Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

Federal agency of Education

Rostov Institute (branch)

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "RGTEU"

Test

by discipline " World economy »

on the topic: “Scientific and technological revolution in the world economy. Features of implementation and structural changes »

Completed by a 1st year student

Correspondence form training (s/o) gr. TGH

Korogodova V.A.

Checked by Associate Professor Latun V.V.

The entire development of human civilization is closely connected with scientific and technological progress. But against the background of this progress, there are separate periods of rapid and profound changes in the productive forces. This was the period industrial revolutions in a number of countries in the 18th-19th centuries, which marked the transition from manual to large-scale machine production. And even more so was the period of modern scientific and technological revolution, which began in the middle of the 20th century.

- this is a period of time during which there is a qualitative leap in the development of science and technology, radically transforming the productive forces of society.

The components of scientific and technological revolution are science, technology, technology, production, and management. The most important features characterizing the scientific and technological revolution are the following:

1. Extremely rapid development of science, its transformation into a direct productive force. Extremely important economic indicator The era of scientific and technological revolution becomes the cost of R&D (research and development work). A huge share of them are in developed countries: the USA, Japan, Great Britain, Germany, France. At the same time, US expenses significantly exceed those of other countries. In Russia, R&D costs are significantly lower than not only in the United States, but also in other countries, which, naturally, is a consequence of the low technical level of production.

It is obvious that the development of science cannot occur without modern system education. Japan's significant successes in the development of knowledge-intensive industries and in the implementation of scientific and technological progress in industry are directly related to the education system - one of the best in the world.

2. Fundamental changes in technical base production. We are talking about the widespread use of computers, robots, the introduction of new technologies and the intensification of old methods and technologies, the discovery and use of new sources and types of energy, increasing labor efficiency through highly qualified work force.

3. Scientific and technological progress influences the industry structure material production, at the same time, the share of industry in it sharply increases, since the growth of labor productivity in other sectors of the economy depends on it. Agriculture in the era of scientific and technological revolution acquires an industrial character. In the industry itself, the share of the manufacturing industry has increased, which accounts for 9/10 of the cost of all products. Among the industries, chemical, electric power, on which scientific and technological progress primarily depends, and mechanical engineering began to stand out.

ABOUT current state Scientific and technological progress is usually judged by the share of high-tech engineering products in the total production volume. The scientific and technological revolution has made great changes in transport. The share of railway transport in total traffic has decreased as its role has diminished. Most international trade is provided by sea transport, but it is almost not involved in passenger transport, which is “outsourced” to air transport.

4. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the problem of managing modern production is of particular importance. Production management has become extremely complex and is associated with the coordination of the development of science, technology and production. Management in the era of scientific and technological revolution requires special training. They are especially widely represented in the USA and Japan. Graduates of these schools - production managers - are called managers. Prepare them in last years started in Russia as well.

The world economy arose in the 16th century, when the world market was formed. Over time, the structure of the world economy is constantly becoming more complex. Before late XIX V. dominated by one center of the world economy - Europe. At the beginning of the 20th century. a second center was formed - the USA. During the period between the two world wars, major powers such as Japan and the USSR emerged. After the Second World War, groups of oil-producing countries in South-West Asia, Canada, Australia, Brazil, India, China, etc. began to form. In the last decade, new industrial countries have entered the world stage. Modern model The world economy is polycentric.

Economically developed countries have been able to take advantage of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution on the world market to a greater extent. They began transferring all production to new equipment and technologies. This process is called the reindustrialization of production, or the Third Industrial Revolution.

Before the industrial revolution, the world economy was dominated by the agricultural industry, in which Agriculture and related industries served as the main source of material wealth. In the second half of the 19th century. and the beginning of the 20th century. in economically developed countries An industrial structure of the economy has developed, where industry plays a leading role. From the middle of the 20th century. A new structure began to form, which is called post-industrial, or informational. It is most characterized by a change in the proportions between the production and non-production spheres.

Shifts in the structure of material production are manifested primarily in changes in the proportions between industry and agriculture (the share of industry is constantly increasing). In the structure of industry itself, the share of manufacturing industries is constantly growing, which account for 90% of the structure of product costs. In agriculture, there is an increase in the share of livestock farming and intensification of development paths. In the structure of transport, road, pipeline and air are developing faster.

Scientific and technological revolution influences the territorial structure of the economy. Most industrial areas arose before the Scientific Revolution. They are called old industrial. These areas are mainly home to mining industry enterprises. In economically developed countries, it is these sectors that determine the structure of the economy. Currently, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, new construction and development of new lands are taking place in a number of areas. Therefore, areas of new development arise, where the location of production is influenced by the level of development of equipment and technology.

Scientific and technological revolution (STR) represents a radical qualitative revolution in the productive forces of humanity, based on the transformation of science into the direct productive force of society.

Modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by four main features:

1. Versatility(inclusiveness). It transforms all industries and spheres, the nature of work, life, culture, and psychology of people. The comprehensiveness of modern scientific and technological revolution can also be interpreted geographically, because it affects all countries of the world and all geographical areas of the Earth, as well as outer space.

2. Excessive acceleration of scientific and technological transformations. It is expressed in a sharp reduction in the time between scientific discoveries and their implementation in production, in faster obsolescence and, consequently, in the constant updating of products.

3. Changing the role of man in the production process. Scientific and technological revolution has sharply increased the requirements for the level of qualifications of labor resources. It led to an increase in the share of mental labor in all spheres of human activity, i.e. the intellectualization of production took place.

4. Military-technical revolution. Throughout the entire period of the Cold War, scientific and technological revolution was largely focused on using the latest achievements of scientific and technological thought for military purposes.

Economists, philosophers and sociologists believe that modern scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system in which four components closely interact with each other:

1. The science. Production is becoming more and more knowledge-intensive. Science intensity measured by the level of costs for Scientific research in the total cost of production. Differences in spending on science between economically developed countries amount to 2-3% of domestic gross product(GDP) and developing countries (account for shares percent of GDP) are very significant.

2. Equipment and technology. Engineering and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries. The main goal is to increase production efficiency and labor productivity. The development of technology and technology has two paths: a) evolutionary, which is characterized by further improvement of already known equipment and technology; b) revolutionary, which is characterized by a transition to fundamentally new equipment and technology (electronic equipment, biotechnology).

1) electronization;

2) comprehensive automation;

3) restructuring of the energy sector;

4) production of fundamentally new materials;

5) accelerated development of biotechnology;

6) management.

4. Control. The current stage of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by new requirements for management. These requirements are being developed cybernetics- science of management and information. Information technology is one of the most important knowledge-intensive industries.

World economy- a historically established set of national economies of all countries of the world, interconnected by global economic relations.

Farm structure- the totality of its parts (industries and sub-industries), historically formed as a result of the social division of labor. It is measured in relative indicators and is expressed in the share of individual industries and sub-sectors in the total volume of total production (by value). About sectoral structure The economy can also be judged by the employment structure of the economically active population.

The scientific and technological revolution had a great influence on the structure of the world economy.

There are three levels of industry structure:

1. The macrostructure reflects the largest economic proportions: between the production and non-production spheres, between industry, construction, agriculture, transport, etc. It is these proportions that determine what type the country will be classified as: agricultural, industrial or post-industrial.

Influenced scientific and technological revolution A post-industrial (or information) structure began to take shape, which is characterized by a change in the proportion between the production and non-production spheres in favor of the latter. In economically developed countries, the process of increasing the share of industry is inferior to growth immaterial sphere: service sectors, science, education, culture, the number of people employed in them begins to exceed the number of people employed in the production sector. The United States leads in the share of people employed in the non-production sector (2/3 of all employees).

The scientific and technological revolution caused major progressive changes in the structure of material production. They manifested themselves primarily in a change in the relationship between industry and agriculture in favor of the former. This is due to the fact that the growth of labor productivity in all other sectors of the economy depends on the development of industry, as well as the increase in the intensity of agriculture, which is becoming increasingly industrial in nature. But against the backdrop of this global trend, the majority of developing countries are noticeably lagging behind. The decline in the share of agriculture in the economic structure occurs primarily in economically developed countries. The scientific and technological revolution in this industry has led to an increase in labor productivity, a reduction in the number of employees, and the formation of agribusiness.

2. The mesostructure of material production reflects the main proportions that develop within industry, agriculture, etc. So, for example, changes in the structure of agriculture occur more slowly than in industry, but it is noticeable, nevertheless, that the share of livestock farming is increasing (in economic In developed countries, it provides 3/4 of the gross output of the industry), the role of industrial and fodder crops, vegetables, and fruits in crop production is increasing.

In the structure of world industry, under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, there is a gradual increase in the share of manufacturing (providing 9/10 of the entire industry) and a change in the share of extractive industries, which is associated with a decrease in production capacity and an increase in the share of synthetic raw materials.

But global trends and indicators mask significant differences between economically developed and developing countries.

3. The micro-sectoral structure reflects the shifts taking place in certain types production, especially industrial. The latest knowledge-intensive types of mechanical engineering and the chemical industry are increasingly coming to the fore - as well as the production of electronic computer technology, automotive equipment, aerospace, laser technology, equipment for nuclear energy, etc.

In the structure of world material production, there has also been a tendency towards diversification of the sectoral structure, as well as towards the formation of inter-industry complexes.

In the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the development of equipment and technology occurs in two ways:

1. Evolutionary path consists in further improvement of already known equipment and technology - in increasing the power (productivity) of machines and equipment, in increasing the load capacity Vehicle. Back in the early 50s. the largest sea tanker could hold 50 thousand tons of oil. In the 60s supertankers with a carrying capacity of 100, 200, 300, and in the 70s - 400, 500, 550 thousand tons appeared. The largest of them were built in Japan and France.

2. Revolutionary path consists in the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology. Perhaps it finds its most vivid expression in the production of electronic equipment. Indeed, they used to talk about the “age of textiles,” “the age of steel,” “the age of the automobile,” and now they talk about the “age of microelectronics.” It is no coincidence that the “second wave” of scientific and technological revolution, which began in the 70s, is often called the microelectronic revolution. It is also called the microprocessor revolution, since the invention of the microprocessor in the history of mankind can only be compared with the invention of the wheel, printing press, steam engine or electricity.

The breakthrough to new technologies is also of great importance. In mechanical engineering, this is the transition from mechanical methods of processing metals to non-mechanical ones - electrochemical, plasma, laser, radiation, ultrasonic, vacuum, etc. In metallurgy, this is the use of the most progressive methods for producing cast iron, steel and rolled products; in agriculture - tillageless farming, the so-called zero soil cultivation, in the field of communications - radio relay, fiber optic communications, telefaxes, e-mail, paging and cellular and etc.

At the end of the 90s. in the main Western countries, almost all steel is produced in oxygen converters and electric furnaces; half of all steel billets, and in Japan, Germany, France, and the Republic of Korea even 95%, are obtained by continuous casting. Using direct reduction of iron from metallized pellets, the world already produces 40 million tons of steel. The revolutionary path is the main path of development of technology and engineering in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

Production in the era of scientific and technological revolution is developing in six main directions. First direction - electronization, i.e., saturation of all areas of human activity with electronic computer technology. Thanks to electronization, the technology of many production processes is completely changing.

If the electronics industry at the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution was still part of electrical engineering, then in the mid-80s. in terms of product value it was already on par with the oil industry, at the turn of the 90s. overtook the automotive industry, and in the late 90s - the chemical industry. Nowadays the value of its products already exceeds 1 trillion. Doll.

Second direction - complex automation. It started in the 50s. due to the advent of computers. Qualitatively new stage complex automation is associated with the appearance in the 70s. microcomputers and microprocessors, which have already “received registration” in many branches of the production and non-production spheres. Microprocessors are associated with a truly new era in the use of various electronic and mechanical manipulators, which the Czech writer K. Capek back in the 20s. called them robots. In turn, the emergence of robotics led to the creation of flexible production systems and automatic factories.

Robotics today has also become one of the most important high-tech industries, and the total number of industrial robots in the world in 1999 exceeded 1 million. The largest fleet of such robots is in Japan, the USA, Germany, Italy, and France.

Japan is ahead of all countries in the world not only in the number of industrial robots (50% of the world fleet), but also in the equipment of production with them. For every 10 thousand workers employed in the auto industry, there are 800 robots, while in the United States there are 300.

Third direction - restructuring of the energy sector, based on energy saving, improving the structure of the fuel and energy balance, and wider use of new energy sources. The development of nuclear energy causes especially many problems. By the end of the 90s. There were already 450 nuclear power units operating in the world. This industry has received the greatest development in the USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia, and Ukraine. However, in Lately, fearing possible environmental consequences, many countries are reducing their nuclear power plant construction programs.

Fourth direction - production of new materials. Modern production places much higher demands on old construction materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, synthetic polymers, the share of which has increased. But it also brought to life fundamentally new composite, semiconductor, ceramic materials, optical fiber, as well as such “20th century metals” as beryllium, lithium, titanium (the number one metal in the aerospace industry) and many others.

Fifth direction - accelerated development of biotechnology. This direction arose in the 70s, but has already become one of the most promising. Biotechnology and bioindustry, which also belong to the most knowledge-intensive new branches of scientific and technological revolution, are developing especially successfully in the USA, as well as in Japan, Germany, and France.

Sixth direction - cosmization. The development of astronautics has led to the emergence of another new knowledge-intensive industry - the aerospace industry. It is associated with the emergence of many new machines, instruments, alloys, some of which then find application in non-space industries.

Along with these important new directions in the era of scientific and technological revolution, such already traditional ways of improving production as mechanization, electrification, and chemicalization continue to play an important role.

Control . The current stage of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by new requirements for management. In response to the demands of practice, a special science of management arose - cybernetics. At the same time, it is the science of information. We live in an era of “information explosion”, when the volume of scientific knowledge and the number of sources of information are growing very quickly.

The production of various information technology has already become one of the newest knowledge-intensive industries, and its maintenance has given rise to new specialties - programmers, operators, etc. Computer science allows for a systematic approach and the use of economic and mathematical modeling.

It also has a great impact on the location of production. Thus, many knowledge-intensive industries gravitate primarily towards sources of well-organized and diverse information, usually located in large cities and urban agglomerations. IN overseas Europe, Japan, America, Australia, you can contact every continent from a street pay phone.

Nowadays, there is already a global information space. A major role in its creation is played by the Internet - a worldwide computer telecommunications system, which began in the USA in 1969. Nowadays it is used by tens of millions of people all over the world.

General informatization has not bypassed geographical science, within which a new direction has emerged - geographic information science, or geoinformatics. In turn, the development of geoinformatics led to the creation of geographic information systems (GIS). The introduction of GIS technologies in geography has affected many of its branches, and primarily cartography. Worldwide electronic atlases have already been created, differing in nature and language. National electronic atlases have been published in the USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden, China and many other countries.

Geoinformatics is one of the main directions of connecting geographical science with achievements modern stage NTP.

In the context of the modern scientific and technological revolution, rapid shifts are taking place in the structure of the world economy and its industries, which leads to significant changes in the geography of the world economy.

Geography of the world economy, industry economic geography, which studies the territorial distribution of the world economy as a whole and its industries by socio-economic formations, individual countries and large regions, as well as the patterns that determine trends in the location of the world economy. Since there is a world capitalist economy and a world socialist economy, the development of which is subject to fundamentally different laws, it is necessary to analyze the development trends not only of economic development. in general, but also necessarily separately the geography of the world capitalist economy and the geography of the world socialist economy. The same applies to the geography of individual sectors of the world economy.

The entire development of human civilization is closely connected with scientific and technological progress. The scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a period of time during which there is a qualitative leap in the development of science and technology, radically transforming the productive forces of society.

The current state of scientific and technological progress is usually judged by the share of high-tech mechanical engineering products in the total production volume. If the electronics industry at the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution was still part of electrical engineering, then in the mid-80s. in terms of product value it was already on par with the oil industry, at the turn of the 90s. overtook the automotive industry, and in the late 90s - the chemical industry. Nowadays the value of its products already exceeds 1 trillion. Doll.

The electronics industry largely determines the entire course of scientific and technological revolution. This industry has received the greatest development in the USA, Japan, Germany, and some newly industrialized countries.

Japan is ahead of all countries in the world not only in the number of industrial robots (50% of the world fleet), but also in the equipment of production with them. For every 10 thousand workers employed in the automobile industry, there are 800 robots, while in the United States there are 300. Scientific and technological revolution has made great changes in transportation.

Economists, philosophers and sociologists believe that modern scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system in which four components closely interact with each other: science, technology and technology, production, management.

The United States ranks first in the world in terms of the absolute number of scientists and engineers, followed by Japan and Western European countries, where spending on science amounts to 2-3% of GDP. Despite a significant decline in the number of scientists in recent years, Russia is also included in this group of leaders. And in developing countries costs for science on average do not exceed 0.5%.

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2. Rozin M.S., Subject and tasks of the geography of the world economy, "Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Geographical Series", 1967, No. 1;

3. World Economy, 2nd ed., ed. V. A. Maslennikov, A. I. Medovoy, M., 1969;

4. Oleinik I.P., World Socialist Economy, M., 1969;

5. T. Kuhn, The structure of scientific revolutions, M., Progress, 1977;

6. Scientific and technological revolution and social

progress, M., 1969;

7. Modern scientific and technological revolution. Historical

research, 2nd ed., M., 1970;

8. Modern scientific and technological revolution in developed capitalist countries: economic problems, M., 1971;

9. Afanasyev V. G., Scientific and technical revolution, management,

education, M., 1972;

Of great importance for a correct understanding of the processes observed in social life is the analysis of the modern scientific and technological revolution.

- this is a qualitative transformation, the transformation of science into a productive force and a corresponding radical change in the material and technical base social production, its form and content, character, .

influences the entire structure of production and the person himself. Main features of the scientific and technological revolution:

• universality - covers almost all sectors of the national economy and affects all spheres of human activity;
• rapid development of science and technology;
• a change in the role of man in the production process - in the process of the scientific and technological revolution, the requirements for the level of qualifications increase, the share of mental labor increases.

The modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the following changes in the sphere of production:

Firstly, the conditions, nature and content of labor change due to the introduction of scientific achievements into production. Previous types of labor are being replaced by machine-automated labor. The introduction of automatic machines significantly increases labor productivity, removing restrictions on speed, accuracy, continuity, etc., associated with the psychophysiological properties of a person. At the same time, the place of man in production changes. A new type of “man-technology” connection is emerging, which does not limit the development of either man or technology. In automated production, machines produce machines.

Secondly, new types of energy are beginning to be used - nuclear, sea tides, earth's bowels. There is a qualitative change in the use of electromagnetic and solar energy.

Third, natural materials are being replaced with artificial ones. Plastics and polyvinyl chloride products are widely used.

Fourth, production technology is changing. For example, mechanical impact on a work item is replaced by physical and chemical impact. In this case, magnetic-pulse phenomena, ultrasound, superfrequencies, electro-hydraulic effect, different kinds radiation, etc.

Modern technology is characterized by the fact that cyclic technological processes are increasingly being replaced by continuous flow processes.

New technological methods also impose new requirements on tools (increased accuracy, reliability, ability to self-regulate), on objects of labor (precisely specified quality, clear feeding mode, etc.), on working conditions (strictly specified requirements for illumination, temperature the regime in the premises, their cleanliness, etc.).

Fifthly, the nature of control changes. Application automated systems management changes the place of a person in the management and production control system.

At sixth, the system of generation, storage and transmission of information is changing. The use of computers significantly speeds up processes associated with the production and use of information, improves methods of decision-making and evaluation.

Seventh, the requirements for professional training are changing. The rapid change in the means of production poses the task of constant professional improvement and raising the level of qualifications. A person is required to have professional mobility and more high level morality. The number of intellectuals is growing, and the requirements for their professional training are increasing.

Eighth, a transition is taking place from extensive to intensive development of production.

Development of equipment and technology in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution

In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the development of technology and technology occurs in two ways:

• evolutionary;
• revolutionary.

Evolutionary path consists of constant improvement of technology and technology, as well as in magnification power productivity of machines and equipment, in growth carrying capacity of vehicles, etc. So, in the early 50s, the largest sea tanker could hold 50 thousand tons of oil. In the 70s, supertankers with a carrying capacity of 500 thousand tons or more began to be produced.

Revolutionary path is the main through the development of technology and technology in the era of the scientific and technological revolution and consists in the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology. The revolutionary path is the main path of development of technology and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

Production automation process

During the period of the scientific and technological revolution, technology enters a new stage of its development - automation stage.

Transformation of science into a direct productive force And production automation- This the most important characteristics of the scientific and technological revolution. They change the connection between man and technology. Science plays the role of a generator of new ideas, and technology acts as their material embodiment.

Scientists divide the production automation process into a number of stages:

• The first is characterized by the spread of semi-automatic mechanics. Worker complements technological process intellectual and physical strength (loading, unloading machines).
• The second stage is characterized by the appearance of computer-controlled machines based on the computer equipment of the production process.
• The third stage is related to complex automation production. This stage is characterized by automated workshops and automatic factories.
• The fourth stage is the period of completed automation of the economic complex, becoming a self-regulating system.

The foregoing indicates that the scientific and technological revolution is expressed in qualitative transformation of the people's life support system.

The scientific and technological revolution transforms not only the sphere of production, but also changes the environment, everyday life, settlement and other spheres of public life.

Characteristic features of the course of the scientific and technological revolution:

• Firstly, the scientific and technological revolution is accompanied by the concentration of capital. This is explained by the fact that the technical re-equipment of enterprises requires concentration financial resources and their significant costs.
• Secondly, the process of scientific and technological revolution is accompanied by a deepening division of labor. Thirdly, the growth of the economic power of firms leads to increased influence on their part on political power.

The implementation of the scientific and technological revolution also has some Negative consequences in the form of increasing social inequality, increasing pressure on the natural environment, increasing the destructiveness of wars, decreasing social health, etc.

One of the most important social tasks is to realize the need to make maximum use of the positive consequences of the scientific and technological revolution and reduce the volume of its negative consequences.

The areas of old development were formed in the 19th - early 20th centuries. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, their reconstruction takes place, but at the same time, new industrial, urban, transport construction and agricultural development are taking place in a number of areas. This is how areas of new development arise. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the location of production and its structure are influenced by new technology and technology. Thus, direct reduction and continuous casting of steel led to new types of enterprises - mini-mills, automatic enterprises, which target areas with a shortage of labor resources. The general pattern of changes in the sectoral structure of the world economy is a consistent transition from a high share of agriculture, mining industry to manufacturing industries that create products based on high technology. The most important trend in the change in the structure of GDP of the industrialized countries of the world in the second half of the 20th century was the transformation of the service sector (tertiary sector) on the predominant part of their economy. Newly industrialized and post-socialist countries have approximately the same level economic development what is it in GDP indicators per capita, and according to the sectoral structure of the economy. In these two groups of the region, a relatively high share of agriculture remains (6-10% of GDP), which is gradually approaching the level of developed countries (2-4%). ​​The share of industry in the GDP of both groups countries (25-40%) are at the level of post-industrial countries and even exceed it. This is due to the relatively low level of development of the service sector (45-55% of GDP). In the sectoral GDP structure developing countries remains high share agriculture (20-35%) The share of industry in the GDP of these regions is often small (10-25%). It is noticeably higher in the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, exporters of mineral raw materials and fuel, while the share of the manufacturing industry in them ranges from 5-15%. So, in the era of scientific and technological revolution in the sphere of material production (primary and secondary sectors of the economy), the proportions between industry and agriculture continue to change in favor of industry, which takes the leading place. In the manufacturing industry of developed countries, there is also a process of shifting the center of gravity from material-intensive industries (metallurgy, chemical industry) to knowledge-intensive (electronics, robotics, organic synthesis) a niche arises in production, occupied by new industrial states, transferring traditional labor-intensive industries into developing, middle and lower levels. World agriculture employs about 1.1 billion people (about 40 % of the world's economically active population) In developed countries, countries with transition economy, in new industrial states, commercial, predominantly intensive agriculture predominates. In other developing countries (except for newly industrialized countries), a significant share of subsistence farming in the agro-industrial sector remains. Agriculture in almost all countries of the world consists of two large interrelated industries: crop production and livestock production, the relationship between which changes noticeably under the influence of scientific and technological revolution. In highly developed countries, it has led to a preference for livestock farming over crop farming.

The general pattern of changes in the sectoral structure of the world economy is a consistent transition from a high share of agriculture and the mining industry to manufacturing industries that create products based on high technology.

The most important trend in structure change. The GDP of the industrialized countries of the world in the second half of the 20th century was the transformation of the service sector (tertiary sector) into the predominant part of their economy

Newly industrialized and post-socialist countries have approximately the same level of economic development in terms of indicators. GDP per capita and by sectoral structure of the economy. In these two groups of the region, a relatively high share of agriculture remains (6-10% of GDP), which is gradually approaching the level of developed countries (2-4%). Share of industry in. The GDP of both groups of countries (25-40%) is at the level of post-industrial countries and even exceeds it. This is due to the relatively low level of development of the service sector (45-55%. GDP).

In the industry structure. In developing countries' GDP, the share of agriculture remains high (20-35%). Industry share in. The GDP of these regions is often small (10-25%). It is noticeably higher in the cr. RAMS are exporters of mineral raw materials and fuel, while the share of the manufacturing industry in them ranges from 5-15%.

So, into the era. Scientific and technological progress in the sphere of material production (primary and secondary sectors of the economy) continues to change the proportions between industry and agriculture in favor of industry, which takes the leading place.

In the manufacturing industry of developed countries, there is also a process of moving the center of gravity from material-intensive industries (metallurgy, chemical industry) to knowledge-intensive ones (electronics, robotics, organic synthesis); a niche appears in production, occupied by new industrial states, transferring traditional labor-intensive industries to developing, middle and lower level.

Global agriculture employs about 1.1 billion people (about 40% of the world's economically active population)

In developed countries, countries with economies in transition, and newly industrialized countries, commercial, predominantly intensive agriculture predominates. In other developing countries (except for newly industrialized countries), a significant share of subsistence farming in the agro-industrial sector remains.

Agriculture in almost all countries of the world consists of two large interrelated sectors: crop production and livestock production, the relationship between which changes noticeably under the influence. NTR. In high-growth countries, it led to a preference for livestock farming over crop farming.

. One of the manifestations. Scientific and technological progress - increasing the share of people employed in the service sector(tertiary sector of the economy). On average, about 1/4 of the world's workers are employed in the tertiary sector, and USA - 75%. What this group of tertiary sector industries has in common is that, compared to many other service industries (transport and communications, logistics, sales and procurement, lending, finance and insurance)

more focused on the production and dissemination of knowledge and serving the population than on servicing material production industries

The scientific and technological revolution has made noticeable changes in the operation of global transport, in particular the structure of its freight and passenger turnover. In cargo turnover, the first place is occupied by sea transport (more than 60%), which primarily serves international trade, the share of railway transport has decreased significantly (12%), the share of pipeline transport is rapidly growing (13%).

Transportation involving two or more modes of transport is becoming increasingly common.

In passenger transportation, road transport remains the leader, the share of which has increased to 79%

World trade has undergone significant changes, which ensures the exchange of production results - various products and products. Its volume is growing at a high rate, outpacing the growth rate of production: by the beginning of the decade, for every 10% increase in production there is a 16% increase in world trade.

The influence of scientific and technological revolution on the territorial organization of production

For placement various industries production is influenced by various factors. Some of them have been traditional since the emergence of these industries, some have gained importance in the era. Scientific and technological revolution, and some actually generated by scientific and technological innovations. Revolution.

Thus, the location of industry at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries was determined primarily by resource, primarily natural, factors. Coal and iron ore basins became the cores of industrialization in the century. England, no imeccini,. Russia (Midland, Ruhr, Donbass). In the era. The scientific and technological revolution industry is gravitating less and less towards mineral resource bases. The focus of developed post-industrial countries on cheap imported raw materials has turned the coal and iron ore regions of these countries into depressed ones (economically declining), giving rise to unemployment and an outflow of population to other regions.

In the era. Scientific and technological revolution is the most dynamically developing countries and regions that do not have their own raw material bases. So,. Japan, which imports up to 95% of raw materials and fuel, has managed to become a highly developed post-industrial region. In other countries, metallurgical enterprises moved from raw material and fuel bases to new areas where a modern industrial structure had developed (from the Northeast of the USA to California, from the Ruhr in Germany to the south of the country, etc.). The mining industry is the basis of production only in new resource areas of developed countries (northern and western territories of Canada, Alaska in the USA, northern territories of Australia, shelf zones of the World Ocean).

In developing countries, mineral resources remain the most important factor in industrial development and continue to significantly influence the location of production

One of the most important factors location of production in modern world becomes demographically social. A special place among them is occupied by the attraction to centers of science and education (social infrastructure institutions in Uri, which concentrate highly qualified labor resources - scientists, design engineers, etc.). First of all, this indicator determines the geography of knowledge-intensive industries.

In the location of many industries, not only the qualifications of the workforce, but also the cost are decisive. This is the reason for the situation, more and more manufacturing industries are moving. MNCs in third world countries use cheap labor.

They have not lost their significance in the era. S&T consumer, energy, transport factors, etc.

The factor began to play an increasingly important role geographical location individual countries and areas

One of the decisive factors for the location of a number of industries in post-industrial countries has become the environmental factor. Since they have very strict environmental legislation, many... TNCs are trying to move your production, causing a lot of pollution environment(ore beneficiation and concentrate production, basic chemistry, forest chemicals, etc.), to third world countries, and sometimes to countries with economies in transition.

The current stage of development of the world economy has led to a high territorial concentration of production and population