T.A. Frolova
Economics and management in the field of socio-cultural services and tourism: lecture notes
Taganrog: TTI SFU, 2010.

Topic 3. TOUR DEVELOPMENT AND PRICING IN TOURISM

4. Break-even and profitability of the travel agency

The financial stability of a travel agency depends entirely on the amount of revenue. Revenue is determined by multiplying the price of a product (service) by its quantity sold. The amount of revenue must cover all costs incurred and ensure a profit.

To solve this problem, economic science has developed the following indicators:

Coverage amount;

average value coatings;

Coverage ratio;

Break-even point (profitability threshold);

Threshold revenue;

Margin of safety.

Coverage amount is the difference between revenue and total variable costs. Thus, the coverage amount is the sum of fixed production costs and profit.

Average coverage is the difference between the unit price and average variable cost. The average coverage reflects the contribution of a unit of product to covering fixed costs and making a profit.

Coverage factor is called the share of the coverage amount in sales revenue. For a unit of goods, the coverage ratio is the share of the average coverage in the price of a unit of goods.

Under break-even point is understood as such revenue and such volume of production of a travel agency that ensures coverage of all its costs and zero profit.

Threshold revenue(sometimes called the critical sales volume) is the revenue that corresponds to the break-even point.

Margin of safety– this is the percentage deviation of actual revenue from the threshold. It is determined by the ratio of the difference between actual and threshold revenue to actual revenue in percentage terms.

Revenue corresponding to the break-even point is called threshold revenue. Production volume – threshold production volume. Most important has a threshold revenue indicator, since the volume of production may vary depending on the price of the products sold.

To estimate how much the actual sales revenue exceeds the break-even revenue, we calculate the margin of safety - this is the percentage deviation of the actual revenue from the threshold:

St = ───── x 100%

where St is the safety factor; R – actual revenue; R! - threshold revenue.

How more stock strength, the more stable the position of the enterprise.

The value of the safety margin of 29% shows that if, due to a change in the market situation (reduced demand, decreased competitiveness), the company’s revenue decreases by less than 29%, then the company will

get a profit; if by more than 29%, you will be at a loss.

Production leverage. Concept. Characteristic. Calculation procedure. Importance for the economic activity of the enterprise.

Production (operating) leverage shows the impact a change in a company's revenue has on its profit. The higher the value of the production leverage effect OL, the more risky the position is in terms of profit volatility

enterprises:

OL = ────

where ∆ Pr – change in profit as a percentage; ∆R – change in revenue as a percentage.

For example, if the effect of production leverage is 2, then a change in revenue by 1% will lead to a change in profit by 2%, that is, the enterprise will find itself without profit when revenue is halved.

The effect of production leverage can also be calculated using the formulas:

R – VC FC – Pr FC

OL = ───── = ─────── = 1 + ───

where R is revenue, FC is fixed costs, VC is variable costs, Pr is profit.

Using the production leverage formula, you can calculate how much the enterprise's fixed and variable costs will need to be reduced in order to compensate for a given change in sales revenue.

Topic 9. Theory of production and marginal productivity of factors

Production. Concept. The essence of production.

Production is a human activity through which he satisfies his needs. After all, nature does not provide man with the benefits he needs. They need to be produced. That is why production is an objective necessity.

Human needs are limitless and constantly growing. IN economic theory This tendency is represented by the “law of increased needs.” Growing needs constantly spur production.

So, the purpose of production is to satisfy the needs of man and society. This is achieved through the interaction of man and nature. And since the active party (“subject”) in such interaction is a person, we can make one more important clarification: production is the process of transforming nature by man - animals adapt to nature, while man subjugates it to himself.

The totality of all forces used by a person in the production process (including the physical and spiritual efforts of the person himself) is denoted in economic theory by the concept "productive forces".

The main elements of the production structure, depending on the purpose and type of products produced. Types of production development. Reproduction and its types.

There are three types of production: single, serial, mass.

Single production characterized by a small volume of production of identical products, the re-production and repair of which, as a rule, are not provided for. The consolidation factor for unit production is usually above 40.

Mass production characterized by the manufacture or repair of products in periodically repeating batches. Depending on the number of products in a batch or series and the value of the consolidation coefficient of operations, small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale production are distinguished.

Mass production characterized by a large volume of output of products that are continuously manufactured or repaired over a long period of time, during which one work operation is performed at most workplaces. The coefficient of consolidation of operations for mass production is taken equal to 1.

There are two main types of production development - extensive and intensive.

Extensive type carried out through the use of additional resources without changing average labor productivity. Assumes an increase in the use of production factors at the same level technical basis(increase in the number of employees, increase in investments, consumed raw materials, etc.).

Intensive type is associated with the use of more productive factors of production and technology, that is, development occurs not by increasing the volume of resource inputs, but by increasing their efficiency. It means qualitative improvement of factors of production, their more efficient use, the introduction of achievements of science, technology, technology, improving the quality of labor, products and production.

In economic theory, it is very common to divide the economy into sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary.

The primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing;

Secondary sector – industry and construction;

The tertiary sector includes the production of services (health care, communications, education, etc.)

The primary and secondary sectors are often combined into the sphere of material production.

There are also real and financial (monetary) sectors. In the real sector, goods and services are created, the financial sector is intended to serve with money and financial services real sector, in which the products are actually produced.

Reproduction is a process social production, which is constantly and continuously repeated and renewed. It covers all aspects and elements of the production method. The reproduction of productive forces and production relations is called social reproduction.

There are two types of reproduction:

Simple is the resumption of production on an unchanged scale relative to the quantity and quality of manufactured products. Factors of production do not change in each subsequent cycle. All additional product is sent for consumption.

Expanded – reproduction, in which the size of the product in each subsequent cycle increases and the quality of the product improves. For this purpose they are used additional factors production. The source of their increase or qualitative improvement is an additional product.

Types of expanded reproduction.

Extensive – an increase in production occurs due to a quantitative increase in production factors while maintaining their parameters. Labor productivity and the efficiency of means of production remain unchanged.

Intensive - the scale of production increases due to the qualitative improvement of production factors while improving organizational and economic relations (division of labor, specialization, cooperation).

Production function.

Production function determines the maximum volume of output for each given amount of resources. This function describes the relationship between resource costs and product output, allowing one to determine the maximum possible volume of product output for each given amount of resources, or the minimum possible amount of resources to ensure a given volume of product output.

Q = f (F1, F2 …Fn)

Where Q is the maximum volume of product that can be produced with a given technology and certain production factors; F1, F2, Fn – costs of production factors

Any improvement in production technology that contributes to an increase in labor productivity determines a new production function.

The production function shows the maximum quantity of a good that can be produced with various combinations of factors L and K and the alternative possibilities under which different combinations of factors provide the same volume of output.

For example, a product output volume of 37 units can be obtained by combining 3 units. labor and 4 units. capital or 5 units. labor and 3 units. capital, i.e. 37 = f(3L, 4K); or 37 =f(5L+3K).

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The article addresses issues economic security under control of VAT (value added tax) carried out by customs and tax authorities. Issues of interaction between customs and tax authorities are determined by the legally regulated procedure for collecting and refunding VAT and applying zero rate VAT on export of goods. Various judgments and proposals of VAT taxpayers are discussed. However, an effective mechanism for controlling value added tax has not yet been developed and often in practice comes down to tax authorities refusing compensation for formal violations in the preparation of documents submitted by participants in foreign trade activities. Value added tax, levied by customs authorities, is one of the types of customs payments and is paid not by the supplier of goods, but by customs authority during customs clearance of goods. The article discusses the objects of taxation, the procedure for VAT reimbursement, and the features of applying the zero rate of value added tax when exporting goods. The scheme for reimbursement of value added tax in Russian Federation

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Accounting and operational activities in banks. allowance

"IN textbook the basics of organizing accounting and operating activities in banks are revealed, a brief description of chart of accounts accounting in credit institutions, and also sets out the procedure for accounting for the most common banking operations. Intended for students studying in specialties 080105 Finance and Credit, 080109 Accounting, Analysis and Audit (discipline "Accounting and Operations in Banks11, Block DS, SD), full-time, part-time and correspondence forms training."

Dt 20209 " Cash on the way" Kit 40906 "Collected cash proceeds" - separate front<...>account of the client who deposited the proceeds.<...>After recalculation, the amount of revenue is credited to the cash register credit organization and to the client's account: 2.<...>D-t 40906 “Collected cash proceeds” - a separate personal account of the client who deposited the proceeds, K-t<...>current account of the client who deposited the proceeds.

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No. 7 [Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex, 2015]

Economic problems all areas of activity of the oil and gas complex, issues corporate governance, analysis of the state and development trends of the oil market.

A bank statement confirming the actual receipt of proceeds from a foreign buyer of goods to the account<...>In this case, foreign currency proceeds must be credited to the seller’s transit foreign currency account in the Russian<...>Compare the size of the declared tax base and the amount of revenue received The tax base, indicated<...>Compare the invoice value reflected in the customs declaration with export proceeds for each contract Data on<...>The moments of receipt of export proceeds and actual export of goods must be no later than the period for

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The article convincingly argues that pricing aimed at maximizing profits should give way to pricing based on minimizing costs. This principle contributes to the progressive development of the economy and society as a whole, as it is aimed at modernizing and optimizing production, on the one hand, and increasing the level of well-being of the population, and therefore its purchasing power, on the other.

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A practical guide to economics for entrepreneurs

M.: International Academy of Assessment and Consulting

The manual provides practical recommendations for entrepreneurs on organizing their own business in a highly competitive environment. In particular, issues such as the content of a business plan, taking into account risks and uncertainties, analysis and assessment of the financial condition of an enterprise (entrepreneur), pricing, selection and justification of management decisions are considered, and examples of calculations are given. The information necessary for a novice businessman about renting and rental relations, about the development of a financial plan and its diagnostics

Calculation of threshold revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 11.5.<...>We determine the break-even point or the so-called threshold revenue: Kp = 1,100 thousand rubles. / 0.333 = 3<...>Calculation of threshold revenue Revenue, volume products sold(goods, works, services), corresponding<...>break-even point is called threshold revenue.<...>/T; 4) calculate the threshold revenue of TBU: TBU = Zpos / MPed = 1,500 / 628.6 = 2,386 tons.

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Development of an investment project for the development of social tourism in Moscow (using the example of JSC Inna-tour)

The profitability threshold (break-even point, threshold revenue) is the volume of sales of the company at which<...>Let's determine threshold revenue (fixed costs / coverage ratio) Threshold revenue = 430,000 0 .90<...>= 477.777 As can be seen from the calculations, actual revenue is higher than the threshold.<...>In order to assess how much actual revenue exceeds the threshold, we will calculate the break-even reserve<...>strength - percentage deviation of actual revenue from the threshold: ST = 𝑅ф−𝑅𝑛 𝑅ф = 1430000−477777

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Accounting and analysis (management accounting). Workbook

The workbook on the discipline "Accounting and Analysis" (management accounting) for university students is intended for use in practical classes and independent study of the subject. Solutions and notes on the topic are carried out directly in the workbook, which, among other things, saves the student’s time. The subject of the workbook corresponds to the work program of the discipline. Compiled by candidate economic sciences Shishlova S.E.

<...> <...> <...> <...>Percentage deviation of actual revenue from the sale of products (works, services) from the threshold revenue (point

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Economics lecture notes for university students

This textbook systematically presents modern ideas on economics and the market in the context of a developing world system. The work highlights the main economic concepts, classifications, basic theoretical approaches, as well as the specifics of international economic relations.

threshold revenue, Q" – threshold sales volume.<...> <...>As you can see, the actual revenue of the company is higher than the threshold.<...>– safety margin, R – actual revenue, R" – threshold revenue.<...>To determine the threshold revenue, we will perform the following calculations.

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Accounting. Tutorial

Institute of Law and Management of the All-Russian Police Association

Services) from threshold revenue (profitability threshold).<...>In this case, the sequence of calculations to find the break-even point (threshold revenue) will be<...>We determine the break-even point (threshold revenue) in total terms: 80,000 rubles. / 0.33 = 240,000<...>from sales of products (works, services) above the threshold, ensuring break-even sales, is determined<...>formula: Marginal safety margin = ([Actual revenue (TR) - Threshold revenue (S β)] / Actual

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Financial management studies. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The manual examines the essence and content of financial management; issues of choosing sources of financing, regulating profits, and distributing them; problems of managing the company's current assets.

This point is called the threshold (critical) value of NREI.<...>The threshold value of NREI corresponds to the threshold (critical) SRSP, which coincides with the level of economic<...>A graphical interpretation of the NREI threshold value is presented in Fig. 2.2.<...>What does the NREI threshold point indicate? 15.<...>In the first period, the enterprise has threshold sales revenue and profit is zero.

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Management accounting workshop

M.: ITK "Dashkov and K"

actual sales revenue and threshold revenue; c) the difference between sales revenue and constants<...> <...>threshold revenue over actual; Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency 77 g<...>) percentage ratio of the excess of threshold revenue over marginal income. 18.<...>from sales; In pore - threshold sales revenue; MD - marginal income. 19.

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M.: ITK "Dashkov and K"

The textbook outlines theoretical basis and practical aspects of organizing management accounting in commercial organizations. Shows the essence, role, significance and place of management accounting in common system enterprise management, its components, main objects, methods and methods of management. Considerable space is devoted to the classification and behavior of costs, the budgeting system and on-farm reporting, and the organization of accounting by responsibility centers. Using conditional examples, the CVP analysis technique for making effective management decisions is considered. Each chapter of the textbook ends with self-test questions and test tasks.

Services) from threshold revenue (profitability threshold).<...>Revenue corresponding to the break-even point is called threshold revenue.<...>(Мz) = (Actual revenue (TR) – – Threshold revenue (SR)). .<...>We determine the threshold revenue: 40,000: 0.4 = 100,000 rubles.<...>

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M.: PROMEDIA

The organizational and methodological aspects of managing and assessing the effectiveness of the financial responsibility centers of processing organizations are outlined. The method of transfer pricing for products of the responsibility center and the method of analyzing cost recovery, marginal income and profit of divisions are presented.

Next, you can calculate the marginal margin of safety (MPS), showing the excess of actual revenue<...>from domestic sales of products above the threshold, ensuring break-even sales: Mw = (VP -<...>products outsourced Factors influenced by transfer pricing break-even (threshold<...>revenue from domestic sales) according to the formula: a) break-even point in in value terms: T 1 = POS

Current trends and prospects for the development of water tourism in the Southern Urals

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Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency 42 Y = 100,000 + 10910 X Y sales revenue<...>= 13952.8Х The threshold sales volume is equal to: Y fixed costs: (Y sales revenue – Y variable<...>100,000: (13952.8 10910) = 100,000: 3042.8= 3 rounds (which means sending 3 groups of 10 people) Threshold<...>sales revenue = Fixed costs: coverage ratio Coverage ratio = marginal<...>income: sales revenue Threshold revenue = 100,000: (3042.8: 13952) = 476190.5 rub.

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The article is devoted to consideration of the theoretical features financial security enterprises and the development of methodological tools to ensure the financial security of small and medium-sized enterprises

short-term financial investments)/Short-term liabilities 0.2 The value of the indicator must be no less than the threshold<...>financial leverage Borrowed capital / Equity 1 The indicator value must be no more than the threshold<...>» & Kniga-Service Agency LLC 73finance No. Name of indicator Calculation procedure Threshold<...>5.4 Revenue growth rate Revenue for the reporting period / Revenue for previous period>1 Indicator value<...>Threshold values of indicators are summarized from literature sources.

M.: ITK "Dashkov and K"

The textbook outlines the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of organizing cost accounting, calculation and budgeting in certain sectors of the production sector. The main attention is paid to systems, methods and methods of cost accounting and calculation of product costs. Using conditional examples, the methodology for analyzing the “cost - volume - profit” relationship is considered. Each chapter of the textbook ends with self-test questions and test tasks.

<...>Revenue corresponding to the break-even point is called threshold revenue.<...>actual sales revenue and threshold revenue; c) the difference between sales revenue and constants<...>the ratio of the excess of marginal income over threshold revenue; c) percentage of excess<...>

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The need to introduce financial security control at agricultural enterprises is substantiated, its definition is given and an implementation algorithm is proposed. The existing system of “measuring” financial security has been studied and the author’s model of assessment, analysis and internal control values of indicators (“control points”) of the financial security of an enterprise according to their safe (threshold) values, with automatic specification of “recipes” for ensuring the financial security of agricultural organizations.

control of the values of indicators (“control points”) of the financial security of the enterprise according to their safe (threshold<...>In assessing financial security, it is not so much the indicators themselves that are important as their threshold values (limit<...>assets Revenue at the end of the period / revenue at the beginning of the period Asset growth rate > 1 Assets at the end of the period<...>is achieved provided that the entire set of indicators is within the acceptable limits of its threshold<...>values, and the threshold values of one indicator are achieved without compromising others.

Cost accounting, calculation and budgeting in certain sectors of the production sector textbook

M.: ITK "Dashkov and K"

(works, services) from the threshold revenue (profitability threshold).<...>Revenue corresponding to the break-even point is called threshold revenue.<...>actual sales revenue and threshold revenue; c) the difference between sales revenue and constants<...>the ratio of the excess of marginal income over threshold revenue; c) percentage of excess<...>threshold revenue above actual; d) percentage of excess of threshold revenue over marginal

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THE ROLE OF BREAK-EVEN, SELF-SUPPORT AND SELF-FINANCING IN ENSURING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES [Electronic resource] / E.V. Ternovykh // Bulletin of the Voronezh State Agrarian University. - 2013. - No. 2. - P. 343-350. - Access mode: https://site/efd/385265

The place and role of break-even, self-sufficiency and self-financing in ensuring economic efficiency agricultural enterprises. A model for ensuring economic efficiency based on the break-even concept and a mechanism for its practical implementation are presented.

The visual difference between the threshold indicators is presented in Figures 2 and 3. Fig. 2.<...>Threshold break-even values for the activities of Sodrugestvo LLC at traditional (), minimum (<...>Threshold values for self-sufficiency and self-financing of the activities of Sodrugestvo LLC under traditional<...>from sales) Marginal income (0.4 sales revenue) 83.0 Marginal income (0.45 sales revenue<...>Justification of break-even, self-sufficiency and self-financing as threshold characteristics of economic

The article proposes a multi-criteria model for assessing competitiveness branch network university, which is based on three blocks of indicators - indicators of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, “university” and “regional” indicators. Based on the indicators of the branches of the Russian Economic University named after G.V. Plekhanov calculated the ranking assessment of their activities, formulated targets and principles for developing a development strategy

Threshold values of indicators for 2013 are presented in Table 1. , Fig. 1.<...>debt, in group B - providing 15% of income (revenue) in the absence of debt, in group<...>C – providing 5% of income (revenue) or having debt (see Table 7).<...>Group A – the most active branches bringing in maximum income(revenue) and have no debt<...>Group B branches provide stable income (revenue), they have no debt, just like

No. 18 [Russian Entrepreneurship, 2012]

The main goal of the journal is to provide up-to-date information about scientific achievements and practical recommendations V various areas entrepreneurship, management and public administration. Subscribers of the magazine are entrepreneurs, managers and specialists of commercial structures, representatives of government bodies, as well as teachers of economic disciplines and researchers. Since 2002, the journal has been included in the Higher Attestation Commission list of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications.

; TR – gross revenue (gross income); R1 – threshold revenue; Q1 – threshold sales volume; A – point<...>volume of revenue (costs), rub.<...>Q1 – threshold sales volume, pcs.<...>Based on the calculation of the threshold volume of revenue (costs) in monetary terms and the threshold sales volume<...>Solving the minimum cost problem comes down to determining threshold revenue and threshold sales volume

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Financial management workbook

M.: Russian State University of Justice

The workbook is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard higher education in the field of preparation 03/38/02 - Management (bachelor's degree) (real estate management).

Threshold quantity of goods: Profitability threshold Threshold quantity of goods = , (5) Selling price<...>or Fixed costs necessary for the activities of the enterprise Threshold quantity of goods = . (6)<...>from sales Threshold quantity of goods = . (7) Price of item #1 – Variable costs per unit<...>to revenue.<...>Threshold quantity of goods, pcs. 10. Margin of financial strength, thousand rubles. eleven.

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Innovative development of enterprises is impossible without implementation modern systems management, modernization of production facilities, involvement in economic activity innovative developments. The goal of production modernization is to produce products on an innovative basis, reduce costs, increase profits and increase profitability of sales. Modern information Technology V production activities will allow you to synchronize production processes and avoid unplanned failures. The article analyzes the impact of innovative changes on production efficiency. The importance of implementing technological innovations is substantiated. The reasons for the unsuccessful implementation of innovative projects are considered, the main ones being the low level of management and marketing of innovations and the limited technological capabilities of the enterprise. An analysis of the methods used to evaluate effectiveness was carried out innovative development enterprises, their advantages and disadvantages are studied. Presented guidelines on assessing the effectiveness of innovative development of an enterprise

The threshold values of these indicators were determined on the basis of a statistical survey of innovation<...>The threshold value of R&D is equal to or greater than 1.0.<...>The threshold value Km is equal to or greater than 1.0.<...>The Kint threshold is equal to or greater than 1.0.<...>Those. 2.3 rub. revenue from the sale of innovative products accounts for 1 ruble of R&D costs.

Management accounting textbook

M.: ITK "Dashkov and K"

The textbook covers methodological issues of organizing management accounting. It has been prepared taking into account foreign and domestic experience in this area.

Revenue from profit (net) 1000 1200 +200 +300 2.<...>Turn, we need to set a threshold revenue.<...>We determine the threshold revenue: 40,000: 0.4 = 100,000.<...>Knowing the threshold revenue, you can determine the break-even price for selling products.<...>Revenue corresponding to the cost recoupment point is called threshold revenue.

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M.: Soviet sport

<...>The profitability threshold (PR) (threshold sales revenue) is such sales revenue at which<...> <...>Mass of profit after passing the profitability threshold = Number of t.r.u. sold above the threshold =<...>Fixed costs Threshold sales volume = Marginal income.

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The article, based on a two-stage methodology, examines the influence of the level of technical efficiency (stochastic frontier model) on the risks of loss financial stability Russian industrial companies (bankruptcy model of King, Zeng (2001)). It is shown that the growth of technical efficiency has a stable, significant and significant negative impact on the expected probability of bankruptcy. The analysis also expanded the “basic” specification of the bankruptcy model by taking into account structural changes caused by changes in bankruptcy legislation.

(threshold value) was established expertly for a period of time exceeding in duration<...>included in the sample in at least one year during the period under review. 9 Filtering criteria (“threshold<...>Filtering criteria for the initial sample Indicator Threshold values Lower limit1 Upper limit2 Model<...>0.068) Constant 0.0316 (0.071) 1.008*** (0.096) 0.996*** (0.092) 0.628*** (0.202) 1.151*** (0.203) Threshold<...>0.996*** (0.092) 1.054*** (0.099) 1.022*** (0.104) 0.628*** (0.202) 0.427* (0.223) 0.705*** (0.225) Threshold

No. 30 [Financial analytics: problems and solutions, 2015]

The main objective of the journal is to publish original theoretical and scientific-practical articles covering current issues of macro- and microeconomics, methodology and content of banking and financial analytics, monitoring and forecasting economic potential

Let us introduce the following symbols: B - company revenue; Bosn - revenue from core activities;<...>In this simplified budget, the revenue of each company consists of revenue from its core activities<...>At the same time, methods for identifying risks of fiscal sustainability, as well as threshold values, are common<...>–35%; − five-year percentage change in export market share with a threshold value of –6%; − three-year<...>percentage change in nominal labor cost per unit of output with thresholds of 9% for

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Accounting in the context of business segmentation monograph

M.: Moscow State University named after Ivan Fedorov

The monograph is devoted to the current problem of segmentation of accounting and reporting information of organizations carried out within the framework of accounting. The purpose of the study was the theoretical and methodological substantiation and assessment of the practical features of accounting in modern conditions diversification and segmentation of business, transition to international standards financial statements, formation of new organizational structures business and management methods.

» & Kniga-Service Agency LLC 39 In PBU 12/2010, compared to PBU 12/2000, threshold requirements were retained<...>Even if an operating segment reported internally does not reach the thresholds,<...>In this situation, segments must be reported separately, even if they do not meet the thresholds<...>In this case, the threshold value (10%) may not be met.<...>In addition, if any segment does not meet the specified threshold, it may be considered

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The work is devoted to the study of quality Russian control transactions of economic concentration. The purpose of the study is to identify the determinants of prescription use using discrete choice models. The material was a collected database on the characteristics of companies and industries involved in 502 transactions for which the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia accepted positive decision in 2010–2012 Factors that determine market power, such as high market shares of transactors and significant barriers to entry, have been found to increase the likelihood of remedial orders. In addition, the participation of 5 giant companies in transactions has a positive effect on this probability. However, the statistically significant influence of the country of origin of the acquiring company was not confirmed. The probability of using regulations is positively influenced by the fact that the parties to the transaction belong to the coal mining and chemical industries, but no significant impact was identified from the electric power and oil industries.

This mechanism is determined by two main parameters: the selection criterion and the threshold value of this<...>In addition, this probability increases with the growth of company revenue.<...>the variable takes the value yt = 1 when the value of the latent variable y* exceeds a certain threshold<...>The first is based on an analysis of the sensitivity of models to changes in the threshold value - the most preferable<...>The threshold value is set based on the share of transactions with prescriptions.

Various models for assessing the probability of bankruptcy of the integrated agro-industrial formation LLC Central Black Earth Agro-Industrial Company, part of the Prodimex Group of Companies, are considered. The reasons for this have been identified financial condition and directions for its improvement are proposed.

Interest payable) ÷ balance; x2 – profit before tax ÷ Short-term liabilities; x4 – revenue<...>Completed calculation according to balance sheet of the studied agricultural holding showed that Z = 1.126, which exceeds the threshold<...>Based on the calculation results, the Z-score for the agricultural holding was 0.051, with a threshold value of 0.037, which indicates<...>x2 = current assets÷ amount of liabilities; x3 = current liabilities ÷ total assets; x4 = revenue<...>however, it cannot be said that the agricultural holding has a stable position, since the Z-score exceeds the threshold

Management accounting in tourism textbook. allowance

M.: Soviet sport

The theoretical and practical features of managing the costs and performance of tourism organizations are covered. Considered modern methods cost accounting: direct costing, standard costing, functional accounting, methods tax planning. Special attention is paid to making management decisions at various stages of the management process.

The profitability threshold (PR) (threshold sales revenue) is such sales revenue at which<...>The threshold sales volume is the value of the sales volume at which the income received is fully<...>Fixed costs Threshold sales volume = Marginal income.<...>If a tourist organization sells several types tourist services, then the calculation of the threshold sales volume<...>Mass of profit after passing the profitability threshold = Number of t.r.u. sold above the threshold =

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Theory and practice of financial recovery: workbook

RIC SSAA

The workbook is intended for work in practical classes and self-preparation of students of the Faculty of Economics in the discipline “Theory and Practice” financial recovery».

cost, excise taxes and other similar mandatory payments Gross revenue Sales revenue<...> <...>net Gross revenue Number of months in reporting period Average monthly revenue Net profit (loss<...>Revenue corresponding to the break-even point is called threshold.<...>products (works, services) above the threshold revenue ensuring break-even activity.

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ACCOUNTING AND ANALYSIS OF PROFIT IN MARKET CONDITIONS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

Identifying the essence of profit and its role in the investment process; - definition, methods of profit analysis in conditions various forms management - analysis of the formation and use of profits of the enterprise and producers of agricultural products; - identifying directions for the rational use of profits in the reproduction process of enterprises and commodity producers; - development of proposals and recommendations for improving the analysis and accounting of profits.

"with marginal costs; 2. comparison of revenue from sales with total, as well as variables<...>WHICH IS THE Difference Between Sales Revenue and Variable Costs.<...>the number of goods produced corresponds, at given sales prices, to the profitability threshold. We obtain the threshold<...>Determining the profitability threshold You receive a threshold (critical) value of production volume<...>of manufactured goods "corresponds" at given selling prices, the threshold of profitability, it is possible to obtain a threshold

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International financial reporting standards textbook. allowance

The textbook is devoted to the problems of preparing financial statements in accordance with international standards developed since 1973 by the IASB and its successor IASB. The training manual presents the conceptual foundations of international financial reporting standards, discusses important rules reporting of assets, liabilities, capital, expenses and income established by IFRS, the content of the main international standards is disclosed, reporting forms are provided Russian companies, compiled in accordance with IFRS, tests and practical situations on topics.

Quantitative Thresholds The company must report information by operating segment,<...>if its indicators exceed any of the following threshold values: Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM<...>, additional reportable segments should be identified, even if they do not meet the quantitative thresholds<...>If an operating segment does not meet the quantitative thresholds, it will nevertheless<...>Examine the quantitative thresholds required to qualify a segment as reportable.

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The role of accounting, control and audit in ensuring the economic security of Russia. Vol. 2 collection of scientific. works

M.: Scientific consultant

The collection of scientific papers discusses accounting issues, financial control and audit in ensuring the economic security of Russia.

Of course, what matters for economic security is not the criteria and indicators themselves, but their thresholds.<...>Of course, threshold values for some indicators should not be achieved to the detriment of others.<...>Do the revenue amounts shown in the store cashier-operator's journal... correspond to the revenue amounts<...>revenue<...>Thus, if the threshold indicators are lower, then it is possible not to carry out mandatory audit accounting

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The article discusses the methodology for quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of management decisions aimed at increasing productivity in agricultural organizations, according to the criteria of economic efficiency, as well as options for assessing the effectiveness of management decisions aimed at increasing productivity. This methodology involves assessing the economic efficiency of used and designed management decisions aimed at increasing productivity. The applied management decisions include those actually applied by agricultural organizations. Conclusions are drawn and presented graphically using a model for assessing the effectiveness of management decisions according to the criteria of economic efficiency (profit and profitability).

The return on sales value is calculated by dividing the value net profit enterprises by the amount of revenue<...> current rate income tax) received for calendar year, must be divided by the revenue value<...>The productivity threshold (WP) is less than the projected value (WR).<...>The productivity threshold (WP) is equal to the projected value (WR).<...>The productivity threshold (WP) is higher than the projected value (WR).

No. 2 [Economic analysis: theory and practice, 2016]

The main task of the journal is to publish theoretical and scientific-practical articles that correspond to the thematic focus of the journal, to create on the pages of the journal and maintain at a high scientific level an information field for dialogue, discussion, and the identification of new scientific points of view that contribute to the development of economic science.

The reverse process will lead to a drop in revenue.<...>(main currency) oPr11 oPr12 oPr13 oPr1x Total revenue (market currency) В11 В12 В13 В1х Total revenue<...>(main currency) oPr21 oPr22 oPr23 oPr2x Total revenue (market currency) В21 В22 В23 В2х Total revenue<...>(base currency) oPn1 oPn2 oPn3 oPnx Total revenue (market currency) Bn1 Bn2 Bn3 Bnx Total revenue<...>An average value of ≥ 25% was set as the threshold. 8 UN databases.

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No. 10 [Student. Graduate student. Researcher, 2017]

All-Russian scientific journal “Student. Graduate student. Researcher" is an electronic periodical. Journal articles contain information that discusses the most actual problems modern science and research results in various fields of knowledge. Separate issues of the journal may be devoted to the coverage of scientific conferences and contain material from reports of conference participants. The magazine is addressed to scientists, graduate students, applicants, undergraduates, practicing teachers, and students.

financial development. Financial security is assessed using a system of indicators and thresholds<...>Carrying out system analysis financial ratios given in Table 2, we can say that the threshold<...>What absolute liquidity is in critical condition because its value does not meet the threshold

Revenue from sales of goods, products, works, services 13194 Cost of goods, products sold,<...>Revenue from sales of goods, products, works, services 132174 Cost of goods, products sold,<...>K1= Profit (loss) before tax / Balance sheet currency; K2 = Sales revenue / Balance sheet currency; K3<...>1.23 Less than 1.10 Zone of ignorance 1.23 – 2.90 1.10 -2.60 Low threat of bankruptcy More than 2.90 More than 2.60 Threshold<...>In this formula, the threshold value of the Z-score is 0.2.

Collection of tasks for the course “Financial Management” Educational and methodological manual for practical classes of full-time and part-time students

This textbook is compiled in accordance with the curriculum of the course “Financial Management” and is intended for practical training of students economic specialties full-time and part-time forms of study in the following areas: 080100.62 – economics; 080500.62 – management; 080105.62 finance and credit; 080109.62 – accounting, analysis and audit.

from its threshold value, the strength of the operating leverage weakens, adding to the margin of financial strength<...> <...>, represents a loss zone: before reaching the threshold volume of 500 posters, Maria M. is<...>From this equation it follows that Threshold Threshold $3.5 x quantity $2.1 x quantity = $700 + 0 goods<...>, represents the loss zone: until revenue is reached

The work reveals the concept of management analysis, considers the features of management analysis in travel companies, due to the specifics of the industry. The methodology for management analysis of costs, labor resources, quality of service for tourists, fixed assets has been determined

Therefore, first of all, expense items should be grouped according to the degree of their dependence on revenue into:<...>An increase in labor productivity has a positive effect in many indicators: revenue, general economic<...>enterprises (X1), average monthly wages one employee (X2) and on the revenue structure (X3).<...>it through constant (PZ) and unit variable costs (Vpz) per bed-day: qUpzPZCC (7) 3) find the threshold<...>When selling a bed-day higher The threshold market share as a characteristic of the market structure has the disadvantage that it was used in 2000-2006. extremely unstable, and in 2000 and 2003. losses even exceeded gross

If, despite significant revenue, the company's profitability is less than 1.5%, it is also included in the list<...>Due to the crisis, inspectors will first have to revise the threshold values tax burden <...>But if previously the threshold values changed insignificantly, then during the crisis things are different<...>However tax authorities will not be limited to just lowering the threshold values.<...>In 2009 total amount taxes at the enterprise were equal to 188,969 rubles, and revenue from the sale of goods (

Financial planning at an enterprise. allowance

"The textbook examines the theoretical foundations and practice of financial planning in modern business. It reveals the substantive aspects of planning, technology and procedures for long-term planning, the formation of current plans (budgets) and operational financial plans. The theoretical provisions are accompanied by examples that allow you to specify the material and develop planning skills The textbook is intended for students studying in the specialties "Organizational Management", "Finance and Credit", "Accounting, Analysis and Audit" (discipline Financial Management and Financial Planning, SD block), all forms of education "

In the event that the amount of money of the enterprise becomes excessively large (above a certain threshold<...>To make a profit, of course, you must have revenue exceeding a threshold value.<...> <...>Control of the threshold point itself, i.e. its reduction.<...>

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No. 2 [Problems of accounting and finance, 2011]

Our publication has existed since April 2003, the first five issues were published as a collection of articles, from the sixth issue (2005) - the collection was transformed into a quarterly scientific and practical journal "Problems of Finance and Accounting". The main peer-reviewed issue, special issues, and a supplement for senior students and applicants were published. Since 2011, the journal began a renewed life with a new name “Problems of Accounting and Finance.” The features of our publication are an interdisciplinary approach, i.e. providing the opportunity to publish to all economists on financial topic, as well as legal financiers (specialists financial law). We support the position that accounting is a subject of financial law and believe that this is where promising direction research. One of the interesting topics is the household, in terms of finance, accounting and financial law, as its most important subject. The editors of the journal invite researchers, teachers, graduate students, applicants, employees financial sector publish articles in our magazine.

RIC SSAA

The textbook outlines the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of organizing management accounting in commercial organizations. The essence, role, significance and place of management accounting in the overall enterprise management system, its components, main objects, methods and methods of management are shown. Considerable space is devoted to the classification and behavior of costs, the budgeting system, and the organization of accounting by responsibility centers. Special attention is paid to the issues of cost accounting and calculation of the cost of agricultural products.

Services) from threshold revenue (profitability threshold).<...>MZP = Vf − Vp Vf × 100%, where MZP is the marginal safety factor (%); Vf – actual revenue; Vp – threshold

It is advisable to accept only those projects whose projected revenue exceeds the threshold value<...>To obtain operating profit, of course, you must have revenue exceeding the threshold value<...>As is known, the DOL value strongly depends on the distance of the achieved revenue indicator from its threshold<...>Controlling the threshold point itself, i.e. lowering it.<...>Let us further express the enterprise's revenue through its threshold value.

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The key elements of operational analysis are the threshold indicators of the enterprise's production activities, including the profitability threshold; threshold production volume; threshold quantity of goods; reserve of financial strength. The initial data for calculating these indicators are indicators of fixed costs, marginal income and profit (“costs - sales - profit”). Marginal income is equal to the difference between sales revenue and variable costs. Profit is equal to the difference between contribution margin and fixed costs.

Marginal income = sales revenue - variable costs.

To determine the share of marginal income in sales revenue, the marginal income coefficient is calculated.

Marginal income ratio = marginal income / sales revenue.

The amount of contribution margin affects profit.

1. If marginal income is zero, then sales revenue is only sufficient to cover variable costs.

In this case, the enterprise operates at a loss, the amount of which is equal to fixed costs.

2. If marginal income is greater than zero, but less than fixed costs, then sales revenue is sufficient to cover variable and part of fixed costs. In this case, the loss will be less than the amount of fixed costs.

3. If marginal income is equal to fixed costs, then sales revenue is sufficient to cover both variable and fixed costs. In this case, the profit is zero, there is no loss.

4. If marginal income is greater than fixed costs, then the proceeds from sales not only cover all costs, but also generate profit.

Indicators of marginal income and profit are the initial data for determining the threshold indicators necessary for conducting operational analysis. Calculations of marginal income and profit are presented in the table.

Using the obtained indicators, you can obtain threshold evidence necessary for conducting operational analysis, including:

1) profitability threshold;

2) threshold production volume (in monetary terms);

3) threshold quantity of goods (threshold production volume in physical terms);

4) “margin of financial strength”.

1. Determination and calculation of the profitability threshold.

The profitability threshold is understood as such sales revenue at which the enterprise no longer has losses, but does not yet have a profit.

Profitability threshold = fixed costs / marginal income (in relative terms).

Wherein:

Profit = contribution margin - fixed costs = 0.

2. Determination of the threshold production volume.

The threshold production volume is understood as the volume corresponding to the profitability threshold.

3. Determination of the threshold quantity of goods.

The threshold production volume in monetary terms corresponds to threshold value in physical terms, or a threshold quantity of goods, which is calculated in three ways.

(1) Threshold quantity of goods = threshold of profitability of this product / selling price.

(2) Threshold quantity of goods = fixed costs / unit price - variable costs per unit.

(3) Threshold quantity of goods = fixed costs share of goods No. 1 in total revenue from sales / (price of goods No. 1 - variable costs per unit of goods No. 1) + (price of goods No. 2 - variable costs per unit of goods No. 2) + price of goods No. 3 - variable costs per unit of goods No. 3) + ... (price of product No. n - variable costs per unit of product No. n)

4. Definition of “margin of financial strength”.

The “margin of financial strength” is understood as the difference between the achieved actual sales revenue and the profitability threshold

“Margin of financial strength” = sales revenue - profitability threshold.

The “margin of financial strength” as the difference between sales revenue, at which profit is zero, and sales revenue, which forms profit, is an important characteristic of the financial condition of an enterprise. The “margin of financial strength” reflects the amount of profit after passing the profitability threshold.

Mass of profit after passing the profitability threshold = quantity of goods sold after passing the profitability threshold (result of sales after reimbursement of variable costs / total quantity of goods sold).

The amount of the “margin of financial strength” determines the availability of liquid funds at the enterprise and, consequently, its liquidity.