Organization of settlement and cash services in Sberbank of the Russian Federation

graduate work

1.1. Concept and types of bank settlement operations

The number of various services provided by credit institutions is increasing with the advent of trust, factoring and leasing operations. Bank operations is one of the oldest areas of entrepreneurship in the world, which mirrors the functions of banks. Some operations are of a financial and credit nature, and therefore they can be performed by both banks and non-bank financial institutions.

Being enterprises that regulate monetary relations and carry out a variety of banking operations, banks are subordinate to economic laws and the laws of the host country. Banking operations are carried out in accordance with established law or tradition. Banking operations include:

1) attraction Money physical and legal entities in deposits (on demand and for a certain period);

2) placement of those specified in paragraph 1 of part one of this article raised funds on your own behalf and at your own expense;

3) opening and maintaining bank accounts for individuals and legal entities;

4) carrying out settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;

5) collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash service individuals and legal entities;

6) purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms;

7) attraction of deposits and placement of precious metals;

8) issuance bank guarantees.

The form of existence of active and passive banking operations is the bank's settlement operations - these are operations associated with the movement of money between market participants through the bank, regardless of the purpose of this movement.

Rice. 1. Initial types of banking operations

Passive or active operations of a bank do not exist in isolation from its settlement operations. Conversely, settlement operations are done possible to carry out passive and active operations. We can say: settlement operations are the “carrier”, or “form of existence”, of the bank’s passive and active operations.

Typically, if there is a one-way process of transfer of money by a market participant to a bank, then there is a passive transaction. If there is a process of transfer of money by a bank to another market participant in the form of loans or in the form of payment for some market values ​​(assets), then this is an active operation.

It is important to note that both passive and active operations are always associated with the movement of money both to the bank and from the bank, i.e. they are impossible without settlement operations. But in the case of a passive operation, the movement of money to the bank increases its resources and, accordingly, the bank’s obligations to return them, and the outflow (return) of money reduces its monetary resources and equally reduces the bank’s obligations to return them.

At the same time, in case active operation The outflow of money from the bank reduces only its monetary resources, but does not reduce the total amount of its liabilities for borrowed funds. Accordingly, the influx of money into the bank as a result of an active operation (for example, in the case of a return of the original (nominal) loan amount by the client) increases its free cash resources, but does not change (increase) its obligations on borrowed funds.

You can say it differently. Passive Operations basically there are operations associated, in the usual case, with an increase in the total amount of the bank’s total capital due to its attraction from other market participants.

Fig 2. Classification of settlement transactions

Active operations are basically operations associated with change commodity form capital attracted by the bank. However, this is a change in the form of existence of funds attracted by the bank, which ultimately again leads to an increase in the total capital of the bank, but due to the successful activities of the bank itself.

Payments within the territory Russian Federation are carried out by cash and non-cash payments, and legal tender throughout the entire country is the ruble, which is required to be accepted at face value.

It is also permitted to use foreign currency as a means of payment, but only in those cases, in the manner and under the conditions specified in the law or in the manner established by it.

Settlements between citizens who are not engaged in entrepreneurial activities can be carried out either by bank transfer or in cash without limiting the amount. If payments are made between legal entities or citizens engaged in business activities, then such payments should preferably be made by bank transfer, which are carried out through a bank and other credit organizations. In these organizations, appropriate accounts must be opened for organizations and entrepreneurs who take part in settlements.

Non-cash payments are a set of non-cash monetary transactions in the process of selling goods and services, distribution and redistribution of national income.

The economic basis of non-cash payments is material production, the integrity of which requires ensuring uninterrupted settlements, achievable by observing the basic principles of organizing cash flow:

Economic independence of market entities and their financial responsibility for storing funds and making payments;

Accumulation of funds of market entities in their bank accounts and conducting non-cash payments through banks;

Independent, without bank intervention, management of funds placed by market entities both in banks and in their working cash desks;

Carrying out settlements by market entities through banks within the limits of the account balance. If there are insufficient funds in the account, the order of payments is established by the owners of the funds themselves;

The use of only unified payment documents in intrabank circulation, and only banknotes and small change in non-bank circulation Central Bank;

Free choice by market subjects of payment forms and their stipulation in business contracts. Ensuring settlements and payments within the terms stipulated in business contracts.

The general economic principles of organizing payments include efficiency, differentiation, urgency, security of payments, and their targeted nature.

The action of a number of principles characteristic of modern system settlements, stems from the economic relations of participants in non-cash payments - the payer, recipient of funds and servicing banks.

Non-cash payments are carried out by credit institutions in accordance with the law and banking rules.

Non-cash payments between credit institutions and branches can be made through:

1) settlement network of the Bank of Russia;

2) credit organizations for correspondent accounts “LORO” and “NOSTRO”;

3) non-bank credit organizations carrying out settlement operations;

4) intra-bank settlement system (inter-branch settlement accounts).

The following principles for non-cash payments have been established:

1. Legal regime for settlements and payments

2. Making payments on bank accounts.

3. Maintaining liquidity at a level that ensures uninterrupted payments

4. Availability of the payer’s acceptance (consent) for payment

5. Principle of urgency of payment

6. Monitoring of all participants over the correctness of calculations and compliance with the established provisions on the procedure for their implementation.

Let's consider settlements by payment orders. A payment order is an order from the account owner (payer) to the bank servicing him to transfer a certain amount of money to the recipient's account, documented by a settlement document.

The unification of rules in the field of credit (bank) transfers was carried out by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) through the publication in 1992 of the Model Law on International Credit Transfers.

Nowadays, a bank transfer is a settlement banking operation carried out by sending a payment order from one bank to another by telegraph, telex or mail. According to Art. 26 of the Unicitral Model Law on International Credit Transfers payment order- this is an unconditional order in any form from the sender to the receiving bank to transfer to the disposal of the beneficiary. Beneficiary (from the French benefice - profit, benefit) - a person who receives income from his property transferred in trust to another person, legal or physical (when leasing, renting), or from the use of property by third parties, for example, when transferring shareholder of shares for use by a broker in order to obtain maximum profit (dividend). The beneficiary is also the person in whose favor the issuing bank opens documentary letter of credit. Typically, the beneficiary is the exporter, the seller of goods or services that are the subject of an international contract of sale for a specified or to be determined amount of money. A peculiarity of settlements by payment orders is that they are used mainly in cases where payments under the contract are one-time in nature. This distinguishes them from other, more complex forms of payment, in particular from letter of credit and collection payments, which are usually used to pay for goods under “continuing” contracts. Thus, settlements by payment orders are often used in cases lump sum payments for one-time deliveries, when making advance payments, for recalculations on previously concluded transactions (for example, in cases where payments for shipped goods had to be made under a letter of credit that was not used in a timely manner). Payments by payment orders can also be used for payments that are not of an equivalent nature, in particular when satisfying quality complaints, demands for payment of penalties, annual interest, etc.

The term “payment order” is closely related to the concept of “transfer”. Unlike a payment order, a transfer is a broader concept.

MM. Agarkov considered a bank transfer “as an agreement under which a credit institution undertakes to pay a certain amount of money to the latter or another person elsewhere through its branch or through its correspondent, at the expense of its counterparty.”

In English law, the most acceptable point of view is that a bank transfer is “a sequence of transactions carried out various banks acting as representatives."

The concept of “transfer of funds” is also found in American law, where, according to Art. 4A-104 ETC it means “a series of transactions, starting with the payment order of the initiator, undertaken for the purpose of making a payment to the beneficiary.”

A similar concept is contained in the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Credit Transfers, which is optional (recommendatory) in nature. So, according to Art. 2, a credit transfer is a series of operations, starting with a payment order from the transferor, carried out with the aim of transferring funds to the disposal of the beneficiary. This concept applies to any payment orders of the translator. In this case, a payment order issued for the purpose of making a payment under such an order is considered part of another credit order. The model law is based on the principle of unconditionality of a payment order. If the payment of a payment order is conditioned by something, then it is no longer a payment order, and the operation in this case is not a credit transfer. By this, for example, a payment order in certain cases is fundamentally distinguished from a letter of credit.

A payment order is one of the convenient forms of cash payments. Analyzing non-cash payments, carried out through banking system, we can confidently say that more than 80% of non-cash payments are made by payment orders. Payment by payment order is the simplest, most convenient, and fairly reliable form of payment. And most importantly, you yourself made the decision to pay and paid. I paid as much as I wanted and where I wanted. And the main thing here is to avoid mistakes when filling out the details in the payment order, otherwise the money will not reach the addressee. The payment order is drawn up on the standard form 0401060. Banks accept for execution only those payment orders that contain all the mandatory data (details) established by the regulations of the Central Bank for completion. The payment order must contain the following details:

1. Name of the settlement document and code OKUD OK 011-93,

2. number of the payment document, day, month and year of its issue,

3. type of payment,

4. name of the payer, his account number, taxpayer identification number (TIN),

5. name and location of the payer’s bank, its bank identification code (BIC), correspondent account or sub-account number,

6. name of the recipient of funds, his account number. An identification number taxpayer (TIN),

7. name and location of the recipient’s bank, its bank identification code (BIC), correspondent account or sub-account number,

8. purpose of payment. The tax to be paid is highlighted in the payment order as a separate line

9. payment amount, indicated in words and numbers,

10. order of payment,

11. type of operation,

12. signatures (signature) of authorized persons (persons) and seal impression (in established cases).

Based on the requirements for the content of the payment order, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation established and standard sample(form) payment order (form 0401060), which looks like this:

Appendix 1 to the Regulations of the Bank of Russia “On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation” dated October 3, 2002 N 2-P (as amended by the Directive of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated 03.03.2003 N 1256-U).

The reverse side of the payment order must always remain clean. And you won’t be able to save paper by printing a payment order on drafts. A payment order executed in accordance with the established procedure is valid for presentation to the servicing bank within ten calendar days, not counting the day of its issue. The bank accepts the payment order for execution regardless of its amount. When filling out a payment order, corrections, blots and erasures, as well as the use of correction fluid, are not allowed. The payment order is presented to the bank in such a number of copies as is necessary for all participants in the settlements. On the first copy of the payment order, signatures and a seal (if any) are required. This copy of the payment order remains in the bank's daily documents. Payment orders can be made in the following cases:

For goods supplied, work performed, services rendered;

For taxes - transfer of funds to budgets of all levels and to extra-budgetary funds;

For repayment of loans, payment of interest and other bank services. By transferring funds to deposit accounts.

Transfer of funds for other purposes, provided for by law or agreement (sponsorship transfers, participation in auctions, etc.)

In accordance with the terms of the agreement, payment orders can be used for advance payment of goods, work, services or for making periodic (scheduled) payments.

Rules, forms and standards for non-cash payments are established by the Bank of Russia.

Thus, payment orders submitted to the bank must comply with the Regulations of the Central Bank of November 25, 2007 No. 5-P “On non-cash payments by credit institutions in the Russian Federation” (as amended on December 29, 2007)

The issuance of a payment order and certification of issue are considered sufficient conditions for acceptance of the payment order for execution. Acceptance of a payment order for execution means that the recipient bank (beneficiary bank) becomes bound by obligations to make the payment, which is tantamount to acceptance by general theory law of obligations.

It is important to note that under the Model Law, the receiving bank to which the payment order is addressed makes the payment to the beneficiary specified in the order at its own expense (and not at the expense of the originator bank). In this case, he has the right to receive a refund of the payment amount using in various ways claiming these funds:

a) by debiting funds from the sending bank’s account with the receiving (correspondent) bank;

b) by crediting funds to the recipient bank's account with the sending (correspondent) bank;

c) by crediting funds to the recipient bank's account in a third bank.

As for the sender's (transferr's) payment order, it is accepted by his bank only if there are funds in the transferor's account sufficient to execute the order, unless the agreement between the transferor and the sending bank provides for crediting the transferor's account. The absence of funds in the correspondent account of the transferor's bank is not a basis for refusing to accept an order to make an international credit transfer. If there are insufficient funds in the sender's (transferr's) account, the receiving bank has the right to refuse to accept the payment order. The bank also has the right to refuse to accept a payment order if the payment was made in another way, but it was not received or the available information is insufficient to identify the transferor.

Then the next stage of the banking operation is the order of the transferor bank to the intermediary bank. The transferor's bank, after receiving the transferor's order, in the absence of direct correspondent relations with the beneficiary's bank, executes the order through an intermediary bank that has correspondent relations with the transferor's bank and the beneficiary's bank.

The transferor's bank or intermediary bank, after receiving the order of the transferor (his bank), if there is a direct correspondent relationship with the beneficiary's bank, executes the order of the transferor.

The beneficiary's bank, after accepting the payment order, is obliged to transfer the funds to the beneficiary's disposal or otherwise use these funds in accordance with the payment order and the law governing the relationship between the beneficiary's bank and the beneficiary.

With regard to the deadline for executing a payment order, the law states that the receiving bank is obliged to execute the payment order (if accepted) during the business day when this order is received. If there is not enough time before the end of the working day to execute the payment order, then execution is carried out during the next working day. However, if the payment order specifies a later date, the payment order is executed on that date. Notification of refusal to accept a payment order at any stage of an international credit transfer must be sent to the relevant person no later than the next business day after the expiration of the order execution period or before that day.

Another important problem that arises in the field of settlements through a credit (bank) transfer is the possibility and procedure for revoking a payment order.

A payment order can be changed or revoked by the originator or the sending bank only if the sending bank or the receiving bank (except for the beneficiary's bank), respectively, receives an instruction to change or revoke the payment order before the actual execution.

The sending bank or the receiving bank that has not actually executed the payment order in respect of which it has received a notice of change or revocation does not have the right to make a payment under this order. In this case, the sending bank or receiving bank is obliged to execute the payment order in accordance with the received notice of change in the payment order, and upon receiving a notice of revocation, the sending bank or receiving bank is obliged to return the received funds to the transferor or sending bank.

An agreement may be concluded between the receiving bank of the payment order and the sender of the payment order that the payment order is generally irrevocable or can be revoked when received earlier than the deadlines specified above. The death, insolvency, bankruptcy or incapacity of the sender or transferor does not in itself lead to the revocation of the payment order or the termination of the authority of the sender.

From the moment the payment order is accepted (its acceptance), the recipient bank’s responsibilities include issuing a payment order either to the beneficiary’s bank or to the intermediary bank. This means that the sender has the right to make claims against his bank only when the bank does not issue a payment order to another bank (the beneficiary's bank) in a timely manner. From the moment the payment order is transferred to the beneficiary's bank, the obligations of the sender of funds to the recipient of funds are considered fulfilled, and for late execution of the payment order in this case, the beneficiary's bank is liable to the beneficiary. Therefore, if the delay in settlements is caused by the actions of the intermediary bank (the bank - the recipient of the payment order promptly transferred the payment order to the intermediary bank), the bank - the recipient of the payment order, which, in turn, can make corresponding claims against the bank, is responsible for the delay to the sender - to the intermediary who directly received the payment order from him.

Let's consider calculations using payment requests and orders.

Settlements with payment requests-orders indicate the participation of two entities in the settlements:

The supplier who has the right to demand payment;

The payer (recipient) instructs the bank to make a payment from his current account.

A payment request-order is issued by the supplier after fulfilling its obligations to customers (performance and delivery of work, services or shipment of products according to the contract) and, together with shipping and transport documents, is sent, bypassing the bank, to the payer.

The latter, having checked their compliance with contractual obligations, completes the payment request-order (signatures, seals, etc.) and transfers them to his bank for payment. The payer's bank, having written off the payment amount from the buyer's current account, sends the established copies of payment documents to the supplier's bank for the right to credit the payment to the supplier's current account. Another option is to transfer documents to the payer through the supplier’s bank with a request to forward (transfer) them through the buyer’s bank. The latter transfers them to the payer for acceptance with subsequent forwarding to the supplier's bank.

Let's analyze payments using letters of credit

A letter of credit is an order from the payer's bank to the recipient's bank.

A letter of credit is the safest form of payment between clients. When establishing new partnerships between enterprises and organizations, the question often arises: How to avoid losing money or goods when concluding a transaction and settlements with an unfamiliar company? How to insure your business against unnecessary and dishonest partners, especially if the contract is concluded for a significant amount? The answer is simple - letters of credit. Of course, it is quite difficult to learn all the intricacies of working with letters of credit and apply them in calculations, but it gives you a feeling of security. And, having studied the letter of credit payment form once, clients rarely refuse it. Payment by letters of credit is carried out as if under the control of banks and excludes non-compliance with the terms of concluded contracts, both by the product supplier and the buyer.

So, a letter of credit is an order from the payer’s bank, the recipient’s bank, to make payments, by order and at the expense of the client’s funds, to an individual or legal entity within the specified amount and on the terms specified in the order. Payment under one letter of credit is carried out with only one recipient of funds.

When making payments using letters of credit, it is very important to choose the right type of letter of credit. The opening of a letter of credit is carried out by banks on behalf of the payer, therefore, the type of letter of credit, as a rule, is proposed by the payer in the draft agreement.

Banks can open the following types of letters of credit:

Covered (deposited) letter of credit and uncovered (guaranteed) letter of credit;

Revocable letter of credit and irrevocable letter of credit. An irrevocable letter of credit may be a confirmed letter of credit.

A covered letter of credit (deposited) is when, when opening a letter of credit, the issuing bank transfers the amount of the letter of credit (coverage) at the expense of the payer's funds to the disposal of the executing bank for the entire validity period of the letter of credit.

An uncovered letter of credit (guaranteed) is when, when opening a letter of credit, the issuing bank does not transfer funds, but gives the executing bank the right to write off funds from the correspondent account maintained by it within the amount of the letter of credit. The procedure for writing off funds from the correspondent account of the issuing bank under a guaranteed letter of credit is determined by agreement between the banks.

A revocable letter of credit is a letter of credit that can be amended or canceled by the issuing bank on the basis of a written order from the payer without prior agreement with the recipient of the funds and without any obligations of the issuing bank to the recipient of the funds after the letter of credit is revoked.

An irrevocable letter of credit is a letter of credit that can only be canceled with the consent of the recipient of the funds. An irrevocable confirmed letter of credit is when, at the request of the issuing bank, the nominated bank can confirm an irrevocable letter of credit, and such letter of credit cannot be amended or canceled without the consent of the nominated bank. The confirmation procedure for an irrevocable confirmed letter of credit is determined by agreement between the banks.

The recipient of funds under a letter of credit may refuse to use the letter of credit before its expiration, if the possibility of such refusal is provided for by the terms of the letter of credit. In addition, the terms of the letter of credit may provide for acceptance by a person authorized by the payer.

The main agreement may include other conditions regarding the payment procedure under the letter of credit. For example, partial payments under a letter of credit are allowed.

Payment under a letter of credit is made by bank transfer by transferring the amount of the letter of credit to the account of the recipient of the funds.

And most importantly, banks are responsible for violations committed during the execution of the letter of credit payment form in accordance with the law. Taking this into account, it becomes clear that it is not profitable for the executing bank to accept unfinished documents confirming the delivery of goods, performance of work or provision of services.

The scope of use of the letter of credit form of payment in Russia is not wide enough and its share in general structure forms of non-cash payments are small. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the forms of payment by letters of credit are relatively stable in a market economy.

The scope of use of the letter of credit payment form covers the following cases:

Economic relations between the supplier and the buyer are of a one-time (random) nature;

As a form of payment specified in a special clause in the terms of the transaction;

As sanctions against careless payers who systematically delay payments;

In transactions with a legal entity that has a high solvency rating and timely fulfills its obligations to suppliers and the bank, the bank can enter into an agreement to open a documentary letter of credit without depositing funds on the “Letters of Credit” balance sheet account. In this case, the bank guarantees, in the event of a temporary lack of funds in the legal entity’s account, payment of incoming debit notes for the amount of payments under the letter of credit at the expense of the bank. The letter of credit is opened at the expense of own funds payer or bank loan (partial combination of sources of funds is not allowed), deposited in the amount of the letter of credit in the buyer's bank on the balance sheet account "Letters of Credit".

To open a letter of credit, the buyer submits an application in triplicate to the bank servicing him with the following details:

Letter of credit amount;

Number of the agreement under which the letter of credit is opened for settlements;

Validity period of the letter of credit (day and month of closing the letter of credit at the supplier’s bank);

Supplier name;

Name of documents against which payment can be made;

Payment procedure (with or without acceptance by an authorized buyer);

General name of goods and services.

An application for opening a letter of credit may include a number of additional conditions, if a payment procedure is provided without the acceptance of an authorized buyer, for example, a requirement for shipment of goods to certain destinations, a method of transportation, a prohibition of partial payments under a letter of credit; provision of documents certifying product quality.

Each letter of credit is intended for settlements with only one supplier and cannot be forwarded. Payments under the letter of credit are made during its validity period (established in the agreement of the parties). Cash cannot be paid from a letter of credit.

The second and third copies of applications for opening a letter of credit with an imprint of the official seal of the recipient bank after opening the letter of credit are sent to the supplier's bank.

At the supplier's bank, the amount of the letter of credit is accounted for in the off-balance sheet account “Letters of Credit Payable”. The third copy of the application is given to the supplier on the day of arrival at the bank or the next day as a notice of the opening of a letter of credit.

The supplier's bank makes payment under the letter of credit against payment requests submitted by the supplier, shipping documents certifying the shipment of goods and other documents containing the details specified in the contract. The deadline for submitting documents to the bank is established by agreement between the payer and the supplier.

The supplier's bank is obliged to verify the supplier's compliance with all terms of the letter of credit and the correctness of the documents (including the presence of acceptance by the authorized buyer in the prescribed cases). The supplier's bank is also obliged to monitor the validity period of the letter of credit.

Let's look at collection calculations. Collection (English: “collection”, French: “encaissement”) is one of the oldest banking operations. Unlike settlements under a letter of credit, when participants in a foreign economic contract use settlements in the form of collection, the party authorized to receive payment (seller), having fulfilled its obligations under the contract, instructs its bank to receive payment from the other party (buyer), submitting relevant documents in confirmation of fulfilled obligations .

Even initially, the use of collection was legally more beneficial to the buyer, since payment was made upon receipt of documents and with his consent, without any responsibility of the bank for payment or acceptance. As for the seller, the collection form of payment guarantees that the goods will not be at the disposal of the buyer until he makes payment, since until payment is received, the documents remain at the disposal of the collecting bank.

The goods supplied are not goods manufactured as a single order;

The seller and buyer maintain a relationship of mutual trust;

There are no import restrictions (eg exchange control in the buyer's country) and difficulties in obtaining the necessary licenses;

The economic, political and legal situation in the buyer's country is stable.

At the same time, it should be noted that the collection form of payment also has serious disadvantages that sharply reduce its advantage in export payments.

Firstly, there is a fairly long gap in time between the shipment of goods, the transfer of documents to the bank and the receipt of payment, which slows down the turnover of the exporter’s funds. Secondly, by the time the documents arrive at the importer’s bank, he may refuse to pay for them or become insolvent. In addition, a situation may arise when the delivery of goods precedes the receipt of documents by the bank and receipt by the importer without shipping documents, which increases the risk of non-payment.

Therefore, important conditions normal functioning collection form of payment are the reliability of the buyer and his commercial reputation, clarity and certainty of the provisions of the contract regarding the obligations of the exporter and importer, shipment of goods in strict accordance with the terms of the transaction, transfer of shipping documents to the buyer only after he has made payment or accepted the draft.

As for the concept of “collection”, it is given both at the legislative and doctrinal level, where each of the jurists gives its own definition. After analyzing some of the points of view, we will try to give our concept of this legal category.

At the legislative level, the concept of collection is given in the Unified Rules for Collection and in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. If we turn to the Unified Rules for Collection, then collection is understood as “operations with documents carried out by banks on the basis of instructions received in the collection order” for the purposes of:

a) receipt of acceptance and (or) payment, or

b) issuance commercial documents against acceptance and (or) against payment, or

c) issuance of documents on other conditions.

Unlike foreign legislation, Russian legislation is not as consistent in defining collection.

Among the fundamental features of collection, the following should be highlighted:

1) the client’s order to the bank to receive (collect) money from the payer or obtain consent to pay the money (acceptance of payment);

2) execution of the order at the expense of the client;

3) execution of the order by the remitting bank independently or with the help of the collecting bank.

It can be said that collection is a banking operation in which the exporter, having fulfilled his obligations under the contract, instructs the bank to receive payment or acceptance of a bill of exchange from the importer against presentation of the relevant documents.

Documents with which collection operations are carried out are divided by the Unified Rules into two groups: financial documents (bills of exchange, promissory notes, checks and other similar documents used to obtain cash payment) and commercial documents (invoices, transport documents, title or shipping documents or any other documents that are not financial (for example, specifications, certificates, etc.)). In this regard, two types of collection are defined:

1) clean collection;

2) documentary collection.

Clean collection is collection financial documents, not accompanied by commercial documents.

Documentary collection means collection:

a) financial documents accompanied by commercial documents;

b) commercial documents not accompanied by financial documents.

In fact, documentary collection is a banking operation in which a bank acts as an intermediary between the exporter and the importer, receiving the collection along with instructions from the exporter and presenting to the importer documents confirming the delivery of the goods in exchange for payment or acceptance of the bill in accordance with the requirements of the instructions received.

Depending on the payment term, it can be divided into:

1. Collection with payment at sight. IN in this case The executing bank must make presentation for payment immediately upon receipt of the collection order.

2. Collection with deferred payment, in which the executing bank must, in order to receive the payer’s acceptance, submit documents for acceptance immediately upon receipt of the collection order, and the payment request must be made no later than the day the payment deadline specified in the document occurs.

Depending on the method of crediting funds to the seller’s account, the following are distinguished:

1) postal collection;

2) telegraph collection;

3) electronic collection.

The collection order is applied:

In cases where an indisputable procedure for the collection of funds is established by law, including for the collection of funds by bodies performing control functions;

For collection under enforcement documents;

In cases provided for by the parties to the main agreement, subject to the provision of the bank servicing the payer with the right to write off funds from the payer’s account without his order.

The legal basis for writing off funds from the account should be considered Art. Art. 854 and 855 Civil Code RF, where it is stated that funds are written off from the account by the bank on the basis of the client’s order. Without the client's order, debiting funds on the account is permitted by court decision, as well as in cases established by law or provided for by the agreement between the bank and the client.

Let's consider payments by checks. A check is a document that contains a written order from the account owner to the banking institution that maintains his account to pay a certain amount of money to the bearer of the check or to another person named on the check.

Checks are used to make non-cash payments between legal entities, as well as individuals and legal entities in order to reduce cash payments for goods received, work done or services provided. Payment by checks is not permitted between individuals.

When paying by checks in economic relations The following entities interact with each other:

Check drawer - a legal or natural person who makes payment using a check and signs it;

Check recipient - the organization that is the recipient of the money on the check;

Issuing bank is a bank that issues a checkbook to an organization or individual.

It should be noted that in the field of non-cash payments, settlement checks are used. Checks that are used to withdraw cash from bank accounts are called cashier's checks. Speed ​​of action checkbook- one year. By agreement with the banking institution, the validity period of an unused checkbook may be extended. The check contains the following elements:

Title: "payment check";

Checkbook owner's name and account number;

Name of the issuing bank;

Identification number of the drawer and recipient of the check;

Name of the check recipient;

An order from the drawer to the issuing bank to pay a specific amount;

Purpose of payment;

The date, month and year of the check, the place where the check was drawn up;

Drawer's signature and seal.

A check that lacks any of the above-described elements is invalid and is returned to the bank unused. A check from a checkbook must be presented before use at the recipient's bank within ten calendar days (the day the check is issued does not count).

To obtain a checkbook, an organization submits an application in one form to the issuing bank.

The payer submits an application to the issuing bank to receive a checkbook, as well as payment orders for depositing funds.

The issuing bank deposits funds in a separate analytical account “Settlement by checks”.

Based on the application, the payer receives a checkbook from his bank.

The payer, having received the supplier's invoice for the product or service, issues a check and transfers it to the supplier.

The supplier unloads the goods to the buyer.

The supplier submits the check to the servicing bank along with three copies of the registers.

The check recipient bank, after checking the correctness of the register, the details of the check and the timeliness of its presentation for payment, accepts the check with the register and, together with the second and third copies of the register, collects the check to the issuing bank.

The issuing bank debits the check amount from the buyer's account in which it was deposited.

The issuing bank transfers the money to the check recipient's account.

The supplier's bank credits the amount indicated in the check to the supplier's account.

In the application and the coupon accompanying it, the drawer indicates the account number from which the checks will be paid.

Guaranteed payment of checks is ensured by depositing funds in a separate account “Settlements by checks”. To do this, along with an application for a checkbook, a payment order is submitted to the bank to transfer funds to the analytical account “Settlement by checks”.

If the drawer and the check recipient are serviced in the same bank institution, after checking the correctness of the check and register details, the funds are debited from a specific account of the drawer and credited to the check recipient's account based on the first copy of the register. To make settlements by checks between clients of different banks, the drawer's bank is obliged to accept the check with the register and, together with the second and third copies of the register, collect the check by special connection to the issuing bank. In this case, funds are credited to the check recipient's account only after they are received from the issuing bank.

After receiving the check along with two copies of the register, the issuing bank checks the correctness of the check and other things, then transfers the money to the check recipient's account.

Let's consider settlements using bills of exchange. A bill of exchange is a type debt obligation, drawn up in a strictly defined form, giving the indisputable right to demand payment of the amount indicated in the bill upon the expiration of the period for which it was issued.

A bill is:

A strictly formal document, and the absence of any of the required details makes it invalid;

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

Higher vocational education

"ALTAI STATE UNIVERSITY"

Branch of Altai State University in Kamen-on-Obi

Department of Secondary Vocational Education

PRACTICE REPORT FOR OBTAINING PRIMARY PROFESSIONAL SKILLS PM1 "MANAGEMENT OF SETTLEMENT OPERATIONS"

Is done by a student:

course, group 2212з

Alexey Alexandrovich Shishkin

Scientific adviser:

Olga Fedorovna Galayda

Stone-on-Obi 2014

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Educational practice for obtaining primary professional skills (educational) took place in the classrooms of the Kamensky branch of Altai State University. It includes 3 topics that reveal the essence of non-cash payments, the procedure for providing settlement and cash services to bank clients, the procedure for registering and filling out documents. Carrying out settlement transactions using bank cards. The purpose of the internship is to consolidate theoretical material and acquire primary professional skills in the field of settlement operations.

Objectives of educational practice:

study of bank account servicing;

consideration of interbank settlements;

consideration of settlement transactions using bank cards;

preparation of settlement documents.

1. Servicing bank accounts

Central Bank The Russian Federation establishes rules for conducting non-cash payments. Currently, the Regulation on the transfer of funds to the Russian Federation is in force, approved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on June 12, 2012 No. 383 - P. The Regulation contains the rules for the transfer of funds for legal entities. Current accounts are opened for clients to make non-cash payments. The bank opens and closes bank accounts in accordance with the instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation "On opening and closing bank accounts, deposit accounts dated September 14, 2006 No. 28-I. In paragraph 1 of Article 846 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation it is established that the client has an account in bank is opened on the basis of a bank account agreement by both parties.Each bank develops for itself, in accordance with the law and banking rules, a form of bank account agreement, according to which a bank account agreement is concluded with a client who has applied to open an account for him in this bank.

To open an account, the client provides the bank with the following documents:

.Application for opening an account;

2.Bank account agreement;

.Document about state registration;

.A copy of the organization's Charter, certified by a notary;

.A copy of documents on the creation (establishment) or reorganization of a legal entity;

.A copy or extract from the protocol general meeting or board meetings;

.A copy or extract from employment contract regarding the term of the contract and the authority of the manager;

.A copy of the order on assuming the position of a manager and appointing a chief accountant;

.Card with signature samples and seal impressions;

.A photocopy of the passports of the persons declared in the sample signature card;

.A notarized copy of the certificate of registration in tax authority;

.A copy newsletter about accounting in the Unified state register enterprises and organizations Federal service state statistics.

After concluding a bank account agreement, an account is immediately opened, after which the client and the bank are obliged to inform tax service about opening (closing) an account or changing details within 7 or 3 business days from the date of opening the account. The account is assigned a twenty-digit number, taking into account who this account is opened depending on the legal form of the organization. From the moment the account is opened, the bank begins its introduction, for which the bank charges a commission. Crediting funds, settlements with suppliers and other persons, writing off funds and other operations are included in the concept of account servicing. Operations on current accounts are carried out by the bank on the basis of clients' settlement documents. The following payment documents are used in the Russian Federation:

Money orders;

Payment requirements;

Collection order;

Letter of Credit.

The validity period of settlement documents is limited and is 10 days, not counting the day of its signing. Maintaining a bank account: To conduct full-fledged activities in any company, you must have a bank account. Having an account allows you to make non-cash transfers in rubles and foreign currency, make payments against future receipts of funds (overdraft), credit trading proceeds to the account, receive cash, rent an individual safe for storing funds. Almost any bank can open both a current account in rubles and a current, transit, special transit account for clients in foreign currency. All operations on the client's current account are carried out on the basis of settlement documents.

Execution of bank orders includes:

control of the values ​​of details, orders and sufficiency control.

Acceptance of orders for execution includes:

execution of orders in the manner established by banks

2. Carrying out interbank settlements

The basis of non-cash payments are interbank payments. The system of non-cash interbank settlements is regulated by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the legal regime of its functioning is regulated by the Regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on non-cash payments in the Russian Federation, dated October 3, 2002 No. 2-P, part II, part III. Settlement transactions for transferring funds through credit institutions (branches) can be carried out using:

) correspondent accounts (sub-accounts) opened with the Bank of Russia;

) correspondent accounts opened in other credit institutions;

) accounts of settlement participants opened with non-bank credit institutions carrying out settlement operations;

) interbranch settlement accounts opened within one credit institution. The main volume of settlement transactions of credit institutions is carried out through their correspondent accounts opened with the Bank of Russia. To carry them out, the Bank of Russia created in 1992 a wide network of cash settlement centers (RCCs). To carry out settlements, each credit institution opens one correspondent account at the RCC at its location. Settlement relations between credit institutions and the Bank of Russia are regulated by a correspondent account agreement. The account agreement determines the procedure for settlement services, the rights and obligations of the credit institution and the Bank of Russia; method of exchange of payment documents; the procedure for payment for settlement services provided by the Bank of Russia; responsibility of the parties for the fulfillment of obligations under the contract. To open a correspondent account, the credit institution submits to the RCC: an application for opening an account; a copy of the banking license; copies of constituent documents; a copy of the statement on the transfer of funds from the temporary savings account to the main correspondent account; candidacies for the manager and chief accountant; certificate of registration with the tax authority; certificate of registration with the Mandatory Fund health insurance; notice to the Fund's policyholder social insurance; card with sample signatures of the manager, chief accountant and authorized representatives officials; letter of registration with the Unified State Registrar of Enterprises and Organizations. Transactions on correspondent accounts are carried out on the basis of settlement documents on paper or in in electronic format. The credit institution submits to the RCC a consolidated payment order, which is a written order of the payer credit institution to write off the amount of funds from the correspondent account. The consolidated payment order is submitted separately for each type of payment and for each priority. The Bank of Russia accepts payment documents regardless of the balance of funds in the credit institution's account. If there are sufficient funds in the correspondent account to satisfy all requirements, funds are written off in the order in which the account owner's orders are received. If there are insufficient funds, transactions to write off funds are carried out in accordance with the sequence established by law. Settlement documents are placed in the file cabinet of unpaid settlement documents for correspondent account. Confirmation of the transaction (debiting or crediting funds to a correspondent account) is carried out by an extract from the correspondent account issued by the RCC. Upon receipt of an extract from the correspondent account, the credit institution credits funds to the client. A payment made by a credit institution through the RCC is considered: a) irrevocable - after funds are written off from the correspondent account; b) final - after the funds are credited to the recipient. The basis for closing a correspondent account with the RCC is termination of the account agreement. The essence of the procedure for organizing interbank settlements is manifested in the principles of its organization:

payments on correspondent accounts of credit institutions are made if there are funds available and within the limits of funds on them;

transactions on correspondent accounts are carried out only on the basis of consolidated payment orders provided by banks and the list of settlement documents attached to them;

in the process of carrying out settlement operations, synchronicity and close interconnection must be ensured in the posting of the corresponding amounts on the balance sheets of banks and the settlement centers that serve them;

funds are credited by banks to clients' accounts subject to the corresponding transactions being carried out on their correspondent accounts in settlement centers;

settlements between banks are considered completed only if their amounts are reflected in correspondent accounts;

control over the correctness of settlements between economic entities is carried out by banks;

control over the correctness and completeness of settlements between banks is carried out by the settlement centers of the Central Bank. To make payments and provide cash services to clients, banks, on behalf of each other, establish relationships between themselves, called correspondent relationships, and their participants establish correspondent banks. Correspondent interbank transactions are all possible forms of cooperation between two banks, which are based on the correct, honest execution of mutual orders. In other words, the subject of correspondent banking is the relationship between two banks connected by business relations. The need to establish correspondent relations is primarily related to the provision of services to bank clients. In world practice, an operation based on customer service is called a “basic” operation. The basic transaction represents the making of payments on the correspondent account of the respondent bank maintained at the correspondent bank. Another reason for establishing correspondent relations between banks is the conduct of the banks’ own transactions (interbank transactions). The forms of interbank transactions are:

) transactions for the purchase and sale of foreign currency;

) short-term credit operations;

) formation of deposits;

) storage valuable papers;

) clearing settlements. The relationship between credit institutions when carrying out settlement operations on correspondent accounts is formalized by a corresponding agreement - a correspondent account agreement concluded between the parties. It provides:

) the procedure for establishing one calendar date for transferring payment when conducting settlement transactions;

) rules for the exchange of documents (on paper, in the form electronic document);

) the obligation of the executing bank to send the sending bank confirmation of the settlement transaction for its reflection in the correspondent account in the respondent bank on one date;

) obligations of the respondent bank to replenish the correspondent account for payment of settlement documents;

) crediting an account by a correspondent bank;

) conditions for termination of the contract. To carry out interbank correspondent relations, LORO and NOSTRO accounts are used. The LORO account is the respondent bank's account with the correspondent bank. A NOSTRO account is a correspondent bank account with a respondent bank.

Operations to write off funds from the correspondent account "LORO" are carried out by the correspondent bank on the payment order of the respondent bank. The basis for carrying out settlement transactions on a correspondent account in the sending bank are the client's settlement documents and on the respondent bank's own operations and the payment order drawn up on their basis, and in the executing bank - a copy of the payment order of the sending bank and the clients' settlement documents attached to it and on the sending bank's own operations. The correspondent account is closed upon termination of the contract. Another way to carry out interbank settlements is to make payments by offsetting payment obligations and bank claims through a clearing institution. A clearing institution is a non-bank credit organization that, on the basis of a special license from the Bank of Russia, carries out: a) exchange of payment documents between participating banks; b) calculation of net positions of participating banks. The main distinguishing feature of clearing centers (clearing houses) compared to ordinary banks is the presence of a special license from the Bank of Russia, which does not give them the right to carry out credit operations, which makes it possible to ensure the reliability of payments through non-bank credit organizations.

The main activity of clearing houses is conducting regional and intra-regional settlements. To speed up payments, banks enter into correspondent relationships with clearing houses. A scheme arises in which netting is carried out between correspondent banks in settlement centers. There are several concepts of clearing schemes:

bilateral netting without centralized control over the value of net positions with independent support of correspondent accounts;

bilateral netting with centralized control over the size of net positions;

bilateral netting with deposit of collateral in a clearing center;

multilateral netting with preliminary deposit of funds in the accounts of participants in a clearing institution;

multilateral netting without preliminary deposit of funds in the accounts of participants in a clearing institution;

intrabank mutual settlement. Single-city interbranch settlements. Settlements between bank institutions. General features of these schemes are the presence of a single computing and communication unit in the clearing house, control clearing house for electronic digital payment document flow, support and service for all technical solutions. Clearing schemes significantly reduce (due to the netting procedure) the need for balances on participants' nostro accounts without reducing the volume of payments made. The following non-bank credit organizations (clearing broadswords) currently operate on the territory of the Russian Federation: Banking information Technology, Tula; Exchange settlement center, Moscow; City settlement center, Kurgan; Lukoil electronic settlement chamber, Moscow; Interbank Settlement Center, Vladivostok; International Clearing House, Moscow; Interregional settlement center, Moscow; Moscow clearing center, Moscow and others. Settlement operations of a credit organization between the parent organization and branches, and between branches within a credit organization are carried out through interbranch settlement accounts. Using interbranch settlement accounts, divisions of a credit institution make payments for all banking transactions. In the absence of a correspondent sub-account with the Bank of Russia and correspondent accounts in other credit institutions, the branch carries out all settlement transactions through inter-branch settlement accounts opened in the divisions of the credit institution. Settlements within a credit organization are regulated by the Regulations on the branch and the Rules for constructing the settlement system of the credit organization. Internal bank rules are drawn up a separate document, which should contain the following:

) the procedure for opening, closing and replenishing interbranch settlement accounts;

) identification procedure for each settlement participant;

) document flow procedure;

) the procedure for the redistribution of funds between divisions of the credit organization;

) procedure for settling mutual debts;

) other questions.

3. Carrying out settlement transactions using bank cards

The client makes transactions using payment and credit cards via bank account, opened on the basis of a contract. The account is opened after the client submits an application for a certain type of card and is accepted positive decision about card issuance to this client. In the future, when a manufactured card is received, the fee for its servicing can be debited from the account in a non-cash manner. When a client who is an individual performs transactions using a prepaid card, a bank account agreement is not concluded with him. When performing transactions using payment card the credit institution is obliged to identify its holder. Transactions can be made on one client account using several payment or credit cards issued by the issuing credit institution. Transactions can be made on several customer accounts using one payment or credit card. A client - an individual carries out the following operations using a bank card:

receiving cash in rubles or foreign currency on the territory of the Russian Federation;

receiving cash in foreign currency outside the Russian Federation;

payment for goods (work, services, results of intellectual activity) in rubles on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as in foreign currency outside the territory of the Russian Federation.

The client is a legal entity or individual entrepreneur who carries out the following operations using payment and credit cards:

receiving cash in rubles for making payments on the territory of the Russian Federation related to economic activities, including payment of travel and hospitality expenses;

payment of expenses in rubles related to business activities, including payment of travel and entertainment expenses on the territory of the Russian Federation;

receiving cash in foreign currency outside the territory of the Russian Federation to pay for travel and entertainment expenses;

payment of travel and hospitality expenses in foreign currency outside the territory of the Russian Federation; Clients can carry out transactions using payment and credit cards on bank accounts opened in rubles or in foreign currency. The currency in which the transaction is performed may be different from the account currency. If there are no or insufficient funds in the bank account when the client performs transactions using payment card the client, within the limit provided for in the bank account agreement, may be provided with an overdraft to carry out this settlement transaction if there is a corresponding condition in the bank account agreement. When issuing payment and credit cards, credit organizations may provide for a bank account or loan agreement condition on the client carrying out transactions using card data, the amount of which exceeds:

the balance of funds in the client’s bank account if there is no provision for an overdraft in the agreement; overdraft limit; the limit of the loan provided, defined in the loan agreement. By credit cards Banks usually stipulate the need to open, in addition to a bank account, a reserve account opened as a deposit account. This account allows, in case of non-repayment of the overdraft by the client, to use it at the end of the card’s validity period to recover the overdraft amount and interest. The basis for drawing up settlement and other documents to reflect the amounts of transactions performed using payment cards in the accounting records of settlement participants is a payment register or an electronic journal. Debiting or crediting funds for transactions made using payment cards is carried out no later than the business day following the day the credit institution receives the payment register or electronic journal. When performing a transaction using a payment card, documents are drawn up on paper and (or) in electronic form. The document on transactions using a payment card is the basis for making settlements for these transactions and serves as confirmation of their completion. This document must contain the following required details: ATM ID, electronic terminal or other technical means intended for performing transactions using payment cards; type of operation; transaction date; transaction amount; transaction currency; commission amount (if any);

authorization code; payment card details. If a document on transactions using a payment card is drawn up without an authorization procedure, but this creates an obligation for the issuer to the acquirer to execute this document, the authorization code is not indicated in it. When clients perform operations to receive or deposit cash at ATMs, a document confirming the completion of these operations is not issued. Operations for loading and withdrawing cash from an ATM are carried out by cashiers of a credit institution of at least two people (hereinafter referred to as employees responsible for servicing the ATM), one of whom is assigned control functions. The cash required to load the ATM is issued and the cash withdrawn from the ATM is accepted at the cash desk of the credit institution that installed the ATM. ATMs must provide the ability to withdraw to paper carrier information about the operations performed. Reinforcement of the ATM with cash is carried out as necessary on the basis of a written request from the cashier responsible for servicing the ATM, or the head of a department of a credit institution that uses software to control the supply of cash to the ATM. The cash register manager, using a cash receipt order, issues to the cashier or collector the required amount of money to load the ATM. The cashier or collection worker recalculates the accepted amount of money page by page, puts it into cassettes and locks the cassettes with a key. The cashier or collection employee may be given pre-prepared cassettes with cash to load the ATM. The preparation of cash, its insertion into cassettes and the closing of cassettes is carried out by the cash register manager or a specially designated cash employee. A label is attached to the cassette with the ATM number, the amount of money deposited, the date, signature and name stamp of the cash register manager or a specially designated cash employee. When accepting cassettes for loading an ATM, cash collectors check the integrity of the cassette and the presence of details on the label. Accounting for cash in ATMs is kept on active balance sheet account No. 20208 “Cash in ATMs”. Analytical accounting is maintained for each ATM, bank-owned, and by type of currency. Loading an ATM (investing cash) is recorded in the accounting entry:

Dt 20208 "Cash at ATMs"

Kt 20202 "Cash desk of credit organizations" The cashier or collection employee takes out a printout from the ATM about the amount of cash issued on the basis of the cards and located in the ATM at the time of opening, and removes the cassettes from the ATM. Loads the prepared cassettes into the ATM and prints out a printout from the ATM confirming the fact of investing money. Based on the ATM printout, the accounting employee of the credit institution issues a cash receipt order for the cash deposited at the cash desk. The cash register manager receives cash withdrawn from the ATM from the cash register or collection officer, checks the balance of money withdrawn from the cassettes with the printout data and signs the receipt cash order. The unloading of the ATM is recorded in the accounting entry:

Dt 20202 "Cash desk of credit organizations"

Kt 20208 “Cash at ATMs” Unfinished settlements for cash withdrawal transactions are reflected in accounting in the following order. In the acquiring credit institution, on the basis of a register of payments for transactions using bank cards received from the processing center, a accounting entry:

Dt 30233 "Unfinished settlements for transactions performed using payment cards"

Kt 20208 "Cash at ATMs"

After receiving compensation, receiving a correspondent account statement from the settlement bank:

Dt 30110 "Correspondent accounts in correspondent credit institutions"

Kt 70601 “Income” - for the amount of commission for cash withdrawals

Dt 30302 "Settlements with branches located in the Russian Federation"

Kt 30233 "Incomplete settlements for transactions performed using payment cards"

Kt 70601 “Income” - the amount of commission for cash withdrawals. Accounting for transactions with bank cards in off-balance sheet accounts

When organizing accounting transactions with bank cards on off-balance sheet accounts, it is necessary to take into account that in the process of card movement there are several stages:

receiving cards and delivering them to the cash vault;

sending cards to the processing center for safekeeping and personalization;

delivery of personalized cards to the bank;

sending cards to branches;

issuing cards to the holder;

return of used cards by holders;

destruction of cards. Plastic cards received from the manufacturer are accounted for in account No. 91202 “Miscellaneous valuables and documents” according to personal account“Unissued plastic cards” in the conditional valuation “one card - one ruble” in the context of card types. The receipt of plastic cards from the manufacturer to the storage facility is formalized with a memorial order for the number of cards (by type of card) according to the consignment note:

Dt 91202 "Miscellaneous valuables and documents", for the personal account "Unissued plastic cards"

Kt 99999 "Account for correspondence with active accounts with double entry" Accounting by card types is maintained in the book of form 0482171, total amount cards are also reflected in the storeroom valuables book. Blank plastic cards received from the manufacturer and accepted into the cash vault are stored in packages and arranged by type in metal cabinets, racks, and safes. For packaging with plastic cards An inventory is attached indicating the date, type and number of cards. Cards must be stored in such a way that access to them is limited to responsible and specifically designated officials. It should be borne in mind that not only the theft of a card, but also unauthorized receipt of information about its details can cause financial damage. When a cashier opens individual packages with plastic cards in the presence of officials responsible for the safety of valuables, the number of cards in each package is checked. Reconciliation is carried out monthly on the 1st day analytical accounting for personal accounts opened in accounting, with ledger data of form 0482171.

Conclusion

During the educational practice, the theoretical knowledge acquired during the training process was consolidated, the most important components of non-cash payments were considered, namely: servicing bank accounts, carrying out interbank settlements, carrying out settlement transactions using bank cards. Obtained practical skills in filling out and processing payment documents, drawing up an agreement, extracting from the client’s personal account, drawing up and filling out documents. And of course, the theory of all components of educational practice was briefly and concisely presented. Educational practice shows what to expect from working in a bank. Everything that was done during the internship allowed us to consolidate the knowledge gained when studying the course “Organization of non-cash payments” and use it in the future when completing an internship at a bank.

cashless payment transaction

List of sources and literature used

1. Antonov, A.B. "Plastic cards in Russia / A.B. Antonov. - M.: UNITY, 2011. - 350 p.

Andreev, A.A. Plastic cards in Russia: collection / A.A. Andreev, A.G. Morozov, D.A. Ravkin. - M.: BANKCENTER, 2009. - 550 p.

Astakhov, V.P. Credit transactions/ V.P. Astakhov. - M.: Unity - Dana, 2009. - 630 p.

Auriemma, M. Banking industry plastic cards/ M. Auriemma. - M.: INFRA-M, 2010. - 450 p.

Korobova, G.G. Banking / G.G. Korobova. - M.: Economist, 2009. - 659 p.

Lavrushina, O.I. Banking / O.I. Lavrushin. - M.: Phoenix, 2009. - 134 p.

Rozhdestvenskaya, T.E. Banking law / T.E. Rozhdestvenskaya. - M.: Economist, 2010. - 453 p.

Shevchuk, D.A. Banking operations / D.A. Shevchuk. - M.: Phoenix 2010. - 225 p.

Shchegoleva, N.G. Currency market And currency operations/ N.G. Shchegolev. - Moscow, 2009. - 438 p.

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OJSC Rosselkhozbank offers a wide range of settlement and cash services for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs. Professional management is aimed at creating the most comfortable atmosphere for business communication, and the level of service and the use of modern banking technologies make it possible to most fully satisfy the needs of clients for settlement and cash services.

At JSC Rosselkhozbank you can open: a bank account in the currency of the Russian Federation and foreign currency; bank account of the lawyer who established the law office/arbitration manager/notary in the currency of the Russian Federation, a special bank account of the debtor in the currency of the Russian Federation; a special bank account opened for the paying agent in the currency of the Russian Federation; a special bank account opened for a bank payment agent (subagent) in the currency of the Russian Federation; a special bank account opened for the supplier in the currency of the Russian Federation; special brokerage account in the currency of the Russian Federation; a special bank account opened for a housing and communal services company in the currency of the Russian Federation.

Specialists will help in preparing the necessary banking documents, and will also advise on the full range of services provided for settlement and cash services of Rosselkhozbank OJSC.

At OJSC Rosselkhozbank, settlement and cash services are completely focused on conducting financial transactions quickly and conveniently for clients, and therefore continuously improve and develop the system Remote banking services.

The main goal is to create a safe and comfortable working environment for clients.

Standard forms of agreements and a list of documents required to open a bank account with OJSC Rosselkhozbank:

Bank current account in the currency of the Russian Federation and foreign currency

Bank account of an individual engaged in private practice (lawyer who established a law office / arbitration manager / notary) in the currency of the Russian Federation

Special bank account of the debtor in the currency of the Russian Federation

A special bank account opened for the paying agent in the currency of the Russian Federation

A special bank account opened for the supplier in the currency of the Russian Federation

Special brokerage account in the currency of the Russian Federation

A special bank account opened for a bank payment agent (subagent) in the currency of the Russian Federation

A special bank account opened for a housing and communal services company in the currency of the Russian Federation

Standard forms of agreements for cash services

2.2. Interbank settlements at JSC Rosselkhozbank

Direct (decentralized) settlements historically arose in the system of international monetary settlements on the basis of correspondent relations established between banks of different countries.

Correspondent banks open Loro or Nostro correspondent accounts with each other.

The Loro correspondent account (balance sheet account No. 30109) is a passive account (demand deposit) opened in bank A by bank B to serve its clients. Bank A employees can tell you their account is with us.

The Nostro correspondent account (balance sheet account No. 30110) is an active account - a reflection of the Loro account in bank B. Bank A employees can say: they have our account. For Bank B everything will be the other way around. The bank maintaining Loro accounts must monitor account balances on a daily basis. If the balance is in debit, a telex is sent to the correspondent bank notifying the amount of the overdraft that must be covered.

Each bank can have correspondent relations with several foreign and domestic banks.

Types of operations on correspondent accounts:

Settlement and cash services for clients of the correspondent bank;

Operations on interbank loans and deposits;

Own operations of the bank, maintaining the correspondent account: receipt and payment of interest, expenses, etc.

SWIFT (Society for WorldWide Interbank Financial Telecommunications) – The Society for WorldWide Interbank Financial Telecommunications carries out transfers on Loro and Nostro accounts, and performs clearing settlements.

The peculiarity of this payment scheme is that payments on the correspondent account are made “day to day”.

Payment documents, account statements are sent (received) to (from) OJSC "Rosselkhozbank" in electronic form in a single session. Paper applications are not delivered to the bank - the payee.

OJSC Rosselkhozbank has great opportunities, when conducting international payments, thanks to a wide network of correspondent banks and the presence of branches in major cities of Russia.

OJSC Rosselkhozbank in its work is guided by the current currency legislation of the Russian Federation, international banking practice (unified rules and customs for documentary letters of credit, unified rules for collection, etc.), as well as regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia and internal instructions of OJSC Rosselkhozbank.

Maintaining correspondent accounts at OJSC Rosselkhozbank is carried out using the S.W.I.F.T. system, which significantly reduces the time and costs associated with conducting settlement transactions in rubles and foreign currency with Russian and foreign banks.

Requirements and . Under settlement transactions is understood:

· execution of orders (instructions) of clients:

· about debt repayment,

· crediting incoming funds to clients;

· maintenance operations economic activity the bank itself;

· both within the country and with foreign countries.

Settlement transactions carried out by commercial banks include transactions on payment orders, payment requests, checks, letters of credit, bills of exchange and credit cards. The procedure for carrying out these operations includes their documentation, document flow, accounting and control. The rules for their improvement established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation are mandatory for enterprises of all forms of ownership. At documentation settlement documents must meet the requirements of established standards and contain the necessary details.

Payment request- This settlement document, containing the request of the recipient of funds to the payer to pay a certain amount through the bank. Payment requirements are most appropriate when paying for goods and services. There are differences between payment requirements with preliminary and subsequent acceptance. The disadvantages of settlements with payment claims are the lengthy paperwork and the possibility of non-payments due to the lack of funds from the payer.

Payment order is a settlement document containing the payer’s order to the bank to transfer a certain amount from his account to the recipient’s account. Payment orders are most widely used in payments for agricultural products purchased from collective and state farms, as well as in advance payments for services and goods, advance payments, and the predominant part of non-commodity payments, for example, to the budget. The disadvantage is that suppliers may become dependent on buyers, who may delay issuing payment orders.

Payment check- a document containing the order of the check drawer to the bank to transfer a certain amount from his account to the account of the check holder. Payment checks should be distinguished from cash checks, for which cash is issued from the bank: they cannot be used to give change in cash. Checks are used in payments for goods accepted according to acceptance documents, as well as for transport services. This is one of the guaranteed forms of payment. Payment of checks is ensured by a bank account or from a specially created deposit.

Letter of Credit- an order from the buyer’s bank to the supplier’s bank for goods shipped or services provided on the terms stipulated in the buyer’s letter of credit application. Letters of credit are used in non-resident payments for goods, mainly for one-time deliveries. The disadvantages of the letter of credit form of payment include the delay in cargo turnover: the goods are shipped only after receipt of the letter of credit.

Control over the correctness of settlements between economic entities is carried out by commercial banks and their institutions themselves. RCC controls the correctness and completeness of settlements (mutual reconciliation of accounts). For normal settlements, commercial banks must maintain credit balances in their accounts. Banks and RCCs are responsible for violations, however, filing a complaint or claim does not suspend operations, but provides for certain penalties. The organization of settlements must meet the requirements of reliability, predictability and optimal timing of payments. However, on modern stage development, the implementation of calculations has a number of difficulties (preparation of additional documentation for the design bureau, poor technical support of the RCC, a large number of documents in valid 4 payment forms, unauthorized access to information). The settlement systems of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia are constantly being improved: payment forms are being unified, standardization and typification of settlement and payment documents are being carried out, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is creating electronic system payments designed to reduce settlement time and the abundance of paper documents.

The formulation usually used is cash settlement services (CSA).

Types of accounts.

Banks are opening in the currency of the Russian Federation and foreign currencies: current accounts; current accounts; budget accounts; correspondent accounts; correspondent sub-accounts; accounts trust management; special bank accounts; deposit accounts of ships, service units bailiffs, law enforcement agencies, notaries; deposit accounts.

Current accounts are opened to individuals for settlement transactions not related to business activities or private practice.

Current accounts are opened to legal entities that are not credit institutions, as well as individual entrepreneurs or to individuals engaged in private practice in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, to make payments related to business activities or private practice. Current accounts are opened for representative offices of credit institutions, as well as non-profit organizations for making payments related to achieving the goals for which non-profit organizations were created.

Budget accounts are opened to persons carrying out transactions with funds from budgets of all levels budget system Russian Federation and state off-budget funds Russian Federation.

Correspondent accounts open to credit institutions. The Bank of Russia opens correspondent accounts in foreign currencies.

Correspondent subaccount and are opened by branches of credit institutions.

Trust accounts are opened to the trustee for settlements related to trust management activities.

Special bank accounts, including special bank accounts of a bank payment agent, bank payment subagent, payment agent, supplier, merchant bank account, clearing bank account, guarantee fund account payment system are opened to legal entities, individuals, individual entrepreneurs to carry out operations of the relevant type provided for by them.

Deposit accounts courts, divisions of the bailiff service, law enforcement agencies, notaries are opened accordingly to the courts, divisions of the bailiff service, law enforcement agencies, notaries for crediting funds received at temporary disposal when they carry out activities established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Deposit accounts are opened to individuals and legal entities to account for funds placed in banks in order to receive income in the form of interest accrued on the amount of funds placed.

checking account- an account opened by a bank for an organization or individual to carry out monetary transactions related to their economic activity. So, you need a current account to:

· Credit revenue from business activities and make payments related to these activities to suppliers and counterparties for concluded transactions

· Enter the amounts of received loans;

· Carry out settlements with banks for received loans and interest on them;

· Make payments wages and other payments to employees;

· Carry out other settlement operations.

Deposit account- or as it is otherwise called - a deposit account - is intended for storing temporarily free funds. A special feature of this account is the basis for opening: a bank deposit agreement.

Foreign currency account- used to conduct settlement transactions in foreign currency. Note that “foreign currency” is money recognized as legal tender in the relevant foreign country.

Loan account- used by the bank to record loans granted and, most importantly, returned.

Card account(sometimes called SCS) - opened by the bank in order to record transactions made by clients using a bank card.

St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University

Department of Management in Socio-Economic Systems

Essay

On the topic: “Main types of operations for cash settlement services for clients”

Completed by student gr. 4242/5

I.S. Gavrilova

Checked by the teacher:

M.V.Ivanov

Saint Petersburg

IN modern conditions money is an integral attribute of economic activity. Therefore, all transactions related to supplies material assets and the provision of services are completed with cash payments. The main purpose of settlements is to service cash flow (payment flow). Payments can take both cash and non-cash forms.

The client’s choice of a bank for cash services obliges the bank to ensure high quality settlement services, which must be performed in a timely, economical and reliable manner. Since contacts with the bank regarding cash services are regular, then, depending on the quality of the bank’s work, clients decide on the advisability of further cooperation with the bank, on the degree of validity of the tariffs established by the bank for cash services. The organization of cash services is the “calling card” of any bank.

Accounting cash transactions in the bank has significant features - according to the nature of the transactions reflected in accounting, and by organization accounting work, according to the form and content of accounting and other accounting documentation, and, of course, on basic accounting entries.

For the work of an accountant, clear, detailed, legally established instructions on accounting and tax accounting and control over the commission business transactions and their legality. The need for control is due to the fact that incorrect execution of transactions, incorrect reflection in the accounting of individual decisions, to control the flow of funds, income and expenses of the bank.

The effectiveness of managing the activities of a commercial bank depends entirely on the ability to timely receive complete, accurate, objective, sufficiently detailed and timely economic information. Not all banks have a perfect organization of the accounting process for cash transactions.

Cash transactions - maintaining legal and individuals and carrying out settlements on their behalf.

The totality of all payments that mediate the movement of value in monetary form between financial and non-financial economic entities in the economic turnover of the country, represents money turnover, its main part is payment turnover, in which money is used to pay off obligations, that is, it functions as a means of payment, and which is carried out both in cash and in non-cash form. Non-cash payment turnover predominates, that is, the movement of money is carried out in the form of entries in customer accounts with credit institutions. In the process of movement, money constantly moves from non-cash form to cash and back.

Banks are the basis and starting point for the circulation of cash and non-cash payments, and also create means of payment themselves. In accordance with Russian legislation all organizations, regardless of their form of ownership, are required to store their funds in banking institutions, and non-cash payments are carried out by legal entities and individuals through the banks in which they have opened relevant accounts. Banks open settlement and current accounts for clients, and for others commercial banks- correspondent accounts.

Cash settlement operations of banks, including the opening and maintenance of bank accounts of legal entities and individuals, are very important and advantageous view activities.

Involving legal entities and individuals for settlement and cash services allows banks to establish business relations with them so that the relationship for settlement and cash services can subsequently develop into other, closer forms of cooperation: lending, provision of bank guarantees, leasing, factoring, trust and etc. Relationships built in this way are very strong, since the bank and the client know and trust each other well, and therefore become mutually interested and mutually beneficial partners. The funds received by the bank through settlement and cash services to clients help it maintain its liquidity, that is, ensure the timely fulfillment of its obligations. Also, by carrying out cash settlement operations, banks ensure the functioning of enterprises, produce tax payments and transfers to extra-budgetary funds.

When opening a settlement (current) account, the bank enters into a settlement and cash service agreement with the client. Agreement for settlement and cash services - an agreement between commercial bank and the client, determining the procedure for the functioning of the corresponding current account. In accordance with the agreement, the bank assumes a number of obligations:

Maintaining the client’s account, that is, crediting to the account receipts in the name of the client and from him sums of money, write-off of funds by order of the client;

Customer settlement services;

Cash service for the client, that is, accepting cash from him for crediting it to a bank account or debiting from the account and issuing cash to the client;

Ensure the safety of all funds received into the client’s account; carry out transactions to write off funds from the client’s account using non-cash payments on his behalf;

Ensure the confidentiality of information about the client’s business activities and transactions carried out on his account;

Provide the client with account statements.

Non-cash payments and cash services to customers are carried out through the cash settlement departments of banks.

To provide cash services to clients, the bank creates a cash center - a specially equipped bank premises. The cash desk ensures the issuance, reception, processing and safety of cash. The totality of all cash in the bank is called the operating cash. It includes cash registers, cash registers and cash registers, cash desks for counting and exchanging money, and evening cash registers. To support operating cash desks, the bank can receive special unit The Central Bank - cash settlement center (RCC) - cash on a cash check, while the corresponding amount is debited from the bank's correspondent account in the RCC. In turn, the issuance of money from bank cash desks is also carried out on the basis of cash receipts and cash receipts.

Organizations that have cash proceeds collect it every evening at bank offices, where it is credited to their current account. At the same time, cash turns into non-cash money. An organization may have a limited amount of cash at the cash desk. The state seeks to limit cash flow for legal entities in order to reduce distribution costs and increase efficiency national economy and tax collection, as well as for other purposes. Therefore, a limit on cash in the cash register has been established for business entities.

The organization's cash limit is determined in agreement with the bank providing cash services, while banks are required to monitor the client's cash discipline. The procedure and timing of collection of cash proceeds of organizations, the procedure for calculating the cash limit are regulated by the Regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated January 5, 1998 No. 14-P “On the organization of cash circulation in the Russian Federation.”

The bank, in turn, delivers excess cash to the cash settlement center of the Bank of Russia, where it is credited to the bank’s correspondent account at the RCC. The maximum balance of money in the operating cash desk is determined by the bank in agreement with the relevant territorial department of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. This maximum balance corresponds to the bank's intramonth need for cash resources.

All operations for settlement and cash services for clients are carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, instructions and rules of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

As mentioned above, cash settlement operations are the maintenance of accounts of legal entities and individuals and the implementation of settlements on their behalf. Thus, a bank client can be both an individual and a legal entity.

The main types of operations for cash settlement services for clients are:

1. Opening and maintaining bank accounts in rubles and foreign currency; 2. Non-cash transfers of funds in Clients’ accounts; 3. Urgent execution of all payments received by the Bank within trading day; 4. Issuance of cash; 5. Recalculation and checking of cash;