 are considered to be Hong Kong, Singapore, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland and Switzerland.
Regarding countries former USSR, then in most cases the level of economic freedom in them is weak. Most states are characterized by active influence of the state on all spheres of life, which often creates some inconveniences and hinders the free development of the economy.
As an example, we present data from 2 studies conducted in 2016 and 2019 for comparison:
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Prosperity Rating
The economic achievements of countries around the world are also measured by their level of prosperity. This indicator offers English think tank Legatum Institute. He has been calculating it since 2006. This index is determined by the level of social well-being of countries in the areas of economic development, entrepreneurship, governance, health, safety, education, personal freedoms and social capital. Each of the eight criteria is calculated on the basis of statistical studies by the UN, the World Bank, sociological data from the Gallup Institute and other authoritative centers. Based on the results of comparative studies, a ranking of states is published annually. In 2019, such results were published for 142 countries.
| RATING | A COUNTRY | INDEX |
| 1 | Norway | 80.98 |
| 2 | New Zealand | 80.90 |
| 3 | Finland | 80.58 |
| 4 | Switzerland | 79.71 |
| 5 | Denmark | 79.33 |
| 6 | Sweden | 79.15 |
| 7 | UK | 79.12 |
| 8 | Canada | 79.02 |
| 9 | Netherlands | 78.99 |
| 10 | Ireland | 78.95 |
| 11 | Iceland | 78.47 |
| 12 | Luxembourg | 78.15 |
| 13 | Australia | 78.10 |
| 14 | Germany | 77.72 |
| 15 | Austria | 76.64 |
| 16 | Belgium | 76.00 |
| 17 | United States of America | 76.00 |
| 18 | Slovenia | 74.65 |
| 19 | Malta | 74.10 |
| 20 | France | 74.06 |
| 21 | Singapore | 73.73 |
| 22 | Hong Kong | 72.93 |
| 23 | Japan | 72.79 |
| 24 | Portugal | 72.61 |
| 25 | Spain | 72.49 |
| 26 | Estonia | 72.44 |
| 27 | Czech | 72.08 |
| 28 | Cyprus | 70.53 |
| 29 | Mauritius | 69.76 |
| 30 | Uruguay | 69.72 |
| 31 | Costa Rica | 69.33 |
| 32 | Slovakia | 68.84 |
| 33 | Poland | 68.33 |
| 34 | Italy | 68.27 |
| 35 | South Korea | 67.82 |
| 36 | Lithuania | 67.72 |
| 37 | Israel | 67.66 |
| 38 | Chile | 67.59 |
| 39 | United Arab Emirates | 67.01 |
| 40 | Latvia | 66.71 |
The best indicators on the prosperity index are in Norway, Switzerland, Denmark, New Zealand, Sweden, Canada, Australia, and the Netherlands.
Other indicators
There are other indicators by which the rating of a country's economic development is measured. This is the level of GDP per capita. It is not considered a strict characteristic, but is considered an important indicator.
Recent studies of GDP per capita (nominal) according to World Bank estimates show the following results:
| № | A country | $ |
| 1 | Luxembourg | 104103 |
| - | Macau | 80893 |
| 2 | Switzerland | 80190 |
| 3 | Norway | 75505 |
| 4 | Iceland | 70057 |
| 5 | Ireland | 69331 |
| 6 | Qatar | 63506 |
| 7 | USA | 59532 |
| 8 | Singapore | 57714 |
| 9 | Denmark | 56307 |
| 10 | Australia | 53800 |
| 11 | Sweden | 53442 |
| 12 | San Marino | 49664 |
| 13 | Netherlands | 48223 |
| 14 | Austria | 47291 |
| - | Hong Kong | 46194 |
| 15 | Finland | 46703 |
| 16 | Canada | 45032 |
| 17 | Germany | 44470 |
| 18 | Belgium | 43324 |
| 19 | New Zealand | 42941 |
| 20 | UAE | 40699 |
| 60 | Russia | 10743 |
| - | World | 10714 |
A more accurate characteristic is the level of the same indicator in terms of parity (ratio of several currencies) of purchasing power per capita for a certain set of services or goods.
Here the first places are occupied by:
| № | A country | 2017 | 2018 |
| 1 | Qatar | 127755 | 130475 |
| - | Macau (PRC) | 110592 | 116808 |
| 2 | Luxembourg | 103298 | 106705 |
| 3 | Singapore | 95508 | 10345 |
| 4 | Brunei | 78971 | 79530 |
| 5 | Ireland | 73215 | 78785 |
| 6 | Norway | 72170 | 74356 |
| 7 | UAE | 68639 | 69382 |
| 8 | Kuwait | 66197 | 67000 |
| 9 | Switzerland | 62131 | 64649 |
| - | Hong Kong (PRC) | 61529 | 64216 |
| 10 | USA | 59895 | 62606 |
| 11 | San Marino | 68624 | 60313 |
| 12 | Netherlands | 53933 | 56383 |
| 13 | Saudi Arabia | 54595 | 55944 |
| 14 | Iceland | 53834 | 55917 |
| - | Taiwan (PRC) | 50593 | 53023 |
| 15 | Sweden | 51180 | 52984 |
| 16 | Germany | 50804 | 52559 |
| 17 | Australia | 50609 | 52373 |
| 18 | Austria | 50035 | 52137 |
| 19 | Denmark | 50643 | 52121 |
| 20 | Bahrain | 49035 | 50057 |
| 49 | Russia | 27964 | 29267 |
The Human Development Index, which has been published in the reports of the UN Development Program since 1990, is another traditional comparative indicator of living standards and the economy. Norway, Australia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the USA, Germany, New Zealand, Canada, Singapore, and Denmark have a very high human development rating, according to the latest 2014 report.
Based on all these indicators, the strongest and most efficient economies in the world for 2019 are:
2. Hong Kong
3. Australia
4. Germany
5. Switzerland
7. Netherlands
8. New Zealand
9. Singapore
10. Japan
Corruption Perception Index
Since 1996 the most important indicator the state of the country's economy is recognized by the rating of the level of corruption. Official name– corruption perception index. It was introduced by the international non-governmental organization Transparency International. It takes into account how widespread corruption is in public sector. This ranking is calculated by analyzing surveys and statistical data. Within the framework of the study, corruption is understood as any extraction of personal gain through abuse of official position.
Interesting: the study is not based on statistics of criminal cases or sentences, but on the opinions of those who suffer from corruption or study this phenomenon.
To determine this index, a scale from “zero” to “one hundred” was developed, where 0 means the maximum level of corruption, and 100 means its absence. Although the methodology by which the rating is determined has been subject to criticism, it is generally considered by experts to be relatively reliable.
| 2018 | A country | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |
| № | № | № | № | № | № | № | № | |
| 1 | Denmark | 89 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | |
| 2 | New Zealand | 88 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 91 | 90 | |
| 3 | Finland | 85 | 89 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 90 | |
| 4 | Sweden | 85 | 85 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 85 | |
| 5 | Switzerland | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 86 | |
| 6 | Singapore | 84 | 88 | 89 | 87 | 89 | 88 | |
| 7 | Norway | 84 | 84 | 85 | 84 | 86 | 87 | |
| 8 | Netherlands | 82 | 83 | 87 | 83 | 83 | 84 | |
| 9 | Canada | 82 | 82 | 83 | 81 | 81 | 84 | |
| 10 | Luxembourg | 82 | 81 | 81 | 79 | 78 | 79 | |
| 11 | Germany | 82 | 81 | 81 | 78 | 76 | 74 | |
| 12 | Great Britain | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 80 | 80 | |
| 13 | Australia | 77 | 77 | 75 | 74 | 75 | 77 | |
| 14 | Iceland | 75 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 82 | |
| 15 | Hong Kong | 75 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 75 | 75 | |
| 16 | Austria | 75 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 85 | |
| 17 | Belgium | 75 | 75 | 76 | 72 | 69 | 69 | |
| 18 | Ireland | 75 | 74 | 76 | 74 | 73 | 73 | |
| 19 | Japan | 74 | 73 | 75 | 74 | 72 | 69 | |
| 20 | Estonia | 73 | 72 | 75 | 76 | 74 | 74 |
Most a difficult situation corruption is observed in the following countries:
| 170 | Sudan | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 25 |
| 171 | Yemen | 17 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 25 |
| 172 | DPRK | 17 | |||||
| 173 | Syria | 17 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 15 | 21 |
| 174 | South Sudan | 17 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| 175 | Somalia | 16 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 13 |
| 176 | Yemen | 16 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 23 |
| 177 | Afghanistan | 15 | 15 | 11 | 12 | 8 | 8 |
| 178 | Syria | 14 | 13 | 18 | 20 | 17 | 26 |
| 179 | South Sudan | 12 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 14 | |
| 180 | Somalia | 9 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Credit ratings
The economic “health” of a country is also assessed by financial or credit ratings. They are calculated taking into account financial history state, the size of its property and the ability and desire to pay debts. Such an index is needed to make it clear to potential lenders or investors how safe it is to deal with the country. Financial ratings are assessed international agencies. Moody's, Standard and Poor's and Fitch have the most serious reputations. They work all over the world and help distinguish reliable partners from unreliable ones. Each of them has its own naming system, but in general, countries with a high degree of commitment are designated by the letter A, average and lower - Ba, risky - B, with high risk and close to default – S.
| № | A country | Long-term rating | Short-term rating |
| 1 | USA | AAA | F1+ |
| 2 | Great Britain | A.A. | F1+ |
| 3 | Germany | AAA | F1+ |
| 4 | France | A.A. | F1+ |
| 5 | Japan | A | F1 |
| 6 | Spain | A- | F1 |
| 7 | Italy | BBB | F2 |
| 8 | Portugal | BBB | F2 |
| 9 | Greece | BB- | B |
| 10 | Ireland | A+ | F1+ |
| 11 | Andorra | BBB+ | F2 |
| 12 | UAE | A.A. | F1+ |
| 13 | Armenia | B+ | B |
| 14 | Angola | B | B |
| 15 | Argentina | B | B |
| 16 | Austria | AA+ | F1+ |
| 17 | Australia | AAA | F1+ |
| 18 | Azerbaijan | BB+ | B |
| 19 | Bangladesh | BB- | B |
| 20 | Belgium | AA- | F1+ |
| 21 | Bulgaria | BBB | F2 |
| 22 | Bahrain | BB- | B |
| 23 | Benin | B | B |
| 24 | Bolivia | BB- | B |
| 25 | Brazil | BB- | B |
| 26 | Belarus | B | B |
| 27 | Canada | AAA | F1+ |
| 28 | Congo | CC | C |
| 29 | Switzerland | AAA | F1+ |
| 30 | Ivory Coast | B+ | B |
| 31 | Chile | A | F1 |
| 32 | Cameroon | B | B |
| 33 | China | A+ | F1+ |
| 34 | Colombia | BBB | F2 |
| 35 | Costa Rica | BB | B |
| 36 | Cape Verde | B | B |
| 37 | Cyprus | BB+ | B |
| 38 | Czech | AA- | F1+ |
| 39 | Denmark | AAA | F1+ |
| 40 | Dominican Republic | BB- | B |
| 41 | Ecuador | B | B |
| 42 | Estonia | A+ | F1+ |
| 43 | Egypt | B | B |
| 44 | Ethiopia | B | B |
| 45 | Finland | AA+ | F1+ |
| 46 | Gabon | B | B |
| 47 | Georgia | BB- | B |
| 48 | Ghana | B | B |
| 49 | Gambia | CCC | C |
| 50 | Guatemala | BB | B |
| 51 | Hong Kong | AA+ | F1+ |
| 52 | Croatia | BB+ | B |
| 53 | Hungary | BBB- | F3 |
| 54 | Indonesia | BBB | F2 |
| 55 | Israel | A+ | F1+ |
| 56 | India | BBB- | F3 |
| 57 | Iraq | B- | B |
| 58 | Iran | B+ | B |
| 59 | Iceland | A | F1 |
| 60 | Jamaica | B | B |
| 61 | Kenya | B+ | B |
| 62 | South Korea | AA- | F1+ |
| 63 | Kuwait | A.A. | F1+ |
| 64 | Kazakhstan | BBB | F2 |
| 65 | Lebanon | B- | B |
| 66 | Sri Lanka | B+ | B |
| 67 | Lesotho | B+ | B |
| 68 | Lithuania | A- | F1 |
| 69 | Luxembourg | AAA | F1+ |
| 70 | Latvia | A- | F1 |
| 71 | Libya | B | B |
| 72 | Morocco | BBB- | F3 |
| 73 | Moldova | B- | B |
| 74 | Macedonia | BB | B |
| 75 | Mali | B- | B |
| 76 | Mongolia | B | B |
| 77 | Malta | A+ | F1+ |
| 78 | Maldives | B+ | B |
| 79 | Malawi | B- | B |
| 80 | Mexico | BBB+ | F2 |
| 81 | Malaysia | A- | F1 |
| 82 | Mozambique | R.D. | C |
| 83 | Namibia | BB+ | B |
| 84 | Nigeria | B+ | B |
| 85 | Nicaragua | B | B |
| 86 | Netherlands | AAA | F1+ |
| 87 | Norway | AAA | F1+ |
| 88 | New Zealand | A.A. | F1+ |
| 89 | Oman | BBB- | F3 |
| 90 | Panama | BBB | F2 |
| 91 | Peru | BBB+ | F2 |
| 92 | Papua New Guinea | B+ | B |
| 93 | Philippines | BBB | F2 |
| 94 | Pakistan | B | B |
| 95 | Poland | A- | F2 |
| 96 | Paraguay | BB | B |
| 97 | Qatar | AA- | F1+ |
| 98 | Romania | BBB- | F3 |
| 99 | Serbia | BB | B |
| 100 | Russia | BBB- | F3 |
| 101 | Rwanda | B+ | B |
| 102 | Saudi Arabia | A+ | F1+ |
| 103 | Seychelles | BB- | B |
| 104 | Sweden | AAA | F1+ |
| 105 | Singapore | AAA | F1+ |
| 106 | Slovenia | A- | F1 |
| 107 | Slovakia | A+ | F1+ |
| 108 | San Marino | BBB- | F3 |
| 109 | Suriname | B- | B |
| 110 | Salvador | B- | B |
| 111 | Thailand | BBB+ | F2 |
| 112 | Turkmenistan | CCC- | C |
| 113 | Tunisia | B+ | B |
| 114 | Türkiye | BB | B |
| 115 | Taiwan | AA- | F1+ |
| 116 | Ukraine | B- | B |
| 117 | Uganda | B+ | B |
| 118 | Uruguay | BBB- | F3 |
| 119 | Venezuela | R.D. | C |
| 120 | Vietnam | BB | B |
| 121 | South Africa | BB+ | B |
| 122 | Zambia | B | B |
| Rating | Rating value |
| AAA | lowest risk, maximum creditworthiness |
| AA+ | moderate risk, very high creditworthiness, first level |
| AA | moderate risk, very high creditworthiness, second level |
| AA- | moderate risk, very high creditworthiness, third level |
| A | moderate risk, high creditworthiness, second level |
| A- | moderate risk, high creditworthiness, third level |
| BBB+ | moderate risk, sufficient creditworthiness, first level |
| BBB | moderate risk, sufficient creditworthiness, second level |
| BBB- | moderate risk, sufficient creditworthiness, third level |
| SSS | high risk and threat of default, significant credit risk |
Index with a “human face”
The past few years have demonstrated the importance of such an indicator of economic development as social progress. Previous indicators answered economic theories, but they did not show how economic growth affected people’s lives. Therefore, in 2013, as an alternative economic indicators an index of social progress was developed. Its author is Harvard University professor Michael Porter. This rating is calculated based on the analysis of data from sociological surveys, expert opinions and statistical information from international organizations. When determining each country's achievements in this area, researchers took into account more than fifty factors.
- This is the satisfaction of basic needs - food, water and medical care, housing, degree.
- Then the fundamental foundations of well-being are taken into account - access to education and information, literacy and communication levels.
- And finally, development opportunities are analyzed - the level of protection of civil and political rights and self-realization is determined.
| RATING | A COUNTRY | INDEX |
| 1 | Norway | 90.26 |
| 2 | Iceland | 90.24 |
| 3 | Switzerland | 89.97 |
| 4 | Denmark | 89.96 |
| 5 | Finland | 89.77 |
| 6 | Japan | 89.74 |
| 7 | Netherlands | 89.34 |
| 8 | Luxembourg | 89.27 |
| 9 | Germany | 89.21 |
| 10 | New Zealand | 89.12 |
| 11 | Sweden | 88.99 |
| 12 | Ireland | 88.82 |
| 13 | UK | 88.74 |
| 14 | Canada | 88.62 |
| 15 | Australia | 88.32 |
| 16 | France | 87.88 |
| 17 | Belgium | 87.39 |
| 18 | South Korea | 87.13 |
| 19 | Spain | 87.11 |
| 20 | Austria | 86.76 |
| 21 | Italy | 86.04 |
| 22 | Slovenia | 85.50 |
| 23 | Singapore | 85.42 |
| 24 | Portugal | 85.36 |
| 25 | United States of America | 84.78 |
| 26 | Czech | 84.66 |
| 27 | Estonia | 83.49 |
| 28 | Cyprus | 82.85 |
| 29 | Greece | 82.59 |
| 30 | Israel | 82.47 |
| 60 | Russia | 70.16 |
From the research we have analyzed, it is clear that there is a direct connection between economic freedom, financial reliability, standard of living and social progress. Countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, Norway, and the Netherlands lead the way in providing their citizens with decent, civil and political rights, and paying their bills fairly. Little Asian “tigers”: Singapore or Hong Kong, like the oil “millionaires” (UAE, Qatar) are “ahead of the rest of the planet” in terms of economic freedom and per capita income. But countries with strong and efficient economies - the USA, China, Japan, Great Britain, Germany - are distributed in different positions in the ranking, because they are not always able to provide the people living there with a high level of income and opportunities for development.
The ranking of the strongest countries in the world is compiled according to the criterion of nominal GDP volume; it also takes into account the ever-increasing influence of the East on the planet’s economy. Russia strengthened its ninth position in the top ten countries.
1. USA
A few facts
GDP US$15,094,025
Capital Washington
Population 313,232,044 people
Year of foundation 1776
Territory 9,518,900 km2 (excluding dependent territories)
US Economy has held the lead for the last 100 years. Its components are the world's largest banking system and stock exchange, transnational corporations, highly productive agriculture and leadership in the innovative and high-tech industry, in particular the computer and telecommunications industry (Apple, Microsoft).
In 1732, Great Britain decided to close hat factories throughout America and obliged the colonists to buy expensive hats made in English factories. They say that such a dictatorship was one of the reasons for the American Revolution and the subsequent economic boom in the country.
Currently, the United States is home to 139 of the world's 500 largest companies, nearly twice as many as any other country. About 60% of the planet's foreign exchange reserves are converted into US dollars and only 24% into euros. The country has one of the most influential financial markets in the world.
In the field of information technology, the United States has no equal. Thus, in the ranking of Business Week magazine, out of 100 companies in the IT field, 75 are from the United States, and in the top twenty there are 17 “Americans,” including Apple, Microsoft, IBM, Adobe and others.
According to statistics, during the US American Football Championship, the average American spends 10 minutes a day discussing matches during work hours. Damage amounts to more than $800 million.
The first skyscraper in the world appeared in 1885 in Chicago. As of 2011, only 4 of the 25 tallest buildings on the planet are located in the United States
In the USA, children of rich parents do not live off their money, but try to build their own careers, relying only on their education and the connections acquired during their studies.
2. China
A few facts
GDP US$7,298,147
Capital Beijing
Population 1,347,374,752 people
Year of foundation 1949 (PRC)
Territory 9,596,960 km2
China at the beginning of the 21st century- a space and nuclear power, which by 2020, according to the plan of the Chinese Communist Party, should overtake the United States in terms of total GDP income. Exports provide 80% of China's government foreign exchange earnings. The country is a leader in the production of more than a hundred types of products, of which the most advanced are automotive and textiles.
The Chinese economy is the fastest growing in the world; its consistent growth rate is about 10% over the past 30 years. The country is also the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. China's per capita GDP is $7,544. According to average expert estimates, in 8–10 years the absolute figures of China's GDP will catch up with and perhaps exceed those of the United States.
Provinces in China's coastal regions tend to be more industrialized than peripheral regions. By the way, the territories of Hong Kong and Macau are de facto independent and have special status. To visit them you need special permission.
The national currency is the yuan, which measures the value of Chinese “people’s money” Renminbi (RMB). The yuan exchange rate is set by the state, and it cannot be purchased abroad. 1 euro costs about 8 yuan, 1 yuan is a little more than 5 rubles. The Starbucks coffee chain in China is much more famous and stronger in various respects than the fast food restaurant McDonalds.
The population of China in 2012 was more than 1.3 billion people. According to average estimates, it will stop growing by 2030, when it will reach 1.465 billion.
Every year China hosts exhibitions of achievements in the field of high technology, the most famous of which is the Canton Fair in Guangzhou (CECF, Canton Fair). It is one of the most important events in the world of production and trade.
3. Japan
A few facts
GDP US$5,869,471
Capital Tokyo
Population 126,400,000 people
Year of foundation 660 BC e.
Territory 377,944 km2
By GDP size and industrial production volume Japan ranks 3rd after the USA and China. High technologies have been developed - electronics and robotics, as well as transport engineering, including automobile, shipbuilding, and machine tools. The fishing fleet makes up 15% of the world's. Agriculture is subsidized by the government, but 55% of food is imported.
For three decades from 1960, Japan experienced rapid economic growth, which was a consequence of the post-war “economic miracle”. The average rate was 10% in the 1960s, 5% in the 1970s and 4% in the 1980s.
Japan has a high degree of economic freedom: the government works closely with the manufacturer, stimulating its development. The main emphasis is on science and high technology. All this, as well as strict labor discipline, contribute to the rise of the Japanese economy.
A distinctive feature of the country is “keiretsu” - associations of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors around powerful banks, as well as relatively weak international competition in domestic markets. In addition, there are many more social than industrial agreements: for example, a guarantee of lifelong employment in large companies.
The country's three main banks - Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), Mizuho and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) - are now overflowing with deposits.
Japan is the “robot capital” of the world. In terms of the number of industrial robots used, it is even ahead of the United States.
MUFG alone has 129 trillion yen ($1.6 trillion) in deposits and is the world's second-largest bank. The problem is that MUFG does not yet know how to manage this money.
4. Germany
A few facts
GDP US$3,577,031
Capital Berlin
Population 81,751,600 people
Year of foundation 1990
Territory 357,021 km2
Economy of Germany- the largest in Europe. The engine of foreign trade is industry, which makes up a large share of GDP. Agriculture and energy are also developed: the country is a confident leader in the production of wind and solar generators, information and biotechnologies. Germany is the world's second largest exporter: a third of national production goes abroad.
Germany has the leading economy in the European Union and is the main creditor for most European countries, including crisis-ridden Greece. Most of the country's products are related to technology: cars and equipment. The chemical industry is also widely developed. The largest German companies operating in these industries have their branches, research centers and production facilities around the world.
Among them are the famous automobile concerns Volkswagen, BMW, Daimler, chemical companies Bayer, BASF, Henkel Group, the Siemens conglomerate, energy companies E.ON and RWE or the Bosch group. Cities such as Hanover, Frankfurt and Berlin host the largest annual international exhibitions and congresses.
Germany is the leading manufacturer of wind turbines and the main developer of solar energy technologies in the world.
At the end of the 19th century, Great Britain, in an attempt to protect its market from second-rate imports, required that German goods be labeled “Made in Germany.”
Now Germany is experiencing a real “boom” in the automobile industry. It owes this to its key market – China.
However, after a couple of decades, the quality of goods from Germany improved so much that this marking turned into a sign of the highest standard.
5. France
A few facts
GDP US$2,776,324
Capital Paris
Population 65,447,374 people
Year of foundation 843 (Treaty of Verdun)
Territory 674,685 km2
France by total economy occupies leading positions in the EU and consistently ranks among the world's top ten. Leaders in mechanical engineering, chemical and aerospace industries. In terms of agricultural production it is ahead of Germany, and in terms of agricultural exports it is ahead of the United States. Traditionally, the share of wines in exports is high. A major tourism center: more than 75 million travelers visit France every year.
The French economy is the fifth largest in the world and the second largest in Europe (after its main partner, Germany). The country entered the 2008–2009 recession late and was able to exit earlier than most of its peers. From January to March 2011, French GDP growth was more dynamic than expected and amounted to 1%. One of the best indicators in Europe!
France is a nuclear power and one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, and it is the most visited country in the world. Paris can be called the tourist capital of the planet, and the Eiffel Tower is the most popular attraction on Earth. These facts automatically make France a champion of world tourism, which accounts for a large share of the state budget revenue. By the way, tips here are already included in your bill and amount to 15% of the order amount.
It is the most famous wine-producing country in the world. Wine was produced here even during the Roman invasion under the leadership of Julius Caesar. According to statistics, 72% of French people have difficulty understanding numerous wine brands.
Champagne was first produced in France in the 17th century. The drink was immediately nicknamed “devilish” - it exploded the barrels in which it was stored
The legendary Bordeaux alone has more than 9,000 varieties! The world's best liqueurs are also produced in France.
6. Brazil
A few facts
GDP US$2,476,908
Capital Brasilia
Population 189,987,291 people
Year of foundation 1822
Territory 8,514,877 km2
Brazil has the greatest economic potential among Latin American countries and produces a variety of products: from petroleum products, steel and consumer goods to computers, cars and aircraft. One of Brazil's main exports is coffee. The country is also a leader in the production of sugar cane, from which ethanol is produced.
Brazil operates one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, with its GDP growing at an average rate of more than 5% per year. The country still maintains a high level of social inequality, inherited from the days of long colonization by Portugal. However, it has declined in recent years.
The 1970s marked the beginning of the Brazilian “economic miracle.” It was at this time that a successful national program was initiated to replace gasoline with more environmentally friendly and cheaper ethanol. As part of it, the government also obliged the largest automobile concerns to assemble only those models that can run on ethanol.
Currently, more than a third of GDP is provided by agriculture. The most important fact: Brazilians own 46% of the world market for Arabica coffee - the best type of coffee. At the same time, this state is the most controversial in Latin America in terms of investment. All large companies, as a rule, are extremely monopolized, and management is carried out by closed groups with state participation. The country has a number of customs bans on imports, which makes it difficult to purchase household appliances.
You can get to Mount Corcovado, where the statue of Christ the Savior stands, by rail - a train with two carriages rushes up the jungle-tangled slopes
According to Forbes (2011), Brazil has the eighth largest number of billionaires in the world.
7. UK
A few facts
GDP US$2,417,570
Capital London
Population e 62,698,362 people.
Year of foundation 1801
Territory 243,809 km2
Main export items– mechanical engineering, industrial goods and chemicals. The industrial corporation British Petroleum, which ranks 2nd in Europe in the ranking of the largest, allows you to save on the import of petroleum products and generates significant profits. The UK is also the world's second largest exporter of white clay, from which porcelain is made.
Many historians are inclined to believe that if Russia had passed the Great October Revolution, the country would have developed along the path of Great Britain. Today Britain is one of the most globalized countries in the world. London, along with New York, is the world's largest financial center and has the largest GDP of any city in Europe.
The pharmaceutical industry and oil production play an important role in the British economy - the country has oil and gas reserves in the North Sea worth about £250 billion. Britain carries out 10% of the world's exports of services - banking, insurance, brokerage, consulting, as well as in the field of computer programming. The country is currently ranked 4th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index.
The United Kingdom's National Health Service is the third largest employer in the world after the Chinese Red Army and the Indian Railways.
According to tradition established at the beginning of the twentieth century, the birthday of the monarch is celebrated in Great Britain on one of the Saturdays in June - regardless of the actual date
Despite the deep integration (including economic) of all countries of the Kingdom, you will be refused if you wish to pay in Scottish pounds in shops in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Most Britons don't even know what this money looks like!
8. Italy
A few facts
GDP US$2,198,730
Capital Rome
Population 56,995,744 people
Year of foundation 1946
Territory 301,340, with islands 309,547 km2
Italy is a global supplier household appliances, one of the leaders in the automotive and industrial equipment industries. Exporter of food products: cheese, pasta, wine, olive oil, canned fruit and vegetables, as well as ready-made clothing and leather shoes. However, Italy has few natural resources and imports most raw materials and more than 80% of energy.
After World War II, Italy went through a long journey of significant economic transformation: starting from a total lag, it achieved a developed industrial economy. Per capita income was three times less than in the United States during the same period. Almost half of the country (42.2%) was employed in agriculture. At the moment, according to the IMF and the World Bank, Italy's economy is the eighth in the world and the fourth in Europe in terms of nominal GDP, as well as the tenth in the world and fifth in Europe in terms of GDP calculated by PPP.
Italy is significantly focused on foreign trade. Many of its food products are famous all over the world. Thus, legendary Italian wines, cheeses, and pizza are exported. Almost all products are marked with a special DOC mark (Denominazione di origine controllata), which is a designation of the highest quality - this helps foreign consumers to “weed out” simply similar products (for example, German Gambozola cheese is an imitation of Italian Gorgonzola).
Italian fashion houses Versace, Gucci, Prada, Cavalli, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani and others have become widely known.
The Italian sports car Ferrari 250 GTO of 1962, sold in 2012 for $35 million, acquired the status of the most expensive car.
Car enthusiasts are well familiar with the names of Italian car brands: Ferrari, Maserati and Lamborghini.
9. Russia
A few facts
GDP US$1,850,401
Capital Moscow
Population 143,030,106 people
Year of foundation 862 (beginning of Russian statehood)
Territory 17,098,246 km2
Russian economy characterized by significant dependence on energy prices. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, 65.9% of Russia's exports consist of mineral raw materials. The remaining share includes metals and precious stones (16.3%), chemical products, machinery and equipment.
Russia is historically rich in intellectual resources. Unfortunately, most of them realize their potential in the West. For example, the founder of the Max Factor company was Maximilian Faktorovich, who opened his first store in Ryazan and emigrated in 1904. It is also worth remembering Google founder Sergei Brin and Daimler engineer Boris Lutsky.
Thanks to economic reforms in the 1990s, Russia privatized most industrial assets, with the exception of energy and defense enterprises. The country's main problem is its heavy dependence on energy resources, in particular oil and gas. The stock market is also on the path of its formation and is assessed by many as speculative. By the way, since 2011, Moscow has had the highest concentration of billionaires in the world.
According to the calculations of the consulting giant PricewaterhouseCoopers, by 2014 Russia will overtake Germany in terms of GDP and enter the top five countries.
Negotiations on Russia's accession to the WTO began in 1995, and the accession itself will take place in September 2012
A large influx of foreign investment and a new stage in economic development, according to experts, should follow in the near future - they are associated with world-scale sporting events: the Sochi Olympics in 2014 and the FIFA World Cup in 2018.
10. India
A few facts
GDP US$1,430,020
Capital New Delhi
Population 1,210,193,422 people
Founded 1950 (full independence from Great Britain)
Territory 3,287,590 km2
Economy of India covers all sectors: from agricultural production to industry. 67% of the working population is directly dependent on agriculture, which accounts for a third of GDP. India is the largest tea exporter and has the world's largest cattle population. At the same time, the defense, nuclear and space industries are highly developed
In the 17th century, India was the richest country in the world - until the arrival of colonialists from Great Britain. The Dutch, Danes, French, Portuguese and other peoples fought to gain trading privileges here. The country is the birthplace of algebra, trigonometry and chess. Now India is a vibrant and diverse state, its economy is increasingly integrated with the world.
The economic reforms carried out in the country since 1990 have had far-reaching consequences. General Electric Capital considers this country unique, PepsiCo finds it the fastest growing, and Motorola is confident that India is becoming one of the leading powers on the planet. Currently, the state is dynamically ascending to the position of a world leader in the IT sector.
One of the main advantages of India is high qualifications and relatively low labor costs, which are actively used by transnational corporations. India is now in 4th place in the world in terms of GDP at purchasing power parity, and in 2050 its volume will overtake the US.
The Taj Mahal monument-mausoleum is a symbol of the tender love of King Shah Jahan for his beautiful wife Mumtaz Mahal
Despite rapid economic growth, India continues to face problems of social inequality and high unemployment.
Text by Dmitry Zolotavin, financial consultant at A-Club in Tyumen, Alfa-Bank
The volume of industrial production in China is 2.5 times larger than the USA!!!
When China overtook the United States in industrial production in 2011. production, there was no particular noise (according to IMF and World Bank data on PPP). Now, they say, we have post-industrial and information societies, so the “old-fashioned” industry “doesn’t work.”
In 2014, the IMF and the World Bank “admitted” that China had surpassed the United States in terms of GDP at PPP. There was no noise either. They say that in the USA the population is 4 times smaller, therefore the GDP per capita in China is 4 times less than the US. That is, the states are still “cooler”.
But over the past five years, the situation has changed again. Although China has slowed down its growth rate to 6-7%, industry already 2.5 times larger than the USA. Although per capita it is still 1.8 times less.
I think that industry is more important than the GDP indicator or the volume of the service sector in GDP, since I believe that industrial production is “primary” to the service sector, and rural production is now without tractors, diesel fuel and chemicals. fertilizers are hard to imagine.
1. Table of the TOP 20 countries by industrial production volume by PPP.
2. “Debriefing”, or my amateur analysis of the table.
3. In conclusion, let’s compare the initial energy positions of China and the United States before the battle of the giants.
1. Table of the TOP 20 countries by industrial production volume by PPP.
Before presenting the TOP 20 countries by industrial volume. production, a few words about sources of information.
There's some strangeness here. Since GDP is divided only into three parts, industry, agriculture and services, but where construction “disappeared” is not indicated. Apparently construction has been “added” to industry according to one of the “modern” classifications.
Quote about one of the “modern” classifications.
“According to this model, the GDP of each state is divided
1) for the primary sector (agriculture: agriculture and forestry, fishing, hunting),
2) secondary sector (industry: mining and manufacturing industries, construction, public utilities, including electricity, gas and water supply)
3) tertiary sector or service sector (services: trade, finance, real estate, communications, transport and warehousing, information Services, science, education, healthcare, consumer services, culture, tourism, management, defense).”
For example, this is the case for the world.
Knowing the world GDP at PPP is 120 trillion dollars ($119,428,098,290,000), it is not difficult to calculate in dollars.
Like this (2016, CIA).
By performing this operation for all countries and sorting, we obtain the desired table.
TOP 20 countries by industrial production volume by PPP(2016).
|
industrial production in $ at PPP |
industrial production |
Population |
industrial production in $ at PPP per person |
industrial production per person in % |
||
|
The whole world |
37 142 138 568 190 |
7 515 284 153 |
||||
|
9 082 290 000 000 |
||||||
|
2 |
USA |
3 860 480 000 000 |
10,39% |
326 474 013 |
11 825 |
239% |
|
2 572 695 000 000 |
||||||
|
Russia |
1 340 710 000 000 |
|||||
|
5 |
Japan |
1 311 912 000 000 |
3,53% |
126 045 211 |
10 408 |
211% |
|
Indonesia |
1 295 984 000 000 |
|||||
|
7 |
Germany |
1 201 658 000 000 |
3,24% |
80 636 124 |
14 902 |
302% |
|
Saudi Arabia |
||||||
|
South Korea |
||||||
|
Brazil |
||||||
|
13 |
Great Britain |
549 236 000 000 |
1,48% |
65 511 098 |
8 384 |
170% |
|
14 |
France |
528 241 000 000 |
1,42% |
64 938 716 |
8 134 |
165% |
|
15 |
Italy |
524 156 000 000 |
1,41% |
59 797 978 |
8 765 |
177% |
|
16 |
Canada |
483 786 000 000 |
1,30% |
36 626 083 |
13 209 |
267% |
|
All 20 countries |
28 109 159 000 000 |
China produces a quarter of the world's industrial output (24.45%).
China + USA produce 35%.
All 20 countries in the Top 20 produce 75%.
2. “Debriefing”, or my amateur analysis of the table.
A) Prom. production per capita.
Saudi Arabia surprised (two rightmost columns). Almost 25 thousand industrial dollars. products per capita! 5 times higher than the world average (502%)!!!
I always thought that the leaders were Germany (302%) or Japan (211%). But it turned out that Japan has even less than the United States (239%) and slightly more than Russia (189%).
Great Britain (19th century Workshop of the World) is worse than Russia. Only 170% of the world average.
China (132%) will catch up with England in five years, since the growth rate, although decreased to 6-7%, is much higher than the world average, and even more so for England.
Let's take another look at two fast-growing giants.
China is 1.32 times higher than the world average (132%), but it will be more difficult to move further due to Energy shortages.
India is still very backward (39%), 2.5 times below the world average. With Energy, it will also be difficult for it, like China, but the “low base effect” should help.
B) Let's move on to volumes prom. production.
The Big Three (2016).
China is the undoubted leader, accounting for a quarter of world production (24.45%).
The USA is already 2.5 times behind (10.39%).
India is “sneaking” behind the USA and since its growth rate is higher than the USA, then in 2026 India will overtake the USA.
As you can see, these three countries with 41.77% determine the entire global industry and therefore world economy, and represent three different worlds.
1) The USA is the core and the “richest” part of the “Golden Billion”, the face of the “civilized world”.
2) China is the “Golden Mean”. Industrial leader. Competitor for energy for the “golden billion”.
3) India is still in the shadows. Poor part of the world, but what prospects!!!
These three countries are the world's largest economies in terms of GDP (total 41%) and population (total 41%) and energy consumption (44%).
|
The Big Three (2016). |
China+USA+India |
||||
|
GDP at PPP (%) |
|||||
|
Volume of industrial production by PPP (in%) |
|||||
|
Energy data for 2014. |
|||||
|
Total Primary Energy Consumption (%) |
|||||
|
Electricity production per year (in%) |
Although Russia is only slightly inferior to India in energy consumption, this is not for long. But you know about the territory.
In general, further analysis of the table could be stopped here, since the Big Three determines the world industry (41.77%), and therefore the world economy. The rest of the “small fry” only “get in the way.” But the Big Three are followed by the Little Four, where Russia is present, so it is necessary.
B) Small Four(apparently 2016) .
|
industrial production |
Population |
||
|
The whole world |
7 515 284 153 |
||
|
Russia |
|||
|
5 |
Japan |
3,53% |
126 045 211 |
|
Indonesia |
|||
|
7 |
Germany |
3,24% |
80 636 124 |
It’s nice that Russia is in 4th place, ahead of Japan and Germany (in terms of GDP, Japan is ahead, but we compete with the Krauts). But if we remember that the RSFSR in the eighties produced 12% of the world's industrial output. production, and now the Russian Federation is only 3.61%, it becomes sad. Although, of course, “the numbers are oh-so-very” not accurate. I took the data profitable for the Russian Federation from here http://www.proza.ru/2009/10/01/311
Quote .
“According to the US CIA, the USSR’s GNP in 1989 was $2.66 trillion, which was equal to 51% of that of the United States. If in 1960 the volume of industrial production of the USSR compared to the USA was 55%, then after 20 years, in 1980 - already more than 80%. During the period from 1950 to 1981, the GNP of the USSR, according to the same CIA, grew by an average of 4.6% per year, while the growth of US GNP over the same period averaged 3.4% per year. In 1985, the USSR economy accounted for about 20 % world industrial production. The share of Russia in 1913 was 5.3%, the RSFSR in 1985 was about 12% “Russia’s share in 2000 was 4.4%, in 2013 about 3.2%.”
In Russia, Japan and Germany, the population is decreasing, so at best, these three will retain their share in the global industrial sector. production, but Indonesia will take 4th place.
And we will complete the “debriefing” with England, the former leader.
|
industrial production in $ at PPP |
industrial production |
Population |
||
|
The whole world |
37 142 138 568 190 |
7 515 284 153 |
||
|
13 |
Great Britain |
549 236 000 000 |
1,48% |
65 511 098 |
|
14 |
France |
528 241 000 000 |
1,42% |
64 938 716 |
|
15 |
Italy |
524 156 000 000 |
1,41% |
59 797 978 |
|
16 |
Canada |
483 786 000 000 |
1,30% |
36 626 083 |
Yes. The world factory of the 19th century ranks 13th, with a pitiful 1.48%, behind its former semi-colony Iran, and the gap per capita industrial. production with Iran is not very large. All.
In general, you shouldn’t pay attention to such “small fry”. England's population is less than one percent of the world's population. Prom. production is 1.5%, GDP according to PPP is also weak, only 2.4%.
On this sad note (for those who adore England) we will conclude our amateur review of the Top 20 table. Let's move on to the final part.
3. In conclusion, let’s compare the initial energy positions of China and the United States before the battle of the giants.
First, I present a table from the IEA.
The data can be checked here on page 5.
TOP 10 countries in 2014 by TPES and comparison with 1971.
( TPES or TPES - apparently Total Primary Energy Consumption)
|
OPPE in 2014 |
||||
|
China |
||||
|
India |
||||
|
Germany |
||||
|
Brazil |
||||
|
The rest of the world |
We see that the leader has changed. In 1971, the US consumed 29% of the world's energy. Considering that the entire world population at that time was 3.7 billion people, and in the United States 203 million, we find that 5.5% of the US population consumed 29% of the energy. That is 29%/5.5% = 5.3 times the global average.
Now (2014) the US share in energy consumption has decreased to 16%, they have been overtaken by China (22%). But per capita the gap is colossal.
US = energy/population = 16%/4.4% = 3.6 times higher world average level.
China = energy/population = 22%/18.5% = only 1.2 times higher world average level.
India = energy/population = 6%/18% = 1/3 of the world, that is, 3 times less than the world average!!!
In these “figures” (USA 3.6 times higher, China 1.2 times above, but here India 3 times below average world level) I see the main contradiction of our time.
China and India will tell the Golden Billion that they need to share energy.
The situation is aggravated by the fact that third energy crisis.
In 1929, “peak coal” arrived in the United States. All the “cream” from the coal fields was skimmed off, and the cost of coal production increased sharply. All this resulted in the Great Depression and the first falling global energy consumption after the start of the industrial revolution.
But a way out was found. Oil. Therefore, the growth in energy consumption continued, including per capita of the population of planet Earth.
Second crisis came in 1972. The predicted “peak oil” has arrived in the United States.
Again, the world's energy consumption fell in 1974 and especially in 1981. There was no cheap substitute for oil here. Neither atom, nor gas, nor coal could replace cheap oil.
Since 1980 shower world energy consumption stopped growing.
In the 20 years from 1960 to 1980, energy consumption per capita increased worldwide 1,435 times. My details.
1.16 times. Data from the first figure of the article.
CONCLUSION. Since 1980, per capita consumption in the world has practically not grown.
As I thought.
Period 1960-1980.
Population
in 1960 there were 3,035 million people.
That is, it increased by 4442/3035= 1.464 times
World energy production.
in 1960 there were 5,000 million tons of fuel equivalent.
in 1980 there were 10,500 million tons of fuel equivalent.
That is, it increased by 10500/5000= 2,100 times
Conclusion. Over 20 years, per capita consumption increased by 2.1/1.464= 1.435 times.
Period 1980-2014.
Population
in 1980 there were 4,442 million people.
in 2014 there were 7,270 million people.
That is, it increased by 7270/4442= 1.64 times
World energy production. This is from the article's graph.
in 1980 it was on schedule 284 Quadrillion BTU
in 2014 it was on schedule 541 Quadrillion BTU
That is, it increased by 541/284= 1.90 times
Conclusion. Over 34 years, per capita consumption increased by 1.90/1.64= 1.16 times.
I repeat the conclusion.
From 1960 to 1980, energy consumption per capita increased worldwide 1,435 times..
In the 34 years from 1980 to 2014, energy consumption per capita increased globally by 1.16 times.
CONCLUSIONSince 1980, per capita consumption in the world has practically not grown.
Total energy consumption is growing, but the rate of growth is almost identical to the growth of the Earth's population.
The third crisis began in 2008. Energy consumption fell in 2009, and even global GDP fell for the first time since 1945.
It’s not clear what’s going on here yet. But apparently all three crises merged. And “Peak Oil” and “Peak Coal” and “Peak Gas”.
By at least In China, coal production peaked in 2013.
I'm afraid that at best, the world's per capita energy consumption will not fall.
And for this it is necessary to urgently build nuclear power plants and increase coal production. But, most likely, the “green demons” will not allow this scenario to proceed.
Therefore, in the Baseline Scenario, I think there will be a slight decrease in per capita consumption of the planet's population.
They will build nuclear power plants, increase capital investments in coal mining, etc.
But the “Energy Catastrophe” scenario is also possible. Politicians “will not agree” and there will be a “battle for energy” between China, India and the rest of the Golden Billion. The United States will not participate in this fight with the help of the “shale revolution” (see).
According to experts, our contribution to the global economy is gradually declining and urgent measures need to be taken to change this trend. Today we will consider Russia’s place in the world economy in 2018, estimate GDP per capita, find out what the country exports, in what volumes, and who are our key foreign trade partners.
But first I would like to summarize some results for 2017. An important victory is that the country has finally curbed inflation. At the end of 2017, it amounted to 2.5%. This is a record. The country has not seen such a minimum level of inflation in its entire recent history.
At the same time, the Central Bank’s plans included an inflation target of 4%, however, as we see, the target was exceeded. Before this was a record low level inflation was recorded in 2011, when prices rose by only 6.1%.
A positive trend is that the Russian currency has reduced its dependence on oil prices. More recently, the ruble almost completely repeated the movement of black gold, becoming more expensive when oil prices rise and weakening when they fall. However, today the relationship between these two quantities has decreased by more than 2 times. There are periods when these assets move in different directions altogether.
Experts note the influence of the new budget rule. Its essence is that the Ministry of Finance uses the excess income received when the oil price is $40 or more.
But the following result of the past year cannot be called optimistic. Real disposable incomes have continued to decline for several years in a row. Behind last year they fell another 1.7%.
Economic growth
Let's hope that economic growth will ensure an increase in household incomes, although there is little reason for joy here. At the end of 2017, officials estimate GDP growth at 1.4-1.8%. For developing economy Such growth rates cannot be called satisfactory. For comparison, preliminary estimates in the United States show that GDP growth at the end of last year was 2.5%.
To understand Russia’s place in the global economy, it is enough to evaluate the contribution that the country’s economy makes to global GDP. There are few reasons for optimism here. Our share is getting smaller every year.
TOP 15 countries by GDP (World Bank data)
| A country | 1990 (millions of dollars) | 2016 (million dollars) |
|---|---|---|
| USA | 5,979,589 | 18,624,475 |
| China | 360,857 | 11,199,145 |
| Japan | 3,139,974 | 4,940,158 |
| Germany | 1,764,967 | 3,477,796 |
| Great Britain | 1,093,169 | 2,647,898 |
| France | 1,275,300 | 2,465,453 |
| India | 316,697 | 2,263,792 |
| Italy | 1,177,326 | 1,858,913 |
| Brazil | 461,951 | 1,796,186 |
| Canada | 593,929 | 1,529,760 |
| South Korea | 279,349 | 1,411,245 |
| Russia | 516,814 | 1,283,162 |
| Spain | 535,101 | 1,237,255 |
| Australia | 311,425 | 1,204,616 |
| Mexico | 262,709 | 1,046,922 |
In terms of GDP in current dollars, the country's economy is in 12th place. Although Russia's GDP has doubled since 1990, this was not enough to take a significant position in the global economy. The country's share of global GDP is around 1.7%. The United States accounts for almost a quarter of the world economy.
TOP 15 countries by GNI in PPP (World Bank data)
| A country | 1990 (millions of dollars) | 2016 (millions of dollars) |
|---|---|---|
| China | 1,122,932 | 21,364,867 |
| USA | 5,922,924 | 18,968,714 |
| India | 973,824 | 8,608,656 |
| Japan | 2,420,018 | 5,433,826 |
| Germany | 1,567,943 | 4,109,496 |
| Russia | 1,185,858 | 3,305,725 |
| Brazil | 972,035 | 3,080,633 |
| Indonesia | 484,393 | 2,934,343 |
| France | 1,036,669 | 2,818,069 |
| Great Britain | 961,628 | 2,763,382 |
| Italy | 1,038,999 | 2,328,952 |
| Mexico | 498,385 | 2,264,933 |
| Türkiye | 325,625 | 1,920,864 |
| South Korea | 354,253 | 1,833,914 |
| Saudi Arabia | 465,155 | 1,802,762 |
True, the volume of GDP in current dollars is not a completely objective indicator. An indicator such as gross national income at purchasing power parity gives a more realistic picture of the world than GDP at par. Here Russia is already in 6th place in the world. The country's contribution to the world economy is estimated at 2.75%. However, this is still not so much compared to the leaders. China has a contribution to global economy is at the level of 17.5%, in the USA - at the level of 15%.
If we look from the point of view of GDP per capita at PPP, then for Russia the figure is just over 23 thousand dollars in 2016. In Kazakhstan it exceeds 25 thousand dollars, in the USA it is 57.6 thousand dollars, in Luxembourg - 103.5 thousand dollars.
Export
Assessing Russia's place in the world economy, one cannot help but pay attention to the structure of domestic exports. For example, according to the Federal Customs Service for 2016, the country exported goods and raw materials worth $287.6 billion.
As one might guess, a significant share of our exports consists of raw materials. For example, deliveries to countries far abroad fuel and energy goods (oil, gas, coal) accounted for 62% of total exports. Another 10% came from metals and products made from them.
7.3% is the supply of machinery and equipment, 6% is the share of chemical products in exports. Food accounts for 5% of exports, timber and paper products – 3.3%.
Import
In 2016, the country most often imported machinery and equipment from non-CIS countries. Their share in the commodity structure was 50.2%. In second place with a share of 19% are chemical industry products. The share of food was 12.5%.
Textiles and footwear are also actively imported into the country. The share was 5.8%. The share of imported metals and products made from them is at the level of 5.3%.
Key foreign trade partners
The three main partners of Russia in 2016 included China, Germany, and the Netherlands. Trade turnover with these countries amounted to 66.1 billion, 40.7 billion and 32.3 billion dollars, respectively. Also in the top 10 were the USA, Italy, Japan, Turkey, the Republic of Korea, France, and Poland.
The EU, which is the country's largest economic partner, accounts for almost 43% of Russian trade turnover. APEC countries (China, Japan, Korea) account for 30% of trade turnover.
Bye Russian economy trying to find his place in the world, the country's citizens suffer from the fall real income, which has been going on for 6 years. The situation is saved only by loans that can be taken in 5 minutes and repaid from the very first payday.
Fresh review of the situation in Russia in 2019